2010 by THE YOKOHAMA RUBBER CO., LTD.

Printed in Thailand

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Earth-1 Product Manual

Reducing CO2 through improved fuel consumption to help prevent global warming Based on this concept, we are the first Japanese manufacturers to pay attention to environmental performance. Our challenge has always been to achieve a balance between environmental performance and dry & wet grip force, the basic performance of a tire. Grip force must be improved while reducing rolling resistance. Finally, we have come up with the answer with Orange Oil. Orange Oil is combined with natural rubber to create the Nano Power Rubber which achieves further fuel efficiency. Earth-1 reflects research findings over a long period of rubber development To deliver a new dimension of environmental performance to as many drivers as possible.

ECOTIRE for Earth

The world is now working to stop global warming.

Accumulated efforts around the world will change the future of our planet.
Global warming has resulted mainly from greenhouse gases including CO2. These gases increase as we use fossil fuels, which consequently heats the Earth. To stop that, nations, cities, and people have worked together to reduce CO2 emissions in the hope their tiny efforts will together save the Earth. Our new ECO tire is also one of those small ways by which to save our plants.
How is CO2 reduction related to preventing global warming?
<Simulated image>

Yokohama contributes to fuel efficiency by reducing rolling resistance.

A car, when driven, encounters various forms of resistance, among which air resistance accounts for approximately 80%. The remaining 20% includes rolling resistance. The use of an ECO tire with less resistance reduces the degree to which the accelerator needs to be depressed. In other words, it saves fuel in addition to reducing CO2 emissions.
A cars travel resistance
Tires rolling resistance:

Ordinary tire (our conventional product)

20%
Internal friction resistance of components: 15%

CO2 CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2 CO2 CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2

Air resistance: 65%

Rolls to here
ECO tire (Earth-1) Travelling direction Tires rolling direction:
(100 km/h, travelling at a constant speed) (Researched by Yokohama Rubber)

Air resistance etc.: 80%

20%

Less rolling resistance allows the tire to travel further.

CO2
If the CO 2 content of the atmosphere increases too much, the ground emits heat received from the sun into the air. Excessive CO 2 absorbing heat causes increased atmospheric temperature.
<Simulated image>

Achieving a balance between high fuel efficiency and grip force

A tire with low rolling resistance is one that prevents its rubber from being heated excessively while travelling. However, heating to a moderate temperature is necessary to grip a road surface. So we have developed a twin mode rubber over more than 10 years. The rolling mode prevents heating when the rubber is
Low temperature Low grip Rolling mode Normal driving
S<<Simulated image>

CO2

CO2 CO2 CO2

CO2

High temperature High grip

Grip mode

Our conventional rubber

Our general fuel-efficient rubber

CO2
With a moderate amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere, what is most important is to reduce CO 2 emissions from cars and cities. With safe levels of CO 2 , heat is diffused into outer space, maintaining a comfortable atmospheric temperature.

NOT deformed to a large extent (e.g. travelling at a constant speed). The grip mode causes heating when the rubber is deformed to a large extent (e.g. when turning, stopping).

Twin mode controls heating of rubber.

Active driving

Use of tires accounts for 80% of tire-related CO2 emissions.

During the life cycle of a tire from its production to disposal, most CO2 is emitted at the time of its use. Reducing CO2 emissions is therefore our goal.
CO2 emissions in the life cycle of a tire:
Raw materials Amount when materials are manufactured Production Use Disposal Amount when tires are manufactured Amount when used Amount at recycling or disposal
0

Fuel efficiency requirements have been further tightened in Japan, Europe, and the USA.
Fuel efficiency requirements directly related to CO2 emissions are now a trend worldwide. Positive requirements have been promoted in Japan and Europe, as well as in the USA.
Japan

The effect of the twin mode is further enhanced by the Orange Oil compound.
Orange Oil achieves higher elasticity of the rubber to hold the road, improving frictional force. When some grip is necessary, on the other hand, it plays a role in causing the rubber to heat. As a result, the Orange Oil Compound Nano Power Rubber further improves the twin mode employed in our conventional ECO tire, increasing a tires ability to contribute to the environment.

Rubber heating simulation at a nano level:

Rolling mode (Travelling at a constant speed) Grip mode (Turning, stopping)

Our conventional rubber

4~8% 2~4%

The Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry have developed a new fuel efficiency standard for vehicles. This requires car manufacturers to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles, and expects further advances in fuel efficiency technology. When this standard is achieved, the fuel efficiency of vehicles will have been improved by an average of 23.5% (compared to fiscal 2004) by the target year of 2015. A major reduction of CO2 emissions for new vehicles sold within the EU was proposed in February 2007. This proposal requires car manufacturers to emit 130 grams of CO2 every kilometer by 2012 and to reduce another 10 grams by improving tires. This means a strict standard to reduce CO2 emissions by 35% compared to 1995. The Bill on Self-sufficiency of Energy Supply and Security Assurance was adopted by the Upper and Lower Houses. The basis of this bill is to improve Corporate Automotive Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) by approximately 40% by 2020. * CAFE: fuel efficiency by model of each manufacturer which is weighted-averaged for the number of new cars sold

Orange Oil Compound Nano Power Rubber

80~90%
6~8%
50 100

Europe

Our general fuel-efficient rubber

USA

*The graph above is based on approximate values for Yokohamas tires.

