Report On Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

Report On
Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh
Commissioned by
OxfamGB, Bangladesh
Conducted by
GMark Consulting Limited

Suite 604, House 145, Road 03, Block A, Niketan Gulshan 1, Dhaka, Bangladesh www.gmarkbd.com
June, 2013
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Preface
Bangladesh is one of the worlds poorest countries and the population is predominantly rural, with about 85 per cent of its 140 million people living in rural areas. Rural people depend mainly on the land for their livelihoods, which is both fertile and extremely vulnerable and large areas are at risk because of frequent floods, river erosion, salinity and cyclones. It is estimated that rural poverty rates now stands at around 40 per cent, and more than 25 per cent of rural households live in extreme poverty. With this existing situation, chronically poor people, especially women suffer persistent food insecurity, own no cultivable land or assets, are often illiterate and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. Traditionally, men consider heads of households, in charge of crop production, rearing animals, and ultimately responsible for selling their produce at market. Men control profits and responsible for buying the familys food. Women stay at home, their agricultural and caring work is largely invisible, and they do not have the opportunity or support to realize their aspirations. Women have little access to education especially in poor families and are given a subsidiary status as economic dependents. Women are among the poorest of the rural poor, especially when they are the heads of their households, such as widows or wives of men who migrate in search of employment. They suffer discrimination because of their gender, they have scarce income-earning opportunities and their nutritional intake is often inadequate. In this context of poverty, the only option which is also a viable means to enhance the sustainable livelihoods of the rural communities is by addressing the needs of the most vulnerable among themwomen and men who are excluded from development assistance programmes for a number of social, cultural and other reasons. The economic empowerment programme would promote a core section of the vulnerable rural population to develop as economic agents of change and they could thereafter become role models for replicating similar experiences with others. Oxfam's GROW campaign aims to build a better food system that sustainably feeds a growing population and empowers poor people to earn a living, feed their families, and thrive. Women's economic leadership in agricultural markets helps women gain both the economic power and social power to move out of poverty. Oxfam commissioned a study on duck value chain in haor and coastal areas of Bangladesh to identify the root causes of constraints and opportunities and also assess the potential environmental and policy impacts of the value chain. I believe this study report would help GO, NGOs and private sectors to design the potential interventions to promote women economic leadership and improve the livelihoods of poor women and men in the haor and coastal and areas. This study has been carried by GMark Consulting Limited. I would like to give my thanks to GMark Consulting Ltd to conduct this study and assist in preparing publication. I would like to give my sincere thanks and gratitude to all Oxfam colleagues and partner staffs, producers, CBO leaders, market actors, government officials, NGOs and others who gave valuable time and provided insight information in the respective areas. Md. Norul Amin Economic and Private Sector Coordinator OXFAM 2|Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
GMark Consulting Limited acknowledges initiative by Oxfam GB Bangladesh in conducting the value chain analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh and enormous support from its staff members from designing to completion of the study. Oxfam supported partner NGOs working in project areas DDJ, Wave Foundation, Jago Nari, NSS, POPI, Chetona and IDEA all have contributed at their best during field study by providing valuable insights and supporting logistics. We are thankful and indebted to government officials, representatives of other NGOs, different civil society members, community leaders, and all individuals giving their valuable time and opinion in completing the report. Finally, appreciation goes to my study team members: Mr. Abu Darda, Prof. Masuda M. Rashid Chowdhury, Dr. Mohammed Habibur Rahman and other members of the study team whose relentless effort made it possible. Mr Aminul Moven, who took charge of successfully coordinating a difficult task despite of unstable political environment, must be appreciated. Thank to every other members, whose names did not appear in the above list nevertheless contributed a lot in the full process.
Md. Saifuddin Khaled Team Leader, GMark Consulting Limited June, 2013
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Table of Contents
Contents
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 13
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE DUCK VALUE CHAIN STUDY .................................................................14
1.1.1. 1.1.2.
1.2.
Title of the Study............................................................................................................... 14 Objectives of the Study.................................................................................................... 14 Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 15 Sampling Frame ............................................................................................................... 15 Study Approach ................................................................................................................ 17 Study Tools ....................................................................................................................... 18 Data Collection and Validation ....................................................................................... 18 Data Entry, Analysis and Reporting .............................................................................. 19
METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH ...................................................................................................15
1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.2.5. 1.2.6.

1.3. 1.4.
STUDY TEAM ..........................................................................................................................................19 LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR DATA COLLECTION ......................................................20
CHAPTER TWO DUCK IN BANGLADESH ........................................................................................................................ 21

2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. OVERVIEW OF DUCK SUB-SECTOR ................................................................................................22 FARMING SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................22 NATIONAL MARKET SITUATION ........................................................................................................25 DEMAND & SUPPLY OF DUCK EGGS ..............................................................................................26 GROWTH FACTORS .............................................................................................................................26
CHAPTER THREE OXFAM IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ......................................................................................................... 28 NORTH-EASTERN HAORS AND SOUTHERN COASTAL REGIONS........................................... 28
3.1. 3.2. 3.3. OXFAMS APPROACH TOWARDS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ............................................29 OXFAMS INITIATIVES TILL DATE .....................................................................................................30 OXFAM SUPPORTED GROUP DYNAMICS ......................................................................................30
3.3.1 Demographic Scenario .................................................................................................... 30 3.3.2 Resource Background ..................................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Income Generating Activities (IGAs) ............................................................................. 31 3.3.4 Involvement in Community Based Organization (CBO) ............................................. 32 3.3.5 Group Structure ................................................................................................................ 32 3.3.6 Leadership Status ............................................................................................................ 33 3.3.7 Vision & Plan ..................................................................................................................... 34 3.3.8 Activities of the Groups.................................................................................................... 34 3.3.9 Group Strengths, Weaknesses and Opportunities ...................................................... 34 THE NORTH-EASTERN HAORS .......................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER FOUR AREA DYNAMICS ................................................................................................................................... 37
4.1 4.2 4.3 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ...................................................................................................................38 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF NORTH-EASTERN HAORS.............................................................38 ECONOMY ...............................................................................................................................................39
4.3.1 4.3.2
Crop Production ................................................................................................................ 39 Fisheries and Livestock ................................................................................................... 40 4|Page
4.3.3 Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 41 4.3.4 Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER FIVE EXPLORING THE GAMM IN HAORS .................................................................................................. 42
5.1 CORE VALUE CHAIN FUNCTIONS ....................................................................................................43
5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3

5.2 5.3
Input Supply ...................................................................................................................... 43 Duck Farming and Egg Production................................................................................ 46 Egg Trading ....................................................................................................................... 48 Input Suppliers .................................................................................................................. 50 Duck Producers ................................................................................................................ 51 Egg Collectors................................................................................................................... 52 Wholesalers....................................................................................................................... 53 Support Services and Service Providers ...................................................................... 53 Service Description .......................................................................................................... 54 Service Matrix in Haors ................................................................................................... 57 Land and property rights ................................................................................................. 58 Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................... 58 Natural resources and environment .............................................................................. 58 Government rules and policies ....................................................................................... 59 Competition and consumer trends ................................................................................. 60 Formal and informal community groups ....................................................................... 60 Value Addition ................................................................................................................... 62 Profitability of duck producers ........................................................................................ 63 Consumer preferences .................................................................................................... 64 Determinants of price ....................................................................................................... 64 Power of different actors in the value chain ................................................................. 64 Competition from other products.................................................................................... 65
CORE ACTORSIN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ..........................................................................................49 CONCENTRATION OF ACTORS IN THE CHAIN .............................................................................50
5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4

5.4
ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT SERVICE FUNCTIONS IN HAORS ......................................................53
5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3

5.5
DIS (ENABLING) ENVIRONMENT IN HAORS ..................................................................................58
5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6

5.6 5.7
CHANNELS IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN: HAOR CONTEXT ...............................................................61 VALUE ADDITION IN THE CHAIN AND PROFITABILITY ...............................................................62
5.7.1 5.7.2
5.8
DRIVING FACTORS IN THE VALUE CHAIN .....................................................................................64
5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4

5.9
CRITICAL ISSUES ..................................................................................................................................65
5.9.1 Remoteness of Haor duck farmers/egg producers from major service zone .......... 65 5.9.2 Risks and challenges in dealing with duck farming and egg production ................. 65 CHAPTER SIX IMPACT OF HAOR CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ................................................................ 66
6.1 6.2 6.3 CLIMATE IMPACT ON INPUT SUPPLY .............................................................................................67 CLIMATE IMPACT ONDUCK FARMING AND EGG PRODUCTION .............................................67 CLIMATE IMPACT ONEGG TRADING ...............................................................................................68
THE SOUTHERN COASTAL ................................................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER SEVEN AREA DYNAMICS ................................................................................................................................... 70

7.1 7.2 7.3 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ...................................................................................................................71 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SOUTHERN COASTAL AREA ........................................................71 ECONOMY ...............................................................................................................................................72
7.3.1
Crop Production ................................................................................................................ 72 5|Page
7.3.2 Livestock and Duck .......................................................................................................... 73 7.3.3 Forestry .............................................................................................................................. 73 CHAPTER EIGHT EXPLORING THE GAMM IN COASTAL .............................................................................................. 75
8.1 ACTORS CONCENTRATION IN THE CHAIN ...................................................................................76
8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4

8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5
Input Suppliers .................................................................................................................. 76 Duck Producers ................................................................................................................ 77 Egg Collectors................................................................................................................... 78 Wholesalers....................................................................................................................... 78
SERVICE MATRIX IN COASTAL AREAS ...........................................................................................79 CHANNELS IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN: IN COASTAL FRAMEWORK ............................................80 VALUE ADDITION IN THE CHAIN .......................................................................................................81 PROFITABILITY OF DUCK PRODUCERS .........................................................................................82
CHAPTER NINE IMPACT OF COASTAL CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ......................................................... 83

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 FLOOD SITUATION................................................................................................................................84 DROUGHT SITUATION .........................................................................................................................84 RAINFALL.................................................................................................................................................84 CYCLONES ..............................................................................................................................................84 TIDAL SURGE .........................................................................................................................................85 SALINITY ..................................................................................................................................................85
CHAPTER TEN EXPLORING WOMEN IN GAMM IN HAOR AND COASTAL ........................................................... 86

10.1 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED ...................................................................................................................87
10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.1.4

10.2 10.3 10.4
Women in duck farming and egg production ............................................................... 87 Women in household management ............................................................................... 90 Paid productive work........................................................................................................ 91 Women in community ...................................................................................................... 91
OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS AND ACCESS TO SERVICES .............................................................92 SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE, TABOOS AND RESTRICTIONS ..............................................................93 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE & NATURAL DISASTERS...........................................................93
10.4.1 Impact on duck value chain tasks .................................................................................. 94 10.4.2 Impact on household tasks ............................................................................................. 94 10.4.3 Impact on women health ................................................................................................. 94 CHAPTER ELEVEN CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ............................................... 96
11.1 ANALYSIS OF CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................................................97
11.1.1 Input services .................................................................................................................... 98 11.1.2 Production and Farm Management ............................................................................... 98 a. Hatching ..................................................................................................................................... 98 b. Housing ...................................................................................................................................... 99 c. Feed Management ................................................................................................................... 99 d. Disease Management .............................................................................................................. 99 11.1.3 Market access level........................................................................................................ 100 11.1.4 Service provider level .................................................................................................... 100 11.1.5 Women Economic Leadership ..................................................................................... 101 11.1.6 (Dis)Enabling Environment ........................................................................................... 101
11.2 OPPORTUNITIES AND VALUE ADDITION SCOPES ....................................................................102
CHAPTER TWELVE POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR DUCK VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT .......................... 105 6|Page
12.1 12.2
VISION AND STRATEGY ....................................................................................................................106 POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS ..........................................................................................................106
CHAPTER THIRTEEN WINDING UP .......................................................................................................................................... 118

