Huawei 2G Coverage Planning PDF

Coverage Planning
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P-1
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Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Coverage Planning
Principle
Coverage Planning
P-2
Page2 Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Planning Basis
2. Coverage Planning
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving coverage
Coverage Planning
P-3
Radio Propagation Environment
Multi-path propagation
Shadowing
Terrain
Building
Reflection
Interference
Coverage Planning
P-4
Reflections
direct signal
strong reflected signal
equalizer window 16 s
amplitude
delay time
long echoes, out of equalizer window:
self-interference
Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay
No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window
Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer
window
Coverage Planning
P-5
Fading
Transmission
Receiving
10
3
30
?
?0
!
!0
0
d
b
Coverage Planning
P-6
Fading
Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)
Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation direction
Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)
Serious interference from multi-path signals
Coverage Planning
P-7
Fading
time
power
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec
+20 dB
mean
value
- 20 dB
lognormal
fading
Rayleigh
fading
Coverage Planning
P-8
Land Types during Planning
Urban small cells
Forest heavy absorption; differs with seasons
Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions
Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells,
do not use as antenna or site location
Coverage Planning
P-9
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
Coverage Planning
P-10
Cell Coverage Range
The purpose of coverage planning is using the less BTS to perform
more coverage. Achievable cell coverage depend on:
1. Get the coverage requirement and parameters: such as Minimum
required signal level, Operator requirement of coverage
probability
2. The max allowed path loss according link budget
3. The cell coverage radius depend on max allowed path loss and
propagation model
4. Calculate the BTS coverage and the BTS number
Difference band coverage area will be difference. Normally some others
situation also will influence
Coverage Planning
P-11
Link Budget
receive ms bts cable combiner bts
Min G L G L L P + +
receive cable bts diversity ms ms
Min L G G L G P + + +
GSM has two frequency bands: 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. Each band has
different transmission characteristics. Long wavelength comes with little diffraction
loss and short wavelength comes with little building penetration loss. Indoor wave
component is the superimposition of penetration component and diffraction
component. Diffraction component constitutes most of the wave component, and
therefore, the indoor and outdoor level difference of 1800 MHz is greater than that
of 900 MHz. Because of the issues such as complex transmission environment and
the direction of incident waves, quantify indoor and outdoor level difference is not
very practical. The best way is to carry out level difference test in special
environment for planning optimization.
Coverage Planning
P-12
Min. Receiving Level
On Down Link
On Uplink
n penetratio in m
in m in m in m ms receive
L FastFading
ng shadowfadi ng SlowlyFadi I S Min
+ +
+ + =
arg
arg arg arg
) (
n penetratio
in m in m in m in m bts receive
L
FastFading ng ShadowFadi ng SlowlyFadi I S Min
+
+ + + =
arg arg arg arg
) (
Coverage Planning
P-13
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS receiver sensitivity
-112.5dBm
The sensitivity is also related with vendor and environment
MS receiver sensitivity
-102dBm
Coverage Planning
P-14
Interference Margin
Interference margin: sometimes also named noise
correction, which is protection margin for interference.
Normally interference margin is 2dB.
Coverage Planning
P-15
Link Budget
Fast fading margin
In the link balance calculation, fast fading margin should be
considered
0 1 1 1 1 1 Fast fading margin
(dB)
Sea Road Rural
area
town Urban Density urban
Coverage Planning
P-16
Coverage Probability
area coverage probability: Within a coverage area, the percentage
of area in which receive signal strength (RxLev) is always higher than
RxLev threshold
edge coverage probability: In coverage board area, the percentage
time when the receive signal strength (RxLev) is always larger than
the of RxLev threshold
Sometimes during the planning, coverage probability also have to consider. And
for high coverage probability, high shadow fading margin reserved. Normally,
there are two types coverage probabilities: area coverage probability and edge
coverage probability.
According to the standard deviation of the shadow fading and the requirements
for the border coverage probability (determined by the operator), we can
calculate the edge coverage probability by formula.