* The red part represents high temperature = high grip

*Researched by Yokohama Rubber (2008): summary of information from various press releases

03-04

NEW ECOTIRE by YOKOHAMA

Our ECO tire development looks ahead to the future.

A third function evolved step by step over a decade: High fuel efficiency.
As the first Japanese manufacturer to focus on high fuel efficiency, we released the ECO tire for the first time in 1988. In addition to travelling, turning, and stopping and comfort and quietness as the basic functions of a tire, our concept proposed a third function by which fuel efficiency is achieved for the sake of environment. Over a ten-year period, we gradually improved the high fuel efficiency function while accumulating know-how as a pioneer.
NEW
Comfort
Noise Vibration Harshness

Orange Oil changes ECO tires.

Features of Earth-1
Grip force is obtained through Orange Oil, and rolling resistance is reduced through natural rubber. Employing a newly-developed compound, Earth-1 achieves a better balance between the conflicting two measures of performances. We seek further to improve performance related to comfort, quietness, and uneven wear resistance.

History of rolling resistance (concept diagram)

Movement/safety
Including travelling, turning, and stopping. Sports or safety performance.

High

Rolling resistance

Environment
Performance increasingly important to save the environment in the future.

Low

ASPEC dB
Released in 1998

DNA dB ES500 DNA dB ES501

Released in 2000 Released in 2004

POINT

1
2
3

Rolling resistance is reduced by 10% compared to our conventional product

Earth-1 dedicated Nano Power Rubber with Orange Oil further reduces rolling resistance.
Compared to A300

POINT

Improving wet performance

Orange Oil improves wet performance. Also, we adopt a new tread pattern to improve wet performance.

POINT

POINT

inch up

POINT

Pursuing a more comfortable driving experience

Improved quietness sustains further silence

We pay attention to noise caused by uneven wear of blocks. Adopting a new pattern reduces noise caused by wear.

Our original pattern technology restricts uneven wear

We employ newly-developed wear control shoulders at both sides, which reduce tire noise as well as uneven wear.

1998
Coalescent Rubber

2001
Coalescent Rubber II

2005
Nano Power Rubber

2008

The round profile that improves driving experience adopts our original new technology.

Earth-1 dedicated Nano Power Rubber is the aggregate of the ECO tire technologies we have developed
Nano Power Rubber is a new compound that further improves fuel efficiency performance and wet braking. A compound of natural rubber and Orange Oil ensures high grip force while minimizing rolling resistance in our product line.
500nm

Earth-1 dedicated Nano Power Rubber (microscope photo: color processed for clarity)

Earth-1 dedicated Nano Power Rubber is the aggregate of our advanced technologies

Products for the Japanese market Our support for social activities that contribute to the environment
We support Mr. Ukyo Katayama, who participated in Dakar 2009 using bio-diesel fuel made from 100% recycled waste frying oil, as part of activities for the next generation of motorization.
High fuel efficiency and grip
The round profile that improves driving experience adopts our original new technology.

Silica

Natural rubber

Orange Oil

Earth-1 dedicated Nano Power Rubber

High fuel efficiency

Natural rubber has lower rolling resistance and high uneven wear resistance, contributing to high fuel efficiency under normal driving conditions.

Grip
Orange Oil makes rubber more elastic and helps it to hold the road. It promotes the heating of rubber during active driving to ensure higher grip force.

Orange Oil ensures grip force while achieving higher fuel efficiency.

05-06

Technology for Earth-1

Earth-1 dedicated Nano Power Rubber controls tire heat.

Orange Oil makes rubber molecules elastic a unique relationship that leads to a new level of performance.
As a natural material, Orange Oil easily settles in oils or rubber, penetrating into gaps between tightly intertwined polymers to allow the rubber to be more elastic. We have focused on the functions of Orange Oil components to create a compound that makes a stiff rubber more elastic and ensures it penetrates into minute depressions in a road to provide grip.

Comfort, quietness, and uneven wear resistance our unique technology improves basic performance.
Newly-developed patterns dedicated to Earth-1 for various needs
We employ new patterns that achieve, at a high level, total performance including wet braking, uneven wear resistance, and quietness, by incorporating a variety of our unique pattern technologies such as the newly-developed arrow groove and wear control shoulder.
Wear control shoulder
<Simulated image>

Anomalous three-pitch variations

This adopts three different sizes and two different shapes a total of six different types of block. Dispersing impact noise made when blocks contact the ground reduces pattern noise.