13.1 13.2 PRIORITY OF KEY INTERVENTIONS ..............................................................................................119 ANALYSIS OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) IN IDEAL DUCK FARMING ........................120
ANNEX ..................................................................................................................................................... 124
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Study Area for Duck Value Chain Study ............................................................................... 15 Table 2: Sampling Frame of Duck value Chain Study ........................................................................ 16 Table 3: Type of Participants in Duck Value Chain Study ................................................................. 16 Table 4: Tool(s) used under each methodology .................................................................................. 18 Table 5: Responsibilities of the team members .................................................................................. 19 Table 6: Number of Ducks in Bangladesh (number in millions) ........................................................ 22 Table 7: National duck egg scenario at a glance ................................................................................ 25 Table 8: National demand, supply and deficit scenario, 2009-2010 ................................................ 26 Table 9: List of PNGOs of Oxfam in north eastern Haors.................................................................. 29 Table 10: Literacy rate (in %) of Oxfam beneficiaries in Haor and Coastal .................................... 30 Table 11: Population distribution according to age ............................................................................. 31 Table 12: Land ownership status of Oxfam beneficiaries in Haor and Coastal .............................. 31 Table 13: Income Generating Activities in the Haor and Coastal ..................................................... 32 Table 14: Producer Group information in study areas........................................................................ 33 Table 15: Area under cultivation in North-eastern Haor districts ...................................................... 40 Table 16: Number of Livestock per District .......................................................................................... 41 Table 17: Procurement sources of duck in Haors (in %) ................................................................... 44 Table 18: Feeding Chart for duck in its total life span ........................................................................ 47 Table 19: Actors in duck value chain .................................................................................................... 49 Table 20: Hatcheries data at Haors....................................................................................................... 50 Table 21: Data on feed sellers, Haors .................................................................................................. 51 Table 22: Data on medicine suppliers, Haors ...................................................................................... 51 Table 23: Data sheet of Haor producers .............................................................................................. 52 Table 24: Data sheet of egg collectors ................................................................................................. 52 Table 25: Data sheet of wholesalers ..................................................................................................... 53 Table 26: Services and Providers in Haor ............................................................................................ 54 Table 27: Haor Service Matrix ................................................................................................................ 57 Table 28: Feed cost of 100 ducks per day in context of haor ........................................................... 63 Table 29: Cost Benefit Analysis of duck producers in context of haor............................................. 63 Table 30: Area under cultivation in southern coastal districts ........................................................... 73 Table 31: Number of Livestock per District .......................................................................................... 73 Table 32: Forest Land Controlled by Department of Forest, 2009-10 ............................................. 74 Table 33: Procurement sources of duck in costal (in %).................................................................... 76 Table 34: Number of feed sellers in coastal......................................................................................... 76 Table 35: Number of medicine sellers in coastal ................................................................................ 77 Table 36: Data sheet of coastal duck producers ................................................................................. 77 Table 37: Information on coastal egg collectors .................................................................................. 78 Table 38: Information on coastal wholesalers ..................................................................................... 78 Table 39: Service Matrix in coastal........................................................................................................ 79 Table 40: Feed cost of 100 ducks per day in context of costal ......................................................... 82 8|Page
Table 41: Cost Benefit Analysis of duck producers in context of coastal ........................................ 82 Table 42: Data sheet of women unpaid productive work related to duck value chain activities .. 88 Table 43: Comparison of women unproductive work between duck value chain activities and other areas of activities ........................................................................................................................... 89 Table 44: Haor womens unpaid productive work in duck value chain (pie chart) ......................... 89 Table 45: Coastal womens unpaid productive work (pie chart) ....................................................... 90 Table 46: Unpaid reproductive tasks of women in haor and coastal ............................................... 91 Table 47: Constrains, market based solution and potential facilitation activities ......................... 107 Table 48: Feed intake (gm /day) .......................................................................................................... 111 Table 49: Feed preparation for ducklings ........................................................................................... 111 Table 50: Feed preparation for mature ducks.................................................................................... 112 Table 51: Feed Chart for mature ducks (preparation of 5 KG and 1 KG feed respectively) ...... 112 Table 52: Feed ingredients to be used for 1 Kg and 5 Kg duck feed ............................................. 113 Table 53: Priority of key interventions ................................................................................................. 119 Table 54: Annual profit calculation for rearing 25 ducks under traditional method ...................... 120 Table 55: Annual profit calculation for rearing 10 ducks under traditional method ...................... 122 Table 56: List of Group Interviews ....................................................................................................... 125 Table 57: List of Household Analysis .................................................................................................. 125 Table 58: List of Key Informants .......................................................................................................... 125 Table 59: List of Input Sellers and LSPs ............................................................................................ 126 Table 60: List of Traders ....................................................................................................................... 127 Table 61: List of Duck Producers......................................................................................................... 128 Table 62: Seasonality of different duck diseases .............................................................................. 129
List of Pictures
Picture 1: Central Duck Breeding Farm in Narayanganj.............................................................................. 27 Picture 2: Activity of Duck Hatching in Astogram, Kishoreganj .................................................................. 43 Picture 3: Duck Housing at Nichli, Kishoreganj ........................................................................................... 46 Picture 4: Duck Feeding .............................................................................................................................. 46 Picture 5: Duck Storing at Producer Level .................................................................................................. 48 Picture 6: Duck's Eggs at Market................................................................................................................. 48 Picture 7: A Female Farmer at Nikli, Kishoreganj ....................................................................................... 51 Picture 8: Duck at Coastal Area ................................................................................................................... 73 Picture 9: Ducklings .................................................................................................................................... 76 Picture 10: Female Duck Producer at Nazirpur, Pirojpur ............................................................................ 77 Picture 11: Duck Housing at Nazirpur, Pirojpur .......................................................................................... 99 Picture 12: Feed Sales Center by Women Entrepreneur .......................................................................... 103 Picture 13: Floating Shed/Housing for Duck Farming ............................................................................... 103
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviated Items DAE CBO MFI NGO PNGO REECALL WEALTH GAMM DLS ULO DoF Abbreviated Elaboration Department of Agricultural Extension Community Based Organization Micro Finance Institute Non-Government Organization Partner NGO Resilience through Economic Empowerment, Climate Adaptation, Leadership and Learning Wellbeing through Empowerment, Adaptation, Livelihoods, Resilience, and Transformational actions for vulnerable people living in Haor Gendered and Adapted Market Mapping Department of Livestock Services Upazlla Livestock Officer Department of Fisheries
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EXECUTIVE SUMMERY
Duck farming is considered by the rural people as an economic livelihood option in the informal sub-sector, which is especially viable for smallholders and women. In Bangladesh, ducks are commonly tended for meat and egg under traditional system in rural areas (FAO, 1990). While in Asia, most duck production is closely associated with wetland rice farming, particularly in the humid and subtropics; the condition is also valid for North-eastern Haor and Southern coastal parts of Bangladesh, where the Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh was conducted. Bangladesh produced 426.77 million ducks in (DLS, 2010); at the same time duck egg production was found 73.03 million in the same year which was way below than the predicted demand of 153.9 million. The large deficit (around 52.55 percent) is due to lower production capacity by present number of ducks and lack of public and private sector initiatives to accelerate the development of duck sub-sector. Oxfam GB Bangladesh programme have been working for the extremely poverty-stricken and catastrophe-ridden smallholders and women, by appending assistance in duck-based IGAs with women empowerment and climate adaptation concern. A study was carried out by GMark Consulting Ltd., commissioned by Oxfam GB, during MarchMay, 2013 to capture the prevailing scenario of duck value chain in the Northeastern Haors and Southern coastal parts of Bangladesh. The study attempted to address the dynamics and issues resulted from socio-economic, natural and infrastructural factors and associated with marginalised women, farmers and Haor and coastal inhabitants exposed to natural vulnerability and geographic remoteness. This report is articulated in line with the explorations, observation and analyses though data collected from five specific districts of Bangladesh Pirojpur, Patuakhali and Barguna in the Southern coastal parts and, Sunamganj and Kishoreganj in the North-eastern Haor region. The study estimates that the total national supply of duck eggs is 73.03 million, 80 percent of which comes from the Haor districts. While only the Haors are meeting up majority of the total national supply, coastal regions suffer from lower production of duck eggs and cannot contribute to the national economy, as the inadequate production cannot meet up the local demand. This wide disparity in contributing to national economy brings out several underlying causes. One simple finding can be drawn to clear the picture: hatcheries being the supplier of ducklings (primary input in duck value chain) play major role in determining the trend of the sub-sector in the commercial market. As revealed by the study, there are around 25 hatcheries operating in the North-eastern Haor areas, more specifically within the proximity of Oxfams working areas. Presence of hatcheries ensures availability of ducklings as well as encourages smallholder duck producers to undertake medium and large scale duck farming. However, the Southern coastal regions depicts a different context, where there is not a single hatchery operating within the proximity of Oxfams working areas or within the District. There are varieties of market actors involved in the value chain in-between duck farmers and ultimate buyers. Actors like egg collectors, wholesalers (large traders), retail grocery shops, and hotels etc. are the common forms of intermediaries in this process, each performing a distinct 11 | P a g e
role and value addition across the chain. The flow of eggs mostly (around 70 percent of the total flows) runs through the egg collectors and thus they tend to demonstrate as stronger market power in the value chain. Mostly they keep the duck farmers away from accessing to market information though their role as intermediary between the egg producers and remote local markets have strong influence in the power relationship with producers they believe in them and are happy to sell eggs to collectors even at a lower price than the on-going market place. Importantly, women play an obvious role in duck farming. The study reveals that Haor women households invest 62% of their total productive hours to perform duck farming related tasks while coastal women farmers spend 44% time. Unfortunately, their total productive hours investment in duck value chain has no paid return on the time. Factors under climate and calamity, natural ecosystem, infrastructure, social and government institutions, relevant policies and regulations, traditional norms and practices and so forth are found to be inevitable to draw the context of duck value chain. In most cases, such factors are found to be either ineffective or adverse or inadequate for the growth of this sub-sector as well as for womens empowerment through this economic intervention. Flood, drought and hailstorm are the key impediments for Haor people while coastal people are more vulnerable to coastal tidal surge, cyclone and salinity in drinking and pond water. Excessive rain accompanied with flood is common round the year in both the regions, which plays havoc in ruining the fate of small and marginal duck farmers/egg producers with severe casualties around 2-3 times every year, and some years even more. Drought is another form of calamity that presumes to be a great curse to Haor and coastal people and continuously draws back the population in the vicious circle of poverty and economic hardship. Being river-surrounded, people living in Haor areas commonly use water transportation to reach mainland. Therefore, water logging for months in Haors impedes their farming along with adding extra cost on their transportation. Importantly, all such constraints resulted from no-or-low infrastructure; calamity and social norms hinder women empowerment, by posing restrictions on their freedom of choice, or by imposing recursive workloads. This report outlined the constraints and opportunities pertaining to duck value chain that prevail in the North-eastern Haors and Southern coastal lands, and also depicts a set of potential interventions that can be initiated to enhance the growth potentials of this sub-sector. While offering a policy prescription or intervention, the report defines the needs and consequences of respective intervention or action.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Chapter one discusses the background, objectives, methodology, approaches and sampling used for assessment of duck value chain in the North-eastern wetlands (Haors) and Southern coastal regions. It also presents the tools used for data collection, techniques used for data validation, analysis and reporting. The chapter illustrates limitations and challenges during data collection, particularly in the application of CARE TOOL for household analysis. It concludes describing the team composition (experts and researchers) who have their endeavours and inputs throughout Gendered and Adapted Market Mapping of Duck Value Chain study.
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1.1.
BACKGROUND OF THE DUCK VALUE CHAIN STUDY

Oxfam Bangladesh has been implementing two projects titled Resilience through Economic Empowerment, Climate Adaptation, Leadership and Learning (REECALL) and Wellbeing through Empowerment, Adaptation, Livelihoods, Resilience, and Transformational actions for vulnerable people living in Haor (WEALTH), a programme of OHK (Oxfam Hongkong) in Bangladesh. REECALL promotes building a resilient community to anticipate and combat the risks associated with disaster and climate change adaptation through economic empowerment, securing sustainable livelihood for women and men in disaster prone Northern char, Haor, and Southern Coastal communities; and WEALTH aims to enhance sustainable livelihoods for wellbeing of atrisk and poor people living in Haor basin in Bangladesh. Project REECALL has been working in coastal southern areas of Bangladesh to organize predominantly smallholder duck producer groups. They are further strengthened through Community Based Organisation CBO approach, which also serves as a platform for collective learning. Oxfam Hongkong and policy team are working in Haor region on livelihood improvement where duck has been identified as potential value chain in contributing improved income and employment opportunities for smallholder producers. As a part of strengthening the duck value chain, Oxfam GB, Bangladesh commissioned this study in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh to identify the root-causes of constraints and finding opportunities in developing duck value chain and assess potential environmental impact. Deeming its expertise in value chain studies and experience of working with Oxfam GB, Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited was awarded the contract to conduct the value chain study and share its findings through a national dissemination workshop.
1.1.1. Title of the Study The duck value chain study was part of an assignment titled Study on Duck and Maize Value Chain in Bangladesh that took place in Southern coastal and North-eastern Haor areas. The study is titled Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh. 1.1.2. Objectives of the Study Specific objectives were to: 1. Explore the nature of production and the terms and conditions of employment along the duck value chain 2. Identify constraints and opportunities to improve market access, raise productivity and wages, and foster pro-poor growth in the value chain. 14 | P a g e
3. Focus on institutional arrangements that link producers, processors, marketers and distributors while recognizing that power differentials among actors may influence outcomes along the chain. 4. Conduct socio economic and household analysis at producers level. 5. Conduct gender analysis while highlighting (the different positions) of men and women across the chain and addressing issues of power reflected in the production and marketing. 6. Provide an overview and analysis of existing laws, policies and institutional frameworks related to duck and maize value chains that need to be addressed for this study. 7. Highlight specific policy and programme gaps on the development of duck value chain in Bangladesh. 8. Provide recommendations and propose policy interventions to achieve policy goals and to develop duck sector in Bangladesh. 9. Analyze the impact of climate change throughout the value chain. 10. Find out specific interventions that could be achieved systemic changes throughout the value chains. 11. Organize and sharing the key findings from the value chain studies in National Level Workshop in participation of policy makers, NGOs professional and private sector representatives.
1.2.
METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
1.2.1. Study Area Oxfam GB, Bangladesh works in seven sub-districts (Upazilla) under five districts in North-eastern Haor region and Southern coastal region of Bangladesh for duck value chain development.
Table 1: Study Area for Duck Value Chain Study
Region Southern Coastal Region
Districts Pirojpur Patuakhali Barguna Kishoregonj Sunamganj
Sub-district Nazirpur Patuakhali sadar Barguna sadar Amtoli Nichli Astogram Jamalganj
Union Shakharikati Joynkathi Fuljhuri Gulishakhali Chatirchar Deoghar Fenarbak
North-eastern Haor Region
1.2.2. Sampling Frame The expert team followed Judgmental Sampling Method1 for the study. The table below presents the total sample covered:
1
Judgmental Sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects units to be sampled based on their knowledge and professional judgment.
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Table 2: Sampling Frame of Duck value Chain Study
Districts Pirojpur Patuakhali
Subdistrict
Union Shakharikati Joynkathi Fuljhuri Gulishakhali Chatirchar Deoghar Fenarbak
Input Sellers 1 2 2 2 3 4 6 20
Duck Farmers II4 1 5 1 2 5 6 4 24 GI5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 HHA6 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 5
LSP2 Trader 1 2 1 1 2 0 2 9 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 13
KII3 1 3 4
Total 6 16 20
Nazirpur Patuakhali sadar Barguna Barguna sadar Amtoli Kishoregonj Nichli Astogram Sunamganj Jamalganj Total Sample Covered
3 2 3 16
17 16 19 94
The sample covered following types of participants under different sampling units.
Table 3: Type of Participants in Duck Value Chain Study
Sampling Unit Input Sellers -
Participants Type Duckling seller Pullet seller (duck hatcheries) Feed seller Vaccination service provider Veterinary service provider General medication service provider Egg collector Egg seller (retail and wholesale) Veterinary Field Assistant (VFA) Veterinary Surgeon (VS) Union Livestock Officer (ULO) District Relief and Rehabilitation Officer (DRRO) NGO representatives Private pharmaceutical companies
Local Service Providers Traders Key Informants
2 3
LSP refers to Local Service Provider KII depicts Key Informant Interview 4 II refers to Individual Interview 5 GI refers to Group Interview 6 HHA refers to Household Analysis
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1.2.3. Study Approach Duck value chain in Haor and coastal regions was analysed pursuing four subsequent steps of Gendered and Adapted Market Mapping (GAMM). These were: Step 1- Core Value Chain Mapping: The first step was to find the core processes in the value chain where 6-7 major processes were identified that the raw material goes through before reaching the final consumption stage. Then the actors involved in this process were identified. Based on the relationship between them, product and money flow, value addition at each process, knowledge sharing, cost and benefit factors were analysed and mapped. Step 2- Service Market Assessment/Institutional Mapping: To know the service market situation, Institutional Mapping analysed the service providers profiles in the Haor, coastal and mainland areas, as well as the extent of service provisions and required services that are currently inaccessible, thus, depriving participants from gaining benefits. It also analysed and mapped the service delivery mechanism, payment modalities including embedded services or fee-based services, incentives around service provisions etc. for duck farmers. Step 3- (Dis) Enabling Environment Mapping: Every value chain operates in a greater environment where the issues of land and property rights, governance rules and policies, availability of natural resources, economic infrastructure, social norms, competition etc. play a vital role in deciding the efficiency and often the mode in which the core value chain functions. Such situations often change the market dynamics. These issues have been analysed as they are affecting the efficiency of the value chain. Step 4- Gendered and Adapted Market Mapping (GAMM): The results of first three steps were viewed through the gender lens by assessing the ratio of male-female producers, percentage of womens presence in the market and market place, how women carry their produce to long distances, seasonal differences in price, sales prices of their produce as compared to that of men, comparison of accessibility to financial resources between men and women. Similarly, the extent of womens engagement and amount of work in the production process, asset owned by them, family acceptance and social perception about women going and sitting in the market place were analysed along with whether the government policies for women empowerment are being implemented in the Haor and coastal areas. Simultaneously, this step assessed the impact of climate change on the duck value chain, problems women face during regular natural calamities for sales and marketing of their produce were queried to depict the scenario of women duck farmers and climate change issues in duck value chain. To draw the GAMM, the following methodology was adopted: a) Literature Review- GMark team reviewed project documents on duck value chains (IFAD, FAO), published data in different journals and articles, government data, etc. This provided suggestive guidelines about macro-micro environment, stakeholders involvement within the value chain, support service providers, enablers, business environment and business development service requirement etc. 17 | P a g e
b) Stakeholders consultation/ Individual Interview (II): Individual interviews were conducted with participating input sellers, producers, wholesalers, and retailers. c) Key Informant Interview (KII): The study team collected information and guidance from the Key Informant to know specifics and dynamism about the sector, service market situation, linkages, support services, input market scenarios etc. KIs included Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary Field Assistant, District Relief and Rehabilitation Officer (DRRO), Upazila Livestock Officer (ULO); representatives from local NGOs and, private pharmaceuticals organisations. d) Group Interview (GI): GIs were conducted to identify constraints and opportunities in the selected sectors and Gender Mapping. GIs were conducted for female groups (in presence of male) aiming to gather detailed information about the value chain and climate related issues, less focusing on gender perspective. e) Household Analysis (HHA): This is a specialized tool to gather gender specific information of the value chain and other detailed information for GAMM. HHA had only female participants and was used to gather information regarding the women access and representation in the value chain, constraints, opportunities, availability of services for women, what gender focused services will encourage more market orientation, women empowerment, ability to buy or sell assets and spend their earnings, productive and reproductive workload, impact of climate change on the value chain and women health, etc. f) Rapid Care Analysis Toolbox: This is an Oxfam toolkit, piloted for the duck value chain study in Chayhara, Notun Para, Jamalganj, Shunamganj. Facilitated by a Gender Specialist, it was used to understand the involvement of people for community care work, details of care activities, activities creating difficulties for womens participation or increasing workload and to indentify different types of support available in the community around care. 1.2.4. Study Tools For information collection the following study tools were used for each method:
Table 4: Tool(s) used under each methodology
Study Methodology Stakeholder Consultation/ Individual Interview (II) Group Interview (GI) Household Analysis (HHA) Key Informant Interview (KII) Care Work Measurement of Female Household
Study Tool(s)
Questionnaire Rapid Care Analysis Toolbox
1.2.5. Data Collection and Validation Using the above tools, information was collected from 94 samples. Information was primarily validated by discussing with Partner NGO representatives. The study tools were designed in a way that all the information was triangulated and verified by different actors. Thus, composed information was verified within the process of data collection. GMark conducted daily review meetings to share the findings by the team members. 18 | P a g e
This was the secondary stage of data validation. Finally, during the process of data input and report writing, experts validated the data and presented into this report. 1.2.6. Data Entry, Analysis and Reporting The collected data were analysed based on their nature. The quantitative information were gathered in MS Excel and analysed while qualitative information were composed and analysed by the experts to understand the dynamics of duck value chain. The report summarises the key findings integrating issues related to the technical, policy, gender and climate aspects to duck value chain and capturing different operating environments and contexts of two geographical regions of North-eastern Haor and Southern coastal areas. Based on the findings, recommendations were proposed to Oxfam GB-Bangladesh.
1.3.
STUDY TEAM
GMark deployed the following team composing the necessary skilled professionals and researchers to undertake duck value chain study:
Table 5: Responsibilities of the team members
Name and Position Md. Saifuddin Khaled Team Leader
Responsibilities Ensured liaison between Oxfam GB Bangladesh and GMark for close co-operation, co-ordination and effective working relationship between team members. He had full authority to act on behalf of GMark in all technical matters. Provided insights while preparing study plan, developing tools, field assessment and preparing the GAMM for duck value chain. Focussed on technical and policy issues, constraints and opportunities related to duck value chain during the assessment and report preparation. Provided her knowledge and expertise on gender issues to incorporate in the questionnaire; took brief part in the field survey; provided an overview of the gender perspective of this study and assisted in the development of gender specific interventions. Team management, logistics, ensured quality data collection, assisted in data analysis and report writing for duck value chain. Had the responsibility to interview all individuals and group of actors in the value chain. They were also involved in identifying the key informants, interviewing them and presenting the findings in the review sessions.
Abu Darda Value Chain Specialist Dr. Mohammed Habibur Rahman Technical and Policy Expert Prof. Masuda M. Rashid Chowdhury Gender Specialist Md. Aminul Moven Research Coordinator Research Assistants
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1.4.
LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR DATA COLLECTION

