Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Capacity Building

Local Content Development

In Ethiopia: Status and Trends

Final Report

By: Amaha Diana Selam_consult@yahoo.com

Addis Ababa

November, 2003

Contents
Page ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................ V INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 4 III. METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................. 5 3.1 PRIMARY DATA ...................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 SECONDARY DATA AND SAMPLING........................................................................................ 6 IV. LOCAL CONTENT DEVELOPMENT: THE ISSUES ..................................................... 7 4.1 WHY LOCAL CONTENT IS IMPORTANT? .................................................................................. 9 4.2 THE DIGITAL DIVIDE............................................................................................................ 16 V. RESULTS OF THE SURVEY .............................................................................................. 21 VI. INFRASTRUCTURE ASPECTS OF LOCAL CONTENT DEVELOPMENT............. 41 6.1 TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................ 41 6.2 ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................... 51 6.3 RADIO & TV TRANSMITTERS ............................................................................................... 56 6.4 PRINTING PRESSES........................................................................................................... 57 VII. INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN CONTENT DEVELOPMENT................................. 58 7.1 RADIO & TV CONTENT PROVIDERS ..................................................................................... 58 7.1.1 Radio Ethiopia ............................................................................................................. 58 7.1.2. Radio Fana.................................................................................................................. 60 7.1.3. Educational Mass Media Agency................................................................................ 61 7.1.4. Ethiopian Television ................................................................................................... 66 7.2 TEXTUAL INFORMATION PROVIDERS.................................................................................... 69 7.3 INTERNET WEBSITES WITH ETHIOPIAN CONTENT................................................................. 70

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7.4 CONTENT DEVELOPMENT IN REGIONAL STATES .................................................................. 78 7.4.1 Tigray region ............................................................................................................... 78 7.4.2 Amhara region ............................................................................................................. 79 7.4.3 Oromia Region............................................................................................................. 81 7.4.4 SNNP REGION ............................................................................................................ 81 7.4.5 Addis Ababa Administration ........................................................................................ 82 7.4.6 Afar, Somali And Harrari Regions ............................................................................. 83 7.4.6.1 Afar Region........................................................................................................... 83 7.4.6.1 Somali Region....................................................................................................... 83 7.4.6.2 Harrari Region ...................................................................................................... 84 7.4.7 Benshangul - Gumuz and Gambela Regions ............................................................... 84 7.4.7.1 Benshangul - Gumuz Region ................................................................................ 84 7.4.7.1 Gambela Region.................................................................................................... 85 VIII. ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY TELECENTERS .................................................. 86 8.1THE ROLE OF BRITISH COUNCIL AND ESTC.......................................................................... 88 8.2 WOLISSO TELECENTER......................................................................................................... 89 8.3 DEBRE BIRHAN TELECENTER ............................................................................................... 90 8.4 GONDAR TELECENTER ......................................................................................................... 91 8.5 AXUM TELECENTER ............................................................................................................. 92 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................... 93 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................... 97 ANNEX I - LIST OF CONTACTED PERSONS .................................................................................. 98 ANNEX II - BIBLIGRAPHY......................................................................................................... 100 ANNEX III - FUTURE PLAN OF INSTITUTIONS IN CONTENT DEVELOPMENT .............................. 104 ANNEX IV - STATUS OF ELECTRIFICATION BY REGION ............................................................ 109 ANNEX V - ANNOTATED INTERNET SITES WITH ETHIOPIAN CONTENT .................................... 123 ANNEX VI - LIST OF NEWS PAPERS PUBLISHED IN ETHIOPIA (OCT. 2003) ............................... 142

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List of Tables and Figures

Page
FIG. 4.1 SURVEYED INSTITUTIONS IN ADDIS ABEBA .................................................................................... 21 TABLE 4.1 EMPLOYEES IN ORGANIZATIONS ENGAGED IN LOCAL CONTENT DEVELOPMENT ....................... 23 TABLE 4.2 SECTOR FOCUS OF DEVELOPED CONTENT .................................................................................. 23 TABLE 4.3 LANGUAGE USED TO DEVELOP CONTENT ................................................................................... 24 TABLE 4.4 TARGETED POPULATION BY LOCATION ...................................................................................... 24 TABLE 4.5 CONTENT TARGETING BY AGE GROUPS ...................................................................................... 25 FIG.

4.2 SOURCES USED TO GENERATE CONTENT........................................................................................ 25

TABLE 4.6 CONTENT TAILORED TO THE NEEDS OF SPECIAL GROUPS........................................................... 26 TABLE 4.7 COMPELLING REASONS TO DEVELOP LOCAL CONTENT .............................................................. 26 TABLE 4.8 COMPELLING REASONS TO DEVELOP LOCAL CONTENT BY INSTITUTION GROUP........................ 27 TABLE 4.9 CAPABILITY SELF-ASSESSMENT IN CONTENT DEVELOPMENT .................................................... 28 TABLE 4.10 CAPABILITY SELF ASSESSMENT BY INSTITUTION TYPE ............................................................ 28 TABLE 4.11 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF PEOPLE WORKING IN CONTENT DEVELOPMENT ............................... 30 TABLE 4.12 EQUIPMENT UPGRADING FREQUENCY ...................................................................................... 30 TABLE 4.13 INTERNET URL ADDRESSES WITH ETHIOPIAN CONTENTS - SURVEY RESULTS .......................... 33 TABLE 4.14 INSTITUTIONS PUBLISHING MAGAZINES ................................................................................... 36 TABLE 4.15 INSTITUTIONS PUBLISHING NEWSPAPERS ................................................................................. 37 TABLE 4.16 INSTITUTIONS TRANSMITTING RADIO PROGRAMS .................................................................... 39 TABLE 4.17 INSTITUTIONS TRANSMITTING RADIO PROGRAMS .................................................................... 39 TABLE 4.18 INSTITUTIONS TRANSMITTING RADIO PROGRAMS .................................................................... 40 TABLE 6.1.1 EXPRESSED DEMAND FOR TELEPHONE VS EXCHANGE CAPACITY. ......................................... 44 TABLE 6.1.2 DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSMISION LINKS BY REGION (2002/03 G.C).......................................... 45 FIG. 6.1.3 GROWTH OF TELEPHONE SUBSCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 45 FIG. 6.1.2 FAX AND TELEX SUBSCRIBERS (1987 - 1995 E.C) ........................................................................ 46 TABLE 6.1.3 INTERNET/MOBILE/DDN SUBSCRIPTIONS ................................................................................ 47

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Acronyms
ADA ANRS BBC CNN CRDA DDN DfID DRMAS E.C. E.F.Y. EEPCo EMA ESTC ETC ETV FAO FDRE GTZ HIV/AIDS ICT IDA IICD ISP MCT MW NGO SIDA SNNPR SPSS SW TOR TVRO UNDP UPS USAID VSAT Amhara Development Association Amhara National Regional State British Broadcasting Corporation Cable News Network Christian Relief and Development Association Digital Data Network Department for International Development Digital Radio Multi Access Subscriber System Ethiopian Calendar Ethiopian Fiscal Year Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation Educational Mass Media Agency Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation Ethiopian Television Food and Agriculture Organization Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia German Technical Cooperation Agency Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Information Communication Technology International Development Association International Institute for Communication and Development Internet Service Provider Multipurpose Community Telecenter Middle Wave or Mega Watt (Contextually) Non Governmental Organizations Swedish International Development Agency Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region Statistical package for Social Sciences Short Wave Terms of Reference Television Receive Only United Nations Development Program Uninterruptible Power Supply United States Agency for International Development Very Small Aperture Terminal

Introduction
The history of the media sector in Ethiopia dates back nearly a century. Le Semeur dEthiopie (19051911) and Aimero (1902-1903) are widely considered as the original newspapers in the country although some historical evidence suggests that the handwritten sheet produced by Blatta Gebre Egziabhere around 1900 probably preceded both Le Semeur dEthiopie and Aimero and may therefore be considered the first Amharic newspaper in the country. Le Semeur dEthiopie and Aimero (literally translated to mean Intelligence) were followed by Le Courier dEthiopie (1913-1920) and Yetwor Ware (War News), which was issued from the Italian mission from 1916 to 1918. Berhanena Selam (Light and Peace) was founded in 1925 but folded in 1936 with the Italian invasion. Addis Zemen (New Era) begun circulating in 1941 followed by the English language daily, Ethiopian Herald that started in 1945. The first provisional radio station was inaugurated in 1933 in a contract signed with an Italian Company. The Italians handed over the installation in 1935 but retrieved it soon thereafter following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936. Short-wave broadcasting was resumed in 1953 and by 1970 Radio Ethiopia operated from three locations and broadcast in six languages. The World Federation of Lutheran Churches broadcaster, Radio Voice of the Gospel, begun in 1963. Ethiopian Radio, which now has both national and external services, broadcasts its programs in eight local languages and three foreign languages (English, French and Arabic). The Educational Media Agency, owned by Ministry of Education, broadcasts educational programs in 16 local languages and in the English language for secondary and high school students. Television broadcasting in Ethiopia begun in the early 1960s. An educational TV broadcasting project was initiated in 1965, and by 1971 there were five daily programs covering a range of topics for students up to grade eight. It gradually expanded into adult education and to cover the whole of the country but in 1981, it went off the air for a few years for lack of maintenance, spare parts and adequate personnel. Although there has been a rapid growth of TV

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since the 1980s, radio remains the principal medium of communication for the government. Since 1991, Ethiopian Television (ETV) broadcasts its programs in three local languages and in English. Following the 1974 overthrow of the monarchy by a military junta, mass media institutions were reorganised as instruments of propaganda under the centralised control of the party and Ministry of Information. The media, operating under the then new Marxist-Leninist ideology, primarily served as a mouthpiece of the government and an instrument of propaganda for the new ideology. The military government imposed and implemented a harsh censorship rule, which was only abolished following the overthrow of the military government in May 1991. With the coming into power of the new government in May 1991, it appeared that promoting respect for freedom of expression would be prioritized. This was manifested, first by the Transitional Period Charter, which provided respect for individual human rights at large and for freedom of expression in particular. This was soon followed by the Proclamation to Provide for the Determination of the Application of State Owned Mass Media. This proclamation set standards for the use and application of the State-owned media by the government, new organizations (political or otherwise) and the public at large. In late 1992, Proclamation No. 7/1992 which may be cited as the "National/Regional administration establishment proclamation" paved the ground for the formation of the 14 regional administrations. Out of their own volition, some of these newly formed regions banned together to create the larger region that is known as Southern Peoples Region. In the meantime, the new administrative structure allowed the formed regions to have newspapers, magazines, Radio stations and TV airtime in their native language. In 1996, the Telecommunication Corporation introduced Internet in Ethiopia. This helped some institutions in Ethiopia to publish in their website content that is relevant for the country's development. The corporation has currently some 10, 000 register Internet users. Furthermore, the British Council started pilot community Telecenter projects in Wolisso, Debre Birhan, Gondar and

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Axum. These Telecenter are supposed to increase access to information at the grass root level. The Media sector in its endeavour to create effective and relevant content is affected by evolving technologies in Information and communication (ICTs). The effect of ICTs is not always beneficial unless we take well-planned measures. In view of this, the Ministry of capacity building is striving to bring home the best advantage of these new technologies. One of the areas that need attention is localization of content transmitted using the various technologies including traditional ones such as the press, radio and TV. If proper action is not taken to make more efficient the generation, development and dissemination of content relevant to our national development effort, then negative and deteriorating conditions will affect our goals. The objective of this study was to reveal the status and future trend of the country in developing relevant content for its poverty alleviation and economic development programmes. Hence, an overall assessment of the country's infrastructure, the current level of developed content, assessment of key role players in content development and the results of new initiatives that deliver information to the community at the grass root level have to be performed. This report presents the findings of the assigned consultant. Thus, the Report is conveniently divided into eight sections including this introduction. Section two describes the Objectives of the study while section three deals with the scope of the methodology used by the consultant. In section four, the issues and global debates on local content development will follow. Section five presents the results of the survey conducted in Addis Ababa. Issues related to Infrastructures for content development are addressed in section Six. The core part of this report, section seven, presents the assessment of institutions involved in local content generation, development and dissemination. The assessment of the "Telecenter experience" in Ethiopia is done in section Eight. The last section, section nine, provides the major conclusions and recommendations of the consultant.

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II. Objectives of the study

The overall objective of the study is to establish baseline information on the status and trend of local content development in Ethiopia. The specific objectives of the local content survey were, as per the TOR, the following:

Identify the existing local content development centers and the language they use Identify the existing contents developed both in local language and foreign language Identify the medium used to develop the local content such as audio, video, text, etc Identify the dissemination mechanism to exchange the local content Identify NGOs activities to develop the local content Identify the cooperative efforts among different local content developers Identify the investment amounts per year to develop the local content by different organizations such as government, private and NGOs Identify the problem to develop local content in local language (technical such as font, administrative, financial, cultural such as unwillingness to disclose the knowledge, etc) Assess other countries experience to develop the local content Identify ICT solutions that can enhance development of local content in a cost effective and sustainable manner Create a Baseline Database on existing local content development (e.g. local content developers, local content developed, etc)

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III. Methodology
The methodology used by the consultant includes all the pertinent tools and techniques that facilitate faster and accurate collection of data for analytical purposes. The specific tools and approaches were presented to the ICT Program Office of the Ministry of Capacity Building in an inception report. A questionnaire and PRA Tools (Interview Guides and Checklist for focus group The Client had reviewed, discussions) were developed by the consultant. commented and approved the designed instruments before they were applied on field. The field survey instruments that were agreed upon are thought to be the most suitable to extract the required data from all sources. The field survey conducted by the consultant includes Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Addis Ababa Regions. Other regions were contacted by telephone and fax. These were Afar, Somali, Harrari, Benshangul-Gumuz and Gambela Regions. In each of these region, the consultant has interviewed through telephone the relevant persons and afterwards information needed by the consultant was faxed to him by the regional officials. Data and source triangulation was carried out to achieve report consistency. Moreover, all the data collection, sorting, collecting and grouping were made in such a way that helps the assessment and analysis of local content development issues. The consultant has conducted almost a full survey of the institutions being relevant to the subject of investigation. A questionnaire consisting of 40 key questions was administered to some 300 organizations. Data from collected questionnaires was entered in the statistical software (SPSS Version 11) and analysis was also performed. The write up of the report has benefited not only from data collected on field but also the expertise of the consultant and the extensive literature review that was conducted throughout the assignment period.

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3.1 Primary Data

In order to gather first hand and close to reality information, a questionnaire was designed and administered to selected and relevant Institutions. The target group was composed of Government institutions, International NGOs, Local NGOs, Private Press and Civic Organization. Furthermore, In Addis Interviews and discussions were held with key informants and focus group, especially with officials of institutions that are key role players in local content development and dissemination such as Radio Ethiopia, Radio Fana, Educational Media Agency, ETV, etc. SWOT Analysis, problem and potential problem ranking, trend analysis etc. were used as a tool extract proper information. The Five larger regions were paid visits to assess the institutions involved in local content development. The Five emerging regions were contacted through telephone and appropriate staff of involved institutions was extensively interviewed (Interviews lasted as average about one hour with representatives of each region). Other needed information was requested to be sent by fax. Three of the four Telecenters in the country have also been visited to assess their status and experience. To assess infrastructure aspects relevant institutions such as Tele, EEPCo, printing presses, etc were contacted to gather the required data.

3.2 Secondary Data and Sampling

The consultant also conducted review of relevant literature. The term "Local Content" is new and its Definition is a minefield for disputes. The desk research carried out by the consultant helped clarify many of the involved issues and sharpened the direction of the research. Internet was the source of most of the literature relevant to the issue of local content. Other reviewed literatures were reports from various institutions and government proclamations and regulation relating to content. The reviewed literature was used to support the facts derived from the findings of the analysis and results of the primary data. Annex II shows the list of reviewed literature. The study is not based on random sampling of the population. This is because the population number is very few and could be reached effectively. Hence, this study is based on an alomost total survey of key players in local content development.

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IV. Local Content Development: The Issues

Advances in information and communications technologies (ICT) combined with the rapid growth of global networks such as the Internet, have transformed businesses and markets, revolutionized learning and knowledgesharing, generated global information flows, empowered citizens and communities in new ways that redefine governance. ICTs have helped create significant wealth and economic growth in many countries. This digital revolution has been made possible thanks to the potent combination and increase in the power and versatility of new technologies and their significantly lower costs. It is undeniable that the world is in the midst of a set of profound changes that create enormous new opportunities, while posing equally daunting challenges. Precisely because the digital revolution has the power to transform production processes, commerce, government, education, citizen participation and all other aspects of our individual and collective lives, it can create substantial new forms of economic growth and social development. Therefore, access to and effective use of the tools and networks of the new global economy, and the innovations they make possible, are critical to poverty reduction, increased social inclusion and the creation of a better life for all. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are not really about the computer, the Internet, and telephone lines. Its about information and communication. This makes the issue of content a very important priority as we try to use the new technologies for community development and alleviation of poverty. In fact, Information and Communication technologies are offering third world countries a development opportunity comparable to the benefits attained by the developed world from the Industrial revolution. ICTs today allow developing countries unlock distant expertise, knowledge, and markets. However, this access to usually " foreign " content with foreign perspectiveshas inherent limitations. Easy and fast access to globally networked knowledge is turning us into consumers of irrelevant information for our development needs. Someone 1

1 F. McLellan, Like Hunger, Like Thirst: patients, journals and the internet in Lancet, 1998:352.

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wrote recently that Even if the woman in the village has access to the Internet, she will not necessarily be able to use the information to improve her child's health because "trying to get information from the Internet is like drinking from a fire hose - you don't even know what the source of the water is ". The above facts have brought a global debate and concern about not only filtering the Internet for locally relevant information but also to foster the development of local content. In this regard, the world is witnessing a profusion of activities and debates to localize contents in both the Internet and traditional medias such as the Radio, press and TV. The Government of Ethiopia is also engaged in efforts to bring home the best of ICTs to reinforce its development strategies. ICTs are not an end by themselves but a means to support core development targets through the uninterrupted flow of sufficient and locally relevant information. Hence, if the development needs of the country are to be catalysed by the application of ICTs the need for extensive and quality local content goes unquestionable. Worldwide, the issue of Local content has gathered Momentum. Some of that attention has been steered by The Digital Opportunities Task Force (DOT Force), a body created by the G8 nations at its annual summit in mid-2000. The job of DOT Force was to come up with an action plan that would lead all nations to participate in the ICT revolution. The result was the Genoa Plan of Action (which took its name from the location of the 2001 G8 summit). Its nine Action Points included 2 two specifically related to content issues. These were: Action Point 7 Promote ICT for Health Care and in Support Against HIV/AIDS and Other Infectious and Communicable Diseases 3 . Action Point 8 National and International Effort to Support Local Content and Applications Creation.

2 3

Report of the Digital Opportunity Task Force (DOT Force): Digital Opportunity for All, Meeting the challenges, May, 2001. It is worth noting that the DOT Force report included a variety of media within ICT: community radio, broadcasting media, telecommunications, and the Internet.

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To help those designing and implementing ICT initiatives understand better the various dimensions of the local content challenge, the International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD) undertook a project to identify and document how local organizations and communities in developing countries are using ICTs to create, adapt and exchange local content. From people and projects around the world, they collected examples, cases and insights to "unbundle" the notion of local content. This meant answering specific questions such as: What content is available and in what forms? What motivates owners to make content available to others and under what terms? The results of the study were reviewed in a workshop in March 2002 (in Tanzania) with a later final report 4 illustrating innovative approaches, documented experiences and lessons while identifying opportunities and constraints, and exploring the potential for replication and scaling.

4.1 Why Local content is Important?

An immediate challenge we faced in this assignment is to define local content. This proved to be extremely difficult. Partly this may be due to the wide use of the term local content by various groups each, with a slightly different interpretation. It is also partly because, despite the many calls that increased attention be given to local content, in reality there is a tiny and dispersed knowledge base on local content and few people are actually working on these issues. This issue is complicated further when we take note that most content on the Internet is actually the local content of developed countries, especially that of the United States. It seems simple and obvious that content can be defined as local when it is produced in a specified geographic locality, such as a village, province, or even a country or continent. The problem with this definition is that information from a locality does not always have a relation to the people living in that place. Especially in a globalised world, content produced in Ethiopia may not be Ethiopian at all, but simply cheaper to package in Ethiopia than elsewhere. This was brought into the open air when
4 Peter Ballantyne, "Collecting and propagating Local development content:: Synthesis and Conclusion, Final Report, May 2002. (Project carried out by IICD in association with Tanzania Commission for Science and technology and funded by DFID).

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US software firms used thousands of Indian Engineers living in Delhi to resolve the Y2K Problem of American companies, in 1999. Similarly, it is debatable how many of the products from field research carried out in developing countries can actually be considered as local. Some people therefore define local content as content that is intended for a specific local audience, as defined by its geographic location, culture or its language. Thus, a recent study by Colle and Roman 5 considers local content to broadly mean the processing and diffusion of information customized in any suitable format to fit the needs of a specific community. The problem here is that much of the content received by an audience may actually originate outside the local community. While communities in Afar or Gambella regions may receive information in their language, much of the content is likely to be external. It is targeted to their needs. Similarly, villagers in Debre Tabor may see a television broadcast from Addis Ababa, but this does not make it their local content. Not all content intended for an audience may therefore be considered as local. Others prefer the notion of relevance suggesting that local content is content that is socially, culturally, economically, and politically relevant to a given society. Again, this is a rather broad definition that would allow, for instance, any relevant news from the BBC, CNN or the Internet to be considered as local content. Besides which, the notion of relevance and its definition is a minefield for disputes. What is local content then? Some define it as content for people in a certain locality, or content for people speaking a language or representing a certain cultural tradition. Others suggest it is content that is relevant to, or consumed by a given society or community. In the media industry, local content normally refers to the proportion of programming that is not imported. All of these definitions are valid. They also have serious drawbacks in that much that is non-local can creep in, making a clear focus on local content almost impossible. To help us advance, we need to adjust our perspective. Instead of seeing local content as content for local communities, we need to see it as content from local communities. This is what has happened when, in the abovementioned

5 Royal D. Colle & Raul Roman, "CONTENT FOR ICT INITIATIVES", Cornell University (USA), 2002

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Dar es Salaam workshop, participants decided on the following working definition: Local content is the expression of the locally owned and adapted knowledge of a community where the community is defined by its location, culture, language, or area of interest. This means that local content is not something that is broadcast to or necessarily used by members of a defined community, although this is not excluded. It includes any external or global content that has been transformed, adapted and assimilated into the knowledge base of the community. Local content is exchanged and shared, locally or globally, in various formats, packages and media. When it is disseminated and is accessible using digital means, it can be termed eContent. On the other hand, it is crucial to differentiate between local content and local eContent. Just because little local eContent can be found on the Internet or in other digital forms, it is wrong to conclude that there is a local content problem. Most local content is simply invisible to international audiences that are unconnected to local non-digital content channels. This poses a different sort of connectivity problem. In reality, there are vast amounts of local content scattered in every country and community; it is not digitised and even if it were, it may not always be desirable that it be disseminated outside the community where it originates. Generating local eContent poses many challenges, not least to master the technologies. Generating and exchanging local content poses different, though sometimes related, challenges. While the ICTs and other media are converging and provide many opportunities to strengthen local content creation and exchange, different types of local content need to be treated very differently. The 'drivers' and motivations in health are not the same as those in agriculture or community development and a good understanding of these will be necessary before formulating different interventions. Now, let us turn our attention on why so much worldwide debate and interest has been given to local content. As said earlier, one of the strengths of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as the Internet is the way they can help unlock distant expertise, knowledge and markets. However, this access usually to foreign content with foreign perspectives has its limitations. Easier access to globalised knowledge is fast turning us into consumers of distant and potentially irrelevant information. More worrying

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perhaps, developing countries are being invaded by foreign ideas and values that may undermine or overwhelm local cultural heritage and economic livelihoods. If we are serious about the use of ICTs as an empowerment tool so poor people can shape decisions that affect their lives, so they can grasp economic and social opportunities, and so they can deal with misfortunes and disasters, then this foreign content must be matched by the expression and communication of local knowledge that is relevant to local situations. To a large extent, this means that ICTs need to be conveyors of locally relevant messages and information. They need to provide opportunities for local people to interact and communicate with each other, expressing their own ideas, knowledge and culture in their own languages. This is not an easy task. Content does not flow of its own accord; it needs owners or originators with the motivation to create, adapt or exchange it. As well as vision, the content originator needs to have the creative, technical and people skills to transform an idea into something that can be disseminated or exchanged. Moreover, since few of us have all the necessary capacities to create and communicate content, partnerships are essential to get the job done. There need to be very strong incentives for all the elements to come together at the right time and place. Beyond these critical capacity and incentive issues, local content faces intense competition. Even in remote areas, the powers that push global or just nonlocal content are often much stronger than those pushing local content. This can be seen in television programming, in advertising, in the spread of global brands, in classrooms using imported curricula and examinations, in the use of foreign languages in our schools and universities, in the lowly status of our many local languages, on the Internet, in research, in the dissemination of reliable scientific information, and even in the reliance on foreign technical assistance. With a few exceptions (phones, community radio, or indigenous knowledge systems), most formal content and communication channels in developing countries help to push external content into local communities. Counter efforts to push local content on to global stages, such as African films, Ethiopian research publications, southern voices in the media, or the e-trading of crafts from the Konso Tribe face an uphill struggle. Hence, almost everywhere in the developing world questions such as the

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following are being raised: Should we create more effective push mechanisms, increasing and improving the supply of content? Should we focus on the demand side, so that local content is more highly valued? Should we look at the containers in which content is packaged, making them more attractive and accessible? Should different content types get different treatment? The many documented case stories from the health sector show that it is currently focused around providing better local access to reliable generic content. This may in turn be re-packaged, translated and internalised to reappear as local content. The interface between global and local is crucial and many initiatives in this area aim to bring global knowledge into the hands of local health care workers. On the other hand, as we all know local indigenous or traditional medical/health knowledge is locally very important in Ethiopia and has its own knowledge flows and actors operating alongside western medical science. The indigenous knowledge/biodiversity world is the opposite. Here, the urgent challenge is to ensure that the 'non-scientific' know-how of local people is documented and passed on, mainly to very local audiences, in local languages. The local interfaces are currently the most crucial. For these people, the outside world, as an audience or even as a market, is growing in importance as indigenous peoples begin to connect with each other. This may evolve even more rapidly as the local communities discover the value of their knowledge and learn how to capitalise on it. Education is close to health; agriculture has global elements but has long been moving towards the biodiversity side with its focus on farmer knowledge and local agro-ecological conditions. The Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) research tools and techniques were born from this tendency of agriculture. Community and local radio are firmly in the local sphere. As documented case stories from South Africa, Nigeria and Nepal indicate, it looks far more 'inside' the community for its content, language, and sustainability, especially when compared to commercial or government radio stations. Most television and film is firmly 'global', despite efforts by UNESCO and others to stimulate local productions of local content. Local music seems to face similar problems, despite the success of some world music on the world stage. As the case stories from Peoplink and Gamos indicate, e-business or e-commerce based on real local content for global markets has a long way to go unless it is local people

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providing international e-services like call centres or desktop publishing that use mainly non-local content.

The motivations of those involved in local content development can also originate from subtle and sophisticated backgrounds. In fact, there is no single driver underpinning the creation of local content, especially in digital formats. Out of a very complex situation, five spheres may be identified, each with its own reasoning and concerns. Each has its own approach to local content.

A geo-political-economic sphere sees local content as a matter of national image and economic development. Concerned by, for instance, the negative image of Africa on the world media, local content is needed to convey accurate and positive images. The result should be increased foreign investment, tourist arrivals and perhaps greater self-confidence and influence in global forums. Mixed up with this is a desire to develop competitive local media and ICT industries or sectors that can stimulate local jobs and provide local livelihoods. It means developing content, perhaps local content, for national, regional as well as global markets and audiences. The public sector is concerned with the geo-political aspect; the private sector is expected to drive the economic side, perhaps with public support. A geo-heritage sphere sees local content as an expression or a record of local cultural, social, and natural heritage. The urge is to conserve and preserve it for future generations, and perhaps as a way to provide local livelihoods. Here, the actors are almost all public or voluntary museums, archives, galleries, research organisations, academia, NGOs and the like. Educational content is important alongside the concern for preservation. A public-social sphere is most concerned with local content as a tool for development to empower individuals, to improve livelihoods, to provide opportunities, to cope with disaster and poverty, and to govern effectively. Local content is developed for use by the public sector so it can achieve its objectives; other development actors such as NGOs also

.15.

foster content in areas like health, human and social rights, and governance. Here the content is almost all in the public domain, provided as a public good that anyone can draw on. A commercial sphere is most concerned with local content as a way to sell services and products, for profit, to local or foreign markets. Mainly the private sector is involved and a large part of this content is infotainment that seeks to inform and entertain and, to some extent, to educate. In some countries such as South Africa, despite local content quotas in the media, much of this content is imported. A smaller content area is based around local business and commercial trends and conditions, prices, etc. that are of interest to local and foreign markets. In some sectors, like tourism, this local knowledge is the added value offered by local companies. Finally, in the individual sphere, the focus is on communication among people, sharing ideas, information on opportunities, advice and gossip with each other. While everyone is impressed by the potentials the new ICTs offer to share and exchange local content, often the new technologies are tape recorders, radio, television, newspapers, or telephones. ICTs and the Internet are currently rather small parts of the toolkit used to create and communicate local content. Their use is certainly growing. However, the more local a situation is, the more likely it is that person to person communication processes are more important than the production and exchange of content artefacts. Local content in the rural, developing country context is primarily voice content or text based email - people speaking to one another over the phone, friends communicating by email - difficult to track what is being said and to whom, difficult to point to in terms of visible success stories and websites. Generally, as one moves away from local (and predominantly voice or visual) situations, people tend to come into contact with various types of content packaged to achieve specific commercial, educational, social, or entertainment purposes.