Coverage Planning
P-17
Area coverage probability to edge
coverage probability
edge
coverage
probability
100% 90% 86% 79% 72% 66% 64% 51% 50% 32% 14% 6%
High
way
100% 93% 90% 85% 80% 76% 73% 63% 54% 46% 27% 17% village
100% 94% 91% 86% 81% 77% 75% 66% 57% 49% 30% 20%
Rural
area
100% 94% 91% 86% 81% 77% 75% 66% 57% 49% 30% 20% urban
100% 94% 91% 86% 81% 77% 75% 66% 57% 49% 30% 20%
Dense
urban
100% 98% 97% 95% 93% 91% 90% 85% 80% 75% 60% 50%
area coverage
probability
Check this table, we can know the relationship of area coverage probability and edge
coverage probability.
Coverage Planning
P-18
Margin
To ensure a certain edge coverage probability , it is
necessary to reserve some power margin, i.e. the shadow
fading margin, also call it slowly fading.
Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss fluctuates
around this value. It is subjected to the logarithmic normal
distribution as the location and time varies.
Note : the 75% edge coverage probability is corresponding to the 90%
area coverage probability.
Concept of communication probability: Success call rate of MS on the
radio coverage border or in the cell
Category of communication probability: location probability and time
probability
In general, the time change has little impact on the communication
probability, so it can be neglected.
Coverage Planning
P-19
Area coverage probability to expected
shadow fading margin
50% 60% 75% 80% 90% 92% 93% 95% 97% 98% 99% 100%
Dense Urban
-6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
Urban -6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
SubUrban
-6.7 -4.2 -0.1 1.4 5.5 6.5 7.2 8.6 10.7 12.2 14.6 21.3
Rural Area
-6.6 -4.3 -0.6 0.8 4.3 5.4 5.9 7.2 9.1 10.4 12.3 19.2
High Way -6.1 -4.4 -1.8 0 1.4 2 2.4 3.2 4.3 5.1 6.5 10.4
Coverage Planning
P-20
Penetration Loss
Signal loss for penetration varies between different building materials, e.g.:
2 dB window glass
6 dB wood or plaster wall
8 dB armed glass
9 dB brick wall
10 dB concrete wall within building
30 dB concrete wall, no windows
17 dB reinforced concrete wall, windows
Mean Materials
Coverage Planning
P-21
Min. Receive Level
Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=1dB
Slowly Fading Margin=5dB
Interference margin=2dB
? dBm Outdoor
Sms=-102dBm
Penetration Loss=10
? dBm Resident area, indoor
Sms=-102dBm
Penetration Loss=18
? dBm Density urban, indoor
Given Min. Receiving Level Application Environment
Coverage Planning
P-22
Min. Receive Level
Sms=-102dBm
-90dBm Outdoor
Sms=-102dBm
Penetration Loss=10
-80dBm Resident area, indoor
Sms=-102dBm
Penetration Loss=18
-70dBm Density urban, indoor
Given Min. Receiving Level Application Environment
Coverage Planning
P-23
Link Budget Model
receive ms bts cable combiner bts
Min G L G L L P + +
receive cable bts diversity ms ms
Min L G G L G P + + +
On downlink
On uplink
Coverage Planning
P-24
Equipment-related Parameters
BTS Tx power
Maximum BS Tx power.
Maximum power of the antennaPtrx-Lcdu
Maximum MS Tx power
900:2W
1800:1W
BS antenna gain
Typical value: Omni directional antenna: 11dBi or 13dBi;
directional antenna: 15 to 18dBi.
MS antenna gain
Generally, MS antenna and the connection loss are
considered to be 0dB.
Coverage Planning
P-25
No Combining
TCOM
TRX0
TRX0
TX
TRX1
TRX1
TX
TX1
IN1
IN2
TX2
RXM1
RXD1
RXM2
RXD2
combiner
combiner
For the cell which just has one or two TRX, the TRX will not be connected to the
combiner and directly connected to DDPU (Dual Duplexer Unit for DTRU BTS). So it is
combiner loss will be 0---1 dB.
