NPGeoCalc Piles Theory v2.1

GeoCalc
Pile Calculation Theory

Vianova Systems Finland Oy Versio 2.1
3.9.2010
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Version History .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Background ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2. Bearing resistance of pile ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Level of safety ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Design value for geotechnical bearing capacity of the pile ........................................................... 5 2.2.1. Static method for bearing capacity of pile which supports to soil layer ................................. 6 2.2.2. Method based on sounding to define bearing capacity of pile which supports to soil layer .. 9 3. Lateral stress displacement behaviour ............................................................................................. 11 3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 11 3.2. Cohesionless soil......................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.1. Effective stress Coulomb earth pressures........................................................................... 12 3.2.2. Total stress Coulomb earth pressures ................................................................................ 12 3.3. Cohesive soil ............................................................................................................................... 12 3.4. Introduction to the Calculation Model .......................................................................................... 14 3.4.1. Input Data for Geometry ...................................................................................................... 15 3.4.2. Generation of Nodes and Elements .................................................................................... 16 3.4.3. Loads ................................................................................................................................... 17 4. Structural calculations /3/ ..................................................................................................................... 18 4.1. Basis of design ............................................................................................................................ 18 4.1.1. Buckling of initially straight piles .......................................................................................... 18 4.2. Bearing capacity of piles with initial curvature ............................................................................. 21 4.2.1. Behaviour of a pile under axial loading ............................................................................... 21 4.2.2. Resistance of the soil .......................................................................................................... 22 4.2.3. Structural resistance of the pile ........................................................................................... 22
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Vianova Systems Finland Oy Vaisalantie 6 FIN-02130 Espoo Tel +358 9 2313 2100 Fax +358 9 2313 2250 firstname.lastname@vianova.fi www.vianova.fi
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Version History
Version 0.1 0.2 1.0
Date 06.02.2006 14.2.2006 26.3.2006
Writer Markku Raiskila Timo Ruoho Markku Raiskila
Changes Layout changes picture updates, text checks
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1. Background
The purpose of this document is to explain the theory behind the pile calculations in Novapoint GeoCalc. The calculation model for the pile calculations has been developed in Tampere University of Technology by Markku Raiskila and Tim Lnsivaara. The calculation engine itself has been implemented and programmed by Vianova Systems Finland Oy based on the calculation model. This document is written and maintained by Tampere University of Technology / Tim Lnsivaara and Markku Raiskila.
2. Bearing resistance of pile

2.1. Level of safety
Definition of bearing capacity for pile the partial safety factors from Table 1 are used,.
Table 1 /1/ Partial safety factors for definition of calculation value in ultimate limit state.
Factor Driven pile Bored pile
b
1,3 1,6
s
1,3 1,3
t
1,3 1,5
Partial safety factors b and s from table 1 are used to define design value to base resistance and shaft resistance of the pile. Partial safety factors t may be used in the case when it isnt possible to define base resistance and shaft resistance separately. With grouted piles are total safety factors used according to table 2 /2/
Table 2 /2/ Total safety factors for grouted piles

Factor Grouted pile
b
2,2
s
1,8
t
2,0
Characteristic value for geotechnical bearing capacity is evaluated from theoretical ultimate bearing capacity by dividing with factor (equation 1)
Rck =
Rck Rcm
Rcm
(1)
characteristic value for geotechnical bearing capacity of the pile. is geotechnical bearing capacity which is evaluated with analytical or empirical calculations or measured in test loading
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is obtained from table 3 /1/ when static or dynamic tests are used, otherwise is 1,6.
Table 3
2.2.
Design value for geotechnical bearing capacity of the pile