Informal market structure Like many other agricultural value chain Duck sub-sector is also informally constituted in value chain framework. Unstructured market system, information inadequacy & flow along the chain, and lack of public and private initiatives for appropriate database maintenance of duck value chain. Thus, it was difficult for the researchers to get and gather necessary information and quantitative data for measurement from various actors. At some points, researchers could not conclude or satisfy due to vacuums, and therefore performed judgmental rationalisation to draw a solution. Respondent number Within the limited timeframe of duck value chain study, the Team could not explore, find and interview large number of actors to create sufficient numeric-oriented database based on which more inclusive facts could be discovered. Rapid care analysis tool was not finalized Rapid care analysis tool was not fully tested, having rooms for improvement. Considering the limitation data collection and analysis have been conducted trying to fit in within the framework of the assignment.
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CHAPTER TWO
DUCK IN BANGLADESH
Chapter two describes the overall condition of duck sub-sector in Bangladesh including analysis of duck production trend, farming system of duck, national market situation, demand and supply gaps in national markets and key growth factors of duck industry. This chapter is a composition of secondary information and primary data collected from the survey.
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2.1.
OVERVIEW OF DUCK SUB-SECTOR

The Agricultural Sample Survey of Bangladesh, conducted in May 2005, contains information about the distribution of poultry in the country. The Survey Report, dated June 2006, makes a distinction between subsistence and commercial poultry, but not between ducks and chicken. However, it appears that the total duck and chicken population at the time of the survey was 188 million (in rounded figures). While the statistics presented by the Agricultural Sample Survey do not distinguish between ducks and chicken, it is safe to assume that all the commercial poultry is predominantly chicken as the ducks in Bangladesh are still kept in traditional scavenging system(s), although the Department of Livestock Services lists 2226 registered commercial duck farms by December 2007. Unpublished, recent estimates of the duck population in the country vary from 8% of the chicken population (FAOSTAT) to 20% (DLS), in both cases for 2006. Such variation can be explained by the fact that ducks are largely found in the traditional system where the number of ducks is strongly influenced by season. The timing of the census is not known.
Table 6: Number of Ducks in Bangladesh (number in millions)
Year T Number of ducks T
2003-04 364.0
2004-05 372.8
2005-06 381.7
2006-07 390.8
2007-08 398.4
2008-09 412.34
2009-10 426.77
Source: Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, 2010.
Total duck production in Bangladesh in 2009-10 was 42.68 million 7 , a significant increase over 36.4 million in 2003-04. The trend has been upward since 2003-04. On an average, duck and chicken ratio is 1:5. It also gives information on duck population distribution. The proportion of duck within the poultry population is high in the Barisal division (1:3), which is located in the South-west and, in Sylhet (0.69:1) located in the North-east of the country. This is due to presence of large number of ponds and water bodies that are suitable for duck production.
2.2.
FARMING SYSTEM
The duck population in Bangladesh is commonly tendered for meat and egg. In nature, they are reared under traditional system in rural areas (FAO, 1990). Ducks have several advantages over other poultry species, in particular their disease tolerance. In Asia, most duck production is closely associated with wetland rice farming, particularly in humid and sub-tropic zones. An added advantage is that ducks normally lay most of their eggs within the three hours after sunrise (at night) compared with five hours for chickens and duck producers collect those eggs in the morning. This makes it possible
Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, 2010
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for ducks to freely range in the rice fields by day, while being confined by night (Farrell, 1986). Nondescript local ducks are ubiquitous in the country and most smallholder farmers keep them under a subsistent level of management (Islam et al., 2003) in Bangladesh. Duck comprises about 10% of the total poultry population, occupying second place to chicken in the production of table eggs in the country. It is an important component of farming system and plays a significant role to 80 per cent rural people of Bangladesh. It provides cash income and creates employment opportunity for rural people, particularly for small and landless farmers (Khan et al., 1999). It appears that the ducks can be raised cheaper than broiler and if market is properly organized (Singh, 2001). They are mainly kept in the traditional scavenging system, but in fact there is not only one system rather at least two different sub-systems: defined by the absence or presence of large water bodies with large water bodies being associated with big duck flocks from around one hundred to more than one thousand (Khanum et al., 2005). When such water bodies are not present, a household will keep just a few ducks in association with chicken as shown by Rahman (n.d.). In other words land ecology has a strong influence on duck production systems. The above views were cited from a resource document for those seeking information on the poultry sector at national level of Bangladesh. This sector review was prepared by Frands Dolberg, an international consultant, during a mission in Bangladesh in MayJune 2008. In this information product, are those of the authors however, it is not exhaustive. Duck topics were only partially covered in the above document and I differ from the fact that unprecedented and widespread outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) that occurred in many countries in Asia, Europe and Africa including Bangladesh since 2003, ducks per se emerged as a resistant species to this devastating disease which was not known to him.89 It is true that land ecology has had great influence on the growth of duck population especially in the haor areas. However research records have revealed that Desi ducks attained their sexual maturity at 26-27 weeks of age and annual egg production was found to be at the level of 77.15/ year/duck under free range scavenging in the coastal belt. While, this number was found to be slightly higher and was found to be at the level of 89 eggs/ year/ duck from the haor areas (Fouzder et al. (1999). This means that land ecology has had nothing to do to increase production of eggs from ducks when it came to Bangladesh and a false economy. The only benefit that the duck farmers reap in the haor is that there is enough open space to forage for their ducks and these helpless creatures spend so much time to find the food from a wider space to keep their body and soul together. In truth, they do not get enough food at the end of the day to lay eggs. Despite the above different view, Dolbergs opinion was right that Specific consideration should be given to strategies and measures that ensure a sustainable pro poor
8 9
Frands Dolberg (2008). Poultry Sector Country Review, Bangladesh. FAO, Rome, Italy Fouzder, S. K., Khaleque, M. A. and Alam, A. B. M. M. 1999. Evaluation of bio-economic performance of duck farming in Haor area. Bangladesh J. Train and Devt. 12 (1 & 2): 93 98
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supporting approach and development for the poultry (chicken and ducks). Better understanding of the specific situations of the different poultry sectors and the related market chains will help to develop appropriate disease control measures and improved bio-security. Barua and Yoshimura (1997) presented some basic parameters concerning local ducks kept under backyard conditions, which showed age at sexual maturity to be 218 days, adult body weight to be between 1.5 2.0 kg and annual egg production to be 60 70 eggs. Production is influenced by season, supplementation and breed. Field survey has revealed that during the July to October rainy season, there will be plenty of feed for ducks to scavenge. However, in the winter season - November to February there is moderate feed supply, while the summer March to June produces little duck feed according to crop and gizzard. Studies by Kabir et al., 2007, Huque (1999) of 500 households in Chittagong, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Khulna and Sylhet districts used slightly different seasonal divisions, but found that the season October to December produced no ducklings, while ducklings constituted 19%, 23% and 28% of the duck flocks during July-September, January-March and April-June, respectively. From a study conducted Kabir et al. (2007) revealed that if Jinding breed of duck is reared by feeding them supplement of wheat bran, rice polish, soybean meal, oil cakes, vitamins, oyster shells, bone meal, etc, they attained heavier adult weight, matured earlier and began laying eggs at around 126 to 128 days in comparison to 141 days in comparison with the un-supplemented ducks who found and ate their food by scavenging. The supplemented ducks produced more eggs as their egg production percentage was 43 to 46% compared to 23% for the un-supplemented group. Supplementation produced heavier eggs and resulted in lower mortality. This study proves the importance of well nourished food to get required output from the ducks. Ducks lay bigger eggs that are richer in flavour than chicken eggs. Also, ducks may make for nicer backyard occupants. Owners are finding they'll eat slugs and weeds and have a less aggressive pecking order than chickens. Duck eggs are appreciated for a variety of reasons: richer flavor, better for baking, longer storage life and people who are allergic to chicken eggs. Duck eggs have higher levels of vitamins and minerals with 1213 nutrients than chicken eggs. Ducks eggs are less prone to cracking than chickens; as the shell membrane is very strong, it prevents leaking even if the shell is broken. Indigenous ducks in terms of family duck production play a significant role in the socioeconomic development. The birds are generally reared by women and children in small numbers and housed together along with poultry at night. Thus, both chickens and ducks are very popular particularly to villagers. The people rear birds with low inputs and obtain quick returns in terms of eggs and meat. Eggs and meat are usually for domestic consumption and also a source of good quick earning. Eggs from chicken are sold at a price similar to commercial eggs although the size is small whereas live birds for meat purpose are sold at almost double the price, even more, of commercial broilers. Duck eggs are larger in size and the meat ducks are sold at a price higher than that of local free-range live chicken. Therefore, indigenous ducks both generate income and ensure 24 | P a g e
protein for the people. Consequently, they are believed to act as an indispensable change maker in the rural economy of Bangladesh.
2.3.
NATIONAL MARKET SITUATION

The national wholesale market of duck is centered in Dhaka city. There are two main hubs for duck trading (meat and egg) one is Kawran Bazar Arot and the other is Kaptan Bazar in Old Dhaka. Around 20 large scale wholesalers are active in duck trading (mainly egg) in Kawran Bazar and Kaptan Bazar. The estimated trading amount of duck eggs in Dhaka city is 0.2 million (regular) and 0.5 million (peak season) per day alone. 80 percent of these eggs come from Haors alone while the surveyed Haor districts (Kishoreganj and Sunamganj) cover around 70 percent of every day supply. The table below shows the national market situation and contribution of Haor and coastal areas to total supply of duck eggs at a glance:
Table 7: National duck egg scenario at a glance
Total Demand (National) Total Supply (National) No. of major hubs for duck trading in Bangladesh Total supply of duck eggs from Haor Haor contribution to total national supply (in %) Total supply of duck eggs from coastal region Coastal contribution to total national supply (in %)
153.92 millions 73.03 millions 2 58 millions 79.42 0 millions 0
Source: KII, Department of Livestock Services and II, Trader, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited, 2013
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2.4.
DEMAND & SUPPLY OF DUCK EGGS

According to Department of Livestock Services, Bangladesh produced 73.03 million duck eggs in 2010 against the demand (demand is calculated as expected capacity of egg production by the present number of ducks) of 153.9 million. Data provided from DLS shows the following demand supply situation for the years 2009 and 2010.
Table 8: National demand, supply and deficit scenario, 2009-2010
Year 2010 2009
National Demand (in Millions) 153.9 138.5
National Supply (in Millions) 73.03 63.71
Deficit (in Millions) 80.87 74.79
Deficit (in %) 52.55 54.00
2.5.
GROWTH FACTORS
Absence of private processing companies or commercial duck farms (like Kazi Farm in poultry) in duck value chain at national level limits the growth of duck sector as money flows from top to bottom down in the value chain. Though the production of duck over the last eight years shows upward trend, still the market suffers from formal infrastructure and specific policies only for the development of duck sector in Bangladesh.
Figure 1: Production trend of ducks in Bangladesh
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Insufficient number of hatcheries for quality duckling in the country is also playing key role in non-accelerated growth of duck sub-sector. There are eight government hatcheries operating in Bangladesh with a capacity to supply 25,000 ducklings per year10, which is far below the demand, especially in the Haor basins. The Central Duck Breeding Farm situated in Narayanganj city, is working on different duck farming methods and breeding. Their Integrated Fish-Poultry System has already been applied at four DOF FSMFs located at 4 different parts of the country and showed productive result for both fish and duck value chain. Innovation of such groundbreaking and cost-effective systems of duck farming is still in demonstration phase. Dissemination and replication of these models would certainly bring important development of duck value chain at grassroots level as these duck producers are still the largest and major suppliers of duck (meat and eggs) to the local, regional and national level markets.
Picture 1: Central Duck Breeding Farm in Narayanganj
10
Key Informant Interview, Central Duck Breeding Farm, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, 2013
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CHAPTER THREE
OXFAM IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN

NORTH-EASTERN HAORS AND SOUTHERN COASTAL REGIONS
The chapter illustrates working approach of Oxfam GB Bangladesh in duck value chain in the North-eastern Haors and Southern Coastal lands, their development activities along the duck value chain till date and involvement of Partner NGOs (PNGOs) in the development approach. This section of the report also describes the groups involved in duck value chain in both study locations, formation of the groups, demographic and economic profile of group members, status of management committee and leadership in the groups and most importantly, describes groups strengths, weaknesses and prospective areas for development.
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3.1.
OXFAMS APPROACH TOWARDS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Power in Market, Womens Economic Leadership and Climate Change Adaptation & Risk Reduction are at the core of Oxfams coordinated approach. While developing value chains for resilient communities, Oxfam GB Bangladesh looks at various aspects that include creation of market linkage, ensuring favourable business environment through policy and advocacy, and dealing with negative social issues including early marriage, domestic violence with a specific objective of socially and economically empowered women in the process.
POLICY MARKET ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ENTERPRISE SERVICE MARKET
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIO N & RISK REDUCTION POWER IN MARKET WOMEN ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP
Oxfam works in a coordinated approach to build resilient community in its project implementation areas. To do so, Oxfam works with various PNGOs in selected subdistricts and unions. The table below provides a list of Oxfams PNGOs working in Sunamganj and Kishoreganj targeting selected communities with duck value chain as part of the study. The communities are first organised under CBO structure which includes all households in a village and is managed by an Executive Committee. These groups play a pivotal role in uniting the villagers to work towards economic and social development of their communities. Through these CBOs, information is shared, technology is disseminated, and capacity is developed on various aspects.
Table 9: List of PNGOs of Oxfam in north eastern Haors
District Sunamganj Kishoreganj Pirojpur Patuakhali Barguna
Sub-district Jamalganj Nichli Astogram Nazirpur Patuakhali sadar Barguna sadar Amtoli
Union Fenarbak Chatirchar Deoghar Shakharikati Joynkathi Fuljhuri Gulishakhali
Name of PNGO IDEA POPI Chetona DDJ Wave Foundation Jago Nari NSS
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3.2.
OXFAMS INITIATIVES TILL DATE

To develop duck value chain, Oxfams supportive programmes are in place engaging beneficiaries through the PNGOs. Oxfam capacitated the PNGO staff on business planning preparation that in turn disseminated the learning among the beneficiary CBOs. Oxfam arranged knowledge development programmes on duck rearing and farm management for REECALL and WEALTH beneficiaries where DLS officials provided technical training for capacity development of the duck producers. Trainings for LSP and trader development, market visit to enable duck producers accessing market place and assessing market price and scopes for advancement were also conducted in course of time. Oxfam also distributed through the PNGOs 10-20 ducks per beneficiary household as starting capital to develop duck value chain in the project areas. Thus, NSS at Aamtoli, Barguna distributed 141 ducks among the REECALL beneficiaries (10 each), provided support for business plan preparation to 40 duck farmers and technical training on duck rearing to 46 beneficiaries. It has also arranged market visits and LSP development training in the area. In addition, the PNGOs support the beneficiaries for accessing regular vaccination service, disaster preparedness and access to local government services.
3.3.
3.3.1
OXFAM SUPPORTED GROUP DYNAMICS

Demographic Scenario The Study revealed the following major demographic dynamics: Average family size in the study areas is 7. Recently married family - family size is 3 to 4. 42 percent of the beneficiaries have attained primary education while 37.5 percent are non-literate.
Table 10: Literacy rate (in %) of Oxfam beneficiaries in Haor and Coastal
Non-Literate Under Five Class Under Eight Class SSC HSC Above HSC
37.5 41.67 16.67 0 0 4.16
Source: Group Interview (GI), Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited, 2013.
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Age distribution in the study population: 37.2 percent of the respective population is aged between 25-54 years, followed by an age range of 0-14 years covering 33.6 percent of the respective population.
Table 11: Population distribution according to age
0-14 15-24 25-54 55-64 65+
33.6 % 18.8 % 37.2 % 5.6 % 4.8 %
Source: KII, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited (KII), 2013
Gender Ratio: The gender ratio of the surveyed population is 1.05 males to every female. All the families have male-headed households except families (2%) who lost their male head. 3.3.2 Resource Background 54.17 % of the respective population hold their own lands (housing and cultivable) while 37.5 % people are landless. The rest 12.5 % are sharecroppers with large farmers. On an average, the land owned by the farmers are 4.4 decimal in Barguna, 11 decimal in Kishoreganj and 18 decimal in Patuakhali.
Table 12: Land ownership status of Oxfam beneficiaries in Haor and Coastal
Land Ownership Own Land Sharecropping Landless
Land Size in Decimal 13 3 9
In % 54.17 12.5 37.5
Source: GI, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited, 2013
In Barguna, people use collective land for duck rearing in an average of 10-15 decimal of size. In Kishoreganj, average land size for duck rearing is 0.10 decimal. 3.3.3 Income Generating Activities (IGAs) Duck rearing is considered as a secondary option of livelihood in North-eastern Haor regions. No commercial practice of duck farming was found in the survey location. Households in REECALL project areas are mostly involved in rice and vegetable cultivation in both Sunamganj and Kishoreganj district. The next widely cultivated crops are potato, garlic and onion in Sunamganj while chili, potato and ground nuts in Kishoreganj district. Most households are found to believe that livestock and poultry 31 | P a g e
(duck) rearing is part of regular household chores of women in Haor regions where major tasks related to livestock and poultry rearing are done in-house. Apart from these, males in the beneficiary families are found engaged in off farm activities, i.e., grocery business in Sunamganj and rickshaw & van pulling in Kishoreganj. The table below summarises IGAs practiced by the Haor beneficiary households into four broad categories.
Table 13: Income Generating Activities in the Haor and Coastal
Districts Sunamganj
Crops Vegetables, Rice, Potato, Garlic, Onion, Beans Rice, Chilli, Potato, Ground Nut, Vegetables Rice, Vegetables Rice, Sunflower, Watermelon, Vegetables Rice, Vegetable
Poultry & Livestock Duck, Chicken, Cow Duck, Chicken, Cow, Sheep
Fishing -
Off-farm Sewing, Grocery Shops Karchupi (intricate embroidery) and sewing, Rickshaw pulling Day labor, carpenter, Rickshaw pulling Day Labor, Grocery shop keeping, hand fan from Keya leaves Grocery shop, Restaurant, Puffed rice selling
Kishoreganj
During rainy seasons only
Patuakhali Barguna
Duck Chicken, Duck
During rainy seasons only -
Pirojpur
Chicken, Duck
All time
Source: GI and KII, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited, 2013
3.3.4
Involvement in Community Based Organization (CBO) All households in the working areas of Oxfam (Sunamganj and Kishoreganj) are members of CBOs. Members hold monthly meetings at selected members house or in the CBO office. Only a few groups are found to sit together every week and spend 2-3 hours. Their meetings mostly concentrate on production and marketing of various agricultural crops, ongoing market price and evaluation of whether to sell their produces in that price or to hold for future sales, plan for future, and provide social support to each other. Group receives vaccinations and capacity building trainings for duck rearing from PNGOs while a few groups were found doing collective selling of their produces (eggs and ducks).
3.3.5
Group Structure A CBO covers all 100 to 500 households of a village. CBO Objectives are to raise awareness on different socio-economic aspects and ensure social protection through empowering women and developing market linkage by working through a demand32 | P a g e
based sustainable system where people are proactively engaged and benefitted. For this purpose, groups under CBOs including producer groups (PG), trader groups (TG), and local service providers (LSP) have been formed. Not necessarily that all members will be in the duck producer or trader groups, depending upon their experience and opportunity, CBO members join in various functioning groups or multiple groups in the duck value chain (e.g., duck producer group, duck trader group etc.).
Table 14: Producer Group information in study areas
Area
Year of Establishment
Total No. of Members Male Female Total
% of female members in the group 100 80 100 46 100 72
% of female participation in the management committee 100 75 100 46 100 72
Jamalganj, Sunamganj Nichli, Kishoreganj Astogram, Kishoreganj Sadar, Patuakhali Aamtoli, Barguna Nazirpur, Pirojpur
2005 2012 2008 2011 2011 2010
0 10 0 8 0 15
30 40 20 7 25 39
30 50 20 15 25 54
3.3.6
Leadership Status Each group is headed by a leader who is selected for a year. Besides, there are other posts in the CBOs as Secretary, Cashier, Executive Members, etc. The leaders are chosen from the group members through participatory method with the assistance of project personnel. The leaders are usually leading the group for arranging monthly meetings, effective planning, activity designing, linkage etc. Group leaders also distribute the responsibilities among the members of the group. Almost in all areas, group leaders have a vision to strengthen the group by involving all the members of the group with different tasks. In case of decision-making, 100% decisions are taken through participatory way, where both the group leaders and members are engaged equally. If there is any kind of conflict between groups members, leaders try to resolve with the help of others.
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3.3.7
Vision & Plan Each group has been formed with a vision to achieve the goal of economic growth, resilience against natural disasters and social development. Their business plans are also influenced by this aim for achievement. The newly formed groups have the plans to organize their activities though they expect expert facilitation to do so. It was noticed that all the groups intend to improve their duck farming as an IGA with developing their own traders or LSPs to cater to the group members.
3.3.8
Activities of the Groups Depending upon the maturity of the groups, the activities differ, while the newly formed groups are still in the planning phase and hold monthly meetings; more structured and established groups are engaged in savings, disaster preparation, developing food bank, LSP development, duck rearing, marketing of eggs, vaccination, providing social support (dowry, domestic violence etc) to the group members. They also build houses for the group as well. The CBO house structure at Aamtoli, Barguna was solely built by the group members providing materials and labour. The land was also selected and provided by the CBO members.
3.3.9
Group Strengths, Weaknesses and Opportunities Strengths CBOs on Sunamganj and Kishoreganj have limited physical assets like Meeting House. Duck producer groups are linked with CBOs that ease knowledge transfer. Producer groups in Kishoreganj, Barguna and Patuakhali were found practicing collective purchasing of vaccination service and collective selling of eggs. In addition, PGs in Kishoreganj and Barguna have preparing to develop business plan for small scale commercial duck farming. Weaknesses Members lack knowledge on understanding their group purposes Members are not capacitated enough to carry out group activities efficiently and independently Producer Groups in Kishoreganj, Pirojpur, Patuakhali and Barguna are at their early stage Groups do not have a minimum fund to operate business CBOs in Haors have no formal linkages with FIs or MFIs for business loan Producers lack the knowledge about market demand, supply, buyers preference, standard demands and others market dynamics Duck producers have no experience, confidence and appropriate skills to negotiate business deals independently
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Opportunities A number of duck producers are closely related with CBOs that will help in easy and low cost input channelizing and output product bulking The groups have potential human resources and opportunity to utilize their full capacity in commercial duck farming Fund raising option through group savings will allow arranging seed money for duck farming
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THE NORTH-EASTERN HAORS
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CHAPTER FOUR
AREA DYNAMICS
Chapter four provides an understanding on the environmental and economic circumstances of the North-eastern Haors by illustrating the project area dynamics, ecological context of the area, economic options and practices by the local inhabitants in which the duck value chain operates.
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4.1
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
Oxfam GB Bangladesh at present is working in two districts Sunamganj and Kishoreganj to develop a thriving duck value chain. A Haor is a wetland ecosystem in the north eastern part of Bangladesh which physically is a bowl or saucer shaped shallow depression, also known as a back swamp11.The core Haor area, alternatively referred to as the Haor basin or the Sylhet basin, is estimated to spread over an area between 4,45012 sq. km and 25,000 sq.km13.
4.2
ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF NORTH-EASTERN HAORS