Orange Oil
07- 0 <Simulated image>

The wear control shoulder controls uneven wear with the vertical and horizontal grooves and contributes to quietness when wear is caused.

Groove in groove
Smaller grooves are adopted on the groove wall to ease stress at the block edge and control uneven wear.

Center rib
The rib positioned at the center of the tread pattern functions to improve handling response.

Arrow groove
The arrow-shaped groove ensures good drainage. Further, a vertical block at the internal side ensures rigidity under braking.

Orange Oil makes stiff rubber molecules more elastic. The Orange Oil component penetrates into gaps made between tightly intertwined polymers to provide the rubber with elasticity.

Silent sipes
This thin groove employed in the shoulder block reduces pattern noise echoing under the vehicle and improves quietness.

Polymer

Wide straight groove

These are four straight grooves that control hydroplaning on wet roads and provide high wet performance.

Allowing rubber to hold the road more elastically improves frictional force.
Orange Oil that penetrates and settles into the rubber, making the tire surface elastic so that the rubber holds onto minute projections of the road at a micro level. Enlarging the ground contact area improves frictional force and ensures grip force. Orange Oil also promotes the heating of rubber during hard driving. Further, it plays a role in controlling the twin mode according to driving conditions.
<Simulated image> <Simulated image>

Wear control shoulder controls uneven wear.

The wear control shoulder controls uneven wear and contributes to quietness when wear is caused. The rigid rib positioned at the inner side of each block firmly supports load during cornering to control uneven wear. Uneven wear on a single shoulder block results in more noise, while the rib promotes even wear to keep noise levels low when wear occurs.

Tire Road

Controlling uneven wear of blocks (heel-and-toe wear) to keep noise levels low
Our conventional shoulder (with no rigid rib) Wear control shoulder (with the rigid rib)
<Simulated image> <Simulated image>

Our conventional rubber

Small projections on the road create gaps, reducing grip force.

Earth-1 dedicated Nano Power Rubber

The functions of Orange Oil add elasticity to natural rubber, improving its adhesiveness to the road at a micro level.

Front view

Controlling heat necessary for grip at a higher level

Our twin mode concept is to control each tires temperature during hard or normal driving. Orange Oil promotes heating at the time of hard driving when rubber molecules of a tire move vigorously, achieving a balance between the reduction of rolling resistance and good grip force.
Low temperature Low grip Normal driving Hard driving
<Simulated image>

Sectional view (at the time of wear)

The jagged part contacting the road causes road noise.

Front view

Sectional view (at the time of wear)

Less road noise due to smooth rolling

High temperature High grip

High grip Orange Oil promotes heating.

Newly-designed round profile controls upthrust from the road.

Earth-1 employs a unique profile with a round shoulder.

Our conventional product Our conventional rubber with high fuel efficiency

The shoulder supporting the entire tire is likely to receive the most impact from the road. Therefore, the new profile optimizes the grounding shape to release force concentrated at the shoulder. In addition, homogenized contact pressure efficiently disperses impacts from the road, enhancing the vibrational absorption of the entire tire and improving driving comfort.

High fuel efficiency

07-08

SALES TALK & DATA

Earth-1 Summary of Features

Earth-1 adopts a newly-developed compound with Orange Oil, which is the aggregation of our ECO tire technologies. It is a new-generation ECO tire in which reduction of rolling resistance achieves a good balance between high fuel efficiency and wet performance.

Earth-1 Data
Pattern No.

High fuel efficiency

Economic efficiency

2
Wet performance
Safety

3
Ride quality
Comfort

EP400
Inches Tire profile (%) Tire size Tires external diameter (mm) Tires overall width (mm)

Tire profile: 40/45/50/55/60/65%

Standard rim width (inches)

17

40

195/40R17 81W
205/40R17 80W 215/40R17 83W 245/40R17 91W 255/40R17 94W 205/45R17 84W 215/45R17 91W 225/45R17 91W 235/45R17 94W 205/50R17 93V 215/50R17 91V 225/50R17 94W 205/55R17 91V 215/55R17 94V 225/55R17 97W 195/45R16 80W 205/45R16 83W 205/50R16 87V 225/50R16 92V 195/55R16 87V 205/55R16 91V 215/55R16 93V 175/60R16 82H 195/60R16 89H 205/60R16 92H 215/60R16 95H 225/60R16 98H 205/65R16 95H 195/50R15 82V 185/55R15 82V 195/55R15 85V 185/60R15 84H 195/60R15 88H 205/60R15 91H 185/65R15 88H 195/65R15 91H 205/65R15 94H 165/60R14 75H 175/60R14 79H 185/60R14 82H 175/65R14 82H 185/65R14 86H