If formulas which are used bases to strength properties of soils, the geotechnical bearing capacity R cd, is evaluated from equation 2:
Rcd = Rbd + Rsd Rbd Rsd
(2)
design value for base resistance of the pile. design value for shaft resistance of the pile.
Design value for base and shaft resistances of the pile are evaluated from corresponding characteristic values of bearing capacities dividing by partial safety factors (equations 3 and 4)
Rbd = Rbk
(3)
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Rsd =
Rsk
(4)
Rbk Rsk
Y b ,Y s
is characteristic value for base resistance of the pile, is characteristic value for shaft resistance of the pile, is partial safety factors from tables 1 and 2.
Characteristic values for base resistance and shaft resistance of the pile are evaluated from equations 5 and 6.
Rbk = q bk Ab
(5)
Rsk =
i=1
(qsik Asi)
(6)
Ab is area of pile base cross section, Asi is area of the pile shaft in soil layer i, qbk is characteristic value of base resistance of the pile due to unit of area qsik is characteristic value of shaft resistance of the pile due to unit of area in soil layer i.
2.2.1. Static method for bearing capacity of pile which supports to soil layer
Bottom zone of pile is defined with the soil layer which starts 5 D above pile base and ends 3D below pile base and D is diameter of the pile. User may change default values 5 and 3. The characteristic value for base resistance of the pile due to unit area in cohesionless soils is evaluated from equation 7.
q bk =
v N q
(7)
Nq is bearing factor of the pile base from figure1, v is effective vertical stress at the level of pile base. is 1,6 (table 3) /1/ Calculation of effective vertical stress on pile shaft bases on the effective weights of the soil layers above the pile base presented as amount of diameters of pile. Amount of pile diameters defines the measure up from inspection point from inside which the effective weights of soil layers are taken into consideration when the effective stress is calculated to inspection point. Effective vertical stress v at the level of pile base bases to same parameter.
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Figure 1
Bearing factor Nq.
Characteristic value for shaft resistance due to unit area in cohesionless soils is evaluated from equation 8.
q sik =
v Ks tan ()
(8)
K s tan() v
is factor for shaft resistance which depends on material of the pile, driving method and friction angle of soil (figure 2), is effective vertical stress at shaft of pile. is 1,6 (table 3) /1/
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Figure 2
Factor for shaft resistance Kstan() placement piles
2a) displacement piles,
2b) re-
Characteristic value for shaft resistance of the pile in cohesive soils is adhesion between pile and soil. Adhesion is estimated with undrained shear strength s u of soil and adhesion factor with equation 9.
suik =
sui
(9)
adhesion factor corresponding to material of the pile (figure 3),
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s ui
undrained shear strength in soil layer i. is 1.6 or from table 3 /1/
Figure 3
Adhesion factor between pile and cohesive soil.
2.2.2. Method based on sounding to define bearing capacity of pile which supports to soil layer
Ultimate bearing capacity due to unit area of base resistance of the pile is evaluated from sounding results by using average driving resistance from figure 4a or 4b. The base resistance of the pile is defined due to average sounding resistance in the soil layer which reaches the distance of 5 D above and 3 D below the pile base. The ultimate shaft resistance capacity per area unit of the pile is defined due to average sounding resistance as presented in figures 4a and 4b. Characteristic values are evaluated from ultimate bearing capacity by dividing with factor 1,6. /1/
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Figure 4
Base and shaft resistances of the pile
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3. Lateral stress displacement behaviour