Most content initiatives using ICTs tend to push external content towards local people. In other words, the ICTs are seen mainly as providing access to

.16.

other peoples knowledge. With a few exceptions, new technologies are hardly being used to strengthen the push of local content from local people. In general terms, the balance between push and pull or supply and demand is heavily weighted towards non-local rather than local content. In a nutshell, all the above facts and intricacies have brought a global concern about the localization of contents. Preserving the Identity of citizens while reaping the benefits of ICTs have therefore crystallized in national policies that protect people in developing countries from cultural invasions from the North.

4.2 The Digital Divide

Many expressions were used to describe the dichotomy of peoples participation or not in the Information Society such as information poor/ rich or have/ have not, but the most widely spread now is the "Digital Divide". Used by most international organizations, this expression has become the reference term. There is not one single definition about it but they are more or less taking about the same thing. At first, some narrower definitions of the digital divide were focused only on access to computers and Internet but access alone does not bridge the technology gap. As a result, definitions are much wider today. I chose two of these; found on the web, that state clearly what is according to them the digital divide:

"The term 'digital divide' describes the fact that the world can be divided into people who do and people who don't have access to - and the capability to use - modern information technology, such as the telephone, television, or the Internet. The digital divide exists between those in cities and those in rural areas. It also exists between the educated and the uneducated, between economic classes, and, globally, between the more and less industrially developed nations" (Http://www.whatis.com, 2003).

"The digital divide is the "Differences based on race, gender, geography, economic status, and physical ability:

In access to information, the Internet and other information technologies and services

.17.

In skills, knowledge, and abilities to use information, the Internet and other technologies" (OITP, 2003).

First, these two definitions noticeably show the multidimensional nature of the digital divide. They stress the necessity of access and knowledge but we should add a third one, which is contents. These three key points access, knowledge, and contents are the essence of the digital divide. When looking at access, we can see that the Internet is expanding its territory so rapidly that soon one might be able to get it anywhere and in multiple forms (say in mobile phones or digital Televisions). However, today it is still mainly through computers that one can access the web. We can buy our own computer to access Internet but this is not affordable for all. Governments that are aware of this financial problem are pushing for installation of computers in public spaces, such as libraries or post offices. The market also tries to answer this new demand by the creation of cyber cafs. There are users needs for information and training in order to participate in the Information Society, and this is definitely another major risk of exclusion. For example, people who are quasi-illiterate have no chance to master the Internet. It is believed that the education system must be the main provider of this new knowledge, but that some other options must exist for people who would not have access to it for various reasons. Moreover the fantastic pace of evolution of information technology obliges any participant in the Information Society to continually improve his knowledge, learning does not stop once one has completed a training course. In addition, mastering the Internet, one needs formal training, but knowledge also develops through learning by doing; one can improve it by trying things out, sharing ones problems and seeing what others are doing. All this will contribute to a lifelong learning society where people will have to continuously learn to master these constantly changing technologies, and therefore to be able to participate in their society. Finally to participate, people must have access to information that is relevant for them; the contents can be found on the Web will determine the success of this participation. Currently on the web, more than 78% of the websites contain 96 % of e-commerce and in English (bridges.org, 2003). The dominance

.18.

of English, and especially US content, makes it less useful to other countries. English speakers were the first users of Internet, so the predominance of their language was natural. Additionally, non-English countries produce less local content making the Internet less relevant to their lives. It is also necessary that users become content creators as well by the creation of their own websites. By doing that, they participate in the construction of the Web and produce sites that might interest others. The definitions also introduced two different forms of Digital divide, one between countries but also between groups within a country. The extensive report of Bridge.org puts it in these terms "Real disparities exist in access to and use of information and communications technology (ICT) between countries (the "international digital divide") and between groups within countries (the "domestic digital divide")" (ibid). 4.2.1 International Digital Divide The International Digital Divide, also sometimes call the global DD, is easy to understand but hugely difficult to overcome. Firstly, this divide is an infrastructure problem. For example, in all of Africa, there are fewer phone lines than in New York City alone and owning a phone is seen as a luxury item. The costs are also enormous and prohibitive. The structural problem is not the only one. In developing countries, the majority of people, besides the wealthy individuals, cannot currently afford the technology, even when it is available, so usage remains low. "Poverty is the greatest barrier to Internet growth in Africa" (ibid, p19). This statement by the US Internet Council wants to emphasize the fact that costs to access Internet are in comparison to developed countries much higher and therefore unaffordable. It is not rare to see a monthly connection cost for Internet in Africa exceeding the monthly median income of the population. For Internet, it is difficult to give accurate figures because they are changing so quickly. Most institutions when trying to determine Internet users across the world use the Nielson/Netratings Internet surveys. In their latest figures of September 2003, they estimated that 429 million people were Internet users with only 3.4 million of them were Africans. If you compare these figures with the world population, you can clearly see the huge gap with developed countries such as USA and Canada where there is more than 17.7 millions users. (www.netratining.com, 2003).

.19.

Internet Users by Regions, May 2002

Europe 28.0% USA & Canada 41.3%

Europe Latin America

Latin America 4.1%

Asia/Pacific Africa USA & Canada

Africa 0.8%

Asia/Pacific 25.9%

The World Bank also stresses this point: "Roughly 90 percent of Internet host computers are located in high-income countries that account for only 16 percent of world population" (World Bank: World Development Report, 2000). It would be an error to consider the International Digital Divide as poor countries vs. rich ones problem. Even within the European Union, this gap exists. If in Sweden or the Netherlands two third of the population are Internet users, only less than 20 % are in Spain (Digitaldivide.org, 2003).

4.2.2 Domestic Digital Divide The domestic digital divide is more complex to define, because multiple factors are involved. Access within a country can be looked according following socioeconomic factors: - Age - Income - Geographical location - Education - Race - Gender

.20.

- Disability Even countries like the US are experiencing the domestic digital divide. In fall of 2000, the U.S. Department of Commerce 6 found that:

White (46.1%) and Asian American & Pacific Islander (56.8%) households continued to have Internet access at levels more than double those of Black (23.5%) and Hispanic (23.6%) households. 86.3% of households earning $75,000 and above per year had Internet access compared to 12.7% of households earning less than $15,000 per year. Rural areas, though still lagging behind urban areas, had surpassed inner-cities in Internet availability and use: o Urban 42.3 o Rural 38.9 o Central City 37.7 63% of homes with residents aged 18-49 used the Internet compared to 37% of households with residents aged 50 or older. Women have surpassed men in Internet access and use. (51% to 49%, respectively.)

Source: http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn00/contents00.html

.21.

V. Results of the Survey

a) Institutions Included in the Survey The consultant has surveyed 280 Institutions that were thought to be generating, developing and disseminating local content. These institutions are all found in Addis Ababa. The survey of regions is carried out separately and the results are presented in section Seven of this report. The reason for this separation of the survey is that most organizations engaged in local content development, especially NGOs and Private Press institutions, have their headquarters located in Addis Ababa and even if they have regional offices the bulk of Local Content is packaged in Addis Ababa. Therefore, institutions covered by the Addis Ababa survey were composed as shown in the following Graph.

Fig. 4.1 Surveyed Institutions in Addis Ababa

Composition of Surveyed Institutions in Addis Ababa

300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Civic Organizations Government Local NGOs Intl. NGOs Private Press Total

280

94 44 61

77 4

.22.

b) Number of Employees in the surveyed institutions The survey has shown that Government institutions, though few in number, are employing 79.03% of the labor force of institutions engaged in Local content Development. International and Local NGO's follow by employing 10.81% and 7.83 %, respectively. On the other hand, the Private press is using 2.1% of the total employees.

Pareto Effect
The Italian Economist, Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) discovered an empirical relationship in the distribution of wealth. He stated that 80% of the national wealth is concentrated among 20% of the population. Other sciences such as management, marketing, sociology, engineering, etc have adopted this principle as "Pareto Effect" or the "80/20 rule". In our survey results, we can also appreciate the "Pareto Effect" in several instances. Decisive organizations in local content development such as Radio Ethiopia and ETC are being taken, statistically, as equals to very small organizations engaged in local content development.

Among government institutions, about 49% of the employment is generated by ETC (8,192), EEPCo (8000) and the Ethiopian Radio and Television Organization (1,420). Of the total employees working in International NGOs, 40.95% are working for just four NGOs, i.e., Care Ethiopia (750), Save the Children USA (340), Society of International Missionaries (271) and CCFEthiopia (250). Among Local NGOs, EOC-DICAC and the Amhara Development Association are contributing jointly for 27% of the employment of surveyed Local NGOs. From the private press, mass media communication (reporter), Addis Admas, Menilik and Addis tribune are the largest employers each with 25, 26, 22 and 60 employees, respectively.

.23.

The following table shows the No. of employees by institution Type.

Table 4.1 Employees in Organizations Engaged in local Content Development

Institution Type Government Organizations International NGOs Local NGOs Private Institutions Civic Organizations Total

Employees % of Total 28,487 79.03% 3,934 10.91% 2,824 7.83% 752 2.09% 49 0.14% 36,046 100%

On the other hand, the surveyed institutions have a labor force of about 3,011 people working in branch offices all over the country.

c) Sector focus of Developed Content The content focus of the surveyed institutions shows that all of them have more content in agriculture followed by health and water. The area found to be less targeted by all is culture/entertainment.
Table 4.2 Sector Focus of Developed Content

Sector Focus of Content Agriculture Education Health/Water Industry/Finance Culture/Entertainment All Rounded Total

No. of Institutions by Type Gov. 9 5 7 4 2 5 32 Intl. NGO Local NGO Private Civic 27 19 21 5 1 0 73 34 28 31 4 4 3 104 16 15 15 10 11 7 74 1 1 0 0 0 1 3

.24.

d) Languages used in developed local content. As the following table shows, the language used to develop most of the local content is Amharic (50.34%) followed by English (37.24%), Tigrigna (7.82%) and Oromiffa (3.68%).
Table 4.3 Language used to develop content

Language Used English Amharic Oromiffa Tigrigna Others

(Afar, Somali, French, etc)

No. of Institutions Gov. Intl. NGO Local NGO Private 27 34 3 6 2 51 36 3 8 1 58 84 5 16 1 24 64 5 3 0 Civic 2 1 0 1 0

e) Sources used for local content and Target Population The survey revealed that most of the developed local content is targeted to urban dwellers. Content disseminated across the country stands second and rural areas are the less targeted part. The following table shows the percentage of population targeted by its location.
Table 4.4 Targeted population by location

Targeted Population Urban Dwellers Rural people All

% of Total content 40.4% 23.2% 36.4%

Content targeting shows that the adult population is relatively the most addressed group by the respondents. However, most content (52%) is disseminated without being tailored to needs and peculiarities of age groups.

.25.
Table 4.5Content Targeting by Age Groups

Age structure of targeted Population Up to 18 years From 18 to 55 years 55 years and above All age groups

% of Content 16% 31% 6% 52%

With regard to the sources used to generate local content, the survey indicated that the community is a major source for local content (76.1%) followed by own research/sources (68%), the Internet (55%) and Government offices (51.4%). The following graph shows the source composition of Local content:
Fig. 4.2Sources used to generate content

Local Content Sources

Internet/Email 19% TV/Press 14%

Others 1%

Community 26%

Own Research/sources 23%

Government 17%

The survey has also helped to find out if special groups of the society such as women, the disabled, etc are being taken into account while designing content. Respondents were asked whether they have some content for these groups and

.26.

most respondents have said that their content addresses one way or the other these special groups. The results are shown in the table below.
Table 4.6 Content tailored to the needs of special groups

Content dealing with Women Children Youth Elders Disabled persons Professionals working in rural areas Professionals working in Urban areas

% of Responses 69.6% 60.0% 70.7% 49.6% 37.1% 33.9% 39.6%

f) The motivations of Local Content Developers It may be assumed that there is a specific need and motivation that compels the relevant organizations to develop content and disseminate it using the various available mediums. One might ask is profit more important and compel ling than humanitarian concerns? To judge the push-factors behind the development of local content, respondents were asked about their motivation with allowance to provide multiple answers. The results were as follows.
Table 4.7 Compelling Reasons to Develop local content

Rank 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Reasons for Developing Content Development Concerns Humanitarian Good Governance Gender Profit Politics Religion Others

% of Respondents 64% 54% 25% 24% 18% 15% 8% 3%

.27.

On the other hand, a cross tabulation for each respondents' group revealed a shift in motivation as shown in the following table.
Table 4.8 Compelling reasons to develop local content by Institution group Respondent Group Government (total 44) Reasons for developing Local Content Development Concerns Good Governance Humanitarian Gender Politics Profit Others Religion Development Concerns Humanitarian Gender Good Governance Religion Politics Profit Others Humanitarian Development Concerns Gender Good Governance Politics Religion Profit Others Development Concerns Profit Humanitarian Politics Good Governance Gender Religion Others No. of Respondents 33 17 15 13 11 4 3 2 40 39 16 16 6 3 2 2 69 55 22 15 6 6 3 2 50 40 27 20 19 17 6 0 Percent of Group 75.0% 38.6% 34.1% 29.5% 25.0% 9.1% 6.8% 0.7% 65.6% 63.9% 26.2% 26.2% 9.8% 4.9% 3.3% 3.3% 73.4% 58.5% 23.4% 16.0% 6.4% 6.4% 3.2% 2.1% 64.9% 51.9% 35.1% 26.0% 24.7% 22.1% 7.8% 0.0%

Private Enterprises (77)

Local NGOs (total 94)

Intl. NGOs (Total 61 )

.28.

The shift from the general group by the sub groups can be appreciated from the above within group cross tabulation. The International NGOs Group challenges the normal assumption that NGOs have more humanitarian concern. The private sector group has placed profit as motivator second to development concerns. Profit also appears in groups apparently not interested for financial returns. Politics as motivator for developing content is almost consistently placed in the fourth place. Religion seems also not to be a good motivator. In general, the motivation of all groups is very healthy. g) Capability of Local content developers. The survey has also helped to assess the technical, financial and people's skill aspect of local content development. The self-assessment of all surveyed institutions was as shown in following table.
Table 4.9 Capability Self-Assessment in content Development Technical, Financial & human Capacity Excellent Very Good Good Not So Good % of total 39.0% 38.6% 38.2% 12.1%

As we can appreciate from the following table, the response by institution groups shows few variations.
Table 4.10 Capability self assessment by institution type

Category Government

Org. Capability Excellent Very good Good Not so Good No response

Respondents Percent of the Group 2 10 17 9 6 4.55% 22.73% 38.64% 20.45% 13.64%

.29.

Category

Org. Capability Excellent

Respondents Percent of the Group 6 24 23 4 4 1 41 35 13 4 3 31 31 9 3 9.84% 39.34% 37.70% 6.56% 6.56% 1.06% 43.62% 37.23% 13.83% 4.26% 3.90% 40.26% 40.26% 11.69% 3.90%

Intl. NGOs Local NGOs Private

Very good Good Not so Good No response Excellent Very good Good Not so Good No response Excellent Very good Good Not so Good No response

Institutions assessing themselves as "not so good" in terms of their capability for content development are proportionally higher for the government group followed by the local NGOs Group. The reasons given for not being well equipped were finance (73.5%), People's Skill (70.6%), technology (64.7%) and Organizational (38.2). h) Education Level of deployed human resource in local content development. Elsewhere we have mentioned that the surveyed institutions have a total of 36,046 employees. On the other hand, the portion of this labour force that is working directly or indirectly is about 10, 230 or 28.4%. Of these, women are

.30.

about 1,738 while men are 8,492. With regard to the education level of the group working in content development the following is revealed by the survey.
Table 4.11 Educational level of people working in content development

Educational Level Ph.D M.A/M.Sc B.A/B.Sc Diploma 12Grade +certificate Others Total

Employees 102 263 800 861 834 7,370 10,230

% 1.0% 2.6% 7.8% 8.4% 8.2% 72.0% 100.0%

The survey showed that 34.6% of the surveyed institutions are providing skillupgrading trainings on various subjects. The topics of the skill training programs were as follows: Basic Computer skills (21.8%), Advanced Computer training (7.9%), Management topics (12.9%) and Project Preparation (14.3%)

i) Equipment and Finance The computer purchasing/upgrading frequency of surveyed institutions was found to be unsatisfactory with most institutions taking more than three years to renew their computing equipments. The details with regard to computer upgrading frequency is as shown in the table below.
Table 4.12 Equipment upgrading frequency

Equipment upgrading frequency Up to 1 Year 2 Years 3 to 5 years Unplanned No PCs

% of total 7.9% 11.4% 14.6% 45.7% 5.7%

.31.

The source of fund for PC upgrading/renewal is own fund (45%), donors (36%) and both sources (21%). There may be a common assumption that institutions having access to donor funds are likely upgrading their equipment more frequently than others. However, the survey results show that this access has no visible influence in equipment upgrading frequency: Those having access to donor funds and replacing their PCs in less than a year are 4.3% while those using own funds are 3.9% of the surveyed institutions. The response on how much fund they needed to develop content was discarded because some respondents gave their annual budget while others underestimated their need for funds. Hence, it seems inappropriate to generalize based on such a biased data. For instance, the Central Statistical Authority stated they needed 35 Million Birr while most of the private press said they need 300-5000 Birr per year (don't we all know the cost of printing newspapers!). However, 27.1% of the respondent's have a regular budget. We could know this because the question was a close ended one allowing only a Yes or No Answer. On the other hand, about 48% of the surveyed institutions are using donor funds for their day-to-day activities. Access to donor funds by each group was: Government institutions (32%), Intl NGOs (77%), Local NGOs (67%) and private enterprises (10%). Most cited donors were CRDA, UNDP, USAID, European Embassies, GTZ and World Bank. j) Internet Websites Our finding on who develops websites in Ethiopia shows that for about 15% of the surveyed institutions own staff is developing the web pages whereas 9.3% of the respondents are using outsiders to develop the web pages. With regard to the ISP used as host, 13.9% indicated they are using Telecom.net.et while 7.4% are using foreign hosts. This is what the statistics software reported. However, I would like to scrutinize the above facts by triangulating my data sources. ETC has currently hosted as child web pages the site of some 50 organizations such as Http://www.telecom.net.et/~estc for the Ethiopian Science and Technology commission. On the other hand, there are 64 websites under the .et domain hosted by Tele. This gives a total of 114 websites under Tele. In fact, commercial institutions are mostly excluded from this survey but those having one of these sites are really few. Add to this, the devinet.org Website which hosts web pages for most of the NGOs in the country. These

.32.

facts might give a clue about more hosted websites under Tele and that the NGO group has more websites thanks to Devinet.org. Perhaps, the statistical figures seem to be low because the people who filled the questionnaire may not be aware that their organization has a site hosted by one of the abovementioned organizations. The web site hosting companies are charging from Birr 900 to 8,000. NGOs using the devinet.org site are being charged Birr 900/year, those using Tele's .et domain are charged Birr 204 per page/year for textual pages and Birr 504 per page/year for pages containing graphics, audio, database and video clips. The most expensive sites are invariably those hosted abroad and paid for in dollars. The following table shows the website (Internet URL) address of surveyed Institutions.

.33.

Table 4.13 Internet URL Addresses With Ethiopian Contents - Survey Results

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Institution Addis Lissan Press/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs Abiotawi Democracy Press National Archieves & Library of Ethiopia Ethiopian Tourism Commission Oxfam GB Federal Inland Revenue Authority MOFED EEPCO

Internet URL Address Uneca.org.ENRAEMED MFA.gov.et. eprdf.org nale. gov.et tourismethiopia.com oxfam.org.uk Mor.Gov.et motaed.org EEPCO.Gov.et telecom.net.et pmaagov.org iirr.org Nataid.com. projmercy.com devinet.org/wesmco caa.org.au Redbarnet.DK oxfam.ca

10. Ethiopian Telecominications Corporation 11. LIvestock Marketing Authority 12. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction 13. National Aid Rehabilitation centre for needy children 14. Project Mercy 15. Werfare for the street mothers and Children Organization 16. Oxfam Communite Aid Abroad 17. Save the Children Denmark 18. Oxfam Canada

.34.

No.

Institution

Internet URL Address aha-africa.org adva.org GermanFoundation.org savechildrenusa.org.et farmafrica.org.uk eprdf.org devinet.org/nacid kanga.com. devinet.org/apap EthioAnti.com devinet.org/wso devinet.org/agriservice ethiochildheart.org devinet.org/emrda maryjoyeth.org addischamber.com ethiopianreporter.com. pressdigest.phonixuniversal.com addisadmas.com kudus.com AddisAlem.com

19. Africa Humilaterian Action 20. Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) 21. Germen foundation 22. Save the Children USA 23. Farm Africa 24. Mahtot 25. Nazereth Children Center and Integrated Development (NACID) 26. Kangaroo Children and Youth Development 27. Action Professionals Association for the People (APAP) 28. Ethiopian Anti-AIDS women Association 29. Women Support Organization 30. AgriServioce Ethiopia 31. The Children's Heartt Fund of Ethiopia 32. Ethiopian Muslims Relief and Development Association 33. Mary Joy A.T.D 34. Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce 35. Media and Communication Center( the reporter) 36. Press Digest 37. Admas Advertising 38. Kudus Press 39. Addis Alem Press

.35.

No.

Institution

Internet URL Address addischombeg.com subsaraninformer.com Still it is on the process ethiop.com. eprdf.org

40. Addis Business Newspaper 41. SSP 42. Efficient General Trading P.L.C. 43. Sisay Publisher 44. Office for the Woyen Newspaper

.36.

Table 4.14 Institutions Publishing magazines

Institution
National Archieves & Library of Ethiopia Media and Communication Center Oxfam GB Ethiopian Mapping Authority Federal Inland Revenue Authority EEPCO Ethiopian Telecominications Corporation Ministry of labour & Social Affairs Self Help Development International Amhara Development Association Addis Development Vision Ethiopian Gemine Trust EOC Ethiopian Muslims Relief and Development Association Shalla Promotion Service PLC(Nation) Sun Sisay Publisher Office for the Woyen Newspaper Atbia Kokeb

Magazine Name
FelegeTbebe Reporter Voice GIBE Tax Felege Berehan Telenegarit Employment exchange information & laboor building self help ALMA Brouchers geminitrust Child & Family Ethiopian Muslims RDA Nation Sun Ethiop woyen Tobia

.37.
Table 4.15 Institutions Publishing Newspapers

Institution
Admas Advertising Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce Centro Volontari Mardigiani AAthenaa Newspaper Awde Tenbit Ethiopian Export Promotion Bisrate Wengel Brilliant Children's Newspaperr Health Net Inte Germen foundation Quality & Standard Authority Centre International Dev't & Research (CIDR) Family guid children Integrated Development Faundation Charity Development Association Environmental Protection & Assistance Org. Business Review SOS Children's Villages Ethiopia Edepa Medical News Letter/Editor Foot Ball Printing Press Ministry of Information FiKer Finish Mission Ethiopian Evangelical Church

Newspaper Name
Addis Admas Addis business Amanuel Buta Attena Awde Tenbit Biannual Bulleten Bisrate Wongel Brilliant Brochers Brochers Brochurs Brochurs Brochurs Brochurs Brochurs Business Review Different names Edepa Editor Ethio Sport Ethiopia/ Formerly Merewa Fiker Finish Mission Fun Gospel

.38.

Institution
Ethiopian Agri.Org Zegeye Hailee Publishing PLC. Genanew P.P.L.C. Hayat Advertising PLC. Godanaw Rehabilitation Integrated Project Haleta Publishing Handicap International Geja KaleHiwot Church EthiopianInvestment Authority Oromia Information and PR Bureau Sheway G/Meskel Publishing PLC Maheder Publishing Medical Newsletter Shalla Promotion Service PLC(Nation) Pastorialist concern Assiluataib Ethiopia Press Digest Selam Children's Village Cheshire Service Ethiopia SSP Sun Hope Interprises The Daily Monitor Panos Ethiopia Ethiopian Tourism Commission Tesfa Publisher The Children's Heartt Fund of Ethiopia

Newspaper Name
Gebrna Genanaw Genenew Genzeb Godanaw Haleta Handicap international Hiwot Investment revieww, statistics on investment n Ethiopia Kallecha Kataga Mahder Medical Nation Plomphlets Press digest SCV Selam.tesfa sub saharan Informer Sun Tesfa The Daily Monitor Tobya Tourism True Romance Various

.39.

Institution
Wastna Office for the Woyen Newspaper Pro prid. Amhara Development Association

Newspaper Name
Wastna weyen Yebekal Zena Alema

Table 4.16 Institutions transmitting radio programs

Institution
Ethiopian Agri.Org International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Panos Ethiopia Handi cap National Oromia Information and PR Bureau The Children's Heart Fund of Ethiopia Handicap International Selefeia Bisrate Wengel

Radio Program Name

Gebrna Gender Fm(Addis),National Service Frewchachin Oromia Int & Pr.Bureau Fana,Et,FM -Various Fm.Eth-Radio Selefia Bisrate wongel

Table 4.17 Institutions transmitting TV programs

Institution
Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of labour & Social Affairs Oromia Information and PR Bureau Amhara Development Association The Children's Heart Fund of Ethiopia Hayat Advertising PLC. Brilliant Production

Radio Program Name

Melkte gebrena Be-Hiwot Zuria Oromia Inf & Pr.Bureau Sicket ETV - Various Business news Various

.40.

The Publishing Frequency of newspapers, magazines, radio and TV programs varies from organization to organization. However, the statistical mode is used to determine the prevailing pattern in publishing frequency. Thus, most magazines are published monthly while newspapers are released mostly on weekly basis. TV broadcasting from the seven Institutions and radio Programs from the nine institutions are found to be aired irregularly. (The TV and Radio
programs being broadcast by the Ethiopian Radio and Television Organization and the Educational Mass Media are not included)

Content distribution or geographical coverage showed the following results.

(Note: The respondents were allowed to give multiple answers) Table 4.18 Institutions transmitting radio programs

Targeted Geographical Area Addis Abeba Only Major Towns One of the Regional States More than One Region Some rural Areas International

% of respondents 12.1 36.8 3.8 42.5 21.8 17.5

Asked about their estimated number of persons being reached by their disseminated content, 31.4% said they couldn't tell how many people were getting their content. The Answer given by the rest of the respondent ranged from 3000 to 10000 people in urban areas and from 300 to 10000 people in rural areas. Perhaps, the arbitrary answers in this regard can be explained by the lack of formal audience survey and evaluation in most of the assessed organizations. The survey revealed that only 3.2% of the respondents are carrying out such surveys. The future plan of about 98 of the surveyed Institutions is shown in ANNEX of This Report.

.41.

VI. Infrastructure aspects of Local Content Development

6.1 Telecommunication Infrastructure

The introduction of telecommunication in Ethiopia dates back to 1894. In those early years, the new technological scheme contributed to the integration of the Ethiopian society when the extensive open-wire line system was laid out linking the capital with all the important administrative cities of the country. Most of the telecommunication network, however, was completely destroyed during the Italian Fascist aggression. When the Imperial Telecommunications Board of Ethiopia was established by Proclamation, 131/53 in 1953, it was granted full provision of administrative and financial autonomy. The major objectives of the Board were: to undertake the expansion of telecom services through the nation, to represent Ethiopia at all International forums regarding telecom activities, to allocate and control communication frequencies, and to train the required personnel in a way expedient to its operation. In order to achieve its objectives, the organization had undergone through series of development programs. Recently, the Telecommunications sector was restructured and the Council of Ministers Regulation Number 10/96 established two separate independent entities, namely the Ethiopian Telecommunications Agency (ETA) and the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation (ETC) in 1996. This Regulation separated the regulatory and operational activities of the former Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority by investing the Agency with the regulatory power and entrusting the corporation with the operational aspects. ETA was established under the Ministry of Transport and Communications to ensure the implementation of government policies, to create a conducive atmosphere for private investment in the telecom sector as well as to set standards for services and types of communications equipment imported, assembled or locally manufactured.

.42.

The Corporation was set-up as an operator and restructured to engage in the expansion and improvement of telecom services, in revitalizing telecom infrastructure development works and in operations of independent telecommunications corporate business under a leadership of a board of directors with an autonomous status. The Corporation has now been given the independence to invest its profit on the development of telecommunications network. The new organizational set-up of the Corporation is expected to enhance the development of telecom infrastructure and the quality and quantity of services in both rural and urban areas of the country in the most efficient and timely manner possible. ETCs decentralization ensures self-sufficiency of the eight regional, six zonal and multiple of area offices in the provision of telecom services and in decision making at the lowest possible level of the hierarchy. The number of Departments and Divisions at the head office has increased to six and 30 respectively after the restructuring. This Multi-Divisional structure enables the Corporation to fulfil requirements for additional new offices established to provide modern information technology services. The Corporation is charged with the responsibility of raising the previous 249,000 telephone lines network of the country to over 800,000 to reach the penetration rate of one per cent. The old analogue, semi-automatic and manual exchanges should also go digital. ETC has been stretching its network to the rural areas where the majority of the Ethiopian population is living. Demands are not yet met not only in the regional towns and rural areas but also in the capital where most of the existing lines are found. The major objectives of the revitalized Corporation are to support the free market economy and investment ventures, to satisfy demands of the private sector for telecom services, and to fully participate in and help the integrated rural development program of the country and to generate profit in order to secure funds for further improving its network.