The DDPU is for sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to
the antenna through the duplexer
Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and quartering them to the
transceiver in the DTRU
Coverage Planning
P-26
Wide Band Combining
TRX0
TRX0
TX
TRX1
TRX1
TX
TX1
IN1
TCOM
IN2
TX2
combiner
combiner
If for the cell which has more than two TRX, TRX0 and TRX1 will be connected
to the combiner first and then connected to DDPU. Its combiner
loss will be 3.3+1=4.3dB
The DDPU is intermixed with the DCOM (Combining Unit for DTRU BTSin the
DAFU subrack of the forepart of RF subsystem. It is indispensable. Generally,
the number of DDPU is one at least and three at most. Without the DCOM, there
can be at most six DDPUs
Sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to the antenna
through the duplexer
Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and quartering them to the
transceiver in the DTRU
The DCOM is optional and there are a maximum three DCOMs. The DTRU
combines two carriers into one channel. The DCOM is required when the
DTRUs are insufficent
The DCOM combines the 2-route DTRU transmission signals and outputs them
to the DDPU
Coverage Planning
P-27
Feeder and Jumper
feeder
connector
Feeder
Antenna Adjustable Support
GSM/CDMA
Panel Antenna
BTS
Wall
jumper
In a wireless telecommunication system, the antenna provides the interface between
base transceiver station (BTS) and outside propagation mediums. One set of antenna
can both radiate and receive radio waves. When radiating radio waves, it converts high
frequency current into electromagnetic wave; when receiving radio waves, it converts the
electromagnetic wave into high frequency current.
During network planning, the right antenna is selected according to the radio
environment of the BTS. The parameters, such as antenna height, antenna azimuth
angle, tilt angle, are decided based on the selected antenna.
Antenna is directly related to uplink and downlink converges, so are the radio frequency
(RF) components, such as feeder cable, combiner, and duplexer.
Coverage Planning
P-28
Antenna Feeder SystemFeeder
Feeder:
Frequently-used specification:
7/8 ", 5/4 "
The curvature of the feeders shall not be
too large, and the conductor surface is
required to well connected with the ground
<=80meters
>80 meters
900MHZ
<=50meters 7/8 "
>50 meters 5/4
1800MHZ
5dB/100m
3dB/100m
900MHZ
6dB/100m 7/8 "
4dB/100m 5/4
1800MHZ
How to choose a feeder
Feeder loss
11dB/100m 1/2 jumper length (m)
Loss of frequently-used feeders
Coverage Planning
P-29
Example
30 MS max. transmitting power(dBm)
-102 MS sensitivity (dBm)
?
Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm)
17 BTS antenna gain (dBi)
?
BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector
loss (dB)
0.5 feeder connector loss (dB)
11dB/100m 5 1/2 jumper length (m)
4dB/100m 45 7/8 feeder length (m)
1 BTS combiner loss (dB)
46 BTS max. transmitting power (dBm)
Coverage Planning
P-30
Example
?dB
expected shadow fading margin (dB)
2 Noise correction (dB) (interference margin)
5dB clutter loss (dB) (slow fading margin)
3dB Fast fading margin
1dB MS antenna gain
?
allowed DL Max Propagation loss in Um interface(dB)
4 Body loss (penetration loss)
91% corresponding edge coverage probability
97% expected area coverage probability
Coverage Planning
P-31
Coverage Radius
According the max allowed path loss, BTS antenna height
and propagation model, can calculate the cell coverage
radius.
Depend on cell coverage radius, can get the cell coverage
area and BTS number.
Coverage Planning
P-32
Objective of Propagation Model
The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss
during radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and
artificial environments
The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage
planning. A good model mean more precise planning.
The propagation model depends on the working frequency
of the system. Different propagation models have different
working frequencies ranges.
Through surveying radio propagation environments, you can get familiar with the
overall landforms, estimate the rough antenna height, and select the proper radio
propagation model, among which the radio propagation model helps you estimate
the number of base station when predicting the coverage. If necessary, you must
adjust the propagation model.