Haor basin of Bangladesh is geo-morphologically a major floodplain basin hinting to its inherent vulnerability to habitation. The areas are in the most extensively seasonally flooded zones not only in Bangladesh but also in South Asia. Oxfams working areas in this location is between the natural levees (embankment) of rivers subject to overflow during the monsoon. The major rivers in the area are Surma and Kushiyara. Some of the tributaries are: Manu, Khowai, Jadukhata, Piyain, Mogra, Mahadao and Kangsha. These form the dense drainage network of the Haors. The rivers are primarily responsible for providing rainwater and sediment load to the basin. During July to November, these areas go under deep water and look like seas with erosive water surface due to flash flood. During wind storm these waves reach up to 1.5 m in height14. These floods carry high sediments causes channel instability and erosion and results in destruction of life, property and infrastructure. The area remains under water for seven months of the year, turning Haor settlements mostly built on earthen mounds into islands15. During the dry season most of the water drains out, leaving small shallow lakes or may completely dry out by the end of dry season. This exposes rich alluvial soil, extensively cultivated for rice. Compared with other major natural forms of landscape, Haors are young, dynamic and physically unstable. Variously called jalah, doloni, pitoni, doba, hola or gadeng, it can change in a season or even in a single storm, as conditions range from virtually perennial aquatic lowlands to seasonally dry uplands. It changes with the vegetation, sedimentation, or geological subsidence. The key to vegetation development and
11
Bio-ecological Zones of Bangladesh; International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Bangladesh Country Office; page 31; The World Conservation Union (IUCN); 2002 12 Alam, Mohd Shamsul. "Depression". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 13 Communities and forest management in South Asia ; page 32; The World Conservation Union (IUCN) 14 MK Alam; Wave attack in Haor areas of Bangladesh and cement concrete blocks as structural revetment material; Progress in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation: Proceedings (ed. Alphose Zingoni); page 325; Taylor & Francis; 2004 15 "Haor Rural Development Programme". concern.net.
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community dynamics here is hydro-period, affected by topography, flooding and flood type, precipitation, and water table fluctuations.16 Due to continuous submergence, wetland habitat is characterized by anaerobic, a condition which inhibits normal plant growth apart from a group of plants known as hydrophytes17adapted to withstand these conditions.18 The Haor Basin is the only region in Bangladesh where remnant patches of freshwater swamps and reed lands still exists.19 Once extensive forests of Hijal in the area used to provide an important source of firewood, but these forests are now almost completely destroyed. In recent times, various herbs and aquatic plants are being collected for use as fuel. On top of that, aquatic plants are also being collected for use as fertilizers. Only a few patches remain of the swamp forests that once dominated the area, featuring flood tolerant trees like Hijal (Barringtonia acutangula) and Koroch (Ponogamia pinnata).20
4.3
ECONOMY
The Haor basin became an important fishing zone since early 20th century, mostly due to successive natural calamities including floods and earthquakes. The declining population growth picked up again since then due to the opportunity to cultivate land for a nominal rent. 21 These Haors support major subsistence and commercial fisheries, while the seasonally flooded lakes support major rice-growing activities; the abundant aquatic vegetation provides rich grazing for domestic livestock and an alternative source of fuel and fertilizers for the local people.
4.3.1
Crop Production The Haors support a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural crops and fast-growing introduced timber species (Khan, 2005). A significant number of medicinal plants are also found in the Haor basins. Agriculture Census 2008 shows that the regions major crop is rice which is quintessential for their food security. The main crop grown in the area is dry season rice (boro) whereas oilseed, potato, jute and wheat are the secondary crops.
16
Dr. Sara Bennett, Dr. Derek Scott, Ansarul Karim, Istiak Sobhan, Anisuzzaman Khan, and S.M.A. Rashid,Interpretive Description Of The Region's Wetlands, Wetland Resources Specialist Study, Northeast Regional Water Management Plan, Bangladesh Flood Action Plan 6, Bangladesh Water Development Board, 1995 17 Hydrophytes are aquatic plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater). 18 Dr. Sara Bennett, Dr. Derek Scott, Ansarul Karim, Istiak Sobhan, Anisuzzaman Khan, and S.M.A. Rashid,Interpretive Description Of The Region's Wetlands, Wetland Resources Specialist Study, Northeast Regional Water Management Plan, Bangladesh Flood Action Plan 6, Bangladesh Water Development Board, 1995 19 Bio-ecological Zones of Bangladesh; International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Bangladesh Country Office; page 31; The World Conservation Union (IUCN); 2002 20 Mohd Shamsul Alam, and Md Sazzad Hossain."Haor". Banglapedia.Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 21 Lars T. Soeftestad, Riparian Right and Colonial Might in the Haors Basin of Bangladesh, Paper presented at the conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP), 2000
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Table 15: Area under cultivation in North-eastern Haor districts
Crop Aus Aman Boro Wheat Maize
Sunamganj 20453 78030 332111 1422 172
Kishoreganj 39531 100320 346105 3505 5148
Crop Jute Pulses Oilseed Sugar Cane Potato
Sunamganj 1355 1017 3341 192 2229
Kishoreganj 14023 5803 14948 395 7496
Source: Agricultural Census 2008
There are133 and 122 Haors in Sunamganj and Kishoreganj districts respectively. 78% Haor area in Sunamganj district is under cultivation, whereas, Kishoreganj has almost 80% cultivated land in Haor regions.22DAE data reveals that among the seven Haor districts in Sylhet Haor basin, the proportion of single cropped area is the highest (44%) in Sunamganj and due to that cropping intensity in this district stands at the lowest (143%). On the contrary, the proportion of triple cropped area is the highest (with lowest single cropped area 14%) in Kishoreganj that led to have the highest cropping intensity (215%), higher than the national average cropping intensity of 178% (HAS-2008). 4.3.2 Fisheries and Livestock The Haor is a critical habitat and breeding ground for fish and other aquatic species and considered as one of the four major "mother fisheries" in Bangladesh. More than 100 fish species are available in the Haor, one third of which are listed as endangered (Choudhury and Faisal, 2005). Some of the major economically important fishes are Rui (Labeo rohita), Gonia(L. gonius), Kalibush (L calbasu), Katla (Katla catla), Mrigal (Cirhinus mrigala), Boal (Wallago atiu), Pangus (Pangasius pangasitts), Air (Aorichthys aor), Guizza air (Aovichihys seenghala), Bagha air (Bagarins bagarius), Rita(Rita rita), Magur (Clarias batrachus), Singhi (heleropneules fossils), Kani pabda (Ompok binocidaius), Madhu pabda (Ompok pabda), Tengra (Mystus lengra and AI. villains), Koi (Anabus testudineus), etc. Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and small prawns are also available in the small rivers and canals. (CWBMP, 2004). Statistics on livestock production in north eastern study areas were difficult to interpret for duck value chain as these are reported under the heading of Fowls and Ducks which includes chicken as well. Considering that the number includes ducks, the majority fowls and duckswas found in Kishoreganj (leads to the conclusion that the area is rich in poultry rearing). At the same time Sunamganj has the highest number of cows and buffalos (rich in livestock rearing) among the Haor districts according to the Agriculture Census 2008.
22
Data Source: DAE 2008-2009
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Table 16: Number of Livestock per District
District Sunamganj Kishoreganj
Cow and Buffalo 517,393 491,812
Goat and Sheep 112,767 154,816
Fowl and Ducks 1,720,290 2,345,410
4.3.3
Forestry The forest resources (swamp and reed land plants) in the Haor lack proper conservation and management. Due to absence of such management measures, over and illegal exploitation by the local people and lease-holders for fire wood, placing for making brush shelter in the beels (enclosed water bodies), cattle fodder, herbal medicine, food, housing and mat making materials, the swamp/reed land plants are gradually declining. These also provide habitat and food for wildlife, fishes birds and serves as barriers against the erosive effects of wave action etc. On ground of such threats and rapid degradation of the resources and in recognition of the urgent need to protect the unique ecology and biodiversity of the Haor, in 1999, the Government of Bangladesh has declared Hakaluki Haor as an "Ecologically Critical Area" (ECA) under the provision of the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act (BECA)(CNRS, 2002).
4.3.4
Infrastructure Transport and communication is very fragile in Haor areas. Though the study found improved road infrastructure in Nikhli upazilla of Kishoreganj; roads get submerged in water during wet season and waterway becomes the only route of communication with boats and trawlers as the main modes of transportation in North-eastern Haor basin; the delivery of service has been found irregular and poor. Boat and trawler capsize is a common phenomenon which takes toll on many lives with children and women the most vulnerable victims. Higher lead time of water vehicles also hinders the local inhabitants travel to urban centre more than once a day. Moreover, farmers found it difficult to transport their agro or non-agro produces to urban centre for trade purposes due to under-serviced and inadequate transportation system. Often, they fail to obtain timely inputs that delays cultivation or results in poor quality production and lower market price.
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CHAPTER FIVE
EXPLORING THE GAMM IN HAORS
The chapter describes major findings of Haor duck value chain that embrace core value chain functions, actors, service providers and business (dis)enabling players. Power relationships between the actors, actors concentration and trading volume, supporting service conditions, dominant channels in Haor duck value chain, pricing mechanism in duck value chain and cost benefit analysis of duck producers at Haors have also been illustrated in this chapter.
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5.1
CORE VALUE CHAIN FUNCTIONS

The core value chain functions of duck sub-sector have three major parts: input supply, production (duck farming and egg production) and trading.
5.1.1
Input Supply Duck value chain has four key input components. Eggs, ducks and pullets are the primary and major inputs for duck value chain. Others are feed, vaccination and medicine. Input Component 1: Eggs, Ducklings and Pullets Duck itself is the prime input for the duck farming. There are three major ways of getting ducks as inputs for farming. Eggs are inputs for the duck producers as well as for the hatchery owners. Only small duck producers in Haor entirely (100%) rely on their own farm production to source eggs for ducks. They produce, assemble and make use of those eggs for ducklings production at their own residence. o Ducklings are procured by medium and large duck farmers in the Haor area instead of relying on their own farm production. It is the small producers who find it less profitable to procure ducklings for their farms as they manage only 8-25 ducks at a time. Traditional egg hatching system that is locally known as tush, in which about 15-20 duck eggs are put under a Broody Hen 23 for hatching in a basket of rice or wheat. This traditional household method takes 28 days to hatch ducklings; about 75-80% ducklings are hatched in this way at households. The commercial hatcheries use electric incubator that has 15-20% higher success Picture 2: Activity of Duck Hatching in Astogram, rate than the traditional tush Kishoreganj method; it hatches a large number of egg within the same incubation and hatching period and collected data shows that 95% of eggs hatch at a time by electric incubation method. Pullets are the pre-laying duck that are often reared and sold at the age of 6 months, just before they start laying eggs. This is popular among duck producers
23
A broody hen usually stops laying eggs and instead focuses on incubation of the eggs.
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as farm input since pullets guarantee immediate return on investment. Large duck producers were found mostly purchasing pullets and keeping them for a 4-5 months period (or till they have full potential of laying sufficient number of eggs) and sell them off when the egg laying capacity decreases to an insignificant number.
Table 17: Procurement sources of duck in Haors (in %)
Area Nikhli Ashtogram Jamalganj
Eggs 60 60 75
Ducklings 30 30 20
Pullets 10 10 15
Input Component 2: Feed Till date, commercially produced duck feed was not available in the market in the Haor regions. Producers either provides broiler feed to their duck or home prepare feed, mixing various ingredients like broken rice, rice polish, snails, left-over boiled rice starch, etc. Only the hatcheries, large producers and a very few part of medium producers were using commercial broiler feed. Input Component 3: Vaccines Ducks are vaccinated four times a year at 3-month interval to prevent outbreaks of duck plague and duck cholera. Duck farmers from the Haor region often cannot afford vaccination service due to lack of financial ability to purchase vaccines four times a year. Input Component 4: Medicines In Haor regions, duck producers primarily apply duck de-worming thrice in a year. Producers fed human oral saline to cure duck diarrhoea. Availability and quality of inputs Duck eggs are available locally but successful hatching proportion is not good, which depends on drake (male ducks) to ducks (female ducks) ratio. Ideally, for closed farm environment, 1 drake is required for 7-10 ducks to ensure fertile eggs. Ducks reared in scavenging method, at least 2 drakes are needed for 7-10 ducks to ensure mating and egg fertility. Commercial hatcheries procure eggs from sources that ensure the ratio required for fertile eggs. This ratio is not maintained at household level, mostly there is only 1 drake for 15 ducks. It is interesting to note from the respondent data that shows the ducklings hatched by traditional method are more adaptable and resistant to odds compared to the ones hatched in incubators. Thus, they often prefer to hatch duckling by themselves. The quality of eggs is also considered by their color (the whiter, the better) and size. 44 | P a g e
When the eggs are sourced for commercial hatching or farming, information about the origin and variety of the input is not available accurately. The mating information about variety of drakes and ducks is not available or this not maintained. For example, if breeds like Jinding of Chinese origin mates with Khaki Campbell of British origin, the variety of the ducklings become cross breed. Thus, when cross-breeding happens, the production capability also changes. As this information about the eggs or ducklings is not maintained and available, the output is also not as per expectation and it becomes tough to define the source of the problem. Ducklings often die after bringing from hatcheries or other sources. In majority of cases, ducklings or pullets are sourced from Netrokona, a distant locations with under-serviced transport facilities. Due to this the day-old ducklings suffer from transportation stress and often die a couple of days after reaching destination. Pullets also suffer as already formed eggs inside their body are either destroyed from transportation stress or, possibly from egg peritonitis. Ducks and chicken are transported together without maintaining any bio-security measures. Flock uniformity is also not maintained at the beneficiary level. The study revealed that the demand of day-old-ducklings (DOD) is higher than the supply. Due to unavailability of proper duck feed, broiler feed and ingredients for homemade feed are readily available but the quality is not satisfying. It is usually sold in unsealed packets and not stored properly once the bag has been opened; therefore, the quality deteriorates fast to exposed heat and humidity. The snails are given raw to the ducks, not boiled which should be a standard method. Raw snail often makes the ducks vulnerable to various vector-borne diseases including Schistosomiasis (also known as snail fever. The vaccines are not readily available as per demand. Moreover, it is often of low quality due to improper storing. The storage temperature for duck plague vaccine needs to be between zero to -5 degree centigrade with a life of six-month and 4-8 degrees centigrade for a month; for duck cholera, the storage temperature requirement is 4-8 degrees centigrade for six-month, Very often vaccines become ineffective as these are not stored in appropriate temperature due to lack of knowledge as well as nonavailability of electricity in the remote Haor areas. When vaccines are thawed after refrigeration and frozen again, it loses its effectiveness. Also, vaccines are not transported in temperature controlled cases from the line of production in the DLS premises to the end point at the beneficiary level. They are carried in flasks, thermos, even wrapped with banana leaves, so the effectiveness is either greatly reduced or lost. Quality of vaccines also deteriorates during application as every opened ampoule is to be instantly used, but such instruction is completely missing for the end users. Reconstituted vaccines are opened and re-used without maintaining any of the above standards. Therefore, outbreaks of diseases are often rampant in ducks even after immunisation.
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Although medicines for duck are available, due to difficulties to obtain these in a timely manner, often drugs for chicken and fowl are used, increasing low recovery rate and mortality.
5.1.2
Duck Farming and Egg Production Housing Management In Haors, majority duck farmers practice separate housing made of wood, bamboo or of straw for ducks. To prevent rainwater leaking, producers use plastic or polythene sheets under the thatched roof. In addition, they apply polythene sheets in the mud made floors to keep the place dry and clean/mud free for ducks. During day time, the common practice of this area is to keep the ducks on household yards within net fencing. Easily available fishing nets are used for this purpose. Usually, female members of the household are Picture 3: Duck Housing at Nichli, Kishoreganj responsible for cleaning the duck houses, generally twice a-day.
Feeding Management To feed the ducks, producers in Haors follow semi-scavenging method. Home mixed feed are given a few times a day, the rest are scavenged by ducks. A feeding chart was developed on what is happening in the total life span of a duck based on the study findings.
Picture 4: Duck Feeding
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Table 18: Feeding Chart for duck in its total life span
Life Cycle Stage Duckling
Feeding Method In-house
In-house Feeding Frequency Five times a day
Description A grainy fluid paste is prepared ducklings at households which is a combination of mashed rice polish, broken rice and left-over boiled rice. With age comes the gift of swimming and wandering around resulting in less reliability on home-made feed and more dependability on semi-scavenging for feed. At this stage, duck producers provide solid feeds (raw whole snails and slugs) rather than paste or batter like preparations.
Pullet and Duck
In-house Semiscavenging
Three times a day
Disease Management A number of diseases (listed below) were found in the study area in North-western Haor and Southern coastal regions, of which plague and cholera are dominant: Duck plague Duck cholera Diarrhoea Bumble foot Limber neck White diarrhoea Coryza (sudden death) External and internal parasitism especially tape worms and Rampant nutritional deficiency Most diseases occur due to bacterial and viral origins; these create havocs as the farmers do not get adequate treatment time due to remoteness from veterinary services and unavailability of transports. Breakdown of cholera happens every year though the intensity has been reduced over the last two years with increase in awareness about disease management. Except for the vaccination against plague and cholera, no other medical treatments for ducks are available in Haors. The high incidence of diseases is mostly associated with negligence, housing and predation and lack of knowledge on disease identification and appropriate disease control and management. A chart depicting seasonality of diseases is annexed (See Table 61).
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Egg Production Ducks start laying eggs from the age of 6 months and ideally continue for at least five more years, following a Four-Two-Four-Two pattern (lay eggs for a four-month continuous period with a break for two months). This means that eggs are available for a period of eight months in a year. Duck producers sell ducks within a period that ranges from six months to twenty four months as ducks remain fertile at
Picture 5: Duck Storing at Producer Level
some stage in this period.
Producers collect eggs in the morning that are laid at night. Once collected those are kept inside a drum of rice or in a basket in a cool, dark place to increase their shelf life. In ideal room temperature, eggs remain unsullied for ten days in winter and seven days in summer time. A typical household collects around 160-180 eggs in a year. 12-15 eggs are collected daily from a house containing 20 ducks. 5.1.3 Egg Trading
Ducks lay more eggs in March-April while the number is decreased in November-December mostly due to scarcity of nutritious and appropriate feeding during winter.
Duck farmers from the Haor area mostly sell eggs to the collectors. Some of them sell eggs to local hotels, restaurants and grocery shops. Very few are found selling eggs to their neighbours though the frequency of such economic events24do not have important influence on duck value chain in this area. The number of transactions and volume of trading to neighbors is near to the ground (1% of the total egg trading found by the study).
Picture 6: Duck's Eggs at Market