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To achieve these objectives, ETC launched in 1994 (E.C) its Seventh Telecom Development Program (2000/1-2004/05). It was set to increase the telephone penetration rate from 0.3 per cent (three to 1000 people) to at least one per cent (one to 100 people) and thus meet all pending demands of both the urban and rural population. The number of telephone lines, according to ETCs plan, was to be raised from 249,000 to 800,000 to satisfy the huge demand in Addis and all over the country by the end of 2004/05. The required 550,000 lines had already been procured and most of the state of the art equipment had been already installed in some rural and urban areas of the country. These are believed to have dramatically increased the number of telephone lines and significantly solved the problems. More than 700 villages in the rural and urban areas had to be reached by telecommunications by installing 470 Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) and 277 Digital Radio Multi Access Subscriber Systems (DRMAS) as well as UHF, VHF and HF Radio systems. This scheme will enable the provision of better telephone services both quantitatively and qualitatively all over the country. Rural areas with old type open wire systems are now enjoying services of new and modern systems of VSAT, DRMASS and other radio systems. ETCs development programs are not only meant to expand and improve the telephone, telefax and the other relatively old types of services to the rural and urban areas. Through the various transmission systems, plans were to provide Internet and Tele Medicine as well as Interactive Distance learning accesses to more than 10 Regional towns; linking higher education institutions with many colleges in the Regional States located far from the center of the country. For its International Traffic Links & Communication Services, ETC mainly uses its earth satellite station which transmits and receives to and from both the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean satellites, making it easy to reach the whole World. The Corporation also had totally changed its Satellite Earth Station to digital which started operations by the year 2000. By the end of the Seventh Development Program, considerable number of villages had at least one telephone each (not one telephone to each house). The

.44.

full implementation of this program in the rural areas had surely brought about an important transformation in the Telecom infrastructure of the country. In the Following pages we will present several tables and charts that show basic data on the Telecommunication Infrastructure of the country.

Table 6.1.1 Expressed demand for Telephone Vs Exchange Capacity.

1981 - 1995 E.F.Y (1988/89 - 2002/03 G.C )

Subscriber lines Expressed as Expressed Year Subscriber Demand as % of Expressed ( E.F.Y ) Capacity Lines Waiting Demand % of Capacity Demand 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 162260 171386 175653 164273 169622 172742 179094 190177 196322 211108 372885 458247 511474 600337 649593 115843 125398 133091 127041 132478 137731 142452 148739 156538 164140 194494 231945 283683 353816 404790 90684 108908 123140 122066 141035 160939 178992 193499 206562 230225 224788 196883 155208 139095 146062 206527 234306 256231 249107 273513 298670 321444 342238 363100 394365 419282 428828 438891 492911 550852 56.09 53.52 51.94 51.00 48.44 46.11 44.32 43.46 43.11 41.62 46.39 54.09 64.64 71.78 73.48 127.28 136.71 145.87 151.64 161.25 172.90 179.48 179.96 184.95 186.81 112.44 93.58 85.81 82.11 84.80

Source: ETC, Strategic Planning Department, 2003

The above table shows that expressed demand as percent of the installed capacity of the corporation has dropped from its highest (186.81%) in 1990 (E.C.) to its lowest (82.11) in 1994 (E.C.). However, the waiting list of telephone subscribers has always been higher than 100 thousand for all years with 1994 (E.C) being the best in recent years for servicing the piling backlogs. One thing that may be appreciated in the past fifteen years is a sustained growth for telephone lines which the corporation has failed to cope up.

.45.

Table 6.1.2 Distribution of Transmision Links by Region (2002/03 G.C) No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Region/Zone Addis Ababa Afar Amhara Benishangul D/Dawa Gambella Harari Oromia SNNP Somali Tigray Total MW 2 3 27 1 1 1 1 30 15 3 8 92 DRMASS 4 49 1 1 1 76 52 58 242 VSAT 23 54 16 4 113 30 25 10 275 UHF VHF HF 5 1 31 4 1 42 14 54 9 77 1 1 5 1 8 L.Line Total 16 1 11 4 1 1 34 2 30 165 18 2 6 3 316 115 35 78 770

Fig. 6.1.3 Growth of telephone subscription

450000

400000

350000

300000

Subscribers

250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

Source: ETC, Strategic Planning Department, 2003

The above graph shows, on the other hand, the effort of ETC to cope with the growing demand for telephones. During the period ranging from 1980-1989,

.46.

the growth rate of number of subscribers was negligible. However, if we take the year 1990 as a base year the growth rate of subscription is very high reaching 272% in the year. What has been done during the last five years is numerically superior to what the ETC could achieve in several decades. In 1989 (E.C) there were only 132,478 telephone lines while after ten years subscription numbers have reached 404,790 which means that their number has doubled almost three and half times.
Fig. 6.1.2 Fax and Telex Subscribers (1987 - 1995 E.C)
5000 4500 4000 3500 Subscribers 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Facsimile subscribers 1424 1604 2012 2476 3010 3555 3858 4231 4601 793 718 581 487 373 336 318 300 300 Telex Subscribers

Year (E.F.Y)

As shown in chart above, there is also a reasonable increase in the use of fax machines. The number of facsimile subscribers has also doubled in the last five years reaching 4, 601. However, the existing number of facsimile users is by any standard deceiving low. The reasons for the low adoption rate are many including cultural, awareness, technical and financial aspects. One of the reasons, however, is a strict regulation of the specification of imported fax machines. ETC requires that all legal Facsimile machines be compliant to Error Correction Mode (ECM) to compensate for its faulty telephone network. This requirement has not restrained some importers to override it and sell machines without ECM to customers having digital telephone lines. Machines

.47.

that are not compliant to ECM also attract users. The price of such machines is 30-35% lesser than the ones having ECM. So, it can be assumed that there are perhaps more than 10, 000 Fax machines when the unregistered users are taken in to account. Yet, this figure is also low conceivably due to the high tax rate applied to Facsimile machines which is 32% of the import bill. The subscription of telex machines is dwindling. It has dropped from 793 in 1987 (E.C) to 300 in 1995 (E.C). The reason for the declining number of subscription cannot be any other than technological obsolescence of the telex as message transmission medium.

Table 6.1.3 Internet/Mobile/DDN subscriptions

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ITEMS Number Subscribers Number Circuits of of Internet 1042 Digital Data 65 Digital Data 129 2068 2163 6740 2461 17757 4073 27532 6740 42910 9534 51234 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 (1996/97) (1997/98) 1998/99) (1999/00) (2000/01) (2001/02) (2002/03)

Mobile Telephone Subsription

Number of Customers

Leased Telephone Circuits Domestic International Domestic TVRO Stations Population /in millions/ Including 0.33 0.39 0.48 0.59 0.66 58.12 0.27 22 59.88 0.27 156 3 22 61.67 0.32 159 3 22 63.49 0.37 159 4 24 65.3947 0.43 123 3 24 67.22 0.53 85 3 24 69.13 0.59

10 Teledensity Teledensity 11 Mobile

Mobile telephone lines started in 1991 (E.C) with 6,740 subscriptions and have reached 53, 234 at the end of the 1995 (E.F.Y). ETC has a waiting list of 100,622 subscribers at the end of the last fiscal year. At present, ETC has launched a distribution program of some 200, 000 mobile Telephone lines which surpasses the waiting list registered at the end of 1995 (E.F.Y). So far, the subscription of mobile lines was limited to Addis Abeba area. However, ETC's distribution of the 200,000 lines this year will include major towns such as Awassa, Bahir Dar, Mekelle, Harrar, etc. The distribution of mobile users,

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according to ETC's Mobile Department, is Individuals (79%), Business (14%), NGOs and International groups (4%) and Government (3%). Internet services started in 1989 with 1,072 subscriptions and grew to 9,534 subscriptions at the end of 1995 (E.F.Y). ETC had plans to extend its Server's capacity to 50,000 connections this year but the bid was not awarded due to several reasons. Nonetheless, ETC has promised to complete the upgrading of its server to the abovementioned connection level until the end of the current fiscal year. The subscription of digital data Network (DDN) services has started in 1995 (E.F.Y) with 65 customers. The current installed capacity for DDN can only service 129 customers. Another service of ETC is Internet web site hosting (Domain Name Services) and web page development. The number of subscribers for this service is only sixty-four. While this report was being prepared, the consultant has assessed the status of the existing Internet URL Addresses. It was noted that most of the clients have not placed pages, or a request for the URL Address gets redirected to ETC's Site automatically. The reason may be that most of the Addresses were given to customers very recently and they may be preparing as yet their web pages. On the other hand, ETC's Web Site (Http://www.telecom.net.et) has hosted about 50 organizations as child web sites. Most of these are not updated for the last two or three years and their content mainly consists of self advertisements. The Fees charged by ETC for the different Internet services is as follows: 1. Internet Dial Up

No. 1 2 3

Description Initial Charge Subscription Fee Guarantee Deposit Monthly Rent Utilization Fee 1 - 1800 minutes 1801 - 3600 minutes 3600 and above

Amount Birr 332.00 130.00 23.00 0.11 0.08 0.06

in

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2.

Other Services Amounts in Birr No. Type of Service 1 Domain Name 2 Web Page - Text 1,060.70 17.00 Per page /Per month 42.00 Per page/ Per month

Web page Audio/Video/Picture

3.

Dedicated Leased Line Service No. Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Subscription Fee Installation Fee Sub Total 15% Vat Total Deposit Guarantee Stamp fee Grand Total Access 128Kbps 12,193.00 100.00 12,293.00 1,843.95 14,136.95 13,176.70 Speed 256Kbps 15,001.00 100.00 15,101.00 2,265.15 17,336.15 26,029.10

64Kbps 8,795.00 100.00 8,895.00 1,334.25 10,229.25 7,806.20 5.00 8,040.45

512Kbps 20,617.00 100.00 20,717.00 3,107.55 23,824.55 51,733.90 5.00 75,563.45

5.00 5.00 27,318.65 43,400.25

4. Leased Line Internet Service with out Digital Data Network

No. Speed in Kbps Subscription Fee Monthly Rental Guarantee Deposit

1 2 3 4

64 128 192 256

1,872.00 2,808.00 4,212.00 5,616.00

4,752.00 7,128.00 10,692.00 14,256.00

4,752.00 7,128.00 10,692.00 14,256.00

N.B :- The above fees do not include 15% Sales Tax

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5. User charges Internet Usage fee Up to 1800 minutes 1801 to 3600 minutes Above 3600 minutes 6. Web Page Design Fees Birr 0.11/min. Birr 0.08/min. Birr 0.06/min.

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Task Uploading & Verifying Pages Web Page Development -Text file

Fee Birr 25 per page(max.10 external or internal links) Birr 100 per page(1 typed page apppx.300 words per page)

Scanning art work in Web readable Birr 150 per image form Scanning art work with animation Birr 300 per image

Web page customized format using Birr 200 per Form HTML Coded Forms Web page format using Tables Rent for Hard disk space Birr 150 per page(Max.2 tables) 2 USD per 1MB space per month

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6.2 Electricity Infrastructure

The power sector plays an important role in all content development, packaging and dissemination efforts. Hence, in this sub-section we will assess the current status of power generation and transmission status of the country. The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) is the company responsible for power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Sales of electricity all over the nation. The major milestones of the power sector in Ethiopia were:

1898 1936 1948

1955

1997

Emperor Menelik II acquired a generator to light his palace Campani Nazionale Imprezi, Italian company is granted the right to generate, distribute and sell electricity in Ethiopia. Shewa Electric Power is established by the Ethiopian government to take over the generating, distributing and selling electricity to the then town of Addis Ababa and its vicinity. Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority (EELPA) was established for the purpose of generating, transmitting, distributing and selling electricity through out the country. After having undergone restructuring, EELPA has been reorganized as the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) which is responsible for generating, transmitting, distributing and selling electricity nation - wide.

Even though EEPCo is one of the oldest organizations in the country its efforts had not yielded the desired results. Ethiopia has one of the lowest levels of per capita energy consumption in the world, which is 28 kWh. Only 13% of the population has access to electricity. Electric supply is under the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) with the supply divided into two major systems, namely, the Interconnected System (ICS) possessing 400 MW installed capacity, of which 372 MW is hydroelectric and 28 MW thermal facilities linked to the main supply grid, and the Self Contained System (SCS), secondary network, comprising thirty five diesel plants and three small hydro units. The Self Contained System's total capacity is 25 MW of which 19 MW is diesel and 6 MW hydro.

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Altogether the installed capacity of the hydro and thermal schemes is about 425 MW of which roughly 80 per cent represents the dependable capacity. The dependable capacity is lower than the installed capacity mainly due to ageing of the generating units. The ICS accounted for 1,306 GWh in the fiscal year ending July 2002, or 98% of total EEPCo electric sales. The self Contained System (SCS) accounts for the remaining 2% of electric sales. EEPCo currently provides electricity to over 574,406 customers in approximately 458 towns and communities in Ethiopia which is only a small proportion of the country's 60 million inhabitants. Continuity and quality of electric power supply in the ICS are essential to support the countrys continued economic growth. Expansion of the SCS will address the low access rate and help support further economic activity in the rural areas. The government has taken several measures to address the power sector issues and continues to make more changes. The specific changes that have been made recently are embodied in two parallel efforts: to delineate operation and regulatory functions, and liberalize the sector to promote private investment. Accordingly, Proclamation No. 86/1997 has been enacted to regulate the activities of electricity suppliers and thereby operation and regulatory functions were delineated. The proclamation also provides for the establishment of a regulatory authority, The Ethiopian Electricity Agency, responsible, among other things, for recommending tariffs; and establishes the principle of third party access to the grid for facilitating private investment in the future. The enactment of the investment Proclamation No. 37/1997 particularly allows the participation of domestic private investors in the production and supply of electrical energy with an installed capacity of up to 25 mega-watts. On the other hand, production and supply of electrical energy with an installed capacity of above 25 mega-watts is open to foreign investors. The provision embraces the development of small and medium scale capacity plants from diesel, coal, gas, hydro and other sources. Council of Ministers Regulations No. 7/1996 and as amended in No. 36/1998 extends attractive package of encouragement in the form of duty and profit tax exemptions. The

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investment law coupled with the new regulatory framework is believed to provide a conducive ground for private investment in the power sector. Comprehensive energy policy measures in the power sub-sector are to build national capacity in engineering, construction, operation, and maintenance and gradually enhance local manufacturing capability of electrical equipment and appliances. In line with the national energy policy and the issues of the power sector, a five-year Power Sector Development program (1993-1997E.C, 2000/012004/05 G.C) has been launched by the Government. The program consists of five subprograms, namely: Power Generation, Power Transmission, Power Distribution, Rural electrification, and Institutional Development. Investment based on the Power Sector Development is a public priority that includes building new hydroelectric plants and extending the grid to different areas of the country to promote critical socio-economic benefits of industrial development, agricultural productivity, enhancement of educational opportunities and general betterment of the population. In view of the above reasons, major targets of the Power sector Development Program Include:

Increasing power generation capacity from 327 MW to 647 MW. Increasing energy generation capacity from 1367 MWh to 2587 MWh. Increasing the transmission density from 20 km/1000 sq.km to 32/1000 sq.km. Increasing the number of electrified wereda towns from 204 to 368. Increasing the number of electrified towns from 458 to 651. Increasing the number of customers from 594,267 to 749,627. Reducing the transmission loss from 17.8 % to 15 %. Increasing the energy sales from 1314 MWh to 1900 MWh. Increasing the energy production from 1599 MWh to 2314 MWh. Reducing the Billing lag (meter reading to billing) from 85 to 30 days. Reducing the Average length of wait for service hook-up from 90 days to 30 days. Increasing the per capita energy consumption from 28 kWh to 32 kWh.

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Increasing the percentage of population having access to electricity from 13% to 17%.

Under rehabilitation works it is envisaged to rehabilitate Koka, Tis Abay and Awash hydro power plants. Accordingly, upon completion of the envisaged three-hydropower plants rehabilitation, the ICS power capacity and energy capability will be enhanced by 29 MW and 58 GWh, respectively. With regard to power distribution the aim of the PSDP is to satisfy the growing demand of the industry in support of the overall national development efforts. In view of the new connection backlog in existing supply areas focus shall be made on reducing the waiting time by improving service availability. Enhancing quality of supply and reliability will also be given adequate consideration. During the five year programme the distribution network is to be extended by about 11,350 kms of 33 kV, 15 kV and low voltage lines enabling the connection of 157,255 new customers. During the same period the system losses are planned to be reduced from 18 % to 15% thorough appropriate rehabilitation works. Waiting time for new connection will also be decreased from 90 days to 30 days. This is a significant improvement compared to the performance of the previous years where new connection wait time had been rather long, sometimes extending to several months. Feasibility study currently in progress are Beles (220 MW), Chemoga-Yeda (318MW), Halele-Werabesa (374MW) and Ficha-Amerti-Neshe (40MW) hydro power projects. These projects will finally be compared with the earlier completed study of Aleltu so that the least cost project can be selected for the next generation expansion development after Tekeze and Gojeb hydroelectric projects. The power transmission component of the PSDP aims to replace diesel mode of supply and to provide additional capacity to meet growing demands in already electrified centres. During the programme period 2,301 kms of high voltage transmission lines and 46 step down substations are envisaged to be constructed. In addition rehabilitation and reinforcement of lines and substations are also planned to mitigate power interruptions and improve system stability.

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The Rural Electrification Program component of the PSDP aims at improving access to electricity in rural areas. In addition, preparation of rural electrification expansion plans using both conventional and non conventional schemes will be part of the sub-programme objectives. To this end a contract for consulting services has been signed and the study is underway. The study report is expected to identify least cost electrification schemes with particular emphasis on generation. Under this programme it is envisaged to electrify 210 towns and increase the number of towns which have access to electricity from 458 to 668. When the urban and rural distribution works are completed, 17% of the 60 million population will have access to electricity. This is an increase from 13 percent. The PSDP implementation requires financing of varying degrees. The investment breakdown of the program shows that the largest single sum is one that is required for the generation subprogram, followed by transmission, distribution and rural electrification. Since the financial requirement of the sector is of immense magnitude a single source could not possibly raise the full financing requirement. This being the reason various international donors are expected to be mobilised to fill the gap over and above what could be locally raised thus helping the government to meet the service demanded by the growing economy and electrify the urban and rural areas of the country. The PSDP with a total cost of Birr 8,271 million (USD 993 million) including ongoing projects is expected to be financed by the World Bank, European Investment Bank, Nordic Development Bank, Agency Franciase De Development, Austria Development Agency and Arab Bank. Total external financing amounts to Birr 2,857 million out of which Birr 900 million is secured and Birr 1,957 million is not yet secured. The Government, EEPCo and electricity users are expected to contribute Birr 5,122 million. For further information Annex IV presents the list of Electrified, planned for electrification and those unplanned and not electrified is show.

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6.3 Radio & TV Transmitters

In this section we will assess the availability, distribution and coverage of Audio and Video content transmitters. Content consisting of audio and video is disseminated using transmitters owned by the following major content providers: (a) Radio Ethiopia (b) Ethiopian Television (c) Educational Media Agency (d) Radio Fana (e) Dimitse Woyane (Voice of Woyane) (f) Amhara Region Mass Media Agency (g) Sidama Radio. Major players in audio content transmission are Radio Ethiopia and Educational Media Agency. Radio Ethiopia owns 10 Radio transmitters for MW and SW transmission which are erected in several key areas throughout the country. It has also one FM transmitter/station called FM 97.1 with a coverage of about 125 Km air distance. Educational Media Agency owns 12 transmitters for MW and SW transmissions and erected across the country. Radio Ethiopia is erecting an additional transmitter in Dessie town while the educational Media Agency will add one more transmitter in Asosa town. Ethiopia Television Enterprise (ETV) is the only Video content transmitter in the country with 26 transmitters erected throughout the country. Very soon two transmitters erected at Enjibara and Afar-Berta will join the transmission grid of ETV. Radio Fana has 1MW transmitter intended for Addis Ababa area with 100KM Air distance coverage and 1 short wave transmitter covering the whole country with some penetration in neighbouring countries such as Kenya, Djibouti, Yemen and Somalia. Dimitse Woyane has one short wave transmitter covering Tigray and Afar regions. The Amhara Mass Media Agency owns an FM transmitter erected in

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Bahir Dar Town with a coverage of 60 Km. The Sidama Zone Education Bureau owns a MW transmitter in Yirgalem town with a 100 Km radius from this town. The area coverage of these content disseminators is as follows: Radio Ethiopian...........................MW 70% and SW 100% of the country Ethiopian Television (ETV).......... 47.7% Educational Mass Media............. MW 90% Radio Fana ................................ 100KM2 MW and with SW 80% of the country Dimitse Woyane ..........................100 KM2 with SW around Mekelle Amhara Region Mass Media Agency .................... 60KM2 FM Sidama Zone Education Bureau-------------100KM2 MW

6.4 Printing Presses

Printing press are one of the infrastructures for textual content development, i.e, Newspapers, magazines, brochures, posters, etc. Our Assessment of Printing presses show that there are about 100 printing presses in Addis Ababa. Of these the large ones (Berhanena Selam, Commercial, Artistic, Bole) are government Printing press. The largest private printing House is Mega Printing Press. The rest are medium to small printing Houses with some of these printing press being specialized in the printing of exercise books, receipts, etc. Most of the time press products such as newspapers are printed in the big printing presses. With regard to the regions, there are small printing presses in Harar, Mekelle, Gondar, Awassa, Jima and Bahir Dar towns. The small size and poor quality of these regional printing Houses have contributed to the demand of the big printing presses in Addis Ababa. On the other hand , the Wonji paper mill which was established in 1970 is satisfying about 20% of the demand of printing presses in the country. The rest of the demand is covered from Imports.

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VII.

Institutions Involved Development

in

Content

7.1 Radio & TV Content Providers

The generation, packaging and dissemination of Audio content, at national level, is performed mostly by three institutions, namely, Radio Ethiopia, Educational Mass media Agency and Radio Fana. In the following part we will deal with the activities of these institutions separately.

7.1.1 Radio Ethiopia

Radio Ethiopia is the largest multi-purpose Audio content provider in the country. Its broadcasting include eight local and three international languages. So far, Radio Ethiopia has absorbed an investment of Birr 50 million to establish its national transmitters Network and currently it is undertaking construction works amounting to Birr 19 million in Gega Jera Area. Radio Ethiopia employs about 600 people of which some 358 are technical personnel including journalists, studio technicians and Engineering specialists. Journalists, studio technicians and Script Writers are responsible to prepare content in Amharic, Oromiffa, Tigrigna, Harari, Somali, Afar, Agnwak, and Noer Languages. The prepared content includes News, Social issues, Culture, Entertainment, etc in all the eight local languages. The Radio Station has partnership agreement with BBC, Deutchevelle, Radio Sweden and Radio Austria. The partnership with these institutions has allowed to increase the technical capacity of its staff. The Ministry of Education also offers Scholarships to some of its staff. The recently established Mass Media Training Institute has also helped Radio Ethiopia to further the education of some of its staff to a diploma level. Currently, the staffing policy is encouraging the recruitment of graduates with at least a diploma or Bachelors degree.

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With regard to the use of modern ICT equipment, Radio Ethiopia is equipped with 40 computers networked at the department level. Studio equipment are purchased recently and are very modern. Internet is used as an input for news and for some of the radio Programs. Most of the technical staff, especially the journalists had a computer training in word processing & spreadsheet software. The Radio station has plans to upgrade its current dial-up Internet to a leased line broad band one. FM-Addis is also operating under Radio Ethiopia as a department. A study by Population media center indicated that FM Addis is the most popular station in A.A and its environs with an Audience of 88%. During the visit to the Radio Station, the consultant has discussed the problems faced by Radio Ethiopia with its management. The following are the problems identified by the consultant. Radio Ethiopia is preparing programs in 8 local languages. The station should focus more on topics that may be of interest for all citizens, i.e., Federal level content. However, Airtime, staff resources, transmitters time are being wasted when transmitting in one of the local languages. Besides, even though it transmits content in local languages, the content is mostly foreign to the receivers. To remedy this problem, regions should have their own Radio Stations. With a little bit of effort this can be accomplished. For instance, the Afar region is paying more than 2.5 million Birr for Dimtse Woyane and Radio Fana in a single year to transmit radio programs of 2-3 hours/day in Afar language. A complete Radio station with a studio costs about 10 million Birr. Thus, it would be more beneficial to help open Radio Stations in the regions and free the resources of Radio Ethiopia to be used for issues affecting the whole country. Journalists are not well tuned with government policies. This Affects not only the quality of Radio programs but also wastes valuable Airtime by filling it with content with negligible issues. This also affects the population's awareness about key policy issues and National priorities. Most of the staff training programs are meant for Journalists sidelining the technical personnel. Newly procured equipment are fully computerized. However, people working in the studios are not receiving enough training to handle the new equipment at full capacity.

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The Broadcasting law is issued in June 1999. Even though there is no completion sight now, in the near future the existence of competition is undeniable. Radio Ethiopia does not seem to appreciate this fact and a contingency strategy is not yet in place. In this regard the station should start working towards meeting the needs of a competitive environment in the future. Proclamation No. 114/1995 and 79/1997 have paved the ground for the unification of Radio Ethiopia and Ethiopian Television under a single public Enterprise. After the unification of the two media giants a lot of administrative inefficiency, and staff frustration has followed . In Ethiopia, radio is more vital for the rural population while Television is a natural medium for urban areas, radio staff is scattered all over the country. TV staff is mostly placed in Addis. Administrative issues such as transfers, recruitment, etc are imposed without having in mind the peculiarities of these media types. After assessing the Pros and cons of the amalgamation, the government would need to reconsider the union of Radio & TV in to one.

7.1.2. Radio Fana

Radio Fana is another multipurpose audio content provider with 80 hours of transmission time per week in Amharic, Afar and Somali languages. Contents transmitted include news, informative, educational, public opinion, advocacy, entertainment and sports. Radio Fana's transmission in this regard has a new approach to attract the Audience. Saturday and Monday they transmit, using new studio equipment, a program titled " Talk Show" whereby the Audience discusses issues such as "Corruption", " Civic obligations", "work cultures", etc. This programs are Famous because Radio Fana's staff act as facilitators and discussants make telephone calls to express their views on the issues raised without interference. The New approach, according to Radio Fana people has helped the population to discuss openly about problems of day-to-day life. Besides, some of the advocacy approaches had forced the government to give attention to the public opinion and formulate policies such as the one related with HIV/AIDS. These advocacy programs are developed jointly with other organizations such as the Ministry of Health, Path Finder International, the AIDS secretariat, Accord-

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Ethiopia, DKT, etc... According to a survey conducted by this organization most of the Audience is in the age group of 18-35 years. Radio Fana has a total of 165 staff. Of these about 80 employees are journalists and Script Writers (in 4 languages). The technical staff is composed of 20 technical personnel skilled in the various aspects of radio transmission. The organization is making use of 10 computers and dial-up Internet. The Internet is used as an input for programs such as "From the window of Internet", "Alem Be fana", "Dasesa", etc. Cable television stations, especially DSTV, are also being used as inputs in their radio programming. Major obstacles faced by Radio Fana include Speed in technological innovation that renders useless existing technologies Infrastructure problems of the country such as Roads, Electricity, Telecommunication, affecting the potential audience and the quality of their programs Lack of professionalism and skills in both the management and the employees Finance Shortage of qualified people and consultants in media management.

7.1.3. Educational Mass Media Agency

Educational Media Agency (EMA) is an agency within the Ministry of Education. In 1954 the former ministry of Education and Fine Arts established an audio-visual Center in cooperation with USAID, then called Point Four, in the present premises. The main purpose of the center was to provide schools and development agencies with photographs, films, charts and posters. When television broadcasting was launched in Addis Ababa in 1964, the government made it clear that the purposes of television broadcasting were to be for education, information and entertainment. Accordingly, the Ministry of Education reacted instantly; plans were immediately drawn to harness the new medium to the service of education. Thus, using the transmitters and studio facilities of the then Ministry of Culture and Information, educational television

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transmission began in October 1965 for high schools in Addis Ababa. Now the coverage has very much expanded covering most cities and towns of the Federal Government of Ethiopia. The Radio, which had a humble beginning as a pilot program in the prison in Addis Ababa, fully started the production and transmission of its programs in 1971. Now, there are eleven IKW and 10KW transmitting stations all over the country. This allows each station to carry out its program broadcast in two channels. Both radio and television are meant exclusively for educational and development broadcast. The Agency, over the years has assumed different names: audio-visual Center, Educational Media Center (EMC), Educational Mass Media Service (EMMS), Department of Educational Mass Media (DEMMA), and now Educational Media Agency (EMA). The major activities of the Agency are: A. - For EMA to reinforce and raise the quality of education, radio, distance education, television, audio and video cassette programs are produced for primary, secondary, distance education and vocational education. B. -EMA gives professional consultancy and technical services for the regions in order to produce primary, basic and adult education programs of standard quality. C. -EMA gives equitable and relevant access to distance education services to those who are unable to follow their education in the formal system. D. -EMA conducts research, evaluation and training in order to acquire quality equipment, its installation and maintenance, program production, dissemination and distribution and their proper utilization. E. -In order to alleviate inequitable media services throughout the regions, EMA helps select appropriate and integrated media technology for the regional program production and utilization. To achieve its goals the Agency is structured along the following lines: 1. Radio Panel 2. Distance Education 3. Television Panel

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4. audio-visual panel Engineering Coordination 1. Installation & Maintenance 2. Studio Operation Research & Documentation Service Administration & Finance Service

EMAs facilities include the following major infrastructures: a) At Central Level Two radio studios One TV.Studio An audio-visual Unit Print material production unit Book, audio-video and film libraries One central maintenance workshop Store for different items and spare parts b) At Regional Level Eleven 1 kW and 11 10KW MW transmitting stations. As each station is built to accommodate three transmitters, three transmission frequencies are allocated for each station. There are eleven maintenance workshops closer to the radio stations. There are six regional recording studios and resource centers

Major Activities Radio programmes are produced and broadcast: On Amharic, English, Science and Social Studies for primary grades. Distance Education Programs on Amharic, English and Biology.