Moreover, indoor propagation model differs from the out door propagation model
Coverage Planning
P-33
Propagation Mode
900 MHz and1800MHz macro cell K Mode (U-net)
900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor Keenan-Motley
900 MHz and 1800 MHz micro Cell Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami
1500-2000 MHz macro cell Cost231-Hata
150-1000 MHz macro cell Okumura-Hata
Application Name
Coverage Planning
P-34
Okumura-Hata Model
Frequency: f:1505~2000MHz
BTS antenna height: Hb:30~200m
Mobile station height: Hm:1~10m
Distance: d:1~20km
m
h b b p
A d h h f L + + = log ) log 55 . 6 9 . 44 ( log 82 . 13 log 16 . 26 55 . 69
Lp
f
d
m
h
A
: Path loss (dB)
: MS correction factor (dB)
: Carrier frequency (MHz)
: Distance of BS and MS (Km)
) 8 . 0 log 56 . 1 ( ) 7 . 0 log 1 . 1 ( = f h f A
m h
m
97 . 4 ) 75 . 11 (log 2 . 3
2
=
m h
h A
m
Middle or small cities:
Big cities:
Coverage Planning
P-35
Cost231-Hata
Frequency range f:1505~2000MHz
BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
Distance d:1~20km
m h b b p
C A d h h f L
m
+ + + = log ) log 55 . 6 9 . 44 ( log 82 . 13 log 9 . 33 3 . 46
m
C
m
C 0dB Large-size cities
3dB Big cities
Coverage Planning
P-36
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site distance: D=1.5R
Coverage Area=1.949R
2
Site Coverage Radius: R
Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=2.598R
2
3 Sectors site Omni site
Distance and Coverage Area
Coverage Planning
P-37
Example
? lxtd bTS uum|
? C'' d`mu:tòukm?
0.80 C'' udù:km
Omni
S`t ty
00
lxtd ovu_ uu
d`mu:òukm?
Coverage Planning
P-38
Link Balance Tool
'ùk |u'uu
Coverage Planning
P-39
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
Coverage Planning
P-40
Why Indoors
Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators
Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
Outdoor cell cant provide sufficient indoor coverage
INDOOR SOLUTION
Good
Quality!
With the rapid development of economy, hotels, commercial centers,
large-scale flats, underground railways, and underground parking areas
are arising by batch. As a result, mobile stations are more frequently used
in indoor environment. Thus, they require better indoor mobile
communication services.
Generally, the following problems are present in indoor mobile
communication systems:
From the perspective of coverage, the complex indoor structure and the
shielding and absorbing effect of the buildings cause great radio wave
transmission loss. As a result, the signals in some areas may be weak,
especially the signals in the first and second floors in the underground are
quite weak, or even there are dead zones. In this case, mobile stations
cannot necessarily access the network, there is no paging response, or
subscribers are not in service areas.
From the perspective of network quality, the factors interfering radio
frequencies are probably present in upper floors of high buildings. In this
case, the signals in service areas are not stable, so ping pong effect
may occur and conversation quality cannot be ensured.
From the perspective of network capacity, if mobile stations are frequently
used in buildings, such as large-scale shopping centers, conference halls,
some areas in the network cannot meet the requirements of subscribers.
In this case, congestion may occur on radio channels.
Coverage Planning
P-41
Building Penetration Loss
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
Pref = 0 dB
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
signal level increases with floor
number :~1.5 dB/floor (for 1st
..10th floor)
Signal level in building is estimated by using a building penetration loss
margin
Big differences between rooms with window and without window(10~15
dB)
Coverage Planning
P-42
Building Penetration Loss
Signal loss for penetration varies between
different building materials, e.g.:
mean value
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB
concrete wall within building 10 dB
brick wall 9 dB
armed glass 8 dB
wood or plaster wall 6 dB
window glass 2 dB
Coverage Planning
P-43
In-Building Path Loss
Simple path loss model for in-building environment
Outdoor loss: Okumuras formula
Wall loss
Lwall = f (material; angle)
Indoor loss: linear model
For Pico-Cells
Lin = L0 +(loss per meter)*d
building type loss application example
old house 0,7 dB/m (urban l)
commercial type 0,5 dB/m (modern offices)
open room, atrium 0,2 dB/m (museum, train station)
Lout
Lwall
Lin
The mean building penetration loss is a function of the height of the
building. According to record, the gradient of loss line is -1.9 dB/floor. The
mean building penetration loss of the first floor is about 18 dB in urban
area and 13 dB in rural area. Tests show that the indoor loss has the
characteristics of loss waveguide with attenuation. For example, when the
wave transmits along the corridor direction vertical to outdoor window, the
loss is about 0.4dB/m.
Coverage Planning
P-44
Coverage Model in Door
f indicates frequency (MHz)
d indicates distance (m)
Lf indicates penetration loss factors between floors (dB)
n indicates the number of floors lying between the mobile station
and antenna.