3.1. Introduction
Soil support reaction to the pile is modelled with springs. The deformation behaviour of the springs, starting from the initial stress state and going towards the limiting earth pressures, is described with two different kind of models. The models can be used both with effective and total stress analysis.
3.2.
Cohesionless soil
In cohesionless soil, it is assumed that the lateral subgrade reaction increases linearly to the depth z=10*D and thereafter remains constant. Under static loading the subgrade reaction is obtained from equation 10.
z k = nh D
(10)
The coefficient of subgrade reaction, nh, is obtained according to the equation 11 determined under drained conditions from the compressibility modulus, M, of the soil or from the modulus of elasticity, Ed.
nh = M z = Ed z
(11)
0,74 (according to Terzaghi), 1,0 (according to Poulos), 0,83 ... 0,95; for sand, while Poissons ratio varies between 0.25...0.15, respectively.
Lateral pressure-displacement relationship in the case of cohesionless soils is presented in Figure 5
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Figure 5
subgrade reaction of cohessionless soil.
In the case of cohesionless soils, the corresponding ultimate earth pressure is obtained from the equation 12.
' p m = 3 4.4 ' K p = 3 4.4 ' tan 2 45 + 2
(12)
where is the effective overburden pressure and is the angle of internal friction of the soil.
3.2.1.
Effective stress Coulomb earth pressures
Vertical stress at depth h in soil is calculated from equation 13.
v (h ) = ( ( x ) w ( x ))dx + p
0
( 13 )
where
( x)
= =
weight of soil at depth h weight of water 10 kN/m below ground water level 0 kN/m above ground water level
3 3
w ( x)
p
possible uniform load
3.2.2.
Total stress Coulomb earth pressures
Vertical stress at depth h in soil is calculated from equation 14
v (h ) = ( x )dx + p
0
( 14 ) = = weight of soil at depth h possible uniform load
where
( x)
p
3.3.
Cohesive soil
In cohesive soils the subgrade reaction depends on loading time and the diameter of pile. In temporary loading, the subgrade reaction of cohesive soil is expected according to figure 6 to be in the range in equation (15)
k s = 50...150
su D
(15)
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Figure 6
subgrade reaction of cohesive soil in temporary loading
In long-term loading, the subgrade reaction of cohesive soil is expected according to figure 7 to be in the range in equation 16.
k s = 20...50
su D
(16)
Figure 7
subgrade reaction of cohesive soil in long-term loading
In the case of cohesive soils, the ultimate earth pressure is normally in the range of six to nine times the undrained shear strength, su, of the soil (equation 17).
pm = 6...9 cu
(17)
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In the case of long-term loading, the subgrade reaction of the cohesive soil can be determined more accurately with the compressibility modulus M from equation 18.
k s =
M D
(18)
on 0,46 ... 0,74; for clay, where Poissons ratio varies between 0,4 ... 0,3, respectively on 0,62 ... 0,83; for silt, where Poissons ratio varies between 0,35 ... 0,25, respectively
Figure 8
Definition of horizontal subgrade modulus between soil layers /1/.
3.4.
Introduction to the Calculation Model
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The single pile is modelled using common 2D beam elements with three degrees of freedom (DOF) per node. Interaction between soil and wall is taken into account with supporting springs as can be seen in figure 9. In the non-linear iterative solution the relationship between displacements and earth pressure based spring stiffness value variation between initial and passive value at each node of the model is solved.
Figure 9
Illustration of the mathematical model
3.4.1.
Input Data for Geometry
Basic geometry of the wall to be calculated is defined according to Figure 10. distances to top end and bottom end of pile are given in meters measured from terrain surface.
In input data up to ten soil layers can be defined. For each layer bulk density, friction angle and drained shear strength parameters needs to be defined. There are also parameters depending on the calculation method for each soil layer. It should be decided should the soil layer be calculated in drained or undrained condition. Definitions of soil layer thicknesses are described in picture 10.
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Figure 10 Definition of soil layers 3.4.2. Generation of Nodes and Elements
Generation of calculation model is based on user defined amount of beam elements per meter. Total number of elements em is calculated from equation 19.
em := 1 + ( floor ( H) + 1) emm
(19)
in which emm is a user defined parameter identifying beam elements per meter and floor(H) is the greatest integer less than or equal to embedded depth H of pile. Total number of nodes is the number of elements added by one. The node number two is always located on terrain surface and first node is above surface on height of top end of the pile. The largest node number is at the bottom end of the pile. The length of beam elements from three upwards are equal and calculated from the equation 20.
H Le := em 1.5
(20)
Length of element two is Le divided by two and length of first element is equal to distance from terrain surface to top end of pile.
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After the generation of nodes and elements the borders of soil layers are adjusted to element divisions. First the borders are calculated from user defined thicknesses of soil layers and then placed to nearest midpoint of beam element of the pile. One adjusted layer border can be seen in Figure 9.
3.4.3.
Loads
Earth pressure from soil layers

The vertical pressure due to soil weight is calculated from the weight of soils over the node points in the wall. Vertical pressure is converted to horizontal nodal loads according to what is described in chapters 2.4 and 2.5
Concentrated loads at top of the pile

Bending moment and horizontal and vertical loads can be defined to top of the pile.
Figure 11
Loads to pile top
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4. Structural calculations /3/