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Entertaining and educational programs which reflect local needs and interest are broadcast from Legedadi, Mekele, Debre Markos, Gondar, Ghimbi and Robie on Saturdays and Sundays other stations will follow suit. Television programmes are produced: for secondary schools on English, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology and Physics and population programmes 16mm educational and documentary films, slide films, film strips and Videos are produced. Distributes teachers' and animators' guides and broadcast schedules. Conducts radio, distance, television program production Trainings Conducts programme utilization and audio-visual equipment utilization training. Conducts transmission and studio control operators' Trainings. Renders consultancy services for those organizations which seek to establish audio-visual centers. Gives access to its libraries for research purposes. Maintains radio, television and other electronic equipment that are used by schools, government and mass organizations. Lends and shows educational, documentary and entertaining films, film slides and film strips. Conducts programmes content and utilization evaluation activities.

Personnel at Regional Level Media Supervisors Technicians and transmission control operators Media Teachers-at each school Local programme producers

Program Beneficiaries Distance Education, Educational Radio and Television Programmes Utilizers in 2003 G.C. Media Schools Pupils Distance Edu. 6000 Radio 7190 2669531 Television 302 176079

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TRANSMITTING STATIONS AND FREQUENCIES Stations Frequencies 1KW 738 720 567 801 612 774 657 756 540 549 630 594 540 10KW 1233 1188 1287 1260 1116 1179 1161 1143 1215 1251 972 855 1116 Planned 918 1404 1476 1440 927 1305 1017 1422 1494 10441 1332 1062 ? Broadcast (E.C) Started

Sodo Legedadi Alemaya Robe D. Markos Bahir Dar Dessie Gore Ghimbi Mekele Gondar Godie Assosa

1963 23/3/1973 12/5/1973 5/8/1973 24/9/1973 24/9/1973 20/11/1973 11/12/1973 11/12/1973 12/3/1974 26/01/1989 NA My be this year

Future plans of this organization include assisting the regions to open radio and TV Studios. In View of this, EMA expects to open radio studios in Afar, East Oromia (Alemaya), Harari, Diredawa, Addis Abeba and Mizan Teferi. On the other hand, the construction of a Educational TV studio in Tigray has been completed and will start TV broadcasting soon. The radio and TV studios will help the regional Education Bureaus to record and broadcast Educational content in their respective language. EMA and the US assisted project called BESO have also started interactive radio programs. A satellite based broadcasting for helping secondary school students is also made ready by EMA for this Fiscal year. This broadcasting will have a 100% coverage of the country provided there are receiving dishes in schools. In line with this, at a cost of 98 Million Birr, EMA and a South African company have already prepared some 2,978 specific educational programs. During our visit, we have seen the prepared DVD Based instructions for math, chemistry, etc. To start broadcasting in the sample schools, the Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation has erected twenty-four TVRO (TV Receive only) Equipments. The Receiving TV set will be Plasma TV to be placed in the schools. EMA has ordered about 7000 Panasonic Plasma TVs for the purpose.

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One fact that is worthwhile to mention is that funds to finance this huge project are allocated by the government showing its commitment to achieve economic development through better education. Problems Faced by EMA Our Institutional Assessment of EMA has revealed the following problems: To record Radio contents, due to lack of studios, School teachers in the regions have to being children to EMA's office A.A. In one of such cases a diabetic girl coming from Harar has died due to the hardship of the journey. Thus, the lack of recording studio in the regions had been a serious draw back in the performance of EMA. Though studios are to become operational in about six regional points, the need to erect more studios goes unabated. The skill level of regional bureau's staff and even the organizational aspects of the same leaves much to be desired. Regions should reinforce their staffing and also look in to ways that help to build continuously the skill of the involved staff in educational radio and TV program preparations. The Shortage of erected transmitters are also affecting some of the stations. For instance, the Legedadi station is meant for Oromia region but has to later for the needs of Addis Ababa and Afar regions. This situation has brought dispute among the three regions so, not only studios but also transmitter erection for the regions is a necessity that can not be overlooked

7.1.4. Ethiopian Television

In November 3, 1994 in connection with the Anniversary of the crowning of the Emperor a TV Station was opened hastily and without even essential equipments needed for TV productions. The station was run by a British company called Thompson, and programs were Aired from a small room in the Building of the A.A. municipality. Through time, the station was strengthened due to the appreciation of those in power of the potentialities and the effectiveness of the TV. The year 1983 was a landmark in the history of ETV. In connection with the establishment of the worker's party of Ethiopia (WPE), the previous regime invested Newily to bring color to the Ethiopian audiences. Recording of TV

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content was also changed from the archaic reel-film to VHS Video. Erection of more and more transmitters, since then, has allowed ETV to achieve a coverage of 47.7% of the land area of the country. This coverage is expected to reach 51% by May 2004 when the two new transmitters become operational. ETV has a labor force of about 810 permanent employees and some 105 freelancers. Content preparation in the four languages (Amharic, English, Oromiffa and Tigrigna) is carried out by 200 journalists and Scriptwriters. Some 350 employees are working as technical personnel in video, audio, lighting, etc.. Besides, administration and finance related activities are covered by 300 employees. Every year, ETV sends 11 to 13 of its employees to get skill upgrading training at the mass media training institute. ETV management, however, is not happy at all in the results of the training. They feel that the instructors of the institute are mostly people with low academic level but with many years of previous experience with Ethiopian media and the result seems duplication of old and outdated styles not supported by new approaches or technologies. The draft broadcasting proclamation mandates that at least 20% of the broadcasting should be local content. Though no formal research had been undertaken, ETV current estimate of its local content is 70-75 %. To provide an alternative TV channel for Addis Ababa and its environs, a South African TV Channel, (TV Africa) was in the air for some time until midnight of September 14, 2003. TV Africa is known to be owned by American Citizens and being broadcast to 18 African countries. ETV and TV Africa agreed on Re-broadcasting through sharing the revenues resulting from Ethiopian advertisers. The Agreement was 60% for ETV and 40% for TV Africa. TV programs were received via satellite and rebroadcast using ETV's facilities. On September 14, 2003, transmission of programs from TV Africa stopped due to the company's bankruptcy. Most people in Addis Ababa were happy to see the channel shut down. Many argued about being invaded by irrelevant South African content. Some people wanted to protect their children from obscene movies and programs. One of the English weeklies summarized the situation best in its article "The unlamented end of TV

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Africa." 7 The channel that was being used by TV Africa is now taken up by the Addis Ababa Administration mass media agency. ETV's transmission includes Day-Time and night programs that are broadcast in four languages on daily basis. The daytime programs are mostly repetition of the nighttime Amharic programs. ETV has plans to cover in the near future the daytime transmission with new programs. Movies are transmitted only once a week on Saturday nights. The reason for not transmitting more movies is that each transmission costs ETV from 650 to 3000 dollars due to copyright restrictions. ETV's total revenue from advertisements in the year 1995 (2002/3) was Birr 35 million whereas its budget for the current year is Birr 26 million. This means that ETV is a profitable enterprise for the government and it seems that ETV is certain to survive competition when the broadcasting law comes into effect. ETV has about 50 computers which are connected by a local area Network. Internet is accessed by all relevant employees through the network by using proxy server. The current connection, using dial-up networking, is planned to be replaced by a dedicated leased line and broadband Internet. The News desk of ETV is assigned to make searches on Internet and distribute information to journalists, scriptwriters and other relevant TV personnel. Internet sources are used as complementary sources of information on current issues and as an input for some of the TV programs. The four languages being used by ETV benefit from such inputs of the Internet. ETV provides airtime for the regions to transmit localized content. The following are the regions having airtime and their transmission detail. (a) (b) (c) (d) Amhara region transmits every Thursday from 9:45 pm to 10:15 pm Addis Ababa region transmits every Saturday from 9:45 pm to 10:15 pm. Oromia region transmits every Saturday from 7:45 to 8:15 pm Tigray region is not given Airtime but ETV has an office and TV crew working full time in the region.

Fortune. Vol.4, No.180, Sunday, October 12,2003

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The problems ETV faces according to its management are the following: A TV Station that can cover 200 km radius costs around 7 million Birr. ETV management believes that the regions should have their own TV Stations so that ETV can use its resources for issues allecting the whole country. In fact, right now more of the regions are not well equiped with required skills. However, ETV can help build the skill of people from regions so that htey start doing things by themselves. ETV is implementing a new organizational structure. The structure has left some of ETV's employees without positions. The structure has limited job positions resulting in stringent job specification for employees and reducing the total labor force. The Amalgamation of ETV with Radio Ethiopia is also complained about by ETV's management. ETV and Radio Ethiopia had a problem with the Assignment of a general manager. The post was vacant from 1997 to 2000 and has affected both institutions. Administration and finance has equal status with the Deputies for TV and Radio. So, to get things done Administration and finance has to be ordered by the General Manager. This has created a lengthy and inefficient bureaucracy within the organization.

7.2 Textual Information Providers

In October 1992, a Press Law was promulgated which continues to be in force. 8 The Press Law focuses primarily on the print media, leaving the allocation and utilization of radio waves to be determined by a law that was promulgated in June 1999. Since the promulgation of the Press Law, the print media sector of the country comprises of publications that are owned by private organizations, religious organizations, political organizations and the government. According to the most recent data, obtained from the Ministry of Information at the time of
8

Proclamation No. 34/1992, published on 21 October 1992 (Negarit Gazeta 52nd Year No. 8).

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writing this report, from July 2001 to July 2002 (one Ethiopian fiscal year), a total of 235 print media outlets were registered at the Federal Ministry of Information, of which 205 were private newspapers, 14 were owned by religious organizations, 7 were owned by political organizations and 9 were owned by the government. The focus of these print media outlets varies from political, economic and social issues to sports, culture and art, trade and advertisement, childrens recreation and religion. However, more than half of them focus on political, economic and social issues. Newspapers with nationwide circulation are available in three local languages and two foreign languages (English and Arabic). The majority are published in Amharic, the official language. The newspapers with wider circulation are Addis Zemen in Amharic and Ethiopian Herald in English both published by the Ethiopian Press Agency. From the Amharic private press reporter, Addis Admas, Menilik and Tobia are the most popular. English weeklies such as Fortune, Capital, Reporter, The Monitor and Addis Tribune have a good circulation. A list showing newspapers published in Ethiopia is attached in annex VI.

7.3 Internet Websites with Ethiopian Content

a) Institutions in Ethiopia having a web site As we have seen in the survey results section, the number of institutions with Internet websites is very negligible. Even the institutions having a websites were not able to put any content in the URL Address. For ease of presentation, we will list the institutions having a website in two separate tables. The first table shows about fifty organizations that have child web pages under ETC. To access the sites one has to go first to http://www.telecom.net.et and the select More Websites.

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No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. Institutions With Child web pages Abebech Gobena Orphanage and School Addis Ababa University Technology Faculty Admass Advertising Afro Ostritch P.L.C. AHRI Alemaya University Altastar Private Limitted Company Ambassa Enterprises Bat Management Consult & Consultants Plc Child and Family Affairs Organization of the EOC Cultural Section Embassy of Islamic Republic of Iran CPU Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Commission Ethio- Leather Industry(ELICO) Ethiopian Map Authority Ethiopian News Agency Ethiopian Privatization Agency Ethiopian Insurance Corporation Ethiopan Science & Technology Commission Ethiopian Telecommunications Agency Ethiopian Trade Point Ethiopia Today Experience Travel Ethiopia Gondar College of Medical Sciences Greek Embassy Institute of Biodiversity Conservation & Research Italian Cultural Institute Jimma Institute of Health Science Jiva Computer Academy Lalibela Hotels Maritime and Transit Services Enterprise Nationa Bank of Ethiopia National Computers and Information Center National Trading Company Pact Ethiopia Royal Netherlands Embassy Sheba Tannery St. Gabriel Hospital Thomas Chako Transsport Construction Design Enterprise Unresco

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No. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. UNCDF UNDP-EUE US Embassy Ethiopia United Tebarek & Family Pvt.Ltd.Co Walta Information Center "Waryt" Mulutilla International Plc Witness of the Resurrection Wolisso City Council Yenegew Sew Educational S.C Institutions With Child web pages

The other group is composed of institutions having a registered .et domain name. In the remark column, the consultant tries to describe their status as of October, 2003.

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Institutions with Registered Domain Name Services

ID Name of Institution Domain Name dhl.com.et niin.gov.et nbe.org.et NeuroNet.com.et selam_eth.org NTO.com.et AAU.edu.et britishcouncil.org.et COMPASSION_ET.org.et ccfethiopia.org.et ghionhotel.com.et ethiopian.com.et ethiopianairlines.com.et news.com.et oromia.gov.et fhi.org.et cbc.com.et dinsho.com.et eepco.com.et globalhotel.com.et era.gov.et ethioindex.com.et Still Under Construction Active No such address Redirected To Tele's Site No Web Page Redirected To Tele's Site Redirected To Tele's Site Active Redirected To Tele's Site No Web Page Redirected To Tele's Site Active No Web Page No Web Page Active Redirected To Tele's Site No Web Page Active Redirected To Tele's Site No Web Page Remark 1 DHL World Express Ethiopia 2 Ministry of Trade and Industry 3 National Bank of Ethiopia 4 NeuroNet Plc 5 Selam Children's Village-Technical & Vocational Center 6 National Tour Operation & Travel Agency Enterprise 7 Addis Ababa University 8 British Council Ethiopia 9 Compassion Int'l Ethiopia 10 Christian Children's Fund Inc Ethiopia 11 Ghion Hotels Enterprise 12 Ethiopian Airlines 13 Ethiopian Airlies 14 Mihret Tsegaye Habte 15 Oromia National Regional Government 16 Family Health International 17 City Business Computers 18 Dinsho Plc 19 Ethiopian Electric Power Corp. 20 Global Hotel Plc 21 Ethiopian Road Authority 22 Ayalkebet Shifefaw

.74. ID Name of Institution Domain Name ararathotel.com.et MandF.com.et natytoursethiopia.com.et day-tran.com earo.org.et africconn.com.et mor.gov.et techtra.com.et mfa.gov.et amref.org.et sur.com.et microlink.edu.et redcross.org.et al-mahdi.com.et beso.org.et usi.com.et actionaidethiopia.org.et ektts.org.et mofed.gov.et dppc.gov.et naia.gov.et getts.com.et getts.com.et nale.gov.et Active Redirected To Tele's Site Active Active but irrelevant web page is shown Active Active No Web Page Active Active Still Under Construction Active Active Remark

23 Tadesse Getu 24 Molla Zegeye and Family Plc. 25 Natnael Faffere Abrha 26 Day-Tran Ethiopia Transit 27 Ethiopia Agricultural Research Organization (EARO) 28 Africa Connect Plc 29 Ministry of Revenue 30 Techtra Engineering Plc 31 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 32 AMREF - Ethiopia 33 Sur Construction S.C 34 Microlink Information Technology College 35 Ethiopian Red Cross Society 36 Al-Mahdi Pvt. Ltd. Co 37 UNESCO -IICBA AED/BESO II Project 38 United System Integrators 39 Action Aid Ethiopia 40 Ethiopian Knowledge of Technology 41 Min. Of Finance And Economic Dev't 42 DPPC 43 National Agriculture Inputs Authority 44 Grant Express Travel And Tour Services Plc 45 Grant Epress Travel And Tours 46 National Archive And Library Of Ethiopia

.75. ID Name of Institution Domain Name emi.edu.et www.gct.com.et nupi.gov.et aib.biz.et zami.com.et addisababa.gov.et wabeshebellehotels.com.net selambaltena.com.et omestoptour.com.et cdsco.com.et tei.edu.et scuk.org.et norway.org.et mocb.gov.et dace.gove.et khc.org.et moj.gov.et garmentexpress.com.et Nothing comes Active Active No Web Page Redirected To Tele's Site Still Under Construction No Web Page Active Active Remark

47 Ethiopian Management Institute 48 Generl Chemicals and Trading 49 National Urban Planning Institute 50 Addis Insurance Brokers 51 Zami Public Connections PLC 52 A.A City Administration 53 Wabe Shebelle Hotels 54 Solomon Geleta Mergya 55 One Stop Tourism 56 Construction Designe Share Co. 57 AED/BESO 58 Save The Children UK 59 The Royal Nowrwegian Embassy 60 Ministry Of Capacity Building 61 Drug Admin. And Control Autho. Of Eth. 62 Ethiopian kaleheywet Church 63 Ministry of Justice 64 Worku Zewde (Dr)

b) Other Websites with Ethiopian Content A search performed using the word "Ethiopia" yielded result web pages of 6,360,000 in Google, 5,580,000 in yahoo, 554,000 in AltaVista, 4,939,431 in Lycos and 35 in MSN. All these are Internet search engines with varying degree of results. Their search result indicate Internet web pages having the word "Ethiopia". Similarly, a search for the word "Kenya" in Google resulted in 9,530,000 while for the small country called "Comoros" the results were more than 3.5 million web pages. Hence, we can assume that there are more than 6 million web pages with relevant content about Ethiopia. But the Internet is tricky. Filtering these pages is an art and science at the same time. A person can put a simple remark such as "My friend had also been to Ethiopia" in one of the web pages. The search engines count even this page though it contains no more content on Ethiopia. To sieve relevant information the consultant has spent some time searching Internet sites and the results are presented in Annex V. The Annex shows the Internet URL Address and a description of the content found in these sites. c) Internet gateways As we all know, there is much information available through the Internet. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) estimates that about two million web pages are made available each day. But critical questions are being raised about the information these pages provide. Is the content relevant? Is it accessible? Is it understandable? Is it accurate? Is it biased? Is it affordable? Is it trustworthy? Is it like water in a firehose? The World Bank took a major step in the content field as it pursued its role as a knowledge bank by creating the Global Development Gateway. The Development Gateway initiative, which is directed by the Development Gateway Foundation, is a public-private partnership created in December 2001 and whose Board of Directors represents civil society and public and private donors. According to the World Bank, the Gateway is an interactive portal for information on sustainable development and poverty reduction, and its founders expect it to help fill the knowledge and communication needs of government officials and civic society organizations regarding a wide range of development topics. It is expected to promote government quality and efficiency by providing information on best practices, networks for sharing solutions and

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experiences, and tools for analysis and problem-solving. Proponents of content localization have criticized the approach of the global gateway and the World Bank has attempted to deal with some of these criticisms by creating a Country Gateway system. The Country Gateways are independently owned and operated partners of the Development Gateway. They operate within a country and each gateway is designed to provide country-level information and resources, and promote local content development and knowledge sharing. Country level gateways may be more interactive than the global gateway because of the emphasis on localization in their mandates. Gateway Foundation literature indicates that the Country Gateway will mobilize local content and engage local stakeholders including governments, the private sector, civil society and other communities of interest. In some cases, Country Gateways will provide eGovernment, eBusiness, and eLearning, and, overall, contribute to better connectivity and use of ICTs. The World Bank-managed infoDev program provides funding for planning of gateways (an average of US$50,000, but up to US$100,000) and for start-up activity. In October 2003 there were 37 Country Gateways in different stages of development. Ethiopia has not managed to create its own country Gateway with the World Bank. However, there are two web sites that can be categorized as "Ethiopian Gateways" of Ethiopia. These are: Http://www. AbyssiniaCyeberGateway.com Http://www. Devinet.org AbyssiniaCyeberGateway Ethiopia's lists by category many websites dealing with Ethiopia. URL addresses are categorized in Business, Art, Education, Culture, Economy, etc in a simple list from which users can click to go to the selected site. The site does the same thing for neighboring countries such as Djibouti, Eritrea and Somalia. The web site seems to be owned by Ethiopians in the Diaspora and the service of listing of sites related to Ethiopia are free-ofcharge. Devinet is a website being run by CRDA and the British council. Its aim is to give web visibility to NGOs in Ethiopia and provide information about their current undertakings so that duplication of efforts is avoided. To become

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member of this gateway a membership fee of Birr 900 shal be paid by all NGOs. To help NGOs to design their own web sites, Devinet provides web page design courses twice a year. Finally, Ethiopia needs to take an initiative to become a member and beneficiary of the World Bank country gateway so that comprehensive country information is provided from a single web site. Info-Dev and the gateway foundation can fund the project provided that a convincing feasibility study is performed beforehand. The ICT Department of the Ministry of Capacity Building can take this important initiative.

7.4 Content Development in Regional States

To assess the effort of the regions in local context development, the consultant has contacted the relevant regional organs and the results are as follows.

7.4.1 Tigray region

In Tigray region the institutions developing and disseminating context in the local language are the Regional Culture and Information Bureau, Radio Dimtse Woyane and the educational mass media agency. The Bureau of culture and information published "Mekhaleh" Newspaper and a magazine by the same name. The Newspaper, in Tigray Language, is printed every two week having an average of 3500 copies. It is distributed to every Woreda through the Woreda culture and information office. Its content focuses among other things in government policy news in general and from rural there off the region social and economic issues agriculture and health. The magazine's focus is more or less the same but with more long-term treatment of the issues. The magazine is printed every three months with 2,000 copies per print. Both the newspaper and the magazine are made available to students through the school libraries. This is also the strategy used to reach rural areas.

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The Bureau is renting transmitters to Broadcast Radio programs. Programs are transmitted Mondays from 11:00 am to 12:00 am. The Bureau pays Birr 700,000 for the rental of 52 hours/year and is using own journalists to produce the transmitted programs consisting of news social and economic affairs and entertainment. They are using 2 computers for desktop publishing and word processing. The manpower used to develop the content of both the newspaper and the magazine are five employees of which one is woman. Dimitse Woyane (voice of Woyane) is a Radio station owned by TPLF transmitting programs in afar and Tigirigna languages for 50 hours/week. Its total labour force is about 130. Of these 50 are journalists and scriptwriters for both languages. Transmission is carried out using SW frequencies. The radio station has a good number of Audiences due to the localization of content and the deep-rooted culture of the community in Radio hearing. Radio receivers in Tigray are estimated 2-3 per household. This fact has also helped to the increased audience level of the Dimitse Woyane radio station. The station conducts regularly audience survey and the results show 76-80% Audiences in Tigray. Dimitse Woyane has about 12 computers, a fax machine, a stand by generator and a well-equipped studio. Internet is accessed by all relevant employees to search for news and materials that can be used as inputs for prepared radio programs. The Educational mass media agency has a radio transmitter and a studio in Mekelle which is being run by just 3 employees. Most of the transmitted content is educational as per the curriculum designed by the Tigray Bureau of Education.

7.4.2 Amhara region

In the Amhara Region content development and dissemination is carried out by three organizations, namely, the regional Bureau of Information, the regional mass media agency and the regional AIDS Secretariat. The Regional Bureau of Information publishes "Press digest" and "Lisan" magazine. Press digest is a summery of content published in government newspapers and it consists of four photocopied pages. The Magazine was first

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published in July 2003. It is a recent undertaking by the newly restructured Bureau. The magazine is printed in 500 copies every Quarter and its major focus areas are good governance, editorial, culture, social and economic affairs. On the other hand, the recently formed regional mass media agency is a major role player in content development and dissemination in the Amhara region. As mentioned elsewhere, the agency owns an FM transmitter covering a radius of 60km from Bahir Dar. This station was funded by SIDA (6 million Birr) and the Regional Government (4 Million Birr). Programs are transmitted for four hours on daily basis. The agency is erecting a MW transmitter which is expected to be completed by December this year. The Regional Mass Media Agency has 25 Employees in the radio department as journalists, scriptwriters and technicians. The Agency publishes a Newspaper titled "Bekur". The focus areas of this newspaper are among other things news, regional issues, culture, social and economic development, agriculture etc. The Newspaper is printed every week with 3500 copies per print. There was a magazine by the same name and went out of print due to the split of the Agency from the Bureau of Information. Content for the newspaper is developed by 12 employees of the agency. The Television division of the mass media agency prepares TV content for the weekly airtime of the region in ETV. The agency pays ETV Birr 200,000 per year to transmit the 30-minute TV programs. The transmitted programs are regional news, "hand-to-hand", "Mudaye Kin" and "Hibre Kelem". The TV department having -25 employees carries out the preparation, recording and editing of the weekly programs. The agency has some five computers and relevant staff uses Internet. The ANRS AIDS secretariat publishes a magazine titled "Akel". The major topic dealt with by the magazine is the Issue of AIDS. The magazine is prepared by seven Employees of the secretariat and is printed every four month with 300 copies per print. Last but not least, the Regional Bureau of Information has contracted Nilex PLC to develop a website for the region. The site is expected to become ready for access in march 2004.

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7.4.3 Oromia Region

The Oromia Region Information and public relation Bureau is restructured in 2001. It has 78 employees of whom 32 are journalists, scriptwriters and technical personnel. The region owns a studio in Addis Ababa where Radio and TV programs are prepared. News is sent to Radio Ethiopia and Radio Fana for transmission. The region has rented airtime from Radio Ethiopia costing Birr 358,000. Radio programs are transmitted Wednesdays (6.30am-7.00am), Fridays (6.30am7.00am) and Saturdays (9:00 am-10:00AM). TV programs are also prepared and transmitted once a week on Saturdays (7:45-8:15 PM). The TV program is not well thought-out and is filled with whatever content appears relevant. The region pays ETV about Birr 200,000 per year for the airtime. The Bureau of Information also publishes a newspaper by the name "Kellech". "Kellech" is printed every other week in 7,000 copies. The Bureau has plans to increase the number of copies from 7 to 20 thousands in three years time. The major focus areas of "kellech" are News, regional issues, agriculture, health, education and culture. So for the Bureau due to budget problems has not been able to prepare a magazine. The Oromia Bureau of Information has about 9 computers but no access to the Internet. The Bureau has plans to erect a radio transmitter in Nazareth town. For the purpose, Nazareth municipality has provided the required land and the erection of the transmitter is planned to be completed by 2005.

7.4.4 SNNP REGION

The Regional Bureau of Information is publishing the newspaper "Debub Nigat" the circulation of this Newspaper started in 1995 and it is printed in 3000 copies per print every two week. The persons assigned to develop the content of this newspaper are two. The newspaper is sold 50 cents and the collected money is deposited to the ministry of finance (almost 100,000 Birr per year). Computers and internet are not available to the persons working in content development. The content of the newspaper is focused on regional laws, agriculture, health, tourism and entertainment.

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The Regional Bureau of Information sends news to Radio Ethiopia and ETV. However, there is no specific airtime for the SNNP region neither in radio nor in TV broadcasting. Erection of a Radio transmitter and the construction of a studio are in the final stages. Nothing is known when radio broadcasting will start. Another important radio content developer in the SNNP region is Radio Sidama. Irish Aid established this Radio station in 1998. Though most of the transmitted programs by this station are educational contents, on Saturdays and Mondays they broadcast cultural and entertainment programs. Transmission is in MW frequency and covers about 110 KM radius from Yirgalem town. Sidama, Amharic and English languages are used as communication medium. Audience survey has not been taken on a formal basis but telephone calls and letters are used as indicators of performance for their programming. The station has no permanent staff. However, the Sidama Zone Education and Health departments are assigning their staffs to work on part-time basis.

7.4.5 Addis Ababa Administration

The Addis Ababa Administration Mass Media Agency was established is June 2003. Most of the activities of the Bureau of Information are thus taken over by the new agency with a total labour force of some 30 employees. There are two press products published by the Addis Ababa Bureau of Information, namely, "Addis Lisan" newspaper and "Addis Ababa" magazine. The Newspaper is printed twice a week on Wednesday and Saturday in copies of 4,000. The magazine is printed every quarter in 3,000 copies. The agency is in charge of preparing the Radio and TV content of the Administration. Radio program are prepared and transmitted using FM Addis which is owned by Radio Ethiopia. However, the erection of an FM transmitter (FM 96.3) will be completed very soon and the agency is preparing itself for a transmission of programs that cover 16 hours/day. TV programs are broadcasted every Saturday from 9:45 pm to 10:15. The 30-minute TV program is prepared by the agency staff and deals mostly with urban life and problems. The Agency has also taken over the

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TV transmission channel of TV Africa, as of November 1, 2003 to broadcast programs every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday (7:30 pm-8:30 pm). The agency has 20 employees assigned for press and 25 people working in Radio and TV programming. With regard to computer availability, the agency has five computers of which 3 are outdated 486 computers donated by GTZ. Journalists have no access to Internet in their office but they use commercial providers to get information from the Internet. This out of pocket expense is not covered by the agency.

7.4.6 Afar, Somali And Harrari Regions

7.4.6.1 Afar Region The AFAR region Bureau of Information involvement in content development is limited to sending regional news to Radio Ethiopia and Radio Fana. They do not have newspapers, magazines, radio or TV programs. However, they pay Dimitse Woyane (Birr 105 million per year) and Radio Fana (Birr 1,234,000 per year) to prepare and broadcast programs in the Afar language. Both radio stations have Afar speaking staff to prepare and broadcast the content of their respective programs. The Bureau employs 47 staff of which 9 are in technical posts. There is only one computer and no access to the Internet. ETV is not accepting video clips from the region due to the poor quality of the camera they use to record events. 7.4.6.1 Somali Region The Regional Bureau of Information publishes "Dembal" newspaper every three month. The newspaper is printed in 3000 copies per print. The content focus of the magazine includes development issues, security, culture, tourism and entrainment. Two staffs of the Bureau prepare the newspaper. Regional News are sent to Radio Ethiopia and Harrar Fana, a transmitting station in Harrar town owned by Radio Ethiopia. TV news cannot be sent to ETV due to the poor quality of images captured by their old camera. The bureau has a total of 48 employees. Of these, two are assigned for the newspaper, two for radio news and two for TV news. The Bureau maker use of there computer but have not subscribed as internet user.

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7.4.6.2 Harrari Region The Harrari Region Information Bureau Published "Harar" Newspaper and Magazine both publications are tri-language using Harrari, Oromiffa and Amharic languages. "Harar" Newspaper is printed every two weeks in 500 copies. The magazine is printed every quarter in 500 copies. The Bureau sends radio and TV news about the region to Radio Ethiopia and ETV. On the other hand, it has secured a community radio equipment worth Birr 6 million and is in the process of getting a license from the Ethiopian Broadcasting Agency. The envisaged community radio station will transmit programs in three languages using FM 91.1 frequency. Oxfam Canada was the donor of the radio transmission equipment while AMARC 9 is funding the training of amateur journalists. In this regard, three staffs of the Bureau were sent to South Africa for a skill upgrading training. Oxfam Canada has plans to bring South African experts from Cape Town to carry out test transmission in 2004. Another surprising finding was that the region had purchased TV transmission and studio equipment some five year back at a cost of Birr 2 million. The equipment had not been used and remains to this date in their store. The regional Bureau of Information employs about 36 staff and has one desktop and a laptop computer. The bureau is not a subscriber of dial up internet.