Responding to customers needs

Technology introduced

Sales talk
Improving on our conventional Nano Power Rubber, we
45

A good opportunity when replacing tires why not think of fuel efficiency?

employ a new compound tuned exclusively for Earth-1, Earth-1 dedicated Nano Power Rubber which reduces the rolling resistance by 10% compared to our conventional product. A product that boasts our highest fuel efficiency performance is recommended to those customers who place greater emphasis on fuel efficiency.
55 50

16
Orange Oil extracted from orange peels is a compound dedicated for Nano Power Rubber to add elasticity to the rubber and improve adhesiveness to the road at a micro Do you worry about wet performance when driving in the rain with your loving family and friends? Orange Oil Arrow groove level. The force to grip the road is especially effective on slippery wet roads. Orange Oil promotes heating when driving hard (e.g. when cornering and braking) to ensure grip force. Further, the arrow groove adopted in the tread pattern ensures good drainage and the vertical block in the circumferential direction ensures rigidity when braking, which improves wet performance.

45 50 55

60

15

65 50 55 60

The product employs a newly-designed round profile to Are you looking for a more comfortable tire? optimize the grounding shape at the shoulder where Round profile impact from the road is likely to be concentrated and effectively disperses that impact, enhancing the vibrational absorption of the entire tire and improving driving comfort.

65

14

60

65

588 596 604 628 636 616 626 634 644 638 648 658 658 668 680 582 590 612 632 620 632 642 616 640 652 664 676 672 577 585 595 603 615 627 621 635 647 554 566 578 584 596

200 212 218 248 260 206 213 225 236 214 226 233 214 226 233 195 206 214 233 201 214 226 177 201 209 221 228 209 201 194 201 189 201 209 189 201 209 170 177 189 177 189

7J 71/2J 71/2J 81/2J 9J 7J 7J 71/2J 8J 61/2J 7J 7J 61/2J 7J 7J 61/2J 7J 61/2J 7J 6J 61/2J 7J 5J 6J 6J 61/2J 61/2J 6J 6J 6J 6J 51/2J 6J 6J 51/2J 6J 6J 5J 5J 51/2J 5J 51/2J

Silent Sipes Quietness also matters, doesnt it? Wear control shoulder

The Silent Sipe, a thin groove adopted for the shoulder block, reduces pattern noise. Further, the wear control shoulder reduces heel-and-toe wear, ensuring quietness after wear.

The tire dimensions (external diameter and overall width) refer to the design values specified in JATMA/ETRTO. refers to reinforced standards. Earth-1 tires are equipped with a rim protect bar except for the 60/65 series.

Rolling resistance reduced by 10%

Poor rolling

Wet braking distance reduced by 9.2 meters

Noise reduced by 2.2 dB (A)

100 90

Conventional product (A300) Earth-1

56.7 m 47.5 m

Conventional product (A300)

59.8 dB (A) 57.6 dB (A)

Rolling resistance

The rib with high rigidity at the internal side of each block A great product if you are concerned about uneven wear! Wear control shoulder is employed as a wear control shoulder to firmly support the load caused when cornering and to control uneven wear.
Good rolling Earth-1 Conventional product (A300) Rolling resistance value Comparable product (Earth-1): 8.7 (A300): 9.7 <Testing method> Measuring rolling resistance coefficients (RRC) with Yokohamas indoor drum resistance tester. <Testing conditions> Tire size: 185/65R14 86H (Earth-1), 185/65R14 86H (A300), rim size: 14 x 5-1/2JJ, pneumatic pressure : 230 kPa, load: 3.5 kN

9.2 m reduced

E arth-1

Wet braking Comparable product (Earth-1): 47.5 m / (A300) : 56.7 m <Testing method> Brake test by equipping GPS measuring instrument. Measuring braking distance five times each to calculate the mean of the three values excluding maximum and minimum values. <Testing conditions> Yokohama Rubber Test Course road: asphalt, braking speed: 100 km/h, water depth: 2.5 mm, tire size: 185/65R14 86H (Earth-1), 185/65R14 86H (A300), rim size: 14 x 5-1/2JJ, pneumatic pressure : 230 kPa, vehicle: Toyota VIOS, number of passengers: 2

In-car quietness Comparative product (Earth-1): 57.6 dB (A), (A300): 59.8 dB (A) <Testing method> Measuring in-car noise from Pattern noise when travelling on a test course. <Testing conditions> Yokohama Rubber Test Course Circular track, road surface: asphalt, microphone position: center inside the vehicle, speed: 60 km/h, tire size: 185/65R14 86H (Earth-1), 185/65R14 86H (A300), rim size: 14 x 5-1/2JJ, pneumatic pressure : 230 kPa, vehicle: Toyota VIOS, number of passengers: 2

09-10