N indicates distance loss factor
28 ) ( lg lg 20 + + = n Lf D N f L
This model is recommended by ITU, it is for indoor coverage.
Coverage Planning
P-45
Typical N Value
22 32 28 1800-2000
20 33 30 900
Shopping mall office house frequencyMHz
Coverage Planning
P-46
Typical Lf Value
6 + 3 *n-1 15 + 4 * n-1 4 * n 1800-2000
- 91 floor
192 floor
243 floor
- 900
Shopping mall office house frequencyMHz
n indicates the number of floors lying between the mobile station and
antenna.
Coverage Planning
P-47
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Small BTS
Mini BTS
Repeater
Active
Passive
Optical
Antennas
Distribute antenna
Leaky cable
Signal distribution
Power splitter
Optical fiber
Coverage Planning
P-48
Indoor Planning
Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
reuse per two floor, separate
frequencies within one floor:
a) three floors
52.12 Erl => 842subs
b) ten floors
140 Erl => 2808 subs
Example1:
1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2%
no frequency reuse:
a) three floors
34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers
b) ten floors
34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers
Single cell approach Multi-Cell approach
t
f5
f6
f5
f1
f2
f1
f3
f4
f3
f1..f6
f1..f6
f1..f6
Coverage Planning
P-49
Indoor Coverage Examples
With Repeater
Relay outdoor signal into target building
Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
With indoor BTS and distributed antenna
Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
1:1:1
1:1
4th floor
3rd floor
2nd floor
1st floor
ground floor
Outdoor Antenna
Gain: 18 dBi
Indoor Antenna
Gain: 9dBi
Target Indoor Coverage Building
7/8'' Cable
Loss: 4dB / 50m
Cable length : 25m
-50 dBm
4th Floor
3rd Floor
1st Floor
Ground Floor
2nd Floor
Coverage Planning
P-50
Repeater
Application examples
Coverage for low traffic area
Remote valley
Tunnel
Underground coverage
needs
decoupling > amplification
Coverage Planning
P-51
Wave Propagation in Tunnels
The tunnel types include railway tunnel (or metro tunnel), highway
tunnel.
Highway tunnel is wide, select the antennas with a larger size to
obtain a higher gain, coverage distance is larger.
Railway tunnel is narrow, the antenna size and gain are greatly
restricted. Especially the radio propagation is greatly affected by
passing train.
The tunnel types include railway tunnel, highroad tunnel, and
underground railway tunnel. Each tunnel has its characteristics, and they
are specified as follows.
For the highroad tunnel, it is wide. The coverage in the highroad tunnels is
relatively stable. When there are vehicles passing by, you can select the
antennas with a larger size to obtain a higher gain, so the coverage
distance is larger.
For the railway tunnel, it is narrow, especially when there is a train
passing by; only a little room is left in the tunnel, so the radio propagation
is greatly affected. Moreover, the train has great effect on radio signals.
Since the antenna installation room is quite limited, the antenna size and
gain are greatly restricted. In addition, because general cars cannot be
driven to such tunnels, the tunnel coverage is hard to be tested. Therefore,
the planning for highroad coverage is different from that of the railway
coverage.
Coverage Planning
P-52
Short and Middle Tunnels Coverage
Generally, the tunnels shorter than 100m are defined as short
tunnels. l the antenna can be installed at the tunnel entrance so as
to ensure coverage.
For the tunnels shorter than 500m, can use the combination of a
micro base station and a single antenna (or a repeater) for the
tunnel coverage, and install the antenna in the middle of the
tunnel.
Coverage Planning
P-53
Long Tunnels Coverage
For the tunnels longer than 500m, you need to use the distributed
antenna system or the leaky cable for the coverage.
For the coverage of still longer tunnels, use amplifiers to amplify
signals. That is, you can use either the distributed antenna system
or the leaky cable for the coverage solution. In terms of technical
indexes and installation space, coverage solution based on leaky
cable is recommended.
Coverage Planning
P-54
Tunnels Coverage
If outside tunnel and within the tunnel belong to the difference cell,
handover problem will occur. To solve this problem, can consider
adopting the following methods:
Adopt the bi-directional antenna for the tunnel coverage, because
it can provide enough overlapping area for handover.