4.1. Basis of design
Figure 12
Alternative drilled pile cross sections. Casing tube can also be withdrawn, when required.
A drilled pile is nearly always resting on the bedrock in Scandinavia. In the case of solid bedrock, the strength of the bedrock is commonly in excess of the design loads. Then the main task in dimensioning is to determine the structural resistance of the pile cross section in relation to the prevailing actions. The most important procedures related to the geotechnical capacity are the appropriate working methods and their verification procedures in the execution phase. In dimensioning, the safety level against failure has to be chosen in every case depending on the structure in question, prevailing conditions and the accuracy of available information used in calculations. The safety factors applied in dimensioning are chosen according to national or CEN-dimensioning codes. A drilled pile is dimensioned either as a steel structure or as a composite steel and concrete structure depending on the shape of the cross section and the proportions of the steel and concrete sections. The dimensioning can be carried out as a composite structure on the condition that the structure fulfills the requirements presented in national /15, 16/ or CEN-dimensioning codes /6/ for composite structures. In the case of a drilled pile, where the steel section is located in the outer edge of the cross section, the influence of corrosion during the entire life span has to be taken into account. The most common practice is the corrosion allowance for the wall thickness. The bearing capacity of a pile can be determined by the calculation method in both cohesive and cohesionless soils. In the case of cohesionless soils, the surrounding soil gives notable lateral support to a pile so that the increase of the curvature of a pile, caused by the applied load, is negligible. The presented calculation model is applicable only to axially loaded piles. In the case of bridge structures, for instance, more advanced computer-based calculation methods, which take into account the bending actions from the superstructure, have to be used.
4.1.1.
Buckling of initially straight piles
When a straight pile is subjected to purely axial compressive forces of increasing magnitude, at a certain critical value of the compression, a sudden lateral deflection of the pile will take place. This process is called buckling and the value of that compressive force is known as a critical load /9/. When determining the buckling load of a pile, it is assumed that an elastic medium surrounds the pile completely. Therefore, whenever the pile deflects laterally, a corresponding deformation in the medium will be generated /9/.
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The analysis of the bending of beams on an elastic foundation is usually based on the assumption that the reaction forces of the foundation are proportional at every point to the deflection of the beam at the same point. This theory should be regarded only as a practical approximation. The physical properties of soils are of a much more complicated nature than that which could be accurately represented by such a simple mathematical relationship /9/. However, in spite of the simplicity of this theory, it may often represent more accurately the actual conditions existing in soil foundations than some of the more complicated analyses /9/. If we consider an initially straight pile with hinged ends (Fig. 13) which is supported by equally spaced elastic supports of equal rigidity, their action on the buckled pile can be replaced by the action of a continuous elastic medium. The reaction of the medium, p, at any cross section of the pile is proportional to the deflection, y, at that section according to the relationship 21 /13/:
p=ksy
(21)
The spring constant, ks, is referred to as the lateral subgrade reaction.
Figure 13 Reacion of elastic medium and the deflected shape of the buckled pile
For the elastic curve of the pile, the following differential equation can be deduced:
E I
d4 dx
4
y + P
d2 dx
2
y + k s D y = 0
(22)
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This differential equation implies that the intensity of the load perpendicular to the axis of the pile is equal to the sum of the reaction pressure, ksDy, from the medium plus an additional amount,
d2y , due to the axial load and curvature of the pile /8/. D is the diamedx 2
ter and EI is the bending stiffness of a pile. On the basis of the boundary conditions, the following expression for the critical load, Pcr, producing failure of a pile by buckling is obtained:
Pcr = n
E I
L
2
k s DL n
2 2
2
(23)
The ultimate strength is thus determined as the sum of two terms. The first term depends on the stiffness of the pile and is equal to the buckling load according to Euler. The second term depends only upon the properties of the medium and the length of the pile. The first term is dominant for short piles, but for increasing length of the pile, the additional strength obtained on account of the support from the medium becomes more significant /8/. In every case, for given values of ks, D and EI, n must be determined in such a way as to find the least value of Pcr. Differentiating dPcr/dn=0 gives:
n =
k s D E I
(24)
The integer number which is nearest to the value of n determined from equation (24) is substituted into equation (23), to obtain the minimum value of the critical load /9/:
Pcr = 2 k s D E I
(25)
It is interesting to note that the minimum value of Pcr does not depend upon the pile length, but is determined solely by the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction, Mh =ksD, and the bending stiffness, EI, of the pile. However, in the case of a pile having a length, L, less than a value of critical length, Lc, corresponding to n=1 in equation (24),
Lc = 4
EI ks D
(26)