7.4.7 Benshangul - Gumuz and Gambela Regions

7.4.7.1 Benshangul - Gumuz Region In Benshangul region, the official language is Amharic. Most of the population living in the three larger towns (Assosa, Kamashi and Gilgel Beles) are amharas, Oromos and other non-natives. Berta is the largest native tribe of Benshangul with 26.7% of the population. However, Amharas and oromos account for 35.3% of the total population of the region. It seems that this situation is one of the factors inhibiting the drive to develop local content.

AMARC= World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (French Abbreviation)

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Benshangul region has no newspaper. In fact there is nothing that can be said local content that is developed by the region. The regional Bureau of Information has 24 employees. Its only role is the sending of regional news to Radio Ethiopia. Even this role is minimized because the Ethiopian New Agency has experts covering the region. The Bureau of information is also not benefiting from computers and Internet. 7.4.7.1 Gambela Region The Gambela Region Information Bureau has not been able so far to publish a newspaper. However the head of the Bureau has disclosed that they are preparing themselves to start the publication of a newspaper to be called "Maded." The Region is benefits from Radio programs broadcasted in two local languages (Agnwak & Noer) by Radio Ethiopia. There are six Agnwak and seven noer speakers working for Radio Ethiopia's station in Gore town. The regional Bureau of Information is employing 22 staff of which 8 are assigned in technical posts. The bureau possesses two computers though with no access to the Internet.

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VIII. Assessment of Community Telecenters

To bridge the gap between rural and urban areas in terms of accessing Information Communication Technology (ICT) facilities, there have been a number of worldwide initiatives to establish central access points to the communities. Such facilities are known by different names in different places: "Virtual Village Halls", "Multi-purpose Community Information Centers", "Telekottage" etc. The community information access points are now most commonly known as Multi-purpose Community Telecenters (MCTs). MCTs aim to provide computers and telecommunication facilities for the local community in remote, rural regions and low-income urban settlements, in a way that makes them accessible to all. The term Telecenter describes a broad range of services including commercial call centers, satellite offices and facilities having fax, telephone, computing, Internet and Email access facilities. A Telecenter can be defined as a fusion of telecommunications, information, multimedia and computing functions to help address a variety of community problems and needs. It has been widely accepted that ICTs can no longer be seen as a luxury for the elite but as an absolute necessity for the whole population. The African Information Society Initiative (AISI) is a response to this trend. AISI aims to support and accelerate socio-economic development across the region by creating the essential infrastructure that ensures access by the community to the wide range of information sources available in the Internet. The objective and benefits of these Telecenters can be summarized as follows: Objectives: Provide basic and general information provision on community issues, health and welfare, government services, how to start small-scale business and how to improve agriculture, etc. Establish an easy to use electronic information kiosk where information can be viewed by touching the computer screen Advocacy and sensitization of the community using a Newsletter and Website of the Telecenter

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Benefits

They are community orientated and rooted in the community They offer development information (about education, health, agriculture, etc.) They make the community more resourceful They disseminate useful information to the informal sector and the business community, thus promoting employment and the development of the economy in the target towns They are geared towards helping those with no other means of gathering information They link rural towns with the world through the Internet and e-mail facilities

AISI's vision is to realize, by the year 2010, a sustainable information society on the continent where every man and woman, school child, village, government office and business can access information and knowledge resources through computers and telecommunications. This means making access available to the international, regional and national information highways, providing off-ramps in the villages and, in the area of information, catering specifically to grass roots of society. The Telecenter project initiative, therefore, compliments the AISI's call for voluntary organizations (NGOs) to play a catalytic and co-coordinating role with government and private sectors to ensure universal access. To this end, the British Embassy in Ethiopia had provided 38,000 for the establishment of four pilot Telecenters in selected towns, i.e., Wolisso, Debre Birhan, Gondar and Axum. The British Council by opening these Telecenters intended:

To make the world's pool of information accessible to the communities at large and to develop awareness of the use of the emerging technologies and resources. To reach influential members of the local authorities and communities through modern information provision and to demonstrate concern for the social and economic development of Ethiopia outside the capital. To support distance education, telemedicine, etc. To act as a model center for encouraging similar local initiatives in the future.

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Extensive consultation with the Regional authorities including considerations of proximity, available infrastructure, population-size, and its status as a center for nearby towns were some of the factors for selecting the pilot sites. Thus, the first of its kind in Ethiopia, the Wolisso Multi Purpose Community Telecenter was opened as a pilot center on 26th February 2000, by the former British Ambassador, Gordon Wetherell, the then Commissioner of Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission Ato Asrat Bulbula and Ms Rosmary Arnott, Director, British Council. Thereafter, the Debre Birhan Multi Purpose Community Telecenter was opened in January 2002. This was followed by the Axum Multi Purpose Community Which started operations in October 2002. The Gondar Multi Purpose Community Telecenter has received equipments but it is not operational due to organizational, technical and financial reasons. The following table shows the equipment list provided by the British Council to each Telecenter. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Item Computers Printers Fax Machine UPS Photocopier Telephone Line Telecenter Debre Birhan 3 1 1 2 1 2 at: Gondar 3 2 1 2 1 3

Wolisso 5 1 1 2 1 2

Axum 4 1 1 2 1 3

The consultant has paid a visit to the Telecenters at Wolisso, Debre Birhan and Gondar and discussed with British Council's relevant personnel about the status of the Axum Telecenter. The assessment results were as follow:

8.1The Role of British council and ESTC

The British council donated the equipments using the fund allocated by the Embassy. The arrangement for all Telecenters was that the British council will hire a computer expert and cover costs related to Internet subscription, Bills

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for Internet and telephones for two years and provide technical backstopping. The Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission (ESTC) was partner and arranged for training in basic computer operations, on how to use the Internet and Email. Training was given to Public Servants, Private entrepreneurs, community members, schoolteachers, etc. In this manner, staff of the commission had trained for instance about 240 people in Wolisso. As a matter of fact, the British Council was more involved with the project that the Commission. Other items provided for these Telecenters were IT books and multimedia CDROMs.

8.2 Wolisso Telecenter

The Telecenter is located inside the building of the Wolisso public library. At the beginning, a graduate in library science was hired on a contractual basis to run the Telecenter for one year. The person has left and a secretary assigned from the Town municipality is now running the center. The Telecenter has shifted its place in 2001 and this has affected operations. With regard to its primary goal, provision of Internet/Email service, the Telecenter was functioning effectively as intended for the first six months. During this period, most of the users were public servants and schoolteachers at a rate of 70-80 persons/per month. Currently, Internet services are not functional. Photocopying and fax transmission services are being provided but minimally. Since the Telecenter is placed in a small room inside the public library providing the photocopying service has not been effective. As far as Facsimile services are concerned, the Telecenter had never been able to provide it due to the absence of a price list for the different fax destinations. Further, because Wolisso is located within short distance from Addis the community is used to send messages with friends travelling to Addis (free-of-charge). To remedy the problem of user charges, the British Council has advised them to compile prices based on the rate applied by Tele. However, this is not done as yet. Perhaps, a lesson worth mentioning from this Telecenter is the experience in administering money collected from users. They have elected a committee that

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controls the accounts of the Center. A Cashier collects money form users of the various services and makes deposit in the centers current account. There are no complicated procedures in this. However, to purchase items such as toners or stationary the auditor and accountant who are members of the elected committee have to approve and sign thus controlling effectively expenditures. In fact, this center is better off than the other three centers in all aspects.

8.3 Debre Birhan Telecenter

The Amhara Development Association constructed the public library of Debre Birhan in 1997. The Telecenter was opened in 2002 inside this public library. British council hired a person to help customers browse Internet and to send/receive Emails. The expert left after one year and three employees of the Woreda Youth and culture office took over the running of the Telecenter. A person from the mentioned office has been assigned on permanent basis to run the Telecenter. This person is computer illiterate. At the beginning of the center's operation, training was provided for 5 days for would-be users. While the hired expert was working in the Telecenter, users were allowed to browse the Internet free of charge because British Council was covering the costs and they needed to create awareness. When British Council stopped the financial assistance in may 2003, the center also stopped providing Internet services. During the consultant's filed visit some previous users were talked to and most of them say they need the service if a reasonable fee is applied by the center. Facsimile and Photocopying services are not being provided at the level they should be. During the consultants visit, Photocopy services were not being provided because the Copier was out of toner. Facsimile services had never been given due to the same problems faced by the Wolisso Telecenter. A major problem faced by this Telecenter is organizational. Currently, it is subordinated to the Woreda Youth and Culture Office and since this organization is under the Civil Service Commission all revenues shall be passed to the Ministry of finance. There is no way to use the collected money from the services being provided. The budget allocated by the abovementioned office for Public Cinema house and the Telecenter in 1995 (E.C) was just Birr 4,000.

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The Telecenter has no statute establishing ownership, fund administration modality and a price list for the different services.

8.4 Gondar Telecenter

In 1998 British council started contacting officials of the Gondar Woreda Youth and Culture Office and the Telecenter project started with the delivery of equipment in March 2003. The Center is not yet operational due to delay in providing training. British Council people promised to go to Gondar for the four days planned training. The people who will get training are estimated at about 200. It is not clear how British Council People will mange the training with just 3 computers and four days for the training The Telecenter's future location will be at the public library constructed recently by the Amhara Development Association. Currently, the public library is located inside the Castle of King Fasiladas and municipality officials are worried about the cost of furniture (estimated about 500,000 Birr) needed to accommodate the numerous books of library. Furniture from the current library cannot be moved to the new place because they are too old and too big to fit them inside the new library. This problem might even delay further the opening of the Telecenter. During the consultant's field visit, it was learned that the center would be subordinated to the town municipality thus easing the collection and use of the money charged for the services. (If subordinated to the Woreda Youth and Culture Office, the problems of the Debre Birhan Center would have been Repeated) However, the new Telecenter would face problems related to fund administration because they have not yet drafted any rule in this regard. Another problem appreciated during the visit is that there were no computer tables and no money/plan to procure them. The Telecenter will also most likely face organizational challenges. It is envisaged to be run by library personnel. The huge library at Gondar is staffed with only 4 people. The officials of the municipality are worried about who will collect the user charges and who can control the expenditure needed for a smooth operation of the center. They have no idea about these things.

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Meanwhile, the equipment provided by British Council are getting obsolete, especially, the computers.

8.5 Axum Telecenter

For over a week, the consultant has tried to contact the people running the Telecenter at Axum through telephone. Ato Abebe Chekol who is the person in charge with Telecenter projects at the British Council was contacted to find out the status of this Telecenter. He had visited the place months back and he said it was operational then. However, he also has no Idea on the current status of the center. It seems the center is not functional.

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Conclusions and Recommendations

The study on Local content development has revealed important data on the status, trend, strength, limitation and opportunities of Ethiopia. ICTs influence in the generation, development and dissemination of local content is only in its incipient stage. In this regard, a great deal of effort will be needed to bring the positive influence of ICTs. The major conclusion and recommendation that can be drawn from this study are the following. The status quo in content development shows no alarming danger of foreign content invasion. This is because most of the a population has no access to new ICTs. The effort of the national media has also achieved a great deal of coverage in terms of radio transmission (90+%) which is the de facto major communication medium in Ethiopia. The fact remains that Ethiopians are not yet facing the influence of the globalized media and the Internet. The institutions involved in radio programming having a nation wide coverage are Radio Ethiopia, Radio Fana and the Educational Media Agency (EMA). Their coverage of the population is acceptable. The effort of EMA is commendable. Community Radios play an important role in providing local content. Their cost is in the range of Birr 6-10 million. The experience of other countries shows that NGOs are catalysts in the spread of community radios. However, in Ethiopia this is a neglected area by both international and local NGOS. In fact, currently there are no community radios in the country. The Government should work towards engaging NGOS in community Radio Development efforts. The Amalgamation of Radio Ethiopia and Ethiopian television into a single organization has resulted in several operational problems. It seems appropriate that these organizations be separated. The current Internet access by the population is limited to 10,000 users. This is a very low penetration rate by any standard. ETC is delaying the upgrading of its servers so that they accommodate about 50,000 connections. ETC should be pushed to complete its plans on time. Besides, other new services such as domain name registration, digital date networks, leased lines are being provided by ETC. However, the

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number of beneficiaries is very low. To remedy this problem, ETC should deploy the necessary salesmen and make TV and Radio advertisements. The current access of the population to electricity is only 13%. EEPCo is trying hard to increase the access rate to 17% by 2005. However, this can only be achieved if EEPCo is well disciplined in implementing the power sector development program as per the plan. A regular monitoring and Evolution of EEPCo's achievement by the concerned party is a must if the country is to achieve its power supply goals. The newly established broadcasting agency has released a draft proclamation whereby it requires local content to be 20% of the radio and TV transmissions. This figure is low. Some countries such as south Africa require 40% of local content the question is Why not make it 50%? Media people are short of skills in media management and new technologies in Radio and TV transmission. This is national Issue. The Ministry of Capacity Building should try to organize short and medium term on job training with expatriate experts. On the other hand, the capacity (material & technical) of the recently established Mass Media Education Institute should be strengthened to achieve better and quality results in local content development. Radio Ethiopia and ETV are transmitting programs in several local languages. Their content, though the language changes, is almost the same. Regions are not getting enough content about local issues. The Federal Government should help the regional states to establish their own radio stations and upgrade to the desired level the skill of their staff. The cost for each region to erect transmitters and build the studios is in the range of Birr 10-12 million. Besides, the regional Bureaus of Information should be measured against their effort in developing local content. In some regions such as Benshangul there is nothing that can be said Local Content. Sales of regional government newspaper are channeled to the Ministry of Finance. Newspapers are published by using a predefined budget. It is common knowledge that established newspapers are profitable. We recommend that the regional Bureaus of Information should get aside the resulting profit and use it to strengthen the publishing of regional content. This means increasing number of copies, shortening publication frequency or starting other publications. TV news content form some regions such as Afar and Somali regions cannot be transmitted because of the poor quality of their recording

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camera. The Ministry of Capacity Building can convince their respective regional councils to approve budget for the purchase of appropriate cameras The experience with community Telecenters is not encouraging. Almost all have failed to meet their intended purpose. The Ministry of Capacity Building and the British Council should work together to revive these important information sources for the community at the grass root level. Last but not least, the Ministry of Capacity Building should formulate a strategy to benefit from in InfoDev and the World Bank Gateway foundation. A feasibility study to implement the Country Gateway for Ethiopia shall be conducted before proceeding with these institutions.

The following are specific activity proposals that can be implemented by the Ministry of capacity Building in the near future to strengthen local content development.

a) Capacity Building 1. Training in Media Management by Expatriate Experts for Top and Medium Level Managers of Radio Ethiopia, Radio Fana, Dimtse Woyane, Sidama Radio, Harari Community Radio (to be open soon) and The Ethiopian Television Organizations. 2. Short and Medium refreshment courses for Journalists of the above Institutions. * Estimated Cost of these training programs 180,000 USD

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b) Radio and TV Transmitters and Studios. Transmitters and studio equipment for Afar, Somali, Benshangul and Gambela Regions.

Total Cost: About USD 5, 485, 714.- Or USD 1,371,428.- per region The Cost Breakdown per region will be: Transmitter: 1,030,000 Million USD (10KW MW Transmitter) Construction: Assuming 137 USD per M2 and a total area of 350 M2, the cost of Constructing the Studio will be USD 47,950.Studio Equipment: USD 263,478.Training in radio Programming: USD 30,000

This being an activity to be implemented in 2-3 years, the training portion and part of the procurement can be done in 2004. c). Purchase of Video Cameras for Afar and Somali Regions: The Cameras are estimated to cost USD 10,000 each. Thus, for these two regions a budget of 20,000 USD will be required. d). Advocacy and Awareness Creation Workshops 1. Workshop on increasing the role of community Telecenters (with British Council). 2. Advocacy Workshop on the 20% mandatory local content in the future broadcasting proclamation. 3. Regional Newspapers: Problems and Prospects. 4. A strategy workshop about Increasing Websites with Ethiopian Content 5. Advocacy workshop for the engagement of International NGOs in fostering community radios. * Estimated Cost of these workshops is about 100,000 USD the Number of Internet

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ANNEXES

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Annex I - List of Contacted Persons

No. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7 8 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20. 21. 22. 23. Name Ato Mohammed Aidaiz Ato Mohammed Mussa Gele Ato Mebrate Lema Ato Shumiye Abohay Ato Mulugeta Yigzaw Ato Kassa Aytenfisu Ato Malede Wasihun Ato Tekee BelayGibaw Ato Buniso Bulbula Ato Muluneh Teshome Ato Ahmed Muktar Ato Demisew Bekele Ato Fikadu Ato Mebrate Haile Ato Agmas Chane Ato Addisu Abe Ato Jemal Ahmed Ato Minyichl Engida Ato Tamirat Sisay Ato Degu Melaku Ato Sahlu W/o Taitu Ayele W/t Elsabeth W/Mariam Bureau. Head, Somali Region Information, culture and tourism Bureau. Azanian Computer Service, Gondar Town Mayor, Gondow Town Gondar Telecenter Debrebirhan Woreda Youth & Culture Office Staff Debrebirhan Woreda Youth & Culture Office Staff Debrebirhan Telecenter, Supervisor Yirgalem Radio Station, Manager Yirgalem Radio Station, Producer SNNP Region, Newspaper Producer Educational Mass Media, Gen. Manager Ethiopia Radio and FM Addis, General Manager Amhara Region Information Bureau, Deputy Head Amhara Region Information Bureau, Akil Magazine Editor Amhara Region Information Bureau, Press Digest Producer Amhara Region Mass Media Agency, Radio & TV Dept. Head Amhara Region Mass Media Agency, Radio Division Head Amhara Region Mass Media Agency, Press Division Head Amhara Region Mass Media Agency, TV Programs Head Commite Chairman, Woliso Telecenter Woliso Telecenter, Head Woliso Telecenter, Computer Operator Institution Head, Afar Region Information, culture and toursim

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No. 24 25 26 27. 28. 29 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35 36. 37. 38. Name Ato Aseffa Bekele Ato Ahmed Kasim Ato Teteka Bekele Ato Solomon G/Medhin Ato Girmay G/Egziabher Ato Berhe Haile Ato Gidey G/Libanos Ato Abebe Checkol Ato Yohanes Andarge Ato Abyot Bayu Ato Solomon Mekonnen Ato Hailu Kibret Ato Ojulu Bach Ato Mohammed Edris Ato Worku Bogale Head Oromia Region Information and Culture Bureau, Head Radio Fana, Programs Department Tigray Region Information Bureau, Mekalih Magazine & Newspaper Producer Tigray Region Information Bureau, Radio & TV Program Producer Tigray Region, Head, Voice of TPLF (Dimtse Woyane) Radio Station Tigray Region, Educational Mass Media Radio Station, Head British Council, Telecenters Project and Devinet.org Website Administrator Addis Abeba Information and Culture Bureau, Head Addis Abeba Mass Media Agency, Head Adddis Lisan Newspaper And Addis Abeba Magazine, Producer Benshangul-Gumuz Planning Head Gambela Region Information Bureau, Head Harari Region Information and Public Relation Office, Head Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation, Strategic Department Staff Region Information Bureau, Institution Ethiopian Radio and Television Enterprise, Deputy

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Annex II - Bibliography
1. ICT Policy of Ethiopia (Draft), ESTC, 2002. 2. Multi Purpose Community Telecenter Projects in Ethiopia, The British Council, 2003. 3. Developing a robust, competitive and viable content industry in Malaysia, by Hisham Dato Abd Rahman, Chairman Protem Committee, Malaysian Television Broadcasters Alliance, June 2003. 4. Internet in Ethiopia, by Samuel Kinde, in MediaETHIOPIA, February 2001. 5. Multilingual UNICODE web page development, by Andrew Cunningham, Community Networking Conference, Ballarat University, Victoria, Australia, 1999 6. Report on sustainable ICT: analysis and overview of case studies, Batchelor S, Norrish P, Scott N, Webb M, Jan 2003 7. The Digital Devide, in http://gguillotin.chez.tiscali.fr 8. Zambia: Content Development Directory in http://www.uneca.org/aisi/nici/country_profiles/index.htm 9. Partnering public, private and civic society, By Berhane Mewa, in Ethiopia in the Knowledge age, conference organized by the British Council, June 2001. 10. E-business in the Developing World, Africa and Ethiopia, Ethiopia in the Knowledge Age conference, A paper presented the conference on information and communication technology and development held between 18-20 June 2001, by: Ben Akoh of ICTAfrica Plc., ETHIOPIA IN THE KNOWLEDGE AGE, Report on a conference organised by the British Council and Ethiopian partners, Addis Ababa, 18-20 June 2001. Connecting Communities to the Internet: Evaluation of the Wired Up Communities Programme of England, By: David Devins, Alison Darlow, Andrew Petrie and Tom Burden, Policy Research Institute of the Leeds Metropolitan University, Queen's Prnters, 2003.

11.

12.

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Ethiopias Response to Draft WSIS Declaration of Principles and Action Plans, Prepared by the National WSIS Taskforce and the Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency, June 2003. Fostering the Capacities of the Ethiopia Civil Society to Influence ICT Policies, By Lishan Adam, The Association for Progressive Communications (APC), Africa ICT Policy Monitor Project, 2002. International Chamber of Commerce: Commission on E-Business, IT and Telecoms (EBITT) - Factsheet, January 2003. Digital Discourses: An Essay On Ict In Development, by Steffen Dalsgaard, in Approaches to Development 2001. ICT a Walking Practice In Ethiopia, by Hailu Abiebie, HillMark Ethiopia Plc, A paper presented the conference on information and communication technology and development held between 18-20 June 2001. Local Content Creation Consulting, April 2001. and e-Commerce, Carey-Ann Jackson

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Access and Utilisation of ICTs: the Case of Distance Education in Ethiopia by Yared Getachew, Ethiopian Civil Service College, 2002. Women Resource Database: An Attempt at CERTWID, Addis Ababa University, by Rahel Kebede, A paper presented the conference on information and communication technology and development held between 18-20 June 2001. Information communication technology (ict) for people: a human centred approach to grassroots level empowerment, By Unnikrishnan P. V., Sureshkumar. M, Anvar Sadath, April 2002. Survey on local content: summary of views. Ministry of Culture and Heritage of New Zeland, December 1999 ICT Policy of Bangladesh, Government of Bangladesh, 2002

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Double-edged IT, by Zubair Faisal Abbasi, Himal magazine, Feb 2000 Open Knowledge Networks (OKN), Http://www.dgroups.org, 2003 Recording and Using Indigenous Knowledge, in http://www.panasia.org.sg, 2003 Internet Usage Statistics, Internet World Stats, 2003 Content Broadcasting draft legislation, the Content Commission of South Africa, 2002. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) In Nicaragua, By: Johan Ernberg, Senior Consultant, 7Cs Worldbridge Group, Stockholm, September 2002. Collecting and Propagating Local Content Development, By Peter Ballantyne, DFID, May 2002. Information Communication Technology (ICT) for Development, Evaluation Office Workshop for Essentials, UNDP, November 2001. The challenges of developing localized applications: Beyond the standards, By Gebreselassie G. Anenia, CUSTOR COMPUTING, 2001. ICT for Development: Essentials, Syntesis of Lessons Learned, UNDP Evaluation Office, September 2001. Streaming and Broadcasting over the Internet, By Markus Hofmann and Krishan Sabnani, Bell Labs Research, Holmdel, NJ, USA, 2002. CREATING A PARTICIPATORY TELECENTER ENTERPRISE By Raul Roman and Royal Colle of Cornell University, Paper prepared for the Participatory Communication Research Section in the annual meeting of International Association for Media and Communication Research, Barcelona, July 21-26, 2002. Access is More than Hardware: Building a Constituency for Telecenters, By R.D. Colle, R. Roman, and F. Yang, paper prepared

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.103.

37.

for INET2000, The 10th Annual Internet Society Conference, Yokohama, July, 2000. The Legal Framework for Freedom of Expression in Ethiopia, Article 19 - Global Campaign for free Expression, By Daniel Bekele and Fatou Jagne, Africa Programme Officer of ARTICLE 19, Addis Abeba, 2001. Creating a Development Dynamic, Final Report of the Digital Opportunity Initiative, Digital Opportunity Task Force, Washington, July, 2001. Sustaining The Community Telecenter Movement, By Raul Roman & Royal D. Colle, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, US, 2001

38.

39.

Annex III - Future Plan of Institutions in Content Development

Institution Addis Lissan Press/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs Abiotawi Democracy Press Ministry of Health Future Plan We Plan to networking all departments and Ethiopian News Agency too. Our future plan is to exchanging information by using internet as a back bone We have planned to expand our network system both localy and internationally We have planned to have web site in the near future.

National Archieves & Library of Links to database of national biblography, on line information service based on request by user, BiEthiopia annual magazine, publishing, up-loading every six month our website Justice and Legal System Research We have a plan to organize a computer department to handle the content development and others Institute related to IT areas. Oxfam GB We are asking to a web site on breaking the cycle of poverty by involving various stakeholders on the country Ministry of Youth Sports & Culture The ministry is in the process of establishing content dev't in the future . An information centre is being organised. We threfore would like to benefit from ICT project being undertake by the ministry of capacity building ICT Dev't Central Statistical Authority A small project is underway to develop a website develop a structured data base and obtain a liesed line for the Internet. After completion of this project our content will be a valuable to wers on the Internet. Ethiopian Mapping Authority Upgrading Database System, Websitee Designing Ministry of Infrastructure Ministry of Education Ethiopian Geo logical Survey MOFED Rroad Transport Authority EthiopianInvestment Authority Ethiopian Corporation The website will be developed in near future & will be available for the public Currently the Ministry ddoesn't have a web sitee, but it is on process to implement in the coming 6 month. We to develop the throughout the country as much as possible. Expanding the current websit development The ministry of infrastructure is developing a joint setup with the organizations under its responsiblities this includes a web-site development and interrnet system for timely exchange and wide disttrobbitopm pf omfpr,atopm between the Organizations unde To develop MIS for the organization

Telecominications The future plan of the corporation is to give service in a sense of urgency with delievery result. In general to reach and satisfy it's customers as well as to make profit.

.105.
Institution Policena Ermijaw Ministry of Agriculture Ethiopian Broadcast Agency SIM Future Plan We have planned to use scanner on our computer system. We have planned to have our own web site in the near future. Moreover, we have planned to broadeen the content of the press' policena ermijaw'. A project to build a national agricultural information system is underway. The Ethiopian Broadcast agency is a regulatory bosy that develops standards and guide lines for public and private broadcasters. The instittution doesn't involve directly in program content development but it regulates the contents that are broadcasted by Web site on Devinet

National Aid & Rehabilitation center for Establishment of community info center, publish news letters, Website services, Bulleting & other Needy Children/ NARCNC/ TEC materials, Coffee for educaation program Lutheran World Federation Ethiopia Yes, We have planned to have our own website and improve our content development in the coming few years. Norwegian Church Aid / Ethiopia We are trying to have our own web site and communicate more widely with local and international organizations. ZoA Refugees Care Netherlands We have a plan to expand our capacity in regard to using ICT in the future Mekane Hizunan Welfare Association Project Mercy We don't have any plan now. In the future we may have. We are planning to broaden our capacity in content planning in the future.

Integrated Holisstic Approach-Urban We like to have our website in the future because the project is now trying to work on urban workers' dev't project (IHAUDP) institutee. We believe the website will help for and inforrmation excchange tool which will help the institute very much Water Aid Ethiopia Expand update network of the organixation Werfare for the street mothers and We plan to update our website on regular bases Children Organization Winrock International We are phasing pverr our project activities right now and we have plan to search for financial sources. Cooperaazione Internazionale (COOPI) To in stale integrated /rural development project focusing of women in benishangul national regional state- Maintating vocational training of employment project targeting the street children, youth, unemployed youth mainly gilss, Street children, Includin Save the Children Denmark There is no specific plan by save the children Denmark; but save the children a;;oance in Ethiopia has a plan to have a joint Web-site for commen issue Catholic Relief Services We are going to continue upgrading our information technology system & feed information to our head quarters for the centerally managed web site and other global publication Action aid Ethiopia We have plan to work on ICT fir the poor projects in the future Centre International Dev't & Research To develop micro insurance on rural base. To develope Micro credit & Servings on rural base (CIDR)

.106.
Institution Inter Aid France Panos Ethiopia Progynist Future Plan IAF intends to develop a website in the future. This will be atlist provide information on innovations, interventions and approachs of IAF world widee. Will contine with existing programmes and expand some of them We finish the 10th year plan and now we began the new 5 year program

Adventist Development and Relief Forr now we do not have plan to content development Agency (ADRA) Oromia Information and PR Bureau We have the project of radio and TV Transmiter which begin on 2006 Farm Africa Farm Africa would like to work innovative ( as usual) and dessiminate its work further. Medico Socio Development Assistance We have a plan to establish it section and upgrade our network information. for Ethiopia Mahtot We have a plan to broaden our level of communication using internet web site locally and internationally. Rema Wongel Press We have got no plan, but on the basis of vision, we want to have a well organized system of communication in the future . We want to gather and dissiminate information about the community in a systematized way. New Life Ministry We used to have a content in development sector among communities specially in youth area so that we consider to have a comminication with relevant organization which can help and support us financially, technically and people skill. Women and Children We do have explain in the future to have our own web site Moses Children Hone Oromo Self Help Organization Addis Hiwot We don't have the plan actually, but we may have it conditionally Yes, we have planned to communicte locally and internationally using website in the future. We don't have future plan in this regard, but we may have it sometime when we don't it badly.