24
An economic event is a moment in which transaction happens between two parties in monetary value in exchange of goods or services.
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5.2
CORE ACTORSIN DUCK VALUE CHAIN

Actors in duck value chain are described according to their functions in the following table:
Table 19: Actors in duck value chain
Function
Name of Actor Hatchery
Description Hatcheries are the prime sources of ducklings. They facilitate incubation and hatching of eggs to produce ducklings at their own place applying scientific method. Duckling traders sell day-old ducklings to a week-old duckling directly to pullet traders and duck farmers (mostly medium and large producers). Duckling traders procure ducklings from local medium & large hatcheries. Hatchery agents are the nominated duckling traders of private commercial hatcheries who are authorized to sell ducklings of the respective hatcheries to pullet traders and duck producers (medium and large). Pullet traders play the major role in producing pullets from ducklings and sell directly to duck farmers. Sellers who vend ingredients of duck feed (broken rice, rice husk etc.) are visible in Haors. Private poultry feed companies are operating in Haors limitedly, though they do not offer feed for ducks only. Governments District/Upazilla Livestock Serviceis the monopoly actor who provides vaccination services to duck producers. Some NGOs are playing as intermediary between government service provider and duck producers to create access to vaccination service for poor and vulnerable farming communities. Private pharmaceutical companies are the major source for medicines for ducks sold through their distribution channel (dealers and retailers). Duck producers/farmers are households operating farms to produce duck eggs for trade purpose. The study identified three levels of duck producers based on their farming volume. Small producers owning 8-25 ducks and primarily are part of the beneficiary groups under REECALL and WEALTH projects. Medium producers own 25-100 ducks in their farms. Large producers are owners of 100-1000 ducks in their farms. 49 | P a g e
Duckling Trader/Hatchery Agents
Pullet Trader INPUT SUPPLY Feed Seller
Vaccine Provider
Medicine Supplier
Duck Producer/farmers
DUCK FARMING AND EGG PRODUCTION
Egg Collector (Small Trader)
EGG TRADING
Wholesaler (Large Trader)
Retailer (Grocery Shop Owner)
Hotel/Restaurant
Egg collectors are small traders who collect/purchase eggs from the households and sell them to Large Traders (wholesalers) and Retailers (grocery shops) at local markets. It was found that an insignificant portion of eggs were sold to the local hotels/restaurants by egg collectors. This category actor adds value in the chain as transporter by bringing the produces to local markets where duck producers from remote village areas can hardly reach to sell their small volume production. In Haors, large traders (wholesalers) are found purchasing eggs from egg collectors/small traders who later trade these in regional/divisional markets. They purchase in high volume and offer wholesale price to retailers. Within the scope of duck value chain study in the Haors shows that the retailers are the grocery shops owners purchasing from wholesalers, egg collectors and even from the duck producers and sell directly to rural consumers. Local hotels and restaurants are the last level traders in duck value chain who purchase duck eggs mainly from the wholesalers and partially from duck producers and egg collectors (small traders).
5.3
5.3.1
CONCENTRATION OF ACTORS IN THE CHAIN

Input Suppliers Key findings on input suppliers in duck value chain are summarized as follows. Hatcheries: The study found a very few number of hatcheries (2 in Nikhli and 2 in Jamalganj) operating in the surveyed Haor zones. Surprisingly, there are 22 hatcheries found in Dirai, Sunamganj. The survey found that these hatcheries operates in full for only three months in a year, while hatching operation remains in low production during other months of the year.
Table 20: Hatcheries data at Haors
No. of Hatcheries Monthly Trading Volume (Unit) Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) Remarks
Nichli Ashtogram Dirai 2 2 22 6,000 10,000 250,000 210,000 300,000 13,500,00 Business volumes are shown for 3 months (January, February and March, 2013).
Source: II, Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited, 2013
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Feed Sellers: Poultry feed sellers usually the source of duck feed (which basically poultry feed). Ingredients to prepare feeds are purchased from local rice/husk sellers or neighbours. At the same time, snails are primarily sourced through personal efforts from the river or pond sides.
Table 21: Data on feed sellers, Haors
No. of Feed Sellers Monthly Trading Volume (Unit) Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) Remarks
Nichli Ashtogram Jamalganj 15 8 10 3000 kg 2000 kg 3000 kg 130000 88,000 132,000 Business volumes are shown for 3 months (January, February and March, 2013).
Medicine Suppliers: Private pharmaceutical companies like Renata and Acme are bringing medicines for ducks/poultry through their distribution channels (medicine retailers) mostly to the Upazilla bazar level.
Table 22: Data on medicine suppliers, Haors
No. of Medicine Suppliers Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) Remarks
Nichli Ashtogram Jamalganj 5 1 2 60,000 50,000 30,000 Business volumes are shown for 3 months (January, February and March, 2013).
5.3.2
Duck Producers Most of the duck producers in the Haor areas rear duck at households and not many do it in a commercial manner. As identified by the study, more than 70 percent of the total duck producers in the CBOs are smallholder producers. The number of large-scale producers (producers who own 100-1000 ducks in their farm at a time) is very nominal: 7 in Jamalganj, 5 in Nichli and 12 in Ashtogram. The rest (around 10 percent of the respective population) are medium scale producers Picture 7: A Female Farmer at Nikli, Kishoreganj who manage 25-100 ducks in their farms at a time. 51 | P a g e
Table 23: Data sheet of Haor producers
Upazila
Total no. of duck producers 5,000 3,000 2,500
Total no. of ducks 244,732 100,000 40,000
Per year egg production (Unit) 37,440,000 15,300,000 6,120,000
No. of groups (CBO) 52 30 2
No. of producers in group 200 250 64
No. of ducks in group 5,000 3,750 960
Jamalganj Ashtogram Nichli
Consumption of eggs at producers home remains within a range of 25-35 percent of the total; rest goes to the market for sell. 5.3.3 Egg Collectors Egg collectors collect eggs from duck producers daily, weekly or at a 2-3 days interval. As the structure of trading is informal and they are found collecting from 5-7 areas therefore, there is no specific schedule of collection from the producers end. Egg collectors are limited by their numbers but are high in their trade volume. Buying price for each egg is from minimum BDT 7 to maximum BDT 9 while selling price ranges from BDT 9 to 10 in local markets (to retailers or at grocery shops) or to large traders. Price fluctuates based on two criteria: to whom the egg collectors are selling and in which period of the year (seasonal) they are selling. There is also no verbal or written agreement of egg collection from the producers is in place; instead the collectors pay the amount in cash at the time of product transaction.
Table 24: Data sheet of egg collectors
Nichli No. of Egg Collectors Monthly Trading Volume (Unit) Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) 20 120,000 960,000
Ashtogram 10 700,000 5,600,000
Jamalganj 50 200,000 1,600,000
Collectors also trade live ducks along with egg trading. They purchase each duck with BDT 250-280 from the producers and sell at a market price of BDT 300-350 to large traders or duck retailers.
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5.3.4
Wholesalers Wholesalers procure eggs only from the egg collectors and then sell to retailers. They add a nominal value to the product though dealing with large volume brings higher profit from them.
Table 25: Data sheet of wholesalers
No. of Wholesalers Monthly Trading Volume (Unit) Monthly Trading Volume (BDT)
Nichli 2 50,000 430,000
Ashtogram 4 300,000 2,580,000
Jamalganj 8 100,000 860,000
5.4
ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT SERVICE FUNCTIONS IN HAORS

Services in duck value chain in Haors calls for attention as they are very much evident and playing vital roles in value chain productivity of eggs of this sub-sector. Duck producers in Haors receive different services from different actors. The existing services in the study areas are not equally in practice throughout the Haor basin, and incomplete in terms of leading duck egg producing region and weak in quality. Service market dynamics were analysed around the value chain actors of the subsector, since service need and demand varies from actor to actor; this variability is evident in terms of their nature, availability, optimality and so on and so forth. Therefore, this segment describes, first of all different services each value chain actors need to grow; existing suppliers of these services were also analysed in terms of their capacity, quality and availability to gauge the efficiency of the service market around the duck value chain in Haors.
5.4.1
Support Services and Service Providers The Duck producers of Haor areas require various services from different service providers, who are therefore segregated into three broad categories depending on the type of service they provide: (a) Embedded Service: actors selling inputs e.g. eggs, duckling, pullets, vaccination, medicines etc. and thus providing services along with the products; (b) Transactional Service: transportation of eggs and ducks and (c) Public Benefit Service: provided by government institutions and NGOs.
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Table 26: Services and Providers in Haor
Service Type Embedded Service
Service Information on duck farming and egg production
Service Provider Hatcheries Feed Seller Medication ProviderULO, Quack, Medicine Supplier Vaccination Provider- ULO, LSP DLS NGO Neighbour duck producer Neighbour ULS Egg Collector, Egg Trader Van puller, Boat driver bKash and DBBL Mobile Banking NGOs Government MFIs, Banks BLRI, BAU
Service Nature Embedded Embedded Embedded
Embedded Embedded Free Free Free Free Embedded Fee based (Fare) Fee Based (Charge) Free Free Fee based (Interest) --
Market Information
Transactional Service
Transportation Mobile Banking
Public Benefit Service
Organizational Strengthening Financial Research and Development
5.4.2
Service Description Information Service (Duck Farming and Egg Production) Feed sellers are the primary contacts who interact with duck farmers in events of feed transaction. Currently, they are disseminating information on poultry farming and farm management and this is the only source the farmers in the remote Haor areas have. However, feed sellers do not have the requisite knowledge or information on duck farming and farm management, therefore, unable to provide appropriate information. Public service is available only at the office of the Upazila Livestock Services (ULS), which is not well connected with the duck farmers of this hard-to-reach Haor area; ULOs hardly come to visit the farmers in the villages as this workforce is neither ample nor fast in terms of quality service. ULS office can only provide vaccination service, the required information on the farming method or disease control is not available at their end.
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Quacks are the immediate service providers in Haors areas to offer treatments. However, this is also flawed and of poor quality as they do not have sufficient and updated knowledge on appropriate duck farming and disease management. Medicine sellers provide only limited information on the specific medicines they are selling, which is basically on dosage method and applications. Due to lack of information service, the rural duck farmers depend on the retail medicine shops to seek remedy and information on various aspects of duck farming; but this set of service providers is also not equipped with appropriate knowledge on duck farming and management. Service Providers Association in Dimai, Sunamganj presents a milestone towards accessibility and affordability:
In Dimai, Sunamganj, there is a Service Providers Association with 90 LSPs (all male members) bringing vaccination service available and accessible to the rural localities. They collect the vaccines from the ULS office and carry these in ice filled flasks. Each farmer receiving their services for every flock gets a vaccination card to maintain their record. Every month, three vaccination programs are conducted at union/village level which also includes an awareness component on disease management of poultry and ducks. The LSPs charge BDT 2-5 for every vaccinated bird. Each LSP serves as elected geographic area consisting of 8-10 villages in this Haor upazilla. The study found this to be an effective demonstration model to village-based networking making the service accessible and affordable to the marginalised household-based duck farmers. With further capacity building this service could be an efficient prototype of vaccination and information dissemination platform.
Few NGOs are providing micro credit to duck farmers but without any capacity development support on farming methods or disease control. The study observed that often the household-based or small and medium duck farmers gather their information by observing the methods followed by large duck farms. Information Service (Market Facts) In the absence of a formal system to access market statistics on prices of eggs, ducklings, pullets, and demand situation, the duck farmers rely on informal discussions within their localities. Due to remoteness of these Haor based villages, the inhabitants mostly access their immediate local market places and therefore, such information is restricted within these small-scale marketing outlets, depriving the duck farmers from potential large marketing opportunities with a wider commercial value. For the same reason, the assessment of demand situation is based on assumptions. However, the egg collectors and other traders provide some idea about prevailing pricing, but these vary as they seek profit from these information isolated village based duck farmers who hardly can contact main markets. Transport Service In the North-eastern Haors, van is the single mode of transportation during dry season. Duck farmers transport egg baskets through them to local/mainland markets. Very often, 55 | P a g e
the poorer farmers walk the distance to bring their produce to the local markets (haats) to stay within means and save the transportation cost. They also had to walk when there is a shortage of van service during the busy market days. During monsoon, boat is the only mode of transportation from Haor islands to local markets. The study found that people in Kishoreganj use of launches to travel to Ashtogram from mainland, an exceptional scenario for Haor regions. Mobile Banking Service The recent introduction of mobile banking by bKash and DBBL (Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited) has also touched the otherwise isolated lives of the Haor inhabitants. Evidence of using mobile banking service is found for money transaction to near and dear ones living in other parts of the country. Although, the value chain assessment does not show any practice of using mobile money transfer service by the duck value chain actors, increasing use of this services by the locals opens up possibilities for utilizing this popular banking system; further research can be conducted to identify suitable transaction mechanism through mobile banking service within the duck value chain in the Haor region. Organizational Strengthening (Training) To develop business skills among its CBO members, Oxfam once arranged Training for Trainers (ToT) on business plan preparation for its PNGO staff. At present, CBO members (including duck farmers) have neophyte ideas of business planning as well as the PNGOs are not capable of sourcing technical requirements to help them grow as an enterprise. Financial Services About 85 percent of duck farmers of this Haor region invest their own capital; the rest15 percent borrows from various MFIs and (local money lenders who charge high interest) mahazons. Bank: Both private and public entities provide loans at low interest for agricultural and poultry farming. However, this service is not available to these small/medium duck farmers due to their inability to provide collaterals. MFI: A very few NGOs (Asha, Grameen Bank, POPI, BRAC) have their microcredit operation in the Haor basins. Their activities (e.g., BRAC and ASA) are limited to micro credit to women and social awareness programme on health and education mostly in the mainland and adjacent islands, not reaching the remote areas or islands. Thus, significant large areas are the remote parts of the Haor inlands and islands are still outside the purview of these NGOs/MFIs for microcredit service. Mohajon who are rich people in the locality are the main source of finance for Haor people, agricultural farmers and poultry/duck farmers. The study found the duck farmers prefer to take loans from these easily accessible local Mohajons rather from NGOs or 56 | P a g e
Banks which requires collateral and weekly instalment payment. Since they do not have a steady flow of income throughout the month, the weekly payment requirement is not possible for them, neither they are capable of providing collaterals to access the bank loans. Although at the Mohajons charge a higher interest but they do not require any collateral and the repayment is at the end of the production/harvesting period. Research and Development Research and development on duck farming is still limited to laboratories and pilot fields, therefore, the dissemination of research results has yet reach the ultimate beneficiaries. Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) is the only public research institute for livestock and poultry that aims to identify livestock and poultry production constraints at the national and farm levels. The solutions through multi and inter-disciplinary and interinstitutional research and develop technologies are yet to take shape that would help the duck farming communities with quality and high yielding farming methods and technologies. Their assistance is still within a limited scope of laboratory, library, helpline, and advisory services within their institution and for academic purpose. Bangladesh Agricultural University also has a Department of Poultry Science with undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate degrees, specializing on Poultry. Many research works are carried out by the students and faculties as well, the technical knowledge is seldom shared with smallholder producers. 5.4.3 Service Matrix in Haors Service Matrix describes the dynamics of different services in terms of availability, accessibility and quality. This matrix helps in determining the service efficiency of providers at a glance and scope out feasible service-oriented interventions for the duck value chain.
Table 27: Haor Service Matrix
Service Provider Hatcheries Feed Seller Medication Provider Vaccination ProviderULO, LSP ULS NGO Neighbour Duck
Availability Available Not available Available Available
Accessibility Easy to get -Hard to get Hard to get
Quality Poor -Poor Moderate
Available Not available Available
Hard to get -Easy to get
Moderate -Poor
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farmers Market Information Neighbour ULS Egg Collector, Egg Trader Transportation Boat Van Mobile Banking Organizational Strengthening (Training) Financial Research and Development Available Available Available Not available Available Not available Hard to get Easy to get Hard to get -Hard to get -Moderate Moderate High ---Available Not available Available Easy to get -Easy to get High -Moderate
5.5
5.5.1
DIS (ENABLING) ENVIRONMENT IN HAORS

