FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY A : SULPHURIC ACID Learning Outcomes

You should be able to: list uses of sulphuric acid explain industrial process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid explain that sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution

Activity 1: Sulphuric acid 1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by .. 2. Contact process consists of four stages: (Complete the table below)

Stage 1

Sulphur is burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide/ Burning of metal sulphides such as zinc sulphide and lead(II) sulphide to produce sulphur dioxide Chemical equation: S + O2 Or 2ZnS + 3O2 Or 2PbS + 3O2 SO2 2SO2 + 2ZnO 2SO2 + 2PbO

Stage 2

Sulphur dioxide is oxidised in excess oxygen to produce sulphur trioxide Chemical equation: 2SO2 + O2 Optimum conditions Temperature: 450 C Pressure: 1 atm Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 2SO3

Stage 3

Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to produce oleum Chemical equation: SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7

Stage 4

Oleum is diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid to produce concentrated sulphuric acid Chemical equation: H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4

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FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. State six uses of sulphuric acid. i) .. ii) .. iii) .. .. iv) . v) vi) ..... 4. .gas is one of the by-products of the Contact process which can cause .. pollution. Other sources of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere include .. of metals from their sulphide ores, burning of . such as coal and petroleum with high sulphur content. 5. Sulphur dioxide can cause acid rain. Natural rain water has a pH of about 5.4. Acid rain occurs when pH of the rain is between and .. This is due to the reaction of sulphur dioxide with rainwater. 2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4

6. The effects of acid rain on the environment are as follows: i) . ii). iii) ... iv) v) B : AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS Learning Outcomes You should be able to: list uses of ammonia state the properties of ammonia explain the industrial process in the manufacture of ammonia design an activity to prepare ammonium fertilisers Activity 2: Ammonia 1. Ammonia is manufactured through the Haber process by combining gas and .gas. The nitrogen gas is obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air. The hydrogen gas can be obtained from reaction between methane (from natural gas) and steam or heated coke with steam. 2. Haber process can be represented by the chemical equation 3. The optimum condition for Haber process: Catalyst: Temperature: Pressure: -2-

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Uses of ammonia: (a) To manufacture . fertilisers. (b) Ammonia is used as raw material to produce . acid. (c) Ammonia is also used as an alkali to prevent the of latex. (d) As in refrigerators. (e) Making of 5. Physical properties of ammonia: (a) Colour: Ammonia is a gas. (b) Solubility: Ammonia is very in water. (c) Smell: Ammonia has a smell. (d) Density: Ammonia is less . than air. 6. Ammonium fertilisers can be prepared by from the reaction between ammonia and an acid. Complete the table below.

Alkali Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia

Acid Phosphoric acid Nitric acid Sulphuric acid Carbon dioxide

Chemical equation

Name of fertiliser

(i) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass found in each of the ammonium fertilisers. [Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12; N, 14; O, 16; P, 31; S, 32]

(ii) From the calculations in 6(i), which type of fertiliser is most suitable for the growth of plants. Give a reason for your answer. . . -3-

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ C : ALLOYS Learning Outcomes You should be able to: relate the arrangement of atoms in metals to their ductile and malleable properties state the meaning of alloy state the aim of making alloys list examples of alloys list compositions and properties of alloys relate the arrangement of atoms in alloys to their strength and hardness relate properties of alloys to their uses

Activity 3: Alloy 1. Alloy is a .......................... of two or more elements with a fixed composition in which the major component is a

2. A metal pure is (ductile) because all the atoms are of the same size and arranged in an orderly manner. Thus, the layer of atoms can over one another when a force is applied.

3. A pure metal is (malleable) because there are some empty spaces in between the pure metal atoms. When a metal is knocked, the atoms slide into the empty spaces.

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FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. An alloy is (not ductile) because the foreign atoms are of different sizes and this disrupts the orderly arrangement of the pure metal atoms. Thus, this makes it harder for the layers of atoms from sliding over one another when a force is applied.