Nazereth Children Center and A search, file download and comment features will soon be available Integrated Development (NACID) Kangaroo Children and Youth We want to expand our capacity in content development in the coming 2 or 3 years Development Ethiopian Anti-AIDS women No, we don't have any future plan in this regard Association Berhane Hiwot Children's Village and Our organization is not plan specifically for this purpose. family service Org. Abebech Gobena Orphanage & School We have programme to develop our information content by developing a website in near future. Selam Environmental Development Development Organizational Websitee- Utilization of ICT at grass root level, community level.-

.107.
Institution Association AAl-Nejah Charity Organization Association of Dev worehimeno (ADAW) Cher-Ethiopia Rado Sige Women Develop.Assoc. Women Aid Ethiopia & Aid Future Plan Improved stakeholders communication regarding development We are thinking of connecting all our branch offices with internet which Likes the communication cases & we do not have any plan to develop web site for the org. in Reeproductive Health care, Harmful cultural practices avoidance. we have planned to develop website.- We enveloped the staff member to develop their capacity to wards information system We are trying to develop a website in connection with the British Council It would have been good and valuable if we develop the web site that illustrates the organization's activities. So in the near future, we have a plan to develop., with regard to the questioner it is ambigious for such question it would be much better and In the near future we plan to develop our weebsite.

Afar Pastoralist Development To develop web site Association Amhara Development Association Basic education- basic health- Basic skill training and many others AgriServioce Ethiopia We have plan to modify and expand our url capacity in order to disseminate information with good manner in addition to driving we will subscribe a website address from telecom.net.et African Humanitarian Aid and Dissiminaating Brrochers to our regional projects and the beneficiaries of the project- Printing of Development Agency posters which hold slogans that can selecte a behavioral change towards AIDS/HIV The Children's Heartt Fund of Ethiopia Content upgrading of website, Editing Brochures.Upgrading hardware. Instalcing ' Devinet' Alem Children Support Organization Selam Children's Village Feed the Children Addis Development Vision To strengthen the already exhibiting Web page by making it more practical and easier to use We do have a plan to cover some other region then Addis Ababa. We would like to develop our own website In the future we would like to work with any NGO who had the aim of Development concern.

RiftValey Children & Women We want develop quarterly or annual news letter Development Association Rehabilitation Center for Victims of We have plan and this plan would be carried out when the Addis Ababa city government approves the Torture in Ethiopia/RCVTE? plan and tripartile agreement is signedd Ethiopian Gemine Trust Upgrade our web site, Develop educational videos, presemt mew [amplets Ethiopian Orthodox Church- EOC-DICAC is on process to establish its own website also to start radio spot message on radion fana. Development and inter church Aid commission

.108.
Institution Pro prid. Future Plan

There is too much taught about HIV/AIDS there for we would like to work with NGO hence we do have a plan to develop our own web site Ethiopian Muslims Relief and We have a plan in the future to re-establish our website via telecom.net.et, for it to be directly to Development Association emrda, a plan to give this task to be done by professional web page developers. Donkey for Development Organization WE intended to stop it because of financial problem Mary Joy A.T.D Kicker NewsPaper Wastna Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce Moged We are planning to have an ICT Department in the future so that we will be able to keep & exchange information properly We have planned to have web site and communicate with other presses locally and internationaly To change this newspaper to magazine in the neer future. Promoting the interest of its members, Serving us a bridge between the business comminity and the government, providing business support services, and promoting exports. Yes, increasing the number of pages of the newspaper.

Media and Communication Center( the We have planned to use local network we want to have a communication with branch sectors using reporter) local internet and international internet. Press Digest Yes, we've got a plan to expand our capacity in information communication both locally and internationally. Ruh Press P.L.C. We want to stop publishing the press in the near future. Tikusat Newspaper Brilliant Children's Newspaperr Emmanuel DEvelopment Association The Scope Newspaper Hayat Advertising PLC. General Publishing PLC. Hibret Mastawekia Medical Newsletter Brilliant Production Tesfa Publisher Office for the Woyen Newspaper We don't havee any future plan at this budget year. We are planning to start parents' Megazine that will be published monthly. Tthe contents includee parenting, family development isues other social issues. We plan to have our own publication center We intended to advance in coverage of publishing & having our own web page. We inclined to advertising rather than publishing. Currentrly due to some reasons we stop publishing the journal intitled Genzeb I would like to have my own web site Uwsing Website We have a plan to launch a 10-minute children shows on ETV Still it is under a plan We don't have any intended plan in the future

Annex IV - Status of Electrification by Region

(1995 E.F.Y) No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Name of Woreda Town Addis Ababa Ab Ala Melka Worer Deli pagie Awash SebatKilo Ayissita Dubti (Gulina) Kolewina Durbete Adet Wuchale Chacha Agew Gimjabet Lumame Enjibara Yejube Gerba Lalibela Bure Kemise Dabat Debark Debre Berhan Debre Berhan Debre Markos Debre Tabour Dejen Dembecha Chushit Dangola Dessie Tita Karakorie Debre Work Bichena Status Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified 1 Addis Ababa Woreda '01-28 2 Afar 3 Afar 4 Afar 5 Afar 6 Afar 7 Afar 8 Afar 9 Amhara 10 Amhara 11 Amhara 12 Amhara 13 Amhara 14 Amhara 15 Amhara 16 Amhara 17 Amhara 18 Amhara 19 Amhara 20 Amhara 21 Amhara 22 Amhara 23 Amhara 24 Amhara 25 Amhara 26 Amhara 27 Amhara 28 Amhara 29 Amhara 30 Amhara 31 Amhara 32 Amhara 33 Amhara 34 Amhara 35 Amhara Ab Ala Amibara Artuma Awash Fentale Ayissaita Dubti Gulina Achefer Adot Ambassel Angolelatorana Asagert Ankesha Awabel Banja Baso Liben Bati Bugna Bure Womberma Chefe Golana Dewe Rhemedo Dabat Debark Debre Berhan Debre Berhan Zuriana Keyit Debre Markos Debre Tabour Dejen Dembecha Dembia Dengole Dessie Dessie Zuria Efratana Gidim Enarj Enawga Enemay

.110.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Faggeta Lekoma Fogera Gera Midina Keya Gebrial Gondar Zuria Guangus Guzamin Harbu Jabi Tehnan Kemekem Kewet Kobo Kombolcha Kutaber Lay Armacho Lay Betna Tach Bet Lay Gayent Machakel Mafud Mezezo Mojana Wadra Mama Midrina Lalo Midir Merawi Metema Sokota Tehuledere Tenta Wegera Were Ilu Woldia Woreda 01 Woreda 01 Woreda 02 Woreda 02 Woreda 03 Woreda 03 Name of Woreda Town Addis Kidame Woreta Mehal Meda Teda Chagni Chemoga Mersa Fenote Selam Addis Zemen Shewa Robit Kobo Kombolcha Kutaber Tikil Dingay Alem Ketema Nefas Mewcha Amanuel Mezezo Molalie Merawi Shehedi Sekola Hayik Ajebar Amba Giorgis Were Ilu Woldiya Gonder Bahir Dar Gonder Bahir Dar Gonder Bahir Dar Asoss Manbuk Melka Jebdu Dire Dawa Dire Dawa Dire Dawa Dire Dawa Status Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified

36 Amhara 37 Amhara 38 Amhara 39 Amhara 40 Amhara 41 Amhara 42 Amhara 43 Amhara 44 Amhara 45 Amhara 46 Amhara 47 Amhara 48 Amhara 49 Amhara 50 Amhara 51 Amhara 52 Amhara 53 Amhara 54 Amhara 55 Amhara 56 Amhara 57 Amhara 58 Amhara 59 Amhara 60 Amhara 61 Amhara 62 Amhara 63 Amhara 64 Amhara 65 Amhara 66 Amhara 67 Amhara 68 Amhara

69 Benishangul Asosa 70 Benishangul Dangur 71 Dire Dawa 72 Dire Dawa 73 Dire Dawa 74 Dire Dawa 75 Dire Dawa Melka Jebdu Woreda 01 Woreda 02 Woreda 03 Woreda 04

.111.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Gambela 01 02 03 (Ejerie) Addis Alem Abay Chomen Ada'a Chukala Adaba Adama Adami Tuluna Jido Kombolcha Adda Berga Adolena Wadera Agarfa Akaki Ale Alem Gena Amaya Ambo Anfilo Arsi Negele Babile BakoTibe Becho Bedele Berehna Aleltu Boke Bokoji Boset Cheliya Chiro Ddodotana Sire Deder Dedesa Dendi Dera Dodola Dugda Bora Elu Fentale Gechi Name of Woreda Town Gambela Harar Harar Harar Addis Alem Fincha'a Dukem Adaba Nazret Adami tulu Enchini KibreMengist Agarfa Akaki Gore Alem Gena Gindo Ambo Mugi Arsi Negele Babile Bako Tulu Bolo Bedele Fiche Gelila Boke Tiko Bokoji Doni Gedo Asebe Teferi Sina Deder Donbi Ginchi Gundo Meskel Dodola Meki Asgori Metehara D/Selam Gechi Status Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified

76 Gambella 77 Harari 78 Harari 79 Harari 80 Oromia 81 Oromia 82 Oromia 83 Oromia 84 Oromia 85 Oromia 86 Oromia 87 Oromia 88 Oromia 89 Oromia 90 Oromia 91 Oromia 92 Oromia 93 Oromia 94 Oromia 95 Oromia 96 Oromia 97 Oromia 98 Oromia 99 Oromia 100 Oromia 101 Oromia 102 Oromia 103 Oromia 104 Oromia 105 Oromia 106 Oromia 107 Oromia 108 Oromia 109 Oromia 110 Oromia 111 Oromia 112 Oromia 113 Oromia 114 Oromia 115 Oromia

.112.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Gedeb Gegem Gera Gerar Jerso Gimbi Ginir Goba Gola Odana Meyumul Goma Guduru Gursum Harbo Haro Maya Hidabu Abote Hitaso Jeju Jimma Arjo Jimma Horo Jimma rare Kembibit Keraana Kondaltiti Kersa Kersa Kofele Kuni Kuyu Lalo Asabi Liben LOme Mana Mennana Herena Bulu Merti Meta Meta Robi Metu Mieso Moyale Mulona Sululta Nejo Odo Shakiso Name of Woreda Town Asasa Anbiso Chira Fiche Gimbi Ginir Goba Burka Agaro Kombolcha/Guduru Fugnan Bira Gelemso Alamaya Ejero Iteya Arboye Arjo Shambu Wayu Sheno Leman Serbo Kersa Kofele Bedesa Gebre Guracha Inango Negele Mojo Yebu Menna Abomsa Chelenko Sheno Metu Mieso Moyale Chancho Nejo Shakiso Status Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified

116 Oromia 117 Oromia 118 Oromia 119 Oromia 120 Oromia 121 Oromia 122 Oromia 123 Oromia 124 Oromia 125 Oromia 126 Oromia 127 Oromia 128 Oromia 129 Oromia 130 Oromia 131 Oromia 132 Oromia 133 Oromia 134 Oromia 135 Oromia 136 Oromia 137 Oromia 138 Oromia 139 Oromia 140 Oromia 141 Oromia 142 Oromia 143 Oromia 144 Oromia 145 Oromia 146 Oromia 147 Oromia 148 Oromia 149 Oromia 150 Oromia 151 Oromia 152 Oromia 153 Oromia 154 Oromia 155 Oromia

.113.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Seka Chekorsa Seyo Shashemene Sinanana Dinsho Sokoru Tikur Tiyo Tuto Walisona Goro Walmara Wara Jerso Wonchi Wuchalena Jido Yaya Gulelena D/Liba Yayu Alaba Aleta Wendo Angacha Arba Minch Zuria Awasa Badawacho Bako Gazer Bench Boreda Abaya Bule Cheha Chencha Dale Damot Gale Damot Weyde Dara Dirashe Special Woreda Donke Goro Hula Humbo Kacha Bira Kedida Gamola Kindo Koysha Konteb Name of Woreda Town SekaChekorsa Dembi Dolo Shashemene Robe Sokoru Enchini Asela Hirna Goro Holeta Genet Gohatsion Chitu Muka Turi DEbre Tsige Yayu Alaba Kulito Aleta Wendo Angacha Arba Minch Awasa Sheno Jinka Mizan Biroir Bule Gubro Dorze Yirgalem Boditi Bedesa Teferi Gidole Gerese Welkite Hagere Selam Tebela ShinShicho Durame Bele Morsito Status Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified

156 Oromia 157 Oromia 158 Oromia 159 Oromia 160 Oromia 161 Oromia 162 Oromia 163 Oromia 164 Oromia 165 Oromia 166 Oromia 167 Oromia 168 Oromia 169 Oromia 170 Oromia 171 S.N.N.P 172 S.N.N.P 173 S.N.N.P 174 S.N.N.P 175 S.N.N.P 176 S.N.N.P 177 S.N.N.P 178 S.N.N.P 179 S.N.N.P 180 S.N.N.P 181 S.N.N.P 182 S.N.N.P 183 S.N.N.P 184 S.N.N.P 185 S.N.N.P 186 S.N.N.P 187 S.N.N.P 188 S.N.N.P 189 S.N.N.P 190 S.N.N.P 191 S.N.N.P 192 S.N.N.P 193 S.N.N.P 194 S.N.N.P 195 S.N.N.P

.114.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Lanfro Meskenena Mareko Offa Omo Sheiwko Shebedino Sodo Sodo Zuria Soro Wenago Yeki Yirga Chefe Babile Degehabur Dolo Odo Gode Jijiga Kebridahar Mieso MirabEmi(Shebele) Moyale Shinilie Warder Adwa Alaje Alamats Asegede Taimbola Endamohoni Enderta Enticho(Adi Ahferom) Ganta Afesahum Hawzen Hintalo Wajirat Kafta Humera KolaTemben Laelay Maychew Medebay Zena Mereb Lehe Ofla Qulomahda Rayaazebo-Mehoni Name of Woreda Town Torra Butajira Gesuba Mudula Leku Bue Sodo Gimbichu Wenago Toppi Yirga Chefe Babile Degehabur Dolo Gode Jijiga Kebridahar Mieso Gudelcha (Emi) or Shebele Moyale Shinile Warder Adwa Adishehu Alamata Endabsguna Maychew Aynalem Enticho Adigrat Hawzen Adigudem Humera Abi Adi Axum Selehleha Rama Korem Zalambesa Meras Status Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified

196 S.N.N.P 197 S.N.N.P 198 S.N.N.P 199 S.N.N.P 200 S.N.N.P 201 S.N.N.P 202 S.N.N.P 203 S.N.N.P 204 S.N.N.P 205 S.N.N.P 206 S.N.N.P 207 Somalia 208 Somalia 209 Somalia 210 Somalia 211 Somalia 212 Somalia 213 Somalia 214 Somalia 215 Somalia 216 Somalia 217 Somalia 218 Tigray 219 Tigray 220 Tigray 221 Tigray 222 Tigray 223 Tigray 224 Tigray 225 Tigray 226 Tigray 227 Tigray 228 Tigray 229 Tigray 230 Tigray 231 Tigray 232 Tigray 233 Tigray 234 Tigray 235 Tigray

.115.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Saeai Twedaemba Tahtay Maychew TahtayKoraro Woreda 1 Woreda 2 Woreda 3 Wukro Afambo Afdera Argoba Special Woreda Bure Mudeyta Chifra Daiul Dewe Elidar Erebti Fursi Megale SimurobiGele'Alo Teru Alefa Ankober Antsokiyana Gemza Bahir Dar Zuria Belesa Bibugn Dera Gidan Guba Lafto Kalu Siyadebrina Wayu Ensaro Tana Hayik Werebabu Name of Woreda Town Freweyni WukroMaray Endaselasie Mekele Mekele Mekele Wukro Afambo Afdera Argoba Debel Chifra Dalul Woderagic Blidar Erebti Abaakibora Megale Adaalegended Teru Shawra Gorobela Mekoy Zege Arbaya Digus Tsion Ambasel Muja Guba Lafto Degaga Deneba Tana Hayik Bistma Agalo Mite Beji Belo Jegonfoy Kamashi Komesha Oda Sherkole Status Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Electrified Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned

236 Tigray 237 Tigray 238 Tigray 239 Tigray 240 Tigray 241 Tigray 242 Tigray 243 Afar 244 Afar 245 Afar 246 Afar 247 Afar 248 Afar 249 Afar 250 Afar 251 Afar 252 Afar 253 Afar 254 Afar 255 Afar 256 Amhara 257 Amhara 258 Amhara 259 Amhara 260 Amhara 261 Amhara 262 Amhara 263 Amhara 264 Amhara 265 Amhara 266 Amhara 267 Amhara 268 Amhara

269 Benishangul Agalo Mite 270 Benishangul Beji 271 Benishangul Belo Jegonfoy 272 Benishangul Kamashi 273 Benishangul Komesha 274 Benishangul Oda Gobere 275 Benishangul Sherkole

.116.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Name of Woreda Town Koncho Tongo Yaso Dimma Jor Guwangua Alibo Bedeno Ano Dipa Ifa Tijo Diksis Gelana Abaya Girawa Chancho Kemna Bila Gute Hareto Korcha Huruta Karawacha Hamus Gebeya Nada Galo Siraro Abasa Micha Supe Mote Yubdo Ufa Arkit Murder Adadilo Bikere (Filtu) Dembel(Gurgura) Ejersa Goro ( Jarso) Status Not planned Not planned Not planned Not Planned Not planned Not planned Not Planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not Planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not Planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not Planned Not Planned Not Planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned Not planned

276 Benishangul Sirba Abay 277 Benishangul Tongo Special Woreda 278 Benishangul Yaso 279 Gambella 280 Gambella 281 Oromia 282 Oromia 283 Oromia 284 Oromia 285 Oromia 286 Oromia 287 Oromia 288 Oromia 289 Oromia 290 Oromia 291 Oromia 292 Oromia 293 Oromia 294 Oromia 295 Oromia 296 Oromia 297 Oromia 298 Oromia 299 Oromia 300 Oromia 301 Oromia 302 Oromia 303 Oromia 304 Oromia 305 Oromia 306 Oromia 307 Oromia 308 S.N.N.P 309 S.N.N.P 310 S.N.N.P 311 Somalia 312 Somalia 313 Somalia 314 Somalia 315 Somalia Dimma Jor Abaya Amuru Jerte Bedeno Bile Seyo Darimu Diga Leka Digeeluna Tijo Dikaia Gelana Abaya Girawa Gololcha Guba Koricha Gudaya Bile Guto Wayu Jimma Genet Kercha Lodie Metosa Melka Balo Mida Qagni Omonada Sasiga Seraro Seru Seweyna Supena Sodo Wama Bonaya Yubdo Ginbo Gumer Surna Adadilo Bikere(Filtu) Dembel(Gurgura) Ejersa Goro (Jarso) Goro Bokeksa

.117.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Gura Damole Gursum Misrak Emmi Telalak Gawo Dale Jarso Chereti (Woyib) Aura Berahle Dulecha Ewa Gewane Koneba Mile Yalo Tach Gayent Addi Arkay Artuma Furaina Jile Berehit Beyeda Chilga Dawuntana Delant Debay Telatgen Debre Sina Dega Damot Dehana Ebenat Enbise Sar Midir Este Farta Goncha Siso Enese Goshe Rabel Hagere Mariamna Kesme Hulet Ej Enese Jama Janamora Kelela Kuarit Legambo Mekdela Name of Woreda Town Gura Damole Gursum Misrak Emmi Nemelafen Kake Jarso Chereti (Woyib) Aura(Derayitu) Borahle Dulecha (Ewas)AleleSubula Gewane Koneba Mile (Yalo)Dibins Arb Gebeya Addi Arkay Chefe Robit Metitcha Bila Dilyibza Ayikel Wogeltena Kuyi Mekane Selam Feres Bet Amde Work Ebenat Merto Lemariam Mekane Yesus Kimir Dingay Ginde Weyin Rabel Shola Gebeya Mota Degolo Mekane Berhan Kelela Gebeze Mariam Akesta Masha Status Not planned Not planned Not planned Notplanned Notplanned Notplanned Plaanned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned

316 Somalia 317 Somalia 318 Somalia 319 Afar 320 Oromia 321 Oromia 322 Somalia 323 Afar 324 Afar 325 Afar 326 Afar 327 Afar 328 Afar 329 Afar 330 Afar 331 Amhara 332 Amhara 333 Amhara 334 Amhara 335 Amhara 336 Amhara 337 Amhara 338 Amhara 339 Amhara 340 Amhara 341 Amhara 342 Amhara 343 Amhara 344 Amhara 345 Amhara 346 Amhara 347 Amhara 348 Amhara 349 Amhara 350 Amhara 351 Amhara 352 Amhara 353 Amhara 354 Amhara 355 Amhara

.118.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Meket Minjarna Shenkora Moretna Juru Quara Sanja Sayint Sekela Shebel Berenta Simada Wadla Weremo Wajetuna Mid Wogde Zikuala Name of Woreda Town Filakit Gereger Arerti Enewari Tewodros Ketema Abderafi Ajebar Gishe Abay Yed Wuha Wegera Kone Meragna Mahdere Selam Siyalowa Bambasi Bulen Dibato Mankush Burmuk Genete Mariam Mange Almu Debre zeit Abobo Akobo (Torgol) Godere (Meti) Gog (Fugnido) Itang (Jicawo ) Telut Adele TuluWayu Mendida Mets Gefersa Aseko Guliso Begi Haro Dumai Bila Bore Bure Chole Status Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned

356 Amhara 357 Amhara 358 Amhara 359 Amhara 360 Amhara 361 Amhara 362 Amhara 363 Amhara 364 Amhara 365 Amhara 366 Amhara 367 Amhara 368 Amhara

369 Benishangul Bambasi 370 Benishangul Bulen 371 Benishangul Dibate 372 Benishangul Guba 373 Benishangul Kurmuk 374 Benishangul Mandura 375 Benishangul Menge 376 Benishangul Pawe Special Woreda 377 Benishangul Wonbera 378 Gambella 379 Gambella 380 Gambella 381 Gambella 382 Gambella 383 Gambella 384 Oromia 385 Oromia 386 Oromia 387 Oromia 388 Oromia 389 Oromia 390 Oromia 391 Oromia 392 Oromia 393 Oromia 394 Oromia 395 Oromia Abobo Akobo Godere Special Wereda Gog Itang Jicawo Aamigna Abe Dongoro Abichona Gne'a Arero Asoko Ayra Guliso Begi Berbore Boji Bore Bure Chole

.119.
No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Chora Dale Lalo Dano Darolebu Dawo Dedo Dega Dire Doda Fedis Geserana Gololcha Gida Kiremu Gimbichu Ginde Beret Goro Goro Gutu Guradamole Hagere Mariam Haru Hawa Welele Inbantu Jarso Jeldu Jimma Gidami Kokir Kokosa Kombolcha Kurfa Chele Legehida Limu Limu Kose Limu Seka Mana Sibu Meda Welabu Mesola Munesa Nensebo Nole Kabss Nono Nono Name of Woreda Town Kumbabe Alem Teferi Sayo Machara Busa Sheki Dega Mega Doba Boke Jara Gida Ayana Chefe Donsa Kachise Goro Karamilic Haro Dibe Hagere Mariam Guyi Rob Gebeya Hinde Ejersa Goro Gojo Gidami Chulule Kokosa Melka Refu Kurfa Chele Beltu Gelila Genet Atango Mendi Bidire Mesela Kersa Werka Bude Birbiraa Shanan Status Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned

396 Oromia 397 Oromia 398 Oromia 399 Oromia 400 Oromia 401 Oromia 402 Oromia 403 Oromia 404 Oromia 405 Oromia 406 Oromia 407 Oromia 408 Oromia 409 Oromia 410 Oromia 411 Oromia 412 Oromia 413 Oromia 414 Oromia 415 Oromia 416 Oromia 417 Oromia 418 Oromia 419 Oromia 420 Oromia 421 Oromia 422 Oromia 423 Oromia 424 Oromia 425 Oromia 426 Oromia 427 Oromia 428 Oromia 429 Oromia 430 Oromia 431 Oromia 432 Oromia 433 Oromia 434 Oromia 435 Oromia

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No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Nunu Kumbe Raytu Robe Setema Sherka Sibu Sire Sigmo Sude Teltele Tena Tiro Afeta Tole Uraga Yabelo Ziway Dugda Amaro (Kale) Special Woreda Arbegona Aroresa Basketo Bensa Boloso Sore Burji Special Woreda Chona Dalocha Decha Dita Dermelo Dizi Ela Enemorena eaner Ezhana Wolene Gesha Gofa Zuria Hamer Bena Kemba Kochere Kokir Gedebano Guta Konso Special Woreda Kucha Kuraz (Geleb) Lasra Tocha Name of Woreda Town Nunu Tebecha Bela's Robe Gatira Gobesa Sire Sigmo Kula Teltele Ticho Dimtu Bantu Solomo Yabelo Ogotcho Kele Arbegona Mejo Laska Daye Bombe Edget Soyama Wacha Dalocha Chiri Wacha Maji Chida Gunchire Agena Yadeta Sawla Key Afer Kemba Gedeb Mehal Aroba Segen Selamber Omorate Bale Status Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned

436 Oromia 437 Oromia 438 Oromia 439 Oromia 440 Oromia 441 Oromia 442 Oromia 443 Oromia 444 Oromia 445 Oromia 446 Oromia 447 Oromia 448 Oromia 449 Oromia 450 Oromia 451 S.N.N.P 452 S.N.N.P 453 S.N.N.P 454 S.N.N.P 455 S.N.N.P 456 S.N.N.P 457 S.N.N.P 458 S.N.N.P 459 S.N.N.P 460 S.N.N.P 461 S.N.N.P 462 S.N.N.P 463 S.N.N.P 464 S.N.N.P 465 S.N.N.P 466 S.N.N.P 467 S.N.N.P 468 S.N.N.P 469 S.N.N.P 470 S.N.N.P 471 S.N.N.P 472 S.N.N.P 473 S.N.N.P 474 S.N.N.P 475 S.N.N.P

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No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Limo Loma Bosa Masha Anderscha Meinit Melokoza Menjiwo Merka Gena Selamago Selti Sheko Telo Yem Special Woreda Zala Ubamale Afdem Afder(Hargele) Aware Awbere(Teferi Ber) Ayesha Bare Boh Danan Danot Deboweyin Degehamedo Dihun Dolobay Elekere(Goro) or Serer Erer Ferfer Fig Geladin Gerbo Hamero Harshin Kebri Beyah Kelafo Legehida Liben Meyumuluke Misrak Gashamo Name of Woreda Town Fonko Loma Bale Masha Bachuma Leha Adiya Kaka Waka Hana Werabe Dima Felege Selam (Sokoru) Fofa Beto Afdem Afder (Hargelo) Aware Awbere ( Teferi Ber) Ayesha Bare Boh Danan Danot Har Ad Degehamedo Geresely Dolobay (Weldiya) Kore (Goro) or Serer Erer Ferfer Fig Geladin Gerbo Hamero Harshin Kebri Beyah Kelafo Legehida Filtu Meyumuluke Gashamo Status Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned

476 S.N.N.P 477 S.N.N.P 478 S.N.N.P 479 S.N.N.P 480 S.N.N.P 481 S.N.N.P 482 S.N.N.P 483 S.N.N.P 484 S.N.N.P 485 S.N.N.P 486 S.N.N.P 487 S.N.N.P 488 S.N.N.P 489 Somalia 490 Somalia 491 Somalia 492 Somalia 493 Somalia 494 Somalia 495 Somalia 496 Somalia 497 Somalia 498 Somalia 499 Somalia 500 Somalia 501 Somalia 502 Somalia 503 Somalia 504 Somalia 505 Somalia 506 Somalia 507 Somalia 508 Somalia 509 Somalia 510 Somalia 511 Somalia 512 Somalia 513 Somalia 514 Somalia 515 Somalia

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No. Region Name of Administration/Woreda Mustahil Segeg Selehad Shekosh Shilabo Abergele Alsbi Wenberta Brob Degna Temben Laelay Adiyabo Naeder Adet (AdetNaeder) Samre Tahtay Adiyabo Tegede-Negus Ketema Teklemti Welkait Werio Lohe Name of Woreda Town Mustahil Segeg Selehad Shekosh Shilabo Yeohila Atabi Endeselas Alitena Hagere selam Addi Dacno Edaga selus (Debregenet) Samre Shiraro Edagahamus Maytobri Addi Remota Edaga Arbi Status Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned Planned

516 Somalia 517 Somalia 518 Somalia 519 Somalia 520 Somalia 521 Tigray 522 Tigray 523 Tigray 524 Tigray 525 Tigray 526 Tigray 527 Tigray 528 Tigray 529 Tigray 530 Tigray 531 Tigray 532 Tigray

Source: EEPCo, 03/10/2003. Note: Total number of woredas is 558. Inluded in the above list are Addis abeba=28 woredas, Hararri=3 Woredas, Diredawa P.A = 4 woredas,Amhara (Bahir Ddar and Gondar) = 6 woredas and Tigray= 3 Woredas.