Enable special handover algorithms, such as fast level fall
handover algorithm. In this case, a mobile station can hand over
to another cell when the signal level falls fast.
Select the directional antenna with small front-to-back ratio.
Coverage Planning
P-55
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving
Coverage Planning
P-56
Transmitting diversity
TDMA
Frame
Delayed
TDMA
Frame
TDMA
Frame
1~2 Symbols
TRXB
TRXA
To tuu:`v tuu:m`t tl :um ùomutòu |y tl :um outut o u:
:ù_' Tl\ ù tl dùt t`m, tl HS uu'`z uu om|ù tl to :`_uu'
_u:t '`k du' `tl tl mu'tùtl :`_uu'.
The two downlink path transmitter signal have some time delay even if we use double
polarization antenna, the MS also can combined the two signal in the equalizer.
Improve the downlink BCCH TRX downlink performance
Improve the downlink TCH TRX downlink performance in RF hopping or No RF hopping
Especial for stationary and slowly moving MS
Coverage Planning
P-57
Two TRXs transmit the same signal with 7.4us time
delay.
Improving downlink coverage based on mutual
exchange theory.
Generally 3dB downlink gain from transmitting
diversity.
TRXA
TRXB
Two TRX transmit the same signal with 7.4us delay between. Generally 3dB downlink
gain out of transmitting diversity
Coverage Planning
P-58
After dividing, the signal of carrier 0 will be sent to TRX1 and TRX2.
Coverage Planning
P-59
Coverage Planning
P-60
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
Adopt the in-phase synthesizing technology.
Generally PBT can generate 2dB downlink gain.
PA
RF
PA
S
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
r
D
U
P
L
E
X
RF
BB
Coverage Planning
P-61
Dynamic PBT
This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling subscriber
to use a timeslot in other TRX.
When the receive level is lower , channels corresponding to
identical timeslots in adjacent carriers stop delivering services
temporarily.
At this time, the RF channel in the service timeslot and the
auxiliary channel in the adjacent carrier transmit identical signals,
whose phase is also the same. The combined signals are stronger,
thus improving the receiving quality for the subscriber.
This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling subscriber to use a
timeslot in other TRX. A measuring report is used to monitor this
subscribers downlink receive level. When the receive level is lower than
the preset threshold, Channels corresponding to identical timeslots in
adjacent carriers stop delivering services temporarily. The related RF
channel provides PBT as an auxiliary channel. At this time, the RF
channel in the service timeslot and the auxiliary channel in the adjacent
carrier transmit identical signals, whose phase is also the same. The
combined signals are stronger, thus improving the receiving quality for the
subscriber.
Coverage Planning
P-62
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
Coverage Planning
P-63
4-way receiving diversity
Compared with 2-way receiving diversity, 4-way
receiving diversity gets more 3~5dB uplink gain.
RF1
RF2
RF3
RF4
BB
>120%R
2WRD
4WRD
R
Coverage Planning
P-64
TCH/AHS4.75
TCH/AHS5.15
TCH/AHS5.9
TCH/AHS6.7
TCH/AHS7.4
TCH/AHS7.95
AMR-HR
Experiment 1b - Test Results
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Condi tions
MOS
Sel. Requir.
AMR-HR
EFR
FR
HR
Sel. Requir. 3.99 3.99 3.99 3.14 2.74 1.50
AMR-HR 4.11 4.04 3.96 3.72 3.38 3.10 2.00
EFR 4.21 4.21 3.74 3.34 1.58
FR 3.50 3.50 3.14 2.74 1.50
HR 3.35 3.24 2.80 1.92
No Errors C/I=19 dB C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB
AMR
High voice quality than HR and good customer experience.
Low C/I requirement and easy to network planning.
More robust than HR and stronger anti-interference.
Increase 80%~140% network capacity and decrease CAPEX of network.
Coverage Planning
P-65
Gain of Advance Technology
3~5dB(uplink) 4-way receiving diversity
5dB(when EFR lower than
5%,compare with FR)
AMR
2dB PBT
3dB Transmitting diversity
Gain
Coverage Planning
P-66
The Function of Extended Cell
In the GSM specifications, the cell coverage is restricted within 35km(63
TA) . Thus, the coverage radius of the cell cannot exceed 35km. In wide
and open area where the subscribers are dispersedly distributed, the
traffic is low, and the infrastructure such as transmission and power
supply facilities is hard to construct or cannot reach, the cell with a radius
larger than 35km must be provided.