the minimum critical load, Pcr, will be influenced by the length of the pile. In other words, when the length of the pile is smaller than the corresponding critical buckling length, Lc, which expresses the distance between deflection of zero in a buckled pile, the value of the critical load increases and it then can be determined according to equation (23) /8/. The quantity, n, that represents the number of halfbays formed by the pile must always be an integer. For values that are not integers, the ultimate load will always be greater than the minimum critical buckling load /8/. A greatest practical significance is, however, the minimum load determined according to equation (25). The minimum load, the elastic buckling load, is a parameter which is used in determining the second order moment for a pile.
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4.2. 4.2.1.
Bearing capacity of piles with initial curvature Behaviour of a pile under axial loading
Very often the design load of a pile is determined according to the smallest value of either the buckling load of an ideal straight elastic pile supported by linear elastic springs, or the axial battering capacity of the pile cross section, both incorporating large safety margins (cf. Finnish code for driven piles /12/, for instance). However, a pile in the ground always has imperfections and deviations compared to the ideal case. In reality, a pile will have at least a slight initial curvature after installation in the ground before loading is applied. Bearing capacity of piles with initial curvature has been investigated, for example, by Broms /5/ and Bernander and Svensk /4/. Axial loading tends to increase the curvature of a pile, resulting in both bending stresses in the pile and lateral stresses in the soil. The maximum load carrying capacity of an axially loaded pile is obtained when either the maximum structural capacity of the pile cross section is reached or when the maximum soil reaction along the pile reaches the maximum capacity of the soil surrounding the pile. The maximum load for an initially deformed pile decreases as the magnitude of the initial deformations increase. Under no conditions can the failure load exceed the elastic buckling load, which represents the upper bound to the failure load of the pile. In determining the failure load of a pile, the analyses generally include the elastic buckling load as a parameter which is used in determining the second order moments for slender structures. Generally the influence of the initial shape of the pile on the buckling length is assumed to be represented by a sinus curve (Fig. 14). The initial deflection can be obtained from the equation:
= 0 sin
x
Lc
(27)
The maximum lateral deflection, o, for the unloaded pile can be determined in the field with an inclinometer. It should be measured as the maximum deviation of the pile axis from a straight line between two points located at the critical length, Lc, apart. The corresponding maximum lateral deflection of the loaded pile can be calculated from the relationship:
0 + y0 =
1 1 P
0 = a 0 Pcr
(28)
where magnification factor a is,
a=
1 1 P
= Pcr
Pcr Pcr P
(29)
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Figure 14 The assumed curvature of the pile on the buckling lengh. 4.2.2. Resistance of the soil
The resistance of the soil to lateral movement of the pile is limited. The unit lateral earth pressure can be calculated from: p(x) = ks(a -1)(x) pmax ks(a -1)0 (30)
The maximum soil reaction can then be calculated from: (31)
Because the maximum value of the soil reaction must be smaller than the corresponding ultimate earth pressure, pm, the ultimate load, P, of the pile with respect to soil resistance can be obtained from:
P = Pcr /(1+ ks0 /pm )
(32)
The subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant regardless of the depth. The evaluation of the subgrade reaction is dependent on the deformation level prevailing in the ground, whereas the predicted deformation depends on the safety margins used in the calculations.
4.2.3.
Structural resistance of the pile
Broms /5/ as well as Bernander and Svensk /4/ have presented methods for calculating bending actions in piles with initial curvature. According to Broms /5/, the maximum bending moment, M, in the loaded pile will be proportional to the initial bending moment in the pile,
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M = aM0
(33)
where M0 is the maximum initial bending moment in the unloaded pile and a is the previously mentioned magnification factor. According to Broms the maximum bending moment can be calculated based on the assumption that every initial deflection of the pile induces bending stresses in the pile according to the equation:
M0 =
EI R
(34)
The term R refers to the radius of curvature corresponding to the maximum initial deflection, 0, over the buckling length, Lc. The radius of curvature can be obtained according to the equation:
R=
Lc 8 0
(35)
According to Bernander and Svensk, when the second order moment is taken into consideration, the applied load, P, induces the bending moment which is half of that for a column with the same initial deviation /4/:
M = aM0 =
0.5 P 1 P Pcr
(36)
Respectively, the initial bending moment is obtained from:
M 0 = 0.5 P
(37)
Bernander and Svensk have proposed that the effect of residual stresses in the pile material has to be taken into consideration in calculations. Swedish Commission on Pile Research /7/ has proposed that the effect of residual stresses is considered as the fictive initial curvature, f, in addition to the actual geometric curvature, g. To consider the fictive initial curvature, pile cross sections are divided into three groups according to the manufacturing method and dimensions. The fictive initial curvature to consider the effect of residual stresses in the pile material is presented as follows /7/: group b: f=0.0013 Lc group c: f=0.0025 Lc group a: f=0.0003 Lc
Cold-formed steel pipes belong to group b or c and rolled steel bars to group b or c according to the reference in question. Taking into account both the geometric and the fictive initial curvatures, the maximum initial deviation is then obtained from: 0 =g +f (38)
Axial resistance of steel structure

