MIT Architecture Course 4.

430 assigned September 19, 2006

Fall 2006

Daylighting

M. Andersen due September 26, 2006

HOMEWORK #2 Solar radiation, Sunlight penetration

Questions a. How many days per year are there 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness? Is that true for all degrees latitude or are there exceptions? b. Does the sun ever rise due south anywhere in the northern hemisphere? If so, where and when? c. What is the difference between solar time and legal time at MIT today, September 19? Use the graphical representation of the equation of time given below to do this estimation.

Solar Time - Mean Time (minutes)

20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 1.May 1.Aug 1.Nov 1.Mar -5.00 -10.00 -15.00 -20.00 1.Dec 1.Apr 1.Feb 1.Sep 1.Oct 1.Jun 1.Jan 1.Jul

Date

Figure by MIT OCW.

d. The graph below provides the relation between absorption coefficients for various materials in the visible and IR wavelength ranges. Determine which materials correspond to labels A, B, C, D and E from the following list: black slate, metallic mirror and white coating as opaque materials, normal glass and selective glass as glazing materials.

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Absorption coefficient for IR radiation

Opaque materials Glazing materials E

D 0 Absorption coefficient for VISIBLE radiation 1

Figure by MIT OCW.

Problems 1. The facilities of the Bellinzona Baths located in Ticino, Switzerland (see maps on next page) and designed by A. Galfetti, F. Ruchat-Roncati and I. Trumpy in 1970 are gathered within a narrow band overlooking the site, in order to take advantage of sun exposition. On the ground, this sheltered area becomes the main circulation axis from East to West (see figures on next page: site picture and general plane view on the ground floor). In this problem, you will be asked to identify the approximate date and time at which a picture was taken from the shadow you see on the ground, and to deduce an approximate time for sunset.

Pso. dels Gothard Andermatt P. Medal

Passodel Lucomagno

Northwest Switzerland

GERMANY Eastern Switzerland AUSTRIA Central Switzerland Graubunden

Nufenen Pass Campo Tecnia Bignasco Basco Gurin

M AG GI

Fribourg Alps FRANCE Lake Geneve

Mesocci Sonogno Biasca Osogna Roveredo

Maggia

Lavertezzo Bellinzona Gra

Camedo

Ticino
Geneva

St. Maria

Valais Bernese Oberland

ITALY
E GI OR
Verbania

Taverna

Bogno Porlezza Lugano Campione M. Generaso

1707

Neuchatel Jura

Omegna

LA

GO

AG

Ponte Tresa

Mendrisio Borgo Ce
0 10

chiasso20

Figure by MIT OCW.

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A picture was taken on the ground floor where the arrow is pointing and is given on the next page. From the shadows projected on the ground observed on this picture, lines and points allowing to determine the elevation and azimuth angles of the sun are drawn and reported on the schematic plane and section views of the portico (placed next to the picture). Elevation h is function of AB and AB', and azimuth a is function of B'B'' and AB''. Using this information, calculate the elevation h and azimuth a of the sun at the moment the picture was taken (azimuth is nil towards the north). Report the values on the stereographical projection and estimate the date and time the picture was taken, as well as the approximate time of sunset.

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345 330 315

o o

15

10 o 20 o 30 o

30

45 o

300

40 50 18

o o

60 o

285o

i 26
6

270 o

Se
o

p2

16

70 80 o o 90 14 10

Ma

Av

ril

14
23
90
o

21 Jun

60 o

75 o

1 Jul 2
2 g2 Au
2
Oct 21
240 o

ars

12

225

2 Feb
Nov 21
Jan 16

105

120 o

Dec
225 o

21
135 o 210 o 195 o 180
o

150 165 o

Latitude 44o Nord

Figure by MIT OCW.

2. The faade element below comprises both vertical and horizontal fixed protections, of dimensions given on the plane view (left) and the section view (right) respectively.

Ext.

Int.

Ext.

Int.

Figure by MIT OCW.

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Draw the limit rays for sun penetration through the window for both protection configurations, measure the angles that these rays make with the normal to the window plane, and report these 6 limit angles on the shadow diagram below.
20 30 40 50 60 40 70 80 90 50 60 70 80 80 90 10 20 30 60 70 10 10 20 30 40 50

BASIS

BASIS LINE

Figure by MIT OCW. Figure by MIT OCW.

Superpose a tracing paper (translucent paper) to this diagram and shade in black the angular region with complete protection and in grey the one with partial protection (part of the window receives direct sunlight). Superpose your shaded diagram on the two polar charts below for specific faade orientations: facing South for MITs latitude (42.4N), facing West for Quitos latitude (0 i.e. at equator). Comment on the efficiency of the solar protection for these two situations.

Courtesy of Peter Harlan for University of Oregon Department of Physics. Used with permission.

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Courtesy of Peter Harlan for University of Oregon Department of Physics. Used with permission. NB: These charts differ slightly from stereographic projections. The protractor above actually applies to stereographic projections only. A good idea of the shading systems efficiency can still be deduced from the proposed superposition. A comparison to correct (stereographic) charts will be provided in the solutions set. Design project Space selection : By September 26, select a 1st choice space as well as a 2nd choice space in the Stata Center your team would like to focus on. Please be specific about each one and provide, as part of this homework assignment: - what floor it is located on, where it is on the floor and what its limits are, preferably thanks to a printout of the floor plan highlighting the space you chose and showing where it has its boundaries - a description of the features that made you choose it: focusing on both lighting and solar gains aspects, comment on the orientation and type of apertures, the possible comfort and energy issues, the purpose of the space and its relation to daylight, This description doesnt need to be long and doesnt require any additional information to be collected or any extensive experience in daylighting: it should reflect your thoughts and why you found the space interesting for this project.

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