Pure metal A

Pure metal B

Alloy

5. Three aims of alloying a) To increase the . and .. of a pure metal. b) To protect the pure metal from c) To improve the . of a pure metal. 6. Examples of alloy. (Complete the table below)

Alloy Bronze Brass Cupro-nickel Steel Stainless steel

Composition 80% copper, 20% tin 70% copper, 30% zinc 75% copper, 25% nickel 99% iron, 1% carbon 74% iron, 8% carbon, 18% chromium 93% aluminium, 3% copper, 3% magnesium, 1% manganese 96% tin, 3% copper, 1% antimony 50% tin, 50% lead 37.5% gold, 51.5% copper, 11% silver

Properties

Uses

Duralumin

Pewter

Solder 9-carat gold

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FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ D: SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Learning Outcomes You should be able to: state the meaning of polymers list naturally occurring polymers list synthetic polymers and their uses identify the monomers in the synthetic polymers justify uses of synthetic polymers in daily life.

Activity 4: Polymers Fill in the blanks below. 1. Polymers are ... molecules made up of many identical repeating units called .. joined together by covalent bond. 2. is the process by which the monomers are joined together to form a large molecule known as polymer. 3. Complete the table below. Natural polymers Synthetic polymers

4. Match the plastics with their respective monomers. Synthetic Polymer Monomer

Polyethene Polypropene Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Polystyrene Perspex Teflon

Phenylethene Chloroethene Ethene Propene Tetrafluoroethene Methyl methacrylate

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FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Complete the table. Synthetic polymer Polythene Polypropene Polyvinyl chloride Polystyrene Perspex Teflon Uses

E : GLASS AND CERAMICS Learning Outcomes You should be able to: list uses of glass list uses of ceramics list types of glass and their properties state properties of ceramics.

Activity 5: Glass and ceramic Fill in the blanks below. 1. Main composition of glass is , SiO2. 2. Glass is a metal . or a mixture of metal silicates such as sodium silicate and calcium silicate. Glass is commonly made by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide and metal carbonates to a temperature above 1500 C. Below are the steps involved: (a) When sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate are heated to a high temperature, they decompose to form . Chemical equation: . . (b) The metal oxides combine with silicon dioxide to form metal silicates. Chemical equation: . .

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FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Generally, all types of glass have the following common properties: (a) ............................ (b) .. (c) .. (d) (e) . 4. Complete the table below. Type of glass Chemical composition Silicon dioxide Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide Silicon dioxide, boron oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide . Properties High melting point High temperature and chemical durability Resistant to thermal shock Transparent to ultraviolet and infrared light Low melting point High thermal expansion coefficient Does not withstand heat Cracks easily with sudden change in temperature Good chemical durability Easy to mould and shape Transparent to visible light Transparent to visible light Resistant to chemicals Lower thermal expansion Resistant to thermal shock Can withstand wide range of temperature changes Soft and easy to melt Transparent to visible light High density High refractive index Examples of uses

Silicon dioxide, lead(II) oxide, sodium oxide

5. are made from clay, for example kaolin, a hydrated aluminum silicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. When the clay is heated to a very high temperature, they undergo a series of chemical reactions and are hardened permanently to form ceramics. 6. Ceramics are made by a series of steps: (a) (b) .. (c) .. (d) (e) . -8-

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Complete the table below.

Property Hard and strong Attractive, easily moulded and glazed Chemical inert and non-corrosive Very high melting point and good insulator of heat Electrical insulator Inert and noncompressible

Uses Building materials Decorative pieces and household items Kitchenware Insulation

Examples

Insulating parts in electrical appliances Medical and dental apparatus

Activity 6: Similarities and differences between glass and ceramic 1. Compare and contrast between glass and ceramic. Common properties between glass and ceramic: (a) (b) (c) ....... (d) (e) (f) (g) Differences between glass and ceramic: (a) (b) (c)

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FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY __________________________________________________________________________________ F : COMPOSITE MATERIALS Learning Outcomes You should be able to: describe needs to produce new materials for specific purposes state the meaning of composite materials list examples of composite materials and their components compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their original components.

Activity 7: Composite materials 1. Composite material is a structural material that is formed by ........... two or more different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers to give a material with more superior properties than its original components. 2. Complete the table below.

Example Reinforced concrete

Composition

Properties Hard and strong

Uses

Superconductors

Conducts electricity with no electrical resistance when cooled to an extremely low temperature

Fibre optic

Transmit electronic data, voice and images in digital form at high speed

Fibre glass

Strong and low density

Photochromic glass

When it is exposed to light, silver ion is converted to silver atom and darken the glass. When light is blocked, the silver atoms lose electrons to form silver ions and the glass becomes transparent.

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