The axial plastic resistance to compression, Nu, of a steel cross section in ultimate limit state is obtained from: Nu = As fyd The bending resistance is obtained from: Mu = Wel fyd (40) (39)
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Axial resistance of composite steel and concrete structure

The axial plastic resistance to compression, Nu, of a composite cross section in ultimate limit state is calculated by adding the plastic resistances of each of its components:
Nu = Ac fcd + As1 fyd 1 + As2 fyd 2
(41)
where, Ac, As1, As2 are the cross-sectional areas of the concrete and the structural steels, respectively, fcd, fyd1, fyd2 the design strengths of the materials. The concrete contribution ratio, c, indicates the proportion of concrete section of the overall axial plastic resistance:
c =
f cd Ac N c = Nu Nu
(42)
In the case of concrete filled steel section, the prerequisite for composite structure dimensioning is that the concrete contribution ratio varies between 0.1 c0.8 and for concrete surrounded steel core 0.2c0.8, respectively /11/. The bending resistance of composite cross section is determined according to the dimensioning codes for composite steel and concrete structures The flexural stiffness of the cross section of a composite pile should be calculated from: EI = Ecd Ic + Es1 Is1 + Es2 Is2 (43)
where, Ecd the secant modulus of the concrete (=500K according to the Finnish codes), Es1, Es2 the elastic moduli for the structural steels, Ic, Is1, Is2 the second moments of area for the bending plane of the concrete (assumed to be uncracked) and the structural steels, respectively.
Resistance of cross section in combined compression and bending

The ultimate load, P, of the pile with respect to the structural resistance of the pile can be obtained under the condition that combined compression (P) and bending (M) actions do not exceed the structural capacity (Nu, Mu) of a pile cross section. Variations in the resistance to combined actions provided by steel structures versus composite steel and concrete structures are illustrated in Fig. 15.
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Figure 15
Principle comparison of the interaction curves to combined actions of steel cross section versus composite steel and concrete cross section.
Steel structure
In the case of a pile cross section in which only the steel structure is dimensioned as a bearing structure, the resistance of the cross section to combined actions is determined from the equation:
P M + <1 Nu M u
(44)
where Nu is the axial resistance of a pile cross section and Mu is the bending resistance of a pile cross section. According to Bernander and Svensk, after substituting equation (36) into equation (44), is obtained:
P 2 P(Pcr + N u + 0.5 Pcr 0 N u M u ) + Pcr N u = 0 (45)

The failure load, P, of the pile with respect to structural resistance of the steel pile cross section can be obtained from:
2 P = B B C 2 4
(46)
where,
B = Pcr + N u + 0.5 Pcr 0 N u M u C = Pcr N u Composite steel and concrete structure
(47)
(48)
In the case of a pile cross section in which both steel and concrete sections are dimensioned as a bearing structure, the resistance of the cross section to combined actions is determined according to Fig. 5.5 from the equation:
P M + (Nu N c ) < 1 Nu M u Nu
(49)
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According to Bernander and Svensk, after substituting equation (36) into equation (49), is obtained:
P 2 P(Pcr + N u + 0.5 Pcr 0 ( N u N c ) M u ) + Pcr N u = 0
(50)
The failure load, P, of the pile with respect to structural resistance of the composite pile cross section can be obtained from:
2 P = B B C 2 4
(51)
where,
B = Pcr + N u + 0.5 Pcr 0 (N u N c ) M u C = Pcr N u
(52) (53)
The principle illustration of the structural bearing capacity of a slender pile as the function of the shear strength of the surrounding soil is presented in Fig. 16.
Figure 16 Principle presentation of structural bearing capacity as the function of the shear strength of surrounding soil. The ruled area implies the upper bound for the failure load of pile
REFERENCES
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/1/
Suurpaaluohje 2001. RIL 212-2001 Suomen Rakennusinsinrien Liitto r.y. Suomen geoteknillnen yhdistys r.y. RR-CSG-paalujen suunnittelu ja asennusohje 5.12.2002. Rautaruukki Sami Eronen. Publication 52. Drilled steel pipe piles in underpinning and bridge foundations. Tampere University of Technology, Laboratory of foundation and Earth Structures 2001 Bernander, S., Svensk, I., Plars brfrmga i elastiskt medium under hnsynstagande till initialkrkning och egensspnningar i plmaterialet. Stockholm 1970. IVA, Plkommissionen. Srtryck och preliminra rapporter, Nr 23. Broms, B., Allowable bearing capacity of initially bent piles. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Proceedings of the American society of civil engineers (ASCE), Vol. 89, no. SM 5, September 1963. ENV 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization CEN, 1992. Fredriksson, A., Bengtsson, P-E., Bengtsson, ., Berkning av dimensionerande lastkapacitet fr slagna plar med hnsyn till plmaterial och omgivande jord. Linkping 1995. IVA, Plkommissionen, Rapport 84a. Granholm, H., On the elastic stability of piles surrounded by a supporting medium. Stockholm1929. IVA. Ingenirsvetenskapsakademiens handlingar Nr 89. Hetnyi, M., Beams on elastic foundation. The university of Michigan press, 1976 Liittorakenteet. Suunnitteluohjeet 1988. BY26. Suomen Betoniyhdistys r.y., Tersrakenneyhdistys r.y. Liittorakenteiden sovellusohjeet 1991. BY36. Suomen betoniyhdistys r.y., Tersrakenneyhdistys Lyntipaalutusohjeet, LPO -87. Vaasa 1991. Suomen Geoteknillinen Yhdistys. r.y., Rakentajain Kustannus Oy. Timoshenko, S., P., Gere, J., M., Theory of elastic stability, second edition. Tokyo 1961.
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NPGeoCalc Piles Theory v2.1