If the extended cell technology is adopted, the cell coverage radius can
reach 120km in an ideal condition. Operators can adopt this technology to
reduce the number of sites and build their own GSM networks quickly
with smaller investment. In this way, they can attract mobile subscribers
in special areas and thus increase the operation revenue.
Coverage Planning
P-67
Transm|ss|on de|ay t
Transm|ss|on de|ay t
The mob||e phone shou|d

send the s|gna| |n advance!!
Timing Advance (TA)
Transmission delay is unavoidable in the radio interface. If the mobile station
moves away from the base station during a call, the further distance the more delay.
The uplink is as the same.
If the delay is too high, the timeslots of the signal from a certain mobile station
and that of the next signal from another mobile station received by the base station
will overlap each other, thus causing inter-code interference. To avoid this, during a
call, the measurement report sent from the mobile station to the base station carries
a delay value. Moreover, the base station should monitor the time when the call
arrives and send an instruction to the mobile station via the downlink channel every
480ms so as to inform the mobile station the time of advance transmission. This time
is the TA (timing advance), which ranges between 0~63 (0~233s ). The TA value is
limited by the timing advance code 0~63bit of the GSM system. Therefore, the
maximum coverage distance of the GSM is 35km. Its calculation is as follows:
1/2*3.7 s /bit*63bit*c=35km
{In the formula, 3.7s /bit is the duration per bit (156/577); 63bit is the maximum
bit number of the time adjustment; c is the light speed (transmission speed of the
signal); and indicates that the go and return trip of the signal.}
According to the above description, the distance corresponding to 1bit period is
554m. Influenced by the multi-path propagation and MS synchronization precision,
the TA error may reach up to about 3bit (1.6km).
Coverage Planning
P-68
Dual Timeslot Extended Cell
Delay<=63
After TA adjustment
After TA adjustment
Timeslot0
Timeslot0
Timeslot1
Timeslot1
Timeslot2
Timeslot2
UL data
Delay >63
Modulation range
Normal cell
Dual timeslot extended cell
Coverage Planning
P-69
To support MS signals with a delay exceeding 63bit, the 2-
timeslot cell can bind the even and odd timeslots, as if a
TDMA frame in the extended cell only has four channels:
0/1, 2/3, 4/5, and 6/7. Only channel 0, 2, 4, and 6 can be
assigned for the MS.
B0 B2 B3 B1 B4 B5 B6 B7
0/1 2/3 4/5 6/7
Coverage Planning
P-70
The dual-timeslot function is based on the concentric cell. The carrier in
the underlay cell is configured as the 2-timeslot carrier. The carrier on the
overlay cell is configured as a common cell. When the cell is configured
as a 2-timeslot cell, the concentric cell attribute of this cell is automatically
set to the concentric cell.
If all carriers in the cell must be configured as 2-timeslot carrier, such
solution is called the cell-level 2-timeslot solution. In this case, all carriers
are configured in the overlay cell.
If some carriers in the cell are configured as common carriers and others
as 2-timeslot carriers, the BCCH is located on the 2-timeslot carriers,
such solution is called carrier-level 2-timeslot solution. In this case, the 2-
timeslot carriers are configured in the underlaid cell and the common
carriers are configured in the overlaid cell.
Coverage Planning
P-71
Question
What is the max value of extended cells TA?
Max TA? Max TA?
Coverage Planning
P-72
Assignment of Extended Cell
Underlaid In-coming BSC HO
Underlaid Intra-BSC HO
Depend on assign optimum layer Assignment
Underlaid Imm-assignment
Assignment Strategy
Type
Coverage Planning
P-73
Configuration
Modify the cell as double timeslot extended cell.
Coverage Planning
P-74
Configuration
Configure the TRX as overlaid or underlaid.
Coverage Planning
P-75
Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Propagation and planning basis
Coverage planning method
Indoor and tunnel planning
Planning procedure and site location
Coverage Planning
P-76
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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The mob||e phone shou|d

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