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Annex V - Annotated Internet Sites with Ethiopian Content

Addis Ababa University Official university site. Includes Institute of Development Research, IDR, the Insitute of Ethiopian Studies, Ethiopian Languages Research Center, the libraries, etc. [KF] http://www.aau.edu.et/ Addis Tribune Recent news, past news stories from 1996 + , the e edition of the Addis Ababa newspaper. http://www.addistribune.com/ Addisweb Extensive directory of web sites (some annotated) on Ethiopia. Includes news, politics, food, photographs, restaurants, history, and more. http://www.addisweb.com AddisWord A word processor for Amharic. From Ethiolist Services, Gilroy, California. http://www.ethiolist.com/body_addisword.html Adwa: An African Victory Film by Haile Gerima which "documents the victory of Ethiopian patriots over the invading colonial power of Italy at Adwa, in the northern part of Ethiopia in 1896. The victory was not only a historical landmark to Ethiopians, but became a beacon for Pan-Africanism around the world." Distributed by Mypheduh Films (Washington, D.C.). http://www.sankofa.com/ Aethiopica: International Journal of Ethiopian Studies (Hamburg, Germany) Published by the Institut fr Afrikanistik and thiopistik, Universitt Hamburg. Issue #1 is 1998 and #2 is 1999. Most articles are in English. http://www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/AETHIOPICA/ African Information Society Initiative (AISI) A program of the U.N. Economic Commission for Africa to build Africa's information and communications infrastructure, adopted in May 1996. Includes a survey of information policy in Africa (going back to the 1960s), and a 1996 case study for Ethiopia. Ethiopia case study: http://www.bellanet.org/partners/aisi/policy/cntry/ethiopia.htm Main site:http://www.bellanet.org/partners/aisi/ African Journals On-Line A project of the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (London), to promote African-published scholarly journals. It provides access to the tables of contents of journals. One can also order photocopies of articles. Includes the Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, and SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science http://www.oneworld.org/inasp/ajol/index.html All Party Conference. Opposition Political Organizations of Ethiopia

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In English and Amharic. August 2003 15 Ethiopian opposition organizations formed a united front, the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces - UEDF / Ye'Ethiopia Democraciawi Hayloch Hibret. Conference objectives, activities, events, reports, discussion forum, press releases, list of participating political parties, links to Ethiopia-related sites. [CA KF] http://www.geocities.com/ethioallparty American Library Association - Library of Congress Romanization Tables on the Web The scanned text of the 1997 edition of the ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts, approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association. Includes, in Adobe pdf, Amharic, Arabic, Tigrinya. http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html AsylumLaw.org Helps individuals win asylum. Has the legal requirements for asylum in countries around the world and full text documents to aid in seeking asylum. Has a section on Ethiopia and full text documents, in Adobe PDF, covering political opinion and ethnic groups, to aid those seeking asylum. http://www.asylumlaw.org Birds of Tigray, Ethiopia - Lieuwe J. Dijksen "From December 1992 to December 1996 I lived in the small town of Abi Adi... in the Tembien zone of Tigray, the northern most region of Ethiopia. My wife worked as midwife for a local NGO, the Relief Society of Tigrai (REST)..." "... approximately 500 bird species can be seen here [in Tigray]!" Includes photographs and slide shows of the birds and the scenery, list of the birds with scientific names, information on the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, articles, etc. http://members.lycos.nl/Tigrai/ British Council - Ethiopia Has the Council's Newsletter, Council events, its projects. http://www.britishcouncil.org/ethiopia/ or http://www.britishcouncil.org.et Carter Center "The Carter Center in Atlanta, Georgia is a nonprofit, nonpartisan public policy institute founded by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, in 1982." Search on Ethiopia to retrieve articles. http://www.cartercenter.org/ Cato Institute Public policy institute, supports "limited government, free markets, individual liberty, and peace". A keyword search of their site produced an article, Policy Analysis No. 92, September 28, 1987, The World Bank vs. the World's Poor by James Bovard which mentions the World Bank's relations with Ethiopia. http://www.cato.org/ Centre for the Strategic Initiatives of Women (Washington, D.C.) " In the Horn of Africa, CSIW's strengthens women's political participation in civil society for peace, democracy and human rights." Has a directory of Horn of Africa women's groups, maps. [KF] http://www.csiw.org/There are full text reports on Women's Right in Islam (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan) The Culture and Tradition of Women in Somalia Womens Work in Peace: Lessons from Training Projects in the Horn of Africa

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Citizens League of Ethiopian-Americans "a non-partisan action group established in 1998. The organization actively promotes the involvement of Ethiopian-Americans in the policy making of local, state and federal institutions." Based in Cupertino, California. http://www.ethioamericans.com/ Cold War International History Project Established at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (Washington, D.C.), supports the release of historical materials by governments, seeks to disseminate new perspectives on Cold War history. http://cwihp.si.edu/ Full text documents include - Anatomy of a Third World Cold War Crisis: New Eastbloc Evidence on the Horn of Africa, 1977-1978. The Horn, the Cold War, and New Documents from the Former Eastbloc: An Ethiopian View, by Ermias Abebe Moscow, Mengistu, and the Horn, by Paul B. Henze East Germany and the Horn Crisis: Documents on SED Afrikapolitik, by Christian F. Ostermann Russian and East German Documents on the Horn of Africa, 19771978

COMESA, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa "COMESA [formerly the PTA] exists as an organisation of free independent sovereign states which have agreed to co-operate in developing their natural and human resources for the good of all their people'. With its 19 member states and population of 300 million it forms a major integrated trading block." Has information on customs tariffs by country, road/transport including road distances, economic profiles for each country (Angola, Burundi, Comoros, D.R. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe) etc. Has the text of Doing Business with COMESA: the Handbook, legal guides to establishing business, etc. http://www.comesa.int/ Committee to Protect Journalists Based in New York city, is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization which does not accept govt. funding. Contains "Clampdown in Addis: Ethiopia's Journalists at Risk" http://www.cpj.org/pubs/regionalreports/ethiopia/index.html Has a searchable database of articles about attacks on the media. [KF] http://www.cpj.org Connell, Dan - "Ethiopia-Eritrea Disengagement" A Foreign Policy in Focus, Global Affairs Commentary. Pub. 2001. FPIF is a collaborative project of the Interhemispheric Resource Center (IRC) and the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS). http://fpif.org/commentary/0102eritrea.html Council of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy in Ethiopia, CAFPDE In English and Amharic. Opposition Coalition of seventeen parties. "...the outcome of the Peace and Reconciliation Conference held in Addis Ababa from December 18 to 22, 1993 to seek peaceful solutions to the basic political problems of the country." Was part of the "All Party Conference of Ethiopian Opposition Political Organizations" which took place in July 2003

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in Washington, D.C. Party profile, press releases, history of "CAFPDE and SEPDC Campaign in South West Ethiopia." Based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Web site based in Silver Spring, Maryland. [CA] http://www.cafpde.org Creation of the OAU (Organization of African Unity) - Makonnen Ketema Account by Makonnen Ketema whose father, the late Ketema Yifru, was former foreign minister of Ethiopia and closely involved in the OAU's creation. Includes a biography and photographs of K. Yifru. Also photographs of Kwame Nkrumah, Modibo Kieta of Mali, Seku Toure of Guinea, Emperor Haile Selassie, Jomo Kenyatta, William Tubman, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Diallo Telli, Tafewa Balewa, Salim Ahmed Salim and others. http://www.oaucreation.com CyberEthiopia.Com Very extensive, annotated directory of internet information on Ethiopia (arts, literature, business, computers, culture, religion, education, food, forums, maps, government, health, history, human rights, languages, music, news, noted personalities, personal pages, sports, travel, etc.), links to current news, books/cds at Amazon.com, chat. The Founder is Kitaw YayehYirad. http://www.CyberEthiopia.com Damena, Michael M. S., "Managing the Development of Telecommunications and Information Technology in Ethiopia" A thesis for the Masters in Engineering Management at George Washington Univ. 1996. http://www.seas.gwu.edu/student/damenam/thesis/index.htm Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) Has the table of contents and abstracts. Bi-annual journal published by the Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa (OSSREA). http://www.inasp.org.uk/ajol/journals/eassrr/index.html Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) Has the table of contents / abstracts. Published by the Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, OSSREA. OSSREA also publishes the OSSREA News Letter. http://www.ossrea.org/publications/researchreview.htm ENDA-Ethiopia Site under construction, Ethiopia office of Environnement et developpement du tiers-monde, an international development organization based in Dakar. http://www.enda.sn/ethiopie/ethiopie.htm Ethio.com Supplies recent news, directories to the Ethiopian government, business, education, industry, travel and tourism, relief organizations, night clubs. Has information on the Ethiopian calendar, a discussion forum, IRC Chat, and an email list for announcements/promotions. Includes some articles for ex. "The Battle of Adwa as a 'historic' event" by Prof. Donald Levine. From Legesse Systems. http://www.ethio.com EthioMatch.com The purpose of the website is to help Ethiopians meet and possibly build a family. "Here at EthioMatch.com we are trying to create a solution to the matrimonial problem of Ethiopians in North America." Based in Chicago, IL. http://www.EthioMatch.com Ethio Yellow Pages

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Directory to businesses in Ethiopia, the U.S., Europe, Canada. "EthioYellowPages Inc. (EYP) is a United States based, privately held corporation. It has no ties or affiliations with any group or organization, private or government." Includes sources for Ethiopia-related software. http://www.ethioyellowpages.com/ Ethiop Systems Software designed for Ethiopian languages (Ethiopian fonts, keyboard layouts), link to the Ethiopian community in Houston, etc. http://www.neosoft.com/~ethiosys/ethiosys.html Ethiopia. Constitution The full text. On the web site of the Ethiopian Parliament. http://www.ethiopar.net/English/cnstiotn/consttn.htm Ethiopia (Government). Embassy (U.S.) Information on the economy, investment, tourism and travel, people, history, education, etc. Has a directory of ministries, information from govt. policy documents, list of Ethiopian newspapers, etc. Includes a visa application form. http://www.ethiopianembassy.org/ Ethiopia Eritrea Conflict Pages have not been updated since 1999. News, articles, commentary. http://denden.com/Conflict/mainpage.htm Ethiopia. Office of the Government Spokesperson Official site. Has press releases, speeches (such as Prime Minister Meles Zenawi's September 5, 2000 speech at Harvard University), articles, background information, photographs, the Ethio-Eritrea Conflict, the economy, comments from visitors to the web site. Site based in Addis Ababa. http://www.ethiospokes.net/index.htm Ethiopia on the Web Has profiles of Ethiopian athletes, interviews with artists, poets, EthiopiaEritrea issues, engineering projects, history of e-mail at Addis Ababa Univ., restaurant reviews, etc. Includes the Ethiopian Computing and Info Tech Assoc.: has Proceedings of a 1994 conference on networking, software and information technology for Ethiopia Human Rights Files: Ethiopian Human Rights Council Reports, Amnesty reports, etc. Ethiopian File Archive - a program to convert European dates to the Ethiopian calendar, a Wordperfect add-on Ethiopian Email Distribution Network, EEDN: e-mail list on Ethiopia. To join contact ethiopia-request@home.lsoft.com http://www.ethiopians.com/ Ethiopia Online Has many articles on the campaign to return to Ethiopia the Aksum Obelisk in Rome, information on Development Studies Associates, a consultancy service for development projects headed by Ethiopian economists based in Addis Ababa, messages from the Ethiolist discussion list from California regarding Ethiopia at the Atlanta Olympics, etc. [KF] http://ethiopiaonline.net/ Ethiopia. Parliament In Amharic and English. "...information regarding the structures, powers and functions of the two Houses, i.e. The House of Peoples' Representatives and The House of the Federation and their respective committees." Has basic

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facts, the national flag ,..."draft bills presented to and bills adopted by The House of Peoples' Representatives will also be exhibited for public consumption." http://www.ethiopar.net/ Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes The full text of two books by Alexander Bulatovich, a Russian mlitary officer, From Entotto to the River Baro and With the Armies of Menelik II have been translated and put online by Richard Seltzer of B & R Samidzat Express. They are accounts of Ethiopia in 1896-98 and are very long, over 400 kilobytes each. Also at the same site is a historical novel (set around the 1890s) by Richard Seltzer, The Name of Hero based on the life of Bulatovich. [KF] http://www.samizdat.com/ Ethiopian American Foundation Conference, Contemporary Development Issues in Ethiopia, August 16-18, 2001, Kalamazoo, Michigan The Ethiopian American Foundation (EAF) is a non-profit membership organization devoted to support higher education and development in Ethiopia. http://www6.ewebcity.com/asefas/conference.html Ethiopian Christians Fellowship Has daily devotions, discussions, chat, one can submit Bible questions and prayer requests, find Ethiopian Pentecostal churches and maps on how to get there. http://www.ethiochristians.com/ Ethiopian Community Services, Inc. (San Jose, California) Organization "to the social and economical needs of the Ethiopian immigrant / refugee community in the Santa Clara County." http://members.xoom.com/ecsi/ Ethiopian Computers and Software Sells software (ModEth, EthioWord, GezEdit) for writing texts in Ethiopic or Gez. Offers free Ethiopic fonts to read Amharic (]mro). Has links to Ethiopian sites, esp. associations and professional societies. Littleton, Colorado company owned by Aberra Molla. http://www.ethiopic.com/ Ethiopian Democratic Party / Ethiopians' Democratic party - EDP In English and Amharic. Chairman is Dr Admasu Gebeyehu "party believes strongly in a peaceful and evolutionary process of bringing about political change. It condemns all manners of assumption of power through the use of force". Was part of the "All Party Conference of Ethiopian Opposition Political Organizations" which took place in July 2003 in Washington, D.C. Party program, news, interviews, statements, public meetings schedule and reports, and a chat room. Based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Web site based in Washington D.C. [CA] http://ethiopiandemocraticparty.org and http://edp.homestead.com/Index.html/ Ethiopian Distance Learning Association (EDLA) The EDLA is "committed to the education of the Ethiopian youth in collaboraton with grass root organizations including, The International Open College of Ethiopia, the Virtual School of Ethiopian Studies and the Ethiopian Virtual University." Site maintained by Dr. Abebe Kebede, North Carolina A & T State University. http://www.physics.ncat.edu/~michael/edla Ethiopian Eritrean Conflict Page The page "is maintained using publicly available information obtained from newswires, scholarly journals, official press releases, and through independent library research. This website is a personal, independent,

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noncommercial website run by an Ethiopian, and is not affiliated with any private or public organization." http://www.geocities.com/Eureka/Park/5875/Eritrea-Ethiopia.html Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development, EIIPD An autonomous training and research institute established in 1996. Publishes books, occasional papers and the Peace and Development Bulletin. Has links to Ethiopian government organizations, Ethiopian embassies, Ethiopian universities. Based in Addis Ababa. [KF] http://www.eiipd.org/ Has full text Occasional Papers: Regional Security in North-east Africa, by Peter Woodward Arid Land and the Role of Pastoral Nomads in the Economic and Political Integration of the Horn of Africa with Particular Reference to Ethiopia, by Dr. Fecadu Gadamu Challenges and Prospects of Pan-African Economic Integration, by Dr. Kinfe Abraham Ethiopian Jewry Page Information on origins, history, community and family life, customs, food and recipes, Ethiopian Jewish embroidery, a bibliography of books and articles, a map, the latest issue of Lifeline (newsletter on Ethiopian Jewry in Israel and Ethiopia). [KF] http://www.circus.org/nacoej Ethiopian Journal of Health Development (Addis Ababa) Official journal of the Ethiopian Public Health Association. Full text articles. Published by the Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa University. http://www.cih.uib.no/journals/EJHD/ Ethiopian Mapping Authority "the national mapping organization officially mandated for Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing activities in Ethiopia. EMA produces and distributes standard maps and related Geoinformation as well as tailor made products to the public and private sectors." Describes their activities and products including a list of maps, atlases. Based in Addis Abeba. http://www.telecom.net.et/~ema/ Ethiopian Medhin Democratic Party - MEDHIN In English and Amharic. Dr. Seyoum Gelaye is party chairman. Opposition party, supports a federal system, and "does not advocate privileges for any special or ethnic groups." Was part of the July 2003 "All Party Conference of Ethiopian Opposition Political Organizations" held in Washington, D.C. News, press releases, political program, operates Radio Medhin and publishes The Voice of Medhin. Based in Silver Spring, Maryland. Branches in Belgium, England, The Netherlands, Germany, and Sweden. Site based in Maryland. Also has a German site. [CA KF] http://www.medhin.org/ Ethiopian National Congress Congress, held August 2003, of Ethiopian opposition political organizations with the goal of adopting a "common political platform on the future political direction" of Ethiopia. " We had pledged to stay the journey until our people become free from forced division and imposed dictatorship of the EPRDF." Produces LANDINET, an online journal, political commentary, press releases. At the Congress, 15 opposition organizations agreed to form a united front, the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces, UEDF. "The strategy of changing the regime through a free and fair election has been adopted..." Based in Washington, D.C. http://www.ethiopiannationalcongress.org/ Ethiopian National Congress (Swarthmore, PA)

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"The ENC offers a timely approach believed to be the one and only possible way of providing seriously concerned Ethiopians of all backgrounds, organizations and groups with a well focused set of goals and objectives to overcome the ethnocentric political crisis that is dragging Ethiopia into social, political and economic crises." Has the Congress constitution, press releases, etc. The Congress was formed in the U.S. Pages last modified October 08, 2000. http://enc.ethiopia.org/ Ethiopian News Legesse Systems (Ethio.com) supplies recent news on Ethiopia from various sources. http://www.ethio.com Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Party Opposition party. Has the party profile, political program, press releases, contact addresses, etc. http://www.eprp.com/ Ethiopian Scientific Society Based in College Park, Maryland. Includes a directory to science research institutions in Ethiopia, a directory of Ethiopian science professionals, information on mathematics in Ethiopia and on a July 1996 Ethiopian telecommunications conference. http://www.ctr.columbia.edu/~nemo/ESS Ethiopian Scientific Society'{ Telecom '98 -- Africa's On-Ramps to the Internet, August 7, 1998, Washington, D.C. The Ethiopian Scientific Society's third annual conference on telecommunications. Has the papers presented: Wireless Local Loop & Fixed Cellular System for providing basic telephony services, by Fisseha Mekuria, Ericsson Mobile Communications. African Internet Topology Maps and Traffic Report, by Nemo Semret, Columbia University. Factors Affecting the Adoption of Internet Technologies, by Djime Adoum, International Business Initiatives Corporation. Africa and the Internet: the Cost of doing Business, by Jeffrey A. Cochrane, USAID Africa Link Program and Jake Brunner, World Resources Institute. Internet and Intranet Services In The Ethiopian Agricultural Research System, by Frehiwot Fisseha, University of Vienna. http://comet.columbia.edu/events/ESS/conf98 Ethiopian Students Association, ESA Describes their projects (book drive, meeting with the Addis Ababa University Student Council, etc.). Has "A Brief History of Ethiopian Students in Higher Education in the United States" by Hiruy Abdu, newsletter, discussion forums. Based in Alexandria, VA and the Washington, D.C. area, with representatives throughout the U.S. and beyond. http://www.esai.org Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation - Ethiopage Official government site. Provides telephone and internet access. Home of the Ethiopian News Agency, the Walta Information Centre which carries news on the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and other news, the Ethiopian Year 2000 Problem National Technical Committee, information on Ethiopian politics, economy, investment, tourism, Ethiopian Trade Point, the UN Capitol Development Fund, the UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, the USIS Office in Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Privitization Agency, etc. http://www.telecom.net.et/ Ethiopian University Support Site Contains the full text of "Addis Ababa University Under Siege. Interviews with Members of Staff Dismissed From the University" by Ivo Strecker, May 2001, also "The Present Crisis of the Ethiopian Universities, A Sample of

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International Scholarly Opinion" with comments by scholars worldwide. Site hosted by Institute of Ethnology & African Studies, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. http://ntama.uni-mainz.de/~aau/ Ethiopian Weekly Press Digest Access to articles by subscription only. Online version of the print weekly from Addis Ababa. http://pressdigest.phoenixuniversal.com/ Ethnologue - Ethiopia From the publication, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 13th ed. (Dallas, Tx.: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1996), edited by Barbara F. Grimes. For each African country provides no. of speakers, dialects, linguistic affiliation, a language map, etc. [KF} http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Ethiopia Fiameta Ethiopia Amharic news, discussion forum, audio / video / clips from Ethiopian TV (requires Real Player, soundcard, speakers). Based in Arlington, VA. http://www.fiameta.net Fistula Hospital (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) The hospital, founded in 1974, has become "a major teaching institution for surgeons all over Ethiopia and the developing world." Includes a link to a New York Times articles by Nicholas D. Kristof, May 16, 2003 "Alone and Ashamed" on the work of Dr. Catherine Hamlin, an Australian gynecologist, who has spent 44 years in Addis Ababa helping 24,000 women. A review of Catherine Hamlin's book about Ethiopia is on the Ethiopia/Eritrea RPCVs site. See also Sydney Morning Herald/Dymocks Booksellers Literary Luncheon Club article. Includes information on the American Friends Foundation for Childbirth Injuries, founded by an American RPCV to support the hospital. http://www.fistulahospital.org/ Food and Agriculture Organization - Ethiopia Has an administrative map of Ethiopia, population density map, a map of crop zones, a graph of cereal production a crop calendar, types of food consumption, food imports %, food aid and imports (%), current and previous agriculture situation, satellite images for cold cloud duration and the vegetation index, meteorological profile, desert locust situation for Africa, etc. http://www.fao.org/GIEWS/english/basedocs/eth/ethtoc1e.htm Foreign relations of the United States, 1964-1968. Volume 24, Africa. Editors, Nina Davis Howland, David S. Patterson.Washington, D.C. : Office of the Historian, U.S. Dept. of State, 1999. Full text primary documents (letters, telegrams, memoranda, etc.) regarding U.S. relations with Africa. Covers the entire continent including the Horn of Africa. (Dept. of State Publication 10627). [KF] http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_xxiv/index.html France. Ministere des affaires etrangeres. Les carnet d'archeologie In French. Includes Les stles du Sidamo en Ethiopie and Le site archologique de Gism el-Arba in the Sudan. http://www.france.diplomatie.fr/culture/france/archeologie/index.html Global Issues That Affect Everyone "looks into global issues....and aims to show how most issues are interrelated." Links to related articles, reports. The Conflict in Africa section compares the response to conflicts in Africa to the response on Kosovo, examines corporate interests in Nigeria and oil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia and Eritrea, AIDS in Africa. Other

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topics: Aid is a lever to impose Structural Adjustment policies on the Third World, Myths about Aid, use of children in the military, globalization, corporations, environmental issues, population, and other issues. Maintained by Anup Shah who is based in England. [KF] http://www.globalissues.org/ Gondarlink - Guide to Ethiopia History, culture, religion, facts, wildlife, geography, traveler's guide, photographs. "first full school link between an English and an Ethiopian secondary school." About the relationship between Dr. Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, England and Fasiledes Comprehensive Secondary School in Gondar, Ethiopia. You must have Java enabled to read the contents. Some files such as the Newsletter are in Adobe PDF. Photographs from Gondar, an account of life in Gondar and in Ethiopia. Chris Grant is the Director. [KF] http://www.gondarlink.org.uk/ Graham [Billy] Center Archives, Wheaton College, IL Collections on African Christianity from mainly North American Protestant missionaries and some African churches and organizations. Most records are 20th century. Use the Search page to locate descriptions of papers of former missionaries and teachers in Ethiopia. http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/archhp1.html Greater Horn Information Exchange Excellent site with information from FAO, UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, U.S. Geological Survey, etc., as well as USAID. Includes human rights reports. Covers Ethiopia. Has maps, for ex. street map of Addis Ababa, administrative boundaries of Ethiopia. KF http://www.info.usaid.gov/HORN/ Harar Explorer Has a history section with "The City State of Harar, 1800-1850" by A. Y. Garad, National Library & Archives Dept., Addis Ababa. "An inquiry into some aspect of the economy of Harar and the records of the household economy of the Amirs of Harar, 1825-1875, by Yusuf Ahmed, "Harari Nomenclature and Tribal Grouping" - no author indicated, a bibliography "Research Materials" with no dates, publishers, and page numbers http://www.harar.com/ Hararnet News about Harar, history, tourist attractions, the Harari state flag, photographs, forums, etc. Based in Canada. [KF] http://www.harraris.com Hill Monastic Manuscript Library (Saint John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota) The Manuscript Library has filmed many of the manuscripts in Ethiopia for the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Ababa. A list of catalogs of the microfilmed manuscripts is available. http://www.Csbsju.edu/hmml/ Horn of Africa Notes, NNS, NGO Networking Service The NNS Newsletter, from Addis Ababa, is online (August 1994-May 1995 issues) at the web site of the International Political Economy Network (Boulder, Colo.). The site also has an NNS paper on structural adjustment and trade in the Horn (nns.esap.position.paper). http://csf.colorado.edu/ipe/africa.html Human Rights Watch - Ethiopia Reports

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Full text reports. HRW is based in New York city. http://www.hrw.org/africa/ethiopia.php Human Rights Watch - Eritrea & Ethiopia. The Horn of Africa War: Mass Expulsions and the Nationality Issue, (June 1998 - April 2002) 64 p. Pub. Jan. 2003, Full text report. "Citizens and residents expelled by both Ethiopia and Eritrea during their 1998-2000 border war should be offered repatriation and the restoration of citizenship, Human Rights Watch said..." The report "recounts the plight of almost one hundred thousand citizens and residents of both countries who were uprooted and deprived of their residence and nationality without a semblance of due process. It documents cases of mistreatment typical of the mass expulsions, including prolonged detention, lack of food, water, and medical care, beatings, and other physical abuse." http://hrw.org/press/2003/01/ethioerit013003.htm Human Rights Watch Lessons in Repression: Violations of Academic Freedom in Ethiopia Pub. Jan. 24, 2003. 52 p. "The Ethiopian government is muzzling educators and students with a policy of harsh repression that includes extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, and widespread denials of freedom of opinion and association..." Has the Press Release and related documents. http://hrw.org/reports/2003/ethiopia0103/ Imperial Ethiopia Official site of the Imperial Family of Ethiopia. "the Imperial Crown Council, composed of the Imperial Family's princes, trusted advisors and leading clerics, is a very real link to Ethiopia's past and present." History (family dynasty from 1268, Adwa), language, the aristocracy and titles used, religion, Haile Selassie, photographs, etc. http://www.imperialethiopia.org/ InterGovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) "....the Authority superseding the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) which was created in 1986 by the six drought stricken countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda to co-ordinate development in the Horn of Africa.....Eritrea became the seventh member of IGADD in September 1993 after its independence. IGAD headquarters is in Djibouti." Has communiques and resolutions of Summit meetings, press releases (esp. on Somalia), the Regional Household Energy Programme, the Market Information System. Publishes IGAD News. Has databases of the publications, library catalog, [KF] http://www.igadregion.org/ International Boundaries Reseach Unit, University of Durham Founded 1989 at the Univ. of Durham (UK). Has a keyword searchable News Database which retrieves articles from the BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, West Africa, Keesings, and other sources. Also has a keyword search of messages posted to their email discussion list, Int-Boundaries. [KF] News Database: http://www-ibru.dur.ac.uk/database/data.html Int-Boundaries Discussion Archive: http://www.mailbase.ac.uk/lists-f-j/intboundaries/search.html http://www-ibru.dur.ac.uk International Conference on the Establishment of the Human Rights Commission and Office of Ombudsman in Ethiopia, May 18-22, 1998, Addis Ababa Includes speeches by the President of Ethiopia, a representative from China, the Rev. Jesse Jackson, press releases, papers, etc.