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NPGeoCalc Piles Theory v2.1

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GeoCalc

Pile Calculation Theory

Version 0.1 0.2 1.0

Date 06.02.2006 14.2.2006 26.3.2006

Writer Markku Raiskila Timo Ruoho Markku Raiskila

Changes Layout changes picture updates, text checks

2. Bearing resistance of pile

Table 2 /2/ Total safety factors for grouted piles

Design value for geotechnical bearing capacity of the pile

Rcd = Rbd + Rsd Rbd Rsd

Bearing factor Nq.

Factor for shaft resistance Kstan() placement piles

2a) displacement piles,

adhesion factor corresponding to material of the pile (figure 3),

undrained shear strength in soil layer i. is 1.6 or from table 3 /1/

Adhesion factor between pile and cohesive soil.

Base and shaft resistances of the pile

3. Lateral stress displacement behaviour

Lateral pressure-displacement relationship in the case of cohesionless soils is presented in Figure 5

subgrade reaction of cohessionless soil.

' p m = 3 4.4 ' K p = 3 4.4 ' tan 2 45 + 2

Effective stress Coulomb earth pressures

Vertical stress at depth h in soil is calculated from equation 13.

possible uniform load

Total stress Coulomb earth pressures

Vertical stress at depth h in soil is calculated from equation 14

( 14 ) = = weight of soil at depth h possible uniform load

subgrade reaction of cohesive soil in temporary loading

subgrade reaction of cohesive soil in long-term loading

Definition of horizontal subgrade modulus between soil layers /1/.

Introduction to the Calculation Model

Illustration of the mathematical model

Input Data for Geometry

Figure 10 Definition of soil layers 3.4.2. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Earth pressure from soil layers

Concentrated loads at top of the pile

Loads to pile top

4. Structural calculations /3/

Buckling of initially straight piles

The spring constant, ks, is referred to as the lateral subgrade reaction.

where magnification factor a is,

The maximum soil reaction can then be calculated from: (31)

P = Pcr /(1+ ks0 /pm )

Structural resistance of the pile

Respectively, the initial bending moment is obtained from:

Axial resistance of steel structure

Axial resistance of composite steel and concrete structure

Nu = Ac fcd + As1 fyd 1 + As2 fyd 2

Resistance of cross section in combined compression and bending

P 2 P(Pcr + N u + 0.5 Pcr 0 N u M u ) + Pcr N u = 0 (45)

B = Pcr + N u + 0.5 Pcr 0 N u M u C = Pcr N u Composite steel and concrete structure

P 2 P(Pcr + N u + 0.5 Pcr 0 ( N u N c ) M u ) + Pcr N u = 0

B = Pcr + N u + 0.5 Pcr 0 (N u N c ) M u C = Pcr N u

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