Land and property rights In Haors, water bodies are leased to fishermens communities for 8-10 months in a year. They mark their territories and do not let smallholders to set their ducks free in these water bodies. The leasing process is a bureaucratic one and there is no provision of leasing it to duck farmers. It is evident that duck wastes in water lands ensure natural feeding for fish within the ecosystem (a proportion of 20 ducks in 1 square meter has to be maintained); but lack of understanding and awareness of the fish and duck farmers has not allowed this new technique to put in practice.
5.5.2
Infrastructure The study found no flood or cyclone shelter services in Haor region which is highly vulnerable to natural calamities. During floods, the duck farmers keep ducks on rooftops or on sleeping beds.
5.5.3
Natural resources and environment Smallholder duck farmers follow scavenging feeding method; therefore they are dependent on natural resources and environment. Slugs and snails are one major source of protein for the ducks. Snail collection is mostly a work of women and girls, who collect it from shallow waters or dig waist-deep into sandy mud to obtain snails from the environment. It has been observed from the beneficiary interviews that snails are becoming scarce to find; it takes about an hour to fill one small basket with snails which used to take only 15 minutes two-three years ago. It is assumed that mechanical tractors for land ploughing have reduced the snail population in the environment.
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5.5.4
Government rules and policies National Livestock Development Policy 2007 has the aim To provide the enabling environment, opening up opportunities, and reducing risks and vulnerability for harnessing the full potential of livestock sub-sector to accelerate economic growth for reduction of rural poverty in which the private sector will remain the main actor, while the public sector will play facilitating and supportive role. Accordingly, it is the role of the governments livestock department to contribute to the economic growth by being a channel for improvement and coordinating with the existing private sector to strengthen the systems and delivery mechanism. The Policy leads to the following specific objectives: To promote sustainable improvements in productivity of milk, meat and egg production including processing and value addition; To promote sustained improvements in income, nutrition, and employment for the landless, small and marginal farmers; and To facilitate increased private sector participation and investments in livestock production, livestock services, market development and export of livestock products and by-products. While all the specific objectives require further work and refinements, there are subjects on which this may be needed in particular i.e. on modalities for processing, livestock services, market development and export and quality control on a range of subjects as stated in the livestock policy document (Dolberg, 2008). The National Poultry Development Policy 2008 outlines the objectives, scopes for development and a plan. This Policy deals with chicken farming as a primary poultry development intervention. There are many similarities between chicken and duck farming that can effectively applied to duck sub-sector, but the total absence of duck related intervention in this policy document and plan sidelined this sub-sector; the agriculture extension services therefore do not have a scope to offer any technical expertise or business facilities pertinent for its commercial growth. Haor Master Plan Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board (BHWDB) under the Ministry of Water Resources has been formulated for the integrated development of the Haor region of the country. This master plan is developed with nine strategic pillars: improved water management; agricultural development, food security and social protection; biodiversity enhancement and wetland management; social safety net and improvement of standard of living; building physical infrastructure; comprehensive disaster management; industrialization and trading; institutional strengthening; and ICT, science and technology. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy is based on globally accepted principles and has the objective to increase the countrys resilience to climate change: reduce and or eliminate the risks climate change poses to national development; and rapidly develop 59 | P a g e
the country, following a low-carbon growth path. Following this strategy and action plan (BCCSAP), the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock has taken appropriate medium and long-term plan. Assessment has been conducted to identify potential threats to the poultry sector, develop adoptive measures and disseminate ideas and technologies to the poultry farmers. In addition, there is a plan to strengthen veterinary services systems, including animal health measures to reduce disease prevalence affecting different livestock. However, none of these include duck farming which requires some additional information and protection measure. 5.5.5 Competition and consumer trends Competition in duck value chain is affected by a monopoly market situation. It is the chicken value chain that offers major competition against duck value chain in Haors. Consumers prefer to purchase chickens for meat and eggs as opposed to ducks. It was difficult to determine consumer and market trends for duck meat and eggs as they are traded along with chicken meat and eggs due to existing poultry market structure. 5.5.6 Formal and informal community groups In the Haor region, NGOs are the key social players and has a major role in social awareness building, disaster preparedness, womens empowerment through gender mainstreaming, addressing negative social issues like dowry and domestic violence and advocacy for governance. However, due to infrastructural insufficiency and widely situated under-serviced area in the region, the outreach of development activities are limited to certain areas, depriving a significant portion of the marginalised communities to participate in the process of development. Therefore, the formal growth is mostly stunted and confined to areas which have easier physical accessibility. In this context, the growth of informal network for various purposes including investment of social capital is high in the Haor regions. This somehow offers limited options for financial and other social assistance; for the marginalized and under-resourced communities tend to reach these informal options to recover from economic and social adversities. Absence of formal structure and pre-dominance of the informal structure to fill-in the need put the subsistence farming communities in a dilemma and deprivation. This is further compounded by lack of appropriate information and affordable technical assistance. However, the emerging informal sector has already creating a scope for development intervention if policies and action plans utilises the platform by ensuring its engagement and participation in capacity building, decision-making and planning processes.
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5.6
CHANNELS IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN: HAOR CONTEXT

One important thing in the available channels in duck value chain in Haors is the proximity of hatcheries within the geographical boundary. The study identified a number of hatcheries in Sunamganj and Kishoreganj within the geographic boundary of Oxfams beneficiaries.
CHANNEL
Hatchery (HAOR REGION)
CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2 CHANNEL 3 CHANNEL 4 CHANNEL 5 CHANNEL 6 CHANNEL 7 CHANNEL 8 CHANNEL 9 CHANNEL 10 CHANNEL 11 CHANNEL 12 CHANNEL 13 CHANNEL 14 CHANNEL15 CHANNEL 16 CHANNEL 17 CHANNEL 18
ACTOR
Duckling Trader Pullet Trader Duck Farmer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailer (Grocery shop) Hotel /Restaurant Consumer
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5.7
5.7.1
VALUE ADDITION IN THE CHAIN AND PROFITABILITY

Value Addition Case 1: Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailers Consumers
Actor Producer Egg collector Wholesaler Retailer
Duck Farmer/Egg Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailer Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT)
7 1
7 1 0.6 8.6
7 1 0.6 0.4 9
Case 2: Producer Egg Collector Hotels/Restaurants Consumers

Actor Producer Egg collector Hotels/ Restaurants
Duck Farmer/Egg Producer Egg Collector Hotels/Restaurants Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT)
7 3 10
7 3 5 15
Case 3: Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailers Hotels/Restaurants Consumers

Egg collector Hotels /Restaurants
Actor
Producer
Wholesaler
Retailer
Duck Farmer/Egg Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailer Hotels/Restaurants Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT)
7 1
7 1 0.6
7 1 0.6 0.4
7 1 0.6 0.4 6
8.6
15
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5.7.2
Profitability of duck producers Different types of producers (small, medium or large) incur different costs at various expense-field depending on the number of ducks they manage and how they are managed. The table below presents an estimation based on a producer having 100 ducks. It has been assumed that the feed consisted of broken rice, rice husk, rice water, and bought snails. Large producers raising pullets use snails, broiler feed and broken rice as feed. Calculation for daily feed requirement for 100 ducks is given below.
Table 28: Feed cost of 100 ducks per day in context of haor
Ingredients
Unit
Price (BDT per Unit)
Total Cost (BDT) 25 130 100 25 280 270 625
Rice Polish 5 KG 5 Broken Rice 5 KG 26 Snail Lump sum -Rice Husk 5 KG 5 Cost for small and medium farmers Broiler Feed instead 270 of Rice Husk Cost for Large Farmers
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Considering this as the feed cost for duck farmer, total cost benefit for 100 ducks thus stands:
Table 29: Cost Benefit Analysis of duck producers in context of haor
Description Eggs Acquiring ducks Feed Vaccination Medication and treatment Housing Total cost incurred - Earning from eggs (Average 150 eggs per year per duck) Total Profit
Amount (BDT) Ducklings Pullets 2,500 92,400 1,200 180 1,000 97,280 1,12,500 15,220 30,000 50,400 600 120 1,000 82,120 1,12,500 30,380
800 92,400 1,200 180 1,000 95,580 1,12,500 16,920
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5.8
DRIVING FACTORS IN THE VALUE CHAIN

Some factors drive the value chain actors in doing their functions. These shape up the behaviour of the actors, determine the suitability of product, costing and pricing etc. The major factors identified by the Study are discussed below.
5.8.1
Consumer preferences National Consumer Consumer preferences are defined as the subjective (individual) tastes and satisfactions, as measured by utility of various bundles of goods. The study identified that demand for chicken meat and eggs are high in local, national and even beyond national boundary. Consumers (mostly urban) prefer commercial poultry meat (i.e. Kazi Farm) for household consumption rather local chicken meat. There is no such commercial farm for duck value chain that restrains the sector to grow in commercial manner. Consumer preferences for duck eggs are also parallel to the described circumstances of duck meat. Haor Consumer These consumers depend on the availability of produces within their proximity. Available options over consumers choices play the major role in determining the product (chicken or duck eggs) that consumers (household) will buy from the market. They consider opportunity costs of travelling to distant mainland markets that encourages them to purchase duck eggs from producers nearest to their locality.
5.8.2
Determinants of price Product Quality The major driving factor in determining egg price is the product quality. Ultimate consumers are ready to pay higher prices for large sized, white clean eggs. Though the study found that benefits of higher prices flow from ultimate consumers to the retailers level (top to bottom); marginal root level duck producers (Haor) do not get the benefit of that higher price. Demand Supply Situation Seasonal demand for duck eggs increases in winter (December to February), which coincides with the time when production of eggs decreases. Higher demand eventually increases egg price during the period that affects in all level (top to bottom) in duck value chain.
5.8.3
Power of different actors in the value chain Exercising power in pricing of eggs Haor duck farmers do not have any union or association to bargain with water body owners, buyers and other input suppliers. Large traders, retailers (grocery shops) and local hotels/restaurants ultimately dominate and decide the price as they deal with large volume of products. The traders always have the power to offer price, whereas the duck farmers/egg producers and in some cases, the egg collectors do not have alternatives to
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sell eggs to others or in different markets rather than immediate sales due to shorter preservation period of duck eggs (maximum 7 days during summer and 10 days in winter). Exercising power to access water bodies for duck farming In Haors, water bodies are leased to fishermen communities for 7-8 months period in a year who does not allow the smallholder duck producers to use the area for duck feeding. The leasing process does not have any provision to lease out water bodies to duck farmers..Such restrictions in accessing water bodies eventually bars duck producers to start commercial farming availing the readily available vast wetlands of the Haors. 5.8.4 Competition from other products Again, it is the formal poultry sector that competes with duck sector in Haors as well as in national market.
5.9
CRITICAL ISSUES
This section discusses some critically important issues which cannot be ignored while assessing this sub-sector. These indecisive factors also have direct influence on the duck value chain and over the value chain actors.
5.9.1
Remoteness of Haor duck farmers/egg producers from major service zone Duck farmers of the Haor region remain isolated round the year from the major service zones due to under-serviced mode of transportation and unavailability of information on commercial viability of duck farming. Remoteness from service zones critically shapes the behaviour for input and service procurement, farming methodology, production and marketing of ducks and eggs.
5.9.2
Risks and challenges in dealing with duck farming and egg production The major associated risk is outbreak of diseases. Duck plague causes the most vulnerable situation and till now no counteractive action has been developed.
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CHAPTER SIX
IMPACT OF HAOR CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN
The chapter describes the dynamics of Haor climates and its affects in different levels of duck value chain.
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Life and livelihood in Haors entirely depend on natural weather; such exclusive dependency on natural environment makes the Haor people in the North-eastern region most vulnerable to the impact of climate change25. These areas are particularly prone to the effects of frequent climatic shocks (floods, drought and cyclones) which increase the precariousness of poor peoples lives by wiping out their assets and pushing them deeper into poverty. In addition to the major physical risks associated with the rivers, poor communication networks and absence of disaster preparedness and risk mitigation measures in the remote areas expose the Haor-dwellers further marginalized them from the benefits of mainland Bangladeshi society. All these climate changing patterns also affect the duck sub-sector in Haors. This chapter discusses those affects in different levels of duck value chain.
6.1
CLIMATE IMPACT ON INPUT SUPPLY

Declined supply of feed The predicted increase in rainfall changes in its timing, and melting of glaciers in the Himalayas exacerbates the flood situation by increasing the frequency, duration, and extent of flooding. The flood situation diminishes the opportunity of cultivating rice which is the prime feed for ducks. The impact causes scarcity of rice that in turns increases feed price.
6.2
CLIMATE IMPACT ONDUCK FARMING AND EGG PRODUCTION