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http://www.tidalwave.net/~hrconf/ http://www.amnesty.org/news/1998/12501498.htm International Constitutional Law Has the full text of Constitutions for Angola, Congo-Brazzaville, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritania, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Zambia. Based at the Institut fr ffentliches Recht, Bern, Switzerland. http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ International Rescue Committee (New York, N.Y.) An NGO which "helps people fleeing racial, religious and ethnic persecution, as well as those uprooted by war and violence." Describes their work in Ethiopia and elsewhere. http://www.intrescom.org/ International Resource Group on Disarmament and Security in the Horn of Africa (IRG) "an effort to engage civil society groups and individuals in exploring alternative approaches to security policy." Has full text reports on the Horn of Africa military profiles (includes Ethiopia), Kenya, Somalia, Somaliland, Sudan, Uganda. From Project Ploughshares, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, Waterloo, Canada. [KF] http://www.ploughshares.ca/content/BUILD%20PEACE/IRG.html Internet African History Sourcebook - Paul Halsall Has full-text sources for African history arranged by topics. Includes a section on Ethiopia & Christianity. Maintained by Paul Halsall, Fordham University. [KF] http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/africa/africasbook.html Internet Library of Early Journals A project by the Universities of Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester and Oxford to digitise substantial runs of 18th and 19th century journals. Includes Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, The Annual Register, and other titles. Blackwood's (March 1844) contains passages from The Highlands of Ethiopia, by Major W. Cornwallis Harris. http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ilej/ Internet Service Providers (Ethiopia) - Mike Jensen Information on internet service, telecom infrastructure and policies, telecom costs, etc. Jensen's main site has a database searchable by country, organization, city/town of African internet service providers,internet connectivity maps, inks to related web sites. http://www2.sn.apc.org/africa/countdet.CFM?countries__ISO_Code=ET Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, IAEJ (Jerusalem, Israel) "an Ethiopian-led advocacy organization dedicated to improving the lives of Ethiopian Jews in Israel." " IAEJ's goals are the full and rapid integration of Ethiopian Jews into Israeli society by means of educational opportunity for Ethiopian youth, to prevent the development of a black underclass in Israel." http://www.ahava.com/iaej/ Jimma Institute of Health Sciences (Jimma, Ethiopia) A training institution in health sciences, business and technology. http://www.telecom.net.et/~junv.edu/ Journey Through Ethiopia - Jos Spaansen Spaansen writes on his visits to "The Southern Rift Valley", "Lake Tana and Gonder", "Lalibela", "Harar", "Afar" and "Afar of Gewane" with accompanying photographs. He includes a history of Ethiopia. Spaansen asks that those

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using his photographs, etc. please acknowledge the source and provide a link to his site. http://home.wanadoo.nl/spaansen JTA Online - Global News Service of the Jewish People "Jewish Telegraphic Agency is an international news service." Use the Search to locate news articles on Ethiopian Jews. "Headquartered in New York, JTA is a not-for-profit corporation." http://jta.virtualjerusalem.com/ Kaplan, Marion - Photographs Kaplan writes - "Born in London, I lived as photojournalist and writer in Africa for twenty years." Includes photos of arab dhows, Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, political figures (Bokassa, Haile Selassie, Jomo Kenyatta, Idi Amin), wild animals, etc. http://www.marionkaplan.com/ Kente Publications Based in El Cerrito, California. Janice L. Dennie-Reed "has written a line of historical and contemporary romance novels based on the history of Ethiopia, and its origin in the Solomonic line of kings,..." Site has excerpts from the book "Ethiopia: Land of Enchantment" by Harry R. Atkins, as part of a castles in Africa page. http://www.geocities.com/janicedennie/ Lafayette Negative Collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum 1902 photographs of Ras Maknnen and his retinue, part of "...a collection of approximately 3,500 negatives dating from the 1880's to the 1930's" from a Dublin, Ireland photography studio founded in 1880. Ras Maknnen was an Ethiopian General & Governor of Harar and father of Emperor Haile Sellasie I. Has an account of "The Visit to England in 1902 of Ras Mkonnen of Ethiopia" for the Coronation of King Edward VII, by R. Harris. Beautiful photographs with detailed descriptions. Maintained by Russell Harris. http://lafayette.150m.com/ League of Nations Photo Archive The League of Nations Archives photograph collections. "The originals of the photos are held with the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) Library, League of Nations Archives Sub-Unit and are its property." Includes photographs such as: Abyssina (Ethiopia). Delegation from Ethiopia on the admission to the League of Nations, September 28, 1923 From left to right, Robert Linant de Bellefonds, Dedjazinatch Nadeon, Ato Fassika.Geneva, 1923. and and photograph of Haile Selassie (See the Photos of Personalities, section 15). Includes a digital copy of The Illustrated Album of the League of Nations, the League of Nations a Pictorial Survey, and The Aims, Methods and Activity of the League of Nations (1935), 225 pages, in Adobe pdf. Has a chronology of the League of Nations from 1920 to 1946, bibliography, research guide, related sites. Produced by the League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland and the Center for the Study of Global Change, Bloomington, Indiana. [KF] http://www.indiana.edu/~league/ Library of Congress Country/Area Studies Handbooks The full-text of the Army Area Handbooks long used as basic reference sources. Information on the history, society, economy, politics, national security. Includes Ethiopia. One can search across all countries or any combination of countries and browse the table of contents for a specific country. [KF] Ethiopia: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html#toc/ Library of Congress - World Treasures: Beginnings

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Beginnings is "an exploration of how world cultures have dealt with the creation of the universe and explained the heavens and the earth." On the Creating page three/fourths down the page is a fabric, depicting from the Kebra Negast, an account of the Queen of Sheba and her encounter with King Solomon of Israel. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/ Memory and History, Cape Town, Aug. 9-11, 2000 Memory and History : Remembering, Forgetting and Forgiving in the life of the Nation and the Community, An International Conference. Has papers online (some are in French). Topics include African Modes of Self-Writing, Ethiopia, etc. Writers wishing to cite the content of papers in their own work need to request permission from the paper authors. http://www.fl.ulaval.ca/celat/program.htm?13,12 Mesob.org (Addis Ababa) Directories (with addresses, email) of Ethiopian NGOs, of HIV/AIDS education organizations in Ethiopia, environmental work in Ethiopia. Has, in Adobe PDF format, a 20 page Development Directory. Sends out an e-mail bulletin of information on NGO activities in Ethiopia. [KF] http://www.mesob.org Mountain Voices A rich resource. "interviews with over 300 people who live in mountain and highland regions round the world. Their testimonies offer a personal perspective on change and development." To access the interviews, one needs to register and fill out a questionnaire. Interviews from Lesotho, Kenya, Ethiopia, gathered by the Oral Testimony Programme of the Panos Institute. Topics discussed include agriculture, community, conflict, culture, development, economics, education, employment, environment, family life, festivals, food security, forestry, gender, health, history, identity, industry, crime, land, migration, politics, spiritual beliefs, tourism, etc. [KF] http://www.mountainvoices.org/ Nomadnet Contains the Somali Archive, Hornet (information from the PADIS Fidonet network in Ethiopia), issues of Somalia News Update, information on the Falasha of Ethiopia, some articles on economic development, a Somali music clip, etc. Maintained by Michael Maren. http://www.netnomad.com/ Les Nouvelles.org / Les Nouvelles d'Addis In French. News on Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Has its origin in a print magazine, Les Nouvelles d'Addis. Based in Saint-Rmy-de-la-vanne, France. [KF] http://membres.tripod.fr/lesNouvelles/index.html or http://www.lesnouvelles.org/ Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, OSSREA (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) International NGO and research network, with 15 member countries, to promote research in the social sciences in Africa. Offers workshops, grants (such as on social science themes and gender issues), conferences. Publishes the Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, the OSSREA News Letter. [KF] http://www.ossrea.net/ Oromia Online "Oromia Online is a subsidiary of Oromia Information Network (OIN) established by Oromo academics and professionals from around the world to

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provide balanced and reliable information on the social, political and economic aspects of Oromia and the Horn of Africa." Includes a fact sheet on Oromia, news from various sources, information from the Sidama Liberation Front, articles (such as Oromia, Birthplace of Coffee), links to other Oromo sites. One can join a discussion list, Oromia-net. http://www.oromia.org or http://www.oromiaonline.com/ Oromia Support Group Information on the Oromo people, current information and background on OSG activities, OSG press releases, magazine and newspaper articles, publications, how to join the Oromia-Network (Onet) discussion forum, the tables of contents of The Sidama Concern, newsletter for the Sidama, etc. [KF] http://www.oromo.org/ The Paideia Project On-line Proceedings of the 20th World Congress of Philosophy, Boston, Massachusetts, 1998. Includes full text papers on Philosophy in Africa (The Meditations of Zara Yaquob, by Teodoros Kiros). http://www.bu.edu/wcp/ Pankhurst, Richard - Ethiopian History, Culture, Society Articles by Dr. Pankhurst originally published in the newspaper, Addis Tribune. Topics include 18th-19th century history, World Wars I and II, medical history, Ethiopian crosses, art, manuscripts, Lalibala, the Aksum Obelisk, Ethiopian dynastic marriages, etc. http://www.abyssiniacybergateway.net/ethiopia/history/pankhurst.html Pathfinder International (Watertown, Massachusetts) A non-profit founded in the 1920s. "supports family planning and reproductive health initiatives in 37 countries in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia and the Near East." Full text articles on Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, with photographs, statistics. http://www.pathfind.org Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague) The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission of the PCA is determining the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea. The President of the Arbitration Commission for the Ethiopia-Eritrea border is Sir Elihu Lauterpacht. Has full text reports. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission is to decide all claims for loss, damage or injury by one Government against the other, and by nationals of one party against the Government of the other party or entities owned or controlled by the other party that are related to the border conflict. The PCA was established in 1899. thttp://www.pca-cpa.org/RPC/ Planet Finance - Ethiopia In English, French, Spanish. Non profit institution promoting microfinance. Links to country rings for Benin and Ethiopia (Sidama Develoment Corp.) and other African countries (click on Afrique). Based in Paris, France. [KF] http://www.planetfinance.org/index.htm Princeton University. Library. Rare Books Department Sells reproductions of an 18-19th c. Ethiopian graphic of St. George and the Dragon. http://libserv3.Princeton.EDU/rbsc2/portfolio/gen/index.html Rseau de Partenaires des Mdias Africains / African Media Partners Network (Paris) The Network, based in Paris, is composed of donor agencies. Has the latest news on the media (newspapers / radio) in Africa, a directory of African journalist associations, directory of press centres, full text media status

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reports (the media sector in the country, including the media landscape and its stakeholders, the legal framework, the role of donors and the sector's support needs) for Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Niger, Togo. For each country, has a "List of newspapers, completed with indicators on the importance of their audience (frequency, average circulation, number of staff...) and addresses," a list of radio broadcasters, and two maps. Donors include governments, foundations and international bodies. Has a directory of African newspapers and a directory of media organizations by country. [KF] http://www.gret.org/mediapartner/index.htm al-Queb, la Corne de l'Afrique In French. Has photographs of Ethiopia by Olivier Cuenot. http://ocuenot.free.fr/oueb/index.html SALIGAD "project dealing with small arms issues in the Horn of Africa"; "promotes dialogue and non-violent conflict resolution. Projects are implemented by the Bonn International Center for Conversion - BICC and the International Resource Group on Disarmament and Security in the Horn of Africa (IRG). Does field work in Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan. Has report of a 2000 Workshop on Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Garissa District (Kenya), a report of a workshop on the Control and Managment of Arms on Inter-communal, Domestic and Business Violence (Kenya). Has text of intergovernment declarations on small arms (Nairobi, Bamako), a link to a 42 p. report, Curbing the Demand for Small Arms Lessons in East Africa and the Horn of Africa and a directory of peace related organizations in the Horn. http://www.saligad.org Selassie, Haile - Biography History paper by Mike Cutri at the University of San Diego (not connected to the Univ. of Calif. (San Diego). http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/selassie.html Sellassie Family Web Has a account of Haile Sellassie's life by site maintainer Anatoly Antohin with many photographs of Emperor Haile Sellassie and his family. Includes photographs from the Corbis Collection (owned by Bill Gates). Site maintained by Anatoly George Antohin, who teaches theatre anl film classes at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. http://sellassie.ourfamily.com/ Shama Books (Addis Ababa) Publishes books about Ethiopia by writers such as Richard Pankhurst, Paul Henze. Has a brief history of Ethiopia. E-mail: Shamabooks@telecom.net.et http://www.shamabooks.com/ Sidama Concern "The Sidama people are one of the Cushitic speaking people living in the North Eastern Africa [southern Ethiopia]. The population is over four million." Has the table of contents and selected full text articles online examples "On Oromo Nationalism". Also links to current news articles. One can join the SidamaNet mailing list. http://www.sidamaconcern.com Silverman, Raymond A. - Ethiopia: Traditions of Creativity. 1998 Autobiographies of artists, photographs of their art work (jewelry, baskety, paintings, pottery, sorghum models, woodwork, textiles), bibliographies The site, by Prof. Silverman, is based on an art exhibit for the 12th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, 1994. Has links to Ethiopian art, food, literature, language, and other sites. http://www2.hnet.msu.edu/~etoc/index2.html

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Silverman, Raymond A. - Zerihun Yetmgeta: Ethiopian Artist Biography of Zerihun Yetmgeta, artist's exhibit history, bibliography, an essay by Esseye Medhin, examples of the artist's work from 1965 to the present. Site completed 1 Jaunary 1999. Maintained by Dr. Raymond A. Silverman, Art Dept., Michigan State Univ. http://www2.hnet.msu.edu/~zerihun/index2.html Smithsonian Institution. National Museum of African Art. Ethiopian Icons: Faith and Science This "exhibition focuses on the icon, an art form associated with the Ethiopian Orthodox church." "Church patrons commissioned artist-priests to create icons in the form of single panels, diptychs and triptychs to donate to the church." Includes images of crosses and details on conservation methods. Identifies and documents the materials used to paint Ethiopian icons. http://www.nmafa.si.edu/exhibits/icons/index.html soc.culture.ethiopia.misc and soc.culture.ethiopia.moderated Usenet discussion groups, formed September 1996. [KF]

Stanford Ethiopian Students Union "The objective of SESU is to collect and disseminate information about Ethiopian history, culture, and politics in order to increase awareness about Ethiopia in the Stanford community and the Bay Area." http://www.stanford.edu/group/SSUE/ Student Struggle for Ethiopian Jewry Goals include raising funds to provide assistance to the Jews left in Ethiopia and to "Urge the State of Israel to allow these 26,000 Jews to make aliyah so that they may be reunited with their families in the Jewish homeland." Has brief articles such as "Are the Falash Mura Jewish? A View From Tradition," a historical background and chronology, a report from Refugees International, etc. Based in New York City. [KF] http://209.116.58.59/ Swiss Peace. FAST Early Warning System - Ethiopia Has risk assessment, conflict analysis reports for 2003. Reports are c. 7-8 pages in Adobe pdf. Swiss Peace is a peace research institute founded in 1988. "FAST aims at enhancing the political decision makers' ability to identify critical developments in a timely manner [to] ......prevent or limit destructive effects of violent conflict..." Based in Bern, Switzerland. http://www.swisspeace.org/fast/afrika_ethiopia.htm Tadias (San Jose, CA) "Ethiopian-American Lifestyle and Business Magazine." Online version of the print magazine. Includes articles such as "Coming to America" by Prof. Donald Levine on immigration in the U.S., the Ethiopian community in Los Angeles, profiles of prominent Ethiopians such as Marcus Samuelsson, coowner / executive chef of Aquavit, the premier Scandinavian restaurant in New York city. Published by Ocopy.com and Bati International, San Jose, California. [KF] http://www.tadias.com Tales of Wonder - Richard Darsie Has some African folktales. "Tales 1-4 are taken from The Magic Drum: Tales from Central Africa, by W. F. P. Burton. London: Methuen & Co., 1961. Tales 5-9 are taken from The Fire on the Mountain and Other Stories from Ethiopia and Eritrea, by Harold Courlander and Wolf Leslau,....New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1950." http://www.darsie.net/talesofwonder/

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The Top 100 People in Ethiopia (1997) Edited by Indigo staff journalist Isabelle Verdier. Site to promote their reference book (U.S. $360); the complete biographies are only available thru payment. Indigo Publications offers some free information - the cabinet 1991-1995, 1991 Peace & Democracy Conference participants, information on each regional state, members of the House of Peoples' Representatives and the House of the Federation. information on the political parties, directory of Ethiopian diplomatic missions, list of officials of the Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce, Forum 84, and the Inter Africa Group. [KF] http://www.indigo-net.com/dossiers/eth.htm UNAIDS Ethiopia "UNAIDS is the United Nations system's concerted effort to strengthen the national response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic." Has the full text of their Newsletter. http://www.telecom.net.et/unresco/AIDS_WEB/index.htm

UNESCO. Africa Revisited In English and French. About the "richness, the diversity, and the fragility" of Africa's cultural heritage. Includes one page on Ethiopian Christianity. Lists World Heritage sites in Africa. Part of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [KF] http://www.unesco.org/whc/exhibits/afr_rev/toc.htm United Nations Development Program - Ethiopia Has the Resident Coordinator's Reports, phone nos. of embassies in Ethiopia, a link to the UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, a link to UNAIDS Ethiopia, which has their Newsletter. http://www.telecom.net.et/unresco United Nations Development Program. Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) A wealth of information: country profile, situation reports, reports for each region, thematic reports (food security, health, refugees/returnees). The situation reports (1996-1997) include coverage of Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda. Will have databases for download. Has maps and an Archive of 1994-1996 reports including Somalia Reports and a Horn of Africa Review. Hosted at the UPenn African Web site. [KF] http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/eue_web/eue_mnu.htm United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea Facts & figures, U.N. press conferences, the mandate, background, relevant U.N. documents. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/unmee/body_unmee.htm U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Chiefs of State & Cabinet Members Ethiopia Provides a list of the President, Prime Minister, Cabinet members, the Governor of the Central Bank, the country's Ambassador to the U.S., and its U.N. Representative. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/chiefs/chiefs61.html U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. World Factbook - Ethiopia Information on geography, people, government, economy, transportation, communication, defense, etc. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.html United States. Embassy. Ethiopia

.141.
Visa information, Ambassador's biography, speeches, account of 100 years of Ethiopia - U.S. diplomatic relations, cultural exchanges, Ethiopian and American holidays, etc. http://www.telecom.net.et/~usemb-et/index.htm United States. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). Reports Index Facts sheets, updates, on Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. http://www.info.usaid.gov/hum_response/ofda/situation.html University of Oregon. Museum of Natural History. The Ethiopian Collection Catalogue Advertising for the book, published by the University of Oregon Museum of Natural History, includes a 5-frame "slide show" of illustrations from the book about the Ethiopian collection at the University of Oregon. [KF] http://natural-history.uoregon.edu/Pages/store.html Univ. of Pennsylvania Ethiopia Page and Search Engine Maps, an embassy directory, travel, language information, etc. for each African country. Site created by Julie Sisskind, now maintained by Ali Dinar. The extensive UPenn African Studies site has a search facility. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Ethiopia.html Volcanoes in Africa Has photos of volcanoes in Ethiopia. Each entry has references to articles. One can search issues of the Bulletin of Volcanology by keyword. Located on the Volcano World site which is designed to distribute remote sensing data to non-technical users. [KF] African volcanoes: http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/africa/africa.html Volcano World: http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vw.html Walta Information Centre News, editorials in Amharic and English. Video and audio of Ethiopian TV news (ETV). Directory of Ethiopian web sites. African Union press commuiniques, Video/audio of an Oromo wedding, on preparing doro wet. "Walta Information Center is a private news and information service...It focuses mainly on major political, social and economic issues." Has a section, "Introducing The Regional States and Administrations of Ethiopia." Based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. http://www.waltainfo.com/ Warsaw University. Department of African Languages and Cultures. Includes the staff directory, academic program, history of African Studies at Warsaw University, information on their journal, Studies, and an article by Prof. Joanna Mantel-Niecko, "The Clash of Cultures in Ethiopia". Department specialties include Amharic and Giiz, Hausa and Swahili Studies. [KF] http://www.orient.uw.edu.pl/~afrykanistyka/home.html Wazma System "Wazma System is a personal computer writing system for Amharic, the Ethiopian national language, and all other Ethiopian languages." It is free and available for the Windows operating system. Has links to pages using the Wazma fonts. [KF] http://members.aol.com/w4z5m4/wazema.html

Annex VI - List of News papers Published in Ethiopia (Oct. 2003)

Due to market fluctuation add or subtract 500 from specified average circulation mentioned. Private Daily Title Elatawi Addis (Amharic Language) Monotor, the (English Language) Private Weekly MONDAY TUESDAY Askual (Amharic Language) Atkurot (Amharic Language ) Mahlet (Amharic Language ) WEDENSDAY Ethiop (Amharic Language) Tomar Creation date 2000 Average circulation 5.000 Format No. of Pages Unit price Standard broad sheet, 16 pages Tabliod 8 Birr 1.50 Publication Director chief editor Unity College, Publisher Solomon Abate, editor in chief Lullit G. Mechael, Editor-inchief sebele Bekele deputy ed-chief Address Phone (+251) Fax E-mail P.O. Box Ababa 627121 16054, Addis Tel:627071-3, Frequency 7x/ week

1993

1.000

P.O. Box 4502, Addis Ababa T:- 1-560 518/560 199 Fax:1-552643 themonitor@telecom.net.et

7x/ week

No private weekly newspapers publsihed on Monday. This is because printing houses are sually closed on sundays, and thereforem charge overtime four printing on sunday, which makes the cost too expensive for weekly private newspaper. 2000 4.000 Tabloid 8 Birr 1.25 Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabliod 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid Serkalem Fasil, Publisher. Asefa Beyene, editor in chief. Atkurot Publsihing, publisher Tamrat Zewma, editor in chief. Getachew Bekele, Publisher Aseye Dabre, Editor in chief Sisay Agena, Publisher Melese Shine, editor in chief. Befekadu Moreda, Publisher, P.O. Box 181563, Addis Ababa T:- 115430 Menelik@84 hotmail.com P.O. Box 180703, Addis Ababa Tel: 110665 P.O. Box 181563, Ababa Tel: 552335 Addis Weekly

2000

2.500

Weekly

2000

2.000

Weekly

1995 1993

5.500 2.000

P.O. Box 9289, Addis Ababa T:- 116119 P.O. Box 9289, Addis Ababa

Weekly Weekly

.143.
(Amharic Language) Tikusat (Amharic Language) Efoita (Amharic Language) 1998 1996 2.000 Does not engage in veder sales. EPRDF members are primary subscribers 6.500 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid 14 pages Birr 1,00 Befekadu moreda, editor in chief Elias Gudene, Publisher. The Publisher is also the ditor in chief Fana Democracy, Publisher. Tesfaye Gebraha, editor in chief T 116119 P.O. Box 181563, Addis Ababa Tek 552335 P.O. Box 12682, Addis Ababa Tel 556771-2 Fax: 2511556410 Email:fana@telecom.net.et P.O. Box 22373, Addis Ababa Fax 251-1-552651 Tel: 55 61 77 P.O. Box 20467, Addis Ababa Tel: 561784 P.O. Box 56343, Addis Ababa T:- 11 02 07 P.O. Box 181 563, Addis Ababa T 11 54 30 Fax 551494 Menelik84@hotmail.com P.O. Box 10778, Addis Ababa Tel: 110665 P.O. Box 5614, Addis Ababa Tel: 615369 P.O. Box 2395, Addis Ababa Tel: 625228-9 Fax: 251-1 615227 Email- tanbek@telecom.net.et P.O. Box 12324, Addis Ababa Tel: 623708/623709 email: admas.adv@telecom.net.et P.O. Box 180703, Addis Ababa Weekly weekly

THURSDAY Tobia (Amharic language) Mebrek (Amharic Language) Sun, The Language) Friday Menelik Language) (English (Amharic

1994

Tabloid 16 to 20 pages Birr 1,50 Tabloid birr 1.25 8

1999 1996 1998

4.000 1.000 13.000

Tabloid 10 Birr 1.50 Tabloid 16 Birr 1.25

Atbia Kokeb, Publisher (share company) Kebebew Gebeyehu, editor in chief Zeritu Publishing bouse publisher kidusehat Belachew, editor in cheif Elias Awoke, ed-chief Kibru Kifle, deputy ed,- chief Serkalem Fasil, Publisher Assefa Beyena, Editor in chief

Weekly

weekly Weekly weekly

Seife Nebelbal (Amharic Language) Ruh (Amharic Language) Addis Tribune (English language) Saturday Addis Admas (Amharic Language) Goh

1994 1999

4.000 3.000

Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid 20 pages Birr 1.50 Tabliod 16 to 20 pages Birr 1.50 Tabliod 20 pages Birr 1.50 Tabloid 8

1992

2.000

Israel soboqa, Publisher The publisher is also the editor in chief. Kenife Publishing house, publisher Wondemu Negash, editor in cheif Tanbek International, Piblisher Menbere Maryam Seyoum, editor in chief. Admas advertising, Publisher Nebeye Mekonnen, editor in chief Yohannes Abebe, Publisher

Weekly Weekly

weekly

2000

7.000

weekly

1998

4.500

Weekly

.144.
(amharic Language) Mabel (amharic Language) Moged (Amharic Language) Sunday Tabloid 20 pages Birr 1.50 Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid 18 to 20 pages Birr 1.50 Tabloid 18 to 20 pages Birr 1.50 P.O. Box 7023 Addis Ababa T 533477/81 (Amharic) 661518 (Engl Fax: 534159 (Amh. ed) // 661517 (Engl.ed ahadu@telecom.net.et P.O. Box 31317, Addis Abab Tel: 555021 Fax 251-1-555021 P.O. Box 7453, Addis Ababa Tel: 110665 Fax: 251-1-551499 P.O. Box 259, code 1110 Addis Ababa Email: tengirtt@hotmail.com P.O. Box 3155, Addis Ababa Tel: 1-531759/515264 Fax 1-533323 weekly 1998 1998 2.000 2.000 pages Birr 1.25 Tablod 8 pages Birr 1.2 Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.2 Zakarias Tesfaye, editor in chief. Wendmenh Negusse, Publisher Beruk Assefa, editor in chief Wendmenh Negusse, Publisher Beruk Assefa, editor in chief Tel: 120079 P.O. Box 181563, Addis Ababa Tel: 552335 P.O. Box 181563, Addis Ababa Tel: 552335 Weekly Weekly

Reporter, The (Amharic and Englishe Language)

1995

11.000

Amare Aregawi. ed chief Kibret Markos, deputy ed cheif

Ethio Times (Amharic Language) Meyesaw Language) Fortune Language) Capital Language) (Amharic

1995

2.000

Weekly

1999

2.000

(English (English

2000 1998

2.000 2.000

Kefle Mulat, Publisher shimalesse Asfaw, editor in chief Zegaye Publishing house, Publisher Wendesson Mekonnen, editor in chief. Tamrat G. Giorgis Publisher and editor in chief. Crown Publishing PLC Publisher Behailu Desalegn, edchief

Weekly

weekly weekly

Federal Government Newspapers Addis Zemen (Amharic Language) The Ethiopian Herald (Anglih Language) Bariisaa

1941

15.000

1943 1977

7.000 2.500

Broad sheet 8 to 10 pages Birr 0.50 Broad sheet 6 to 8 pages Birr 0.50 Tabloid, 12 Pages 0.35

Ethiopian press Agency, Publisher. Demessie Tsige, Editor in chief Ethiopian press Agency, Publisher Tsegie Gere-Amlak, editor in chief. Ethiopian Press Agency, Publisher Samuel Birrato, editor

P.O. Box 30145, Addis Ababa Tel: 15 58 68 Fax: 251-1-516819 Tel 156716/157017 Fax: 251-1-516819 P.O. Box 30089, Addis Ababa Tel: 156690/157540

Daily

Daily Weekly

.145.
in chief Ethiopian press Publisher Yassin editor in chief.

Alalem (Arabic Language Newspaper) Publications Smaseduque (Amharic laguage) Emnet language) Mesnanat Language) (Amharic

1940

2.000

Tabloid, 8 pages Birr 0.25 Tabloid, 12 pages, Birr 1.50 Tabliod, 8 pages birr 1.25 Tabloid, 8 pages, birr 1.50 Tabliod, 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid 12 pages Birr 1.00 Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid, 8 pages Birr 1.25 Tabloid, 8 pages Birr 1.25

agency, Bushara,

P.O. Box 300089, Addis Ababa Tel 157540 P.O. Box 80078, Addis Ababa Tel 556328 P.O. Box 24256, Addis Ababa Tek 165284 P.O. Box 13765, Addis Ababa Tel: 116847 (Mobil) 09-211520 Email:Abaynehw@hotmail.com P.O. Box 30740, Addis Ababa Tel: 531791 Catholic Secretariat P.O. Box 2454, Addis Ababa T. 550300 Fax: 553113 ecs@telecom.net.et P.O. Box 180289, Addis Ababa Tel: 138237 (Moil) 09-214361 P.O. Box 180289, Addis Ababa Tel: 138237 (mobil) 09214361 P.O. Box 2347, Addis Ababa Tel 503230 (mobil) 09216838 P.O. Box 160123, Addis Ababa Tel: 137150 Fax: 2511559233

Weekly

1993 1998

Amharic

1993

Paper is sold in orthodox churchs. Paper is sold in churchs and in few protestant shops This paper is sold in churchs and few protestant shops This paper s sold in churchs and few protestant shops 3.000

Mhabere Kedussan, Publisher Deacon Efrem Eshet, editor in chief Bizu Mulugeta, Publisher. The publisher is also the editor in chief. Aboyyneh W/Georgis Publsiher The publisher is also the editor in chief, Ethiopia Mulu Wengel Church, publisher, Aberra Tsehai, editor in chief. Abba Tesfaye W/Mariam acting Editor in chief

Monthly Monthly

Every days

15

Mulu Wengele Amharic Laguage) Fikrina Selaam/Link Amharic and English Languages) Hikma Language) (Amharic

1997

Once every two months. Monthly

1974

1999 1999 1997 1998

4.000 4.000 2.000 2.000

Iman (Amharic Language) Haiyt (Amharic Language) Selfya Language) (Amharic

Handya publishing house, Publisher. Ezedim Mhamed, editor in chied Handya Publishing house, publisher Ezedim Mhamed, editor in chief Haiyt Publishing house publisher SaadaAhmed, editor in chief Hibraim Mohamed, Publisher The publisher is also the editor in chief.

weekly weekly Weekly Weekly

.146.
Press Agencies In Ethiopia (October 2003) Status Staff/ Production/clients Public/Government Producing and selling news, articles editorials, reel-audio to local media. mostly to government media but it has a new client in the form of Ethiopia's new private daily, eletawi Addis Private Producing and selling news, articles, editorilas reel-audio to local media. Mostly to government media but it has a new client in the form of Ethiopia's new private daily, eletawi Addis

Name Ethiopian News Agency

Creation Date 1994

Director kefale Azeze, manger General

Address P.O. Box 30232 Addis Ababa Tel: 156709

Walta Agency

Information

1994

Negash Tekly General Manager

P.O. Box 12918, Addis Ababa Fax: 251-1-518655 Tel: 518316 Email WIC@telecom.net.et Website: WWW.telecom.net.et/W alta

Radios In Ethiopia (October 2003) Name Creation Date Educational media Agency 1955 Radio Ethiopia-FM Service Radio Ethiopia-National and External services 2000 Station was established in 1930 National service established in 1935 External service was nationalised from mekane yesus church in 1977 1994

Status Public/Government Public/Govrnment Publis/Government

Staff Ministry of Education, Mostly teachers. Not professional journalists 90 staff members Ato Fikadu Yimeru, general Manager Approx. 1000 employees of whom 150 journalists

Address P.O. Box 3025, Addis Ababa Tel: 158714 Fax: 251-1-510739 P.O. Box 654, Addis Ababa Tel 717023/201889 Fax 251-1-711322 P.O. Box 1020, Addis Ababa Tel 71 11 11/ 71 41 04 Fax 71 32 22 P.O. Box 30702, Addis Ababa Tel: 518655 Fax: 251-1515039 fana@telecom.net.et

Radio Fana

Coorperation

Mulugeta Manager.

gessese,

General

.147.

Professional Associations in Ethiopia (November 2003) Name Ethiopian (EFJA) free press Journalists Association

Representative

Kifle Mulat, President

Ethiopian Journalists Association (EJA)

Kefale Azeze, President

Ethiopian Media Women's Association (EMWA)

Tekabech Assefa, President

Address P.O. Box 31317/33232 Addis Ababa Tel 555021 Fax: 00251-1-555021 P.O. Box 30232 Addis ababa Tel: 156709 Fax 251-1-516819 P.O. Box 62094 Addis Ababa Tel: 157244