Food insecurity Erratic (untimely and sporadic) rainfall variability over time (during February to April) creates the required flow of feed supply at affordable cost to duck farmers. High disease incident Natural disasters have direct or indirect impact at producers level. In flood prone hotspots like Haors, ducks often die during flash flood when people fail to move them to safe shelters. In flash flood and river flood prone hotspotsducks are occasionally affected by rises in water levels, during which they have to be moved to higher lands. During the epoch of flood, ducks often are affected by waterborne diseases (especially diarrhoea and cholera) that increases mortality rate immensely, causing severe loss to farmers.
25
Climate change is a hydro-meteorological event. Long-term change in weather distribution, mainly temperature and precipitation, is termed as climate change. The global climate is continuously changing; therefore, many scientists argue that climate change is a natural phenomenon. However, the process has accelerated after industrial revolution since early nineteenth century, particularly indiscriminate emission of Green House Gases from combustion of fossil fuel, trapping temperature and causing global warming. Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) addressed such anthropogenic activities responsible for global warming and strongly argued that climate change is man made through couple of studies and simulations, results of those studies have been accentuated in their different reports.
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Reduced economic efficiency Haor duck producers suffer from drought situation for 2-3 months during summer. At some stage of droughts, ducks in Haors do not suffer death, but lack of drinking water increases their vulnerability to diseases. Since climate change is increasing susceptibility to natural disasters, the anticipated toll on duck sector is also on the rise. Ducks also have very limited access to freshwater sources during dry season; due to drinking of poor quality water, these birds easily fall victim to diseases, which reduces their egg production, thereby loss of economic efficiency for the farmers. High death incidents The mortality rate increases at the Haor duck farms during drought due to extreme heat. Excessive summer heat also causes disease outbreaks to ducks resulting in fatality. Ducklings are the worst affected during winter. Duck farmers in Haors reported death incidents of ducklings due to cold shock or hypothermia. Excessive colds stay for around one and a half months, with 2-3 cold waves that continues for 7-10 days. This results in high cold disease occurrence to ducks and eventually higher mortality. Egg selling gets troubled Duck producers also reported that they cannot sell eggs or ducks for several weeks when flood occurs; therefore, income severely declines. Problems occur when rising water level completely disrupts road communication for prolonged period; poor communication facilities also increase vulnerability by reducing producers mobility and livelihood options.
6.3
CLIMATE IMPACT ONEGG TRADING

Limits the livelihood options for egg collectors The erratic seasonal behaviour due to climate change does not affect the egg traders much; however, egg collectors in Haor areas suffer extensively during floods due to restricted mobility and lack of storage facilities. Except the Haor basins, trading of eggs in upazilla and regional markets is less affected by changing weather pattern.
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THE SOUTHERN COASTAL
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CHAPTER SEVEN
AREA DYNAMICS
Chapter seven illustrates the project area dynamic of southern coastal, ecological context of the area and economic practices by the locality.
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7.1
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
The coastal area of Bangladesh is a complex delta of vast network of river systems comprising of the mighty Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. In general, the river systems have their origin in India the Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra from Khashi-Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country. While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal, these rivers carry an estimated annual sediment load of about 2.5 million tonnes. These sediments are subjected to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of Bangladesh. This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative changes in coastal region of Bangladesh; of various effects, new land formation is a significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone. The Ganges river systems, originating from North-west of the country influences the South-eastern part of the coastal zone to the South-western border districts of Khulna, Bagerhat, Pirojpur, Barisal and Patuakhali and part of Barisal which is situated in the middle of coastal line. The Brahmaputra and Meghna, on the other hand, influences coastal districts of Noakhali, Bhola and parts of Patuakhali and Barisal, generally referred as South-central coast.
7.2
ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF SOUTHERN COASTAL AREA

The Ganges-Padma river systems are responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology of this zone. This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain, which is the coastline in general and transverse to the structure of the continental margin. Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact, the world famous Sundarban is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh, which is again famous for containing the largest mangrove. The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects of cyclone, and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc. Forest cover of the region has helped stability of this coastal belt. The whole coast runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal, forming 710 km long coastline (CZPO, 2005). The coastal zone covers 19 out of 64 districts facing or in proximity to, the Bay of Bengal, encompassing 153 Upazilas (MoWR, 2006). Out of these 19 districts, only 12 districts meet the sea or lower estuary directly. Because of the sediment discharge and strong current, the morphology of the zone is very dynamic and thus erosion and accretion rates in the area are very high. This area is highly vulnerable to cyclones, storms and tidal surge. With time, the increasing problem has become salinity which is slowly getting into the ground water as well. The water logging has left many of the areas unable for any crop cultivation and has depleted the water quality in the area.
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7.3
ECONOMY
Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the least developed regions of the country. Despite having potentials to accelerate growth, this region is lagging behind in many aspects. Primary reason for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area. The importance of policy issues is needed in this respect. Climate in coastal Bangladesh is not favorable for agricultural activities. On the other hand, it is natural that the coastal areas of Bangladesh suffer from infrastructure facilities in absence of adequate non-agricultural activities. Thus, the development of coastal region and coastal agriculture are synonymous. Share of coastal belt in countrys total agricultural output has more or less, maintained harmony with its share in population and total cultivable area. Unfortunately, during the recent past, the share of coastal zone in country declined from around 24 to 23 percent due to poor performance of the sector.
7.3.1
Crop Production Coastal areas of Bangladesh cover more than 30% 26 of the cultivable lands of the country. Again, it is the salinity that harms cropping and productivity, and thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in southern coastal zone. About 53%27 of the coastal areas are affected by salinity. Salinity causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict the normal crop production throughout the year. The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soil are, tidal flooding during wet season (June-October), direct inundation by saline water, and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season (November-May). The severity of salinity problem affects crops depending on degree of salinity at the critical stages of growth, which reduces yield and in severe cases total yield is lost. Soil reaction values (pH) in coastal regions range from 6.0-8.4. The organic matter content of the soils is also pretty low (1.0-1.5%). Nutrient deficiencies of N and P are quite dominant in saline soils. Micro-nutrients, such as Cu and Zn are widespread. During the wet monsoon the severity of salt injury is reduced due to dilution of the salt in the root-zone of the standing crop. The dominant crop grown in the saline areas is local transplanted Aman rice crop with low yields. The cropping patterns followed in the coastal areas are mainly Fallow-Fallow-Transplanted Aman rice. Major crop produced in southern coastal belt (Patuakhali, Pirojpur and Borguna) is Aman; and Aush follow the lead crop. In the same time, production of pulses, oilseeds and sugarcanes is particularly higher than that of production in Haor basins.
26 27
Salinity Problems and Crop Production in Coastal Regions of Bangladesh, S. A. HAQUE, 2006 Salinity Problems and Crop Production in Coastal Regions of Bangladesh, S. A. HAQUE, 2006
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Table 30: Area under cultivation in southern coastal districts
District Patuakhali Pirojpur Barguna
Aus 91,122 35,495 66,816
Aman 265,856 84,925 166,549
Boro 6,813 35,903 66,628
Wheat 238 222 2,076
Maize 859 237 596
Jute 690 1,043 7,861
Pulses 95,945 9,565 57,411
Oilseed 13,234 525 3,902
Sugar Cane 231 1,123 2,136
Potato 2,618 2,339 1,865
7.3.2
Livestock and Duck While assessing the livestock and duck situation in Southern coastal districts, the Study observed that concentration of fowls and ducks is highest in Patuakhali while Barguna is in the second place considering all five surveyed districts (including Haors). Rationale says that ecological environment of coastal regions is more suitable for fowls and duck production than in any other regions in the country.
Picture 8: Duck at Coastal Area
Table 31: Number of Livestock per District
Name of District Patuakhali Pirojpur Barguna
Cow and Buffalo 483,909 220,986 296,676
Goat and Sheep 198,789 87,106 117,256
Fowl and Ducks 3,542,319 1,962,417 2,413,825
7.3.3
Forestry The coastal zone has extensive areas of both natural and planted mangrove forest. Natural forest includes the Sundarbans, the Chakaria Sundarbans and fringe mangroves along the Eastern coast. After a cyclone devastated the coastal region in the 1960s except for Khulna District, which is protected by the Sundarbans coastal afforestation with mangrove species was initiated to protect life and property from cyclones and tidal surges. Later, industrial raw material and fuel wood production, conservation of coastal ecosystem and the environment, protection of wildlife and aquatic resources, protection
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of agricultural land against salt intrusion, tourism, poverty reduction and enhancing land accretion were added to the objectives of development programs. In this context, over the last four decades the Forest Department has successfully implemented several massive projects (Box 1) and has established some 148 000 hectares of mangrove plantations scattered over on- and offshore areas mostly along the central part of the coast.
Projects for coastal forests executed by the Forest Department, Bangladesh Afforestation in the coastal belt and offshore islands (196061 to 196465). Afforestation in the coastal belt and offshore islands (196566 to 196970). Afforestation Project in the coastal regions of Chittagong, Noakhali, Barishal and Potuakhali (197475 to 197980). Mangrove Afforestation Project (198081 to 198485). Second Forestry Project (198586 to 199192). Forest Resources Management Project (199293 to 20012002). Extended Forest Resources Management Project (200203 to 200304). Coastal Green Belt Project (199596 to 200102). Coastal Char Land Afforestation Project (200505 to 200910). Management Support Project for Sundarbans Reserve Forest (200506 to 200910).
28
Besides, Department of Forest, Bangladesh controls forest lands in all three surveyed coastal districts. Under the reserved forest area, Barguna has the highest forest lands (75000 hectors) while Pirojpur has the lowest (6000 hectors). No protected forest, acquired forest, vested forest, or un-classed forests in these districts are recorded.
Table 32: Forest Land Controlled by Department of Forest, 2009-10
Name of District Patuakhali Pirojpur Barguna
Reserve Forest (in Hectors) 15,000.00 6,000.00 75,000.00
28
Country Paper, Coastal forest rehabilitation and management in Bangladesh, Md. Mozaharul Islam, Deputy Conservator of Forests
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CHAPTER EIGHT
EXPLORING THE GAMM IN COASTAL
The chapter describes major findings of coastal duck value chain that embrace core value chain functions, actors, service providers and business enabling players. Power relationships between the actors, actors concentration and trading volume, supporting service conditions, dominant channels in coastal duck value chain, pricing mechanism within the chain and cost benefit analysis of duck producers at coastal have also been illustrated in this chapter.
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8.1
8.1.1
ACTORS CONCENTRATION IN THE CHAIN

Input Suppliers Key findings on input suppliers in the coastal areas in the duck value chain are summarized as follows. Source of inputs: Duck farmers in southern coastal areas mainly source eggs for duck farming. This is due to lack of hatcheries and duckling traders in the areas. The below table shows high percentage of egg sourcing by coastal duck producers while very few of them purchase ducklings and pullets for their farm.
Picture 9: Ducklings
Table 33: Procurement sources of duck in costal (in %)
Area Nazirpur Patuakhali sadar Barguna sadar
Eggs 80 85 85
Ducklings 15 5 5
Pullets 5 10 10
Source: Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh, GMark Consulting Limited, 2013
Hatcheries: The study found total absence of hatchery operation in southern coastal part. If sourced, traders need to go to Khulna to collect ducklings. This results in higher operational cost discouraging to procure ducklings. Feed Sellers: Situation in the coastal areas is similar to the Haors areas. The number of informal feed sellers is also fewer in coastal parts except for the sadar areas.
Table 34: Number of feed sellers in coastal
Amtoli No. of Feed Sellers Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) Remarks 5 56,000
Barguna sadar 8 120,000
Patuakhali sadar 12 182,000
Nazirpur 6 86,000
Business volumes are shown for 3 months (January, February and March, 2013).
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Medicine Suppliers: Private pharmaceutical companies have supply operations in coastal inlands but this does not cater the need for duck famers.
Table 35: Number of medicine sellers in coastal
Amtoli No. of Medicine Sellers Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) Remarks 0 --
Barguna sadar 3 30,000
Patuakhali sadar 3 56,000
Nazirpur 1 8,800
Business volumes are shown for 3 months (January, February and March, 2013.
8.1.2
Duck Producers In the coastal parts, duck rearing is a common household level activity like Haor duck farmers. However, in this part, the number of large duck farmers is higher than that in Haors. This is primarily due to easy access to water bodies by the duck farmers which encourage them to go for large scale farming. In Pirojpur alone, there are more than 100 farmers who own 500 plus ducks, although the total number of farmers is lowest while Patuakhali has the highest number of duck farmers.
Picture 10: Female Duck Producer at Nazirpur, Pirojpur
Table 36: Data sheet of coastal duck producers
Upazila Patuakhali Barguna Pirojpur
Total no. of duck farmers 15,000 4,800 1,500
Total no. of ducks 60,000 36,600 10,000
Annual egg production (Unit) 9,180,000 5,599,800 1,530,000
No. of CBOs 144 34 60
No. of farmers in group 632 188 230
No. of ducks in group 7,640 3,219 3,450
In southern part, household consumption of eggs by the duck owners is estimated to be 25 percent, lower than in Haors (35 percent). Though the fact does not imply that duck
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producers in haors are earning more than haor producers; the number of egg production remains lower in coastal part of the country. 8.1.3 Egg Collectors Egg collectors in southern coastal areas enjoy limited return on investment than that of the Haor collectors. Farmers selling price of an egg is between BDT 7.50 and 8.00 which is sold at BDT 9.00at the local markets (to retailers or in grocery shops or to large traders).
Table 37: Information on coastal egg collectors
Amtoli No. of Egg collectors Monthly Trading Volume (Unit) Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) 12 50,000 1,600,000
Barguna sadar 15 80,000 400,000
Patuakhali sadar 30 800,000 640,000
Nazirpur 8 20,000 6,400,000
8.1.4
Wholesalers Wholesalers procure eggs only from the collectors to sell at retailers end. The number of wholesalers is limited in the Southern coastal belt and most of them bring eggs from outside of the region as its production is lower than the demand.
Table 38: Information on coastal wholesalers
Amtoli No. of Egg collectors Monthly Trading Volume (Unit) Monthly Trading Volume (BDT) 0 ---
Barguna sadar 2 80,000 696,000
Patuakhali sadar 3 400,000 3,480,000
Nazirpur 0 ---
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8.2
SERVICE MATRIX IN COASTAL AREAS

Service matrix in coastal areas follows similar approach described in the Haors (Chapter 7).The unstructured market for ducks and eggs limits the service options in its duck value chain in this area. Moreover, the production scenario in Southern coastal area creates gaps between the service providers and recipients.
Table 39: Service Matrix in coastal
Service Provider Hatcheries Feed Seller Medication Provider Vaccination ProviderULO, LSP ULS NGO Neighbour Duck Farmers/Egg Producer
Availability Not available Not available Available Available
Accessibility --Hard to get Hard to get
Quality --Poor Poor
Available Not available Available
Hard to get -Easy to get
Moderate -Poor
Market Information
Neighbour ULS Egg Collector, Egg Trader
Not available Not available Available
--Easy to get
--Poor
Transportation
Van
Available Available Not available Available Not available
Easy to get Easy to get -Hard to get --
Moderate High ----
Mobile Banking Organizational Strengthening (Training) Financial Research and Development
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8.3
CHANNELS IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN: IN COASTAL FRAMEWORK

As observed in the Study, the duck Value Chain in the Southern coastal parts is same as in the Haors. The major difference between the channels found in coastal and Haors is position of hatcheries. There is no single hatchery in coastal regions while in Haors a few were found within the proximity of Oxfams working zones. In the Southern coastal parts, duckling traders procure ducklings from hatcheries that are situated in Khulna, very far from Oxfams working zones. ACTOR
CHANNEL
Hatchery (REMOTE DIVISION)
Duckling Trader
Pullet Trader
Duck Producer
Egg Collector
Wholesaler
Retailer (Grocery Shop)
Hotel /Restaurant
Consumer
CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2 CHANNEL 3 CHANNEL 4 CHANNEL 5 CHANNEL 6 CHANNEL 7 CHANNEL 8 CHANNEL 9 CHANNEL 10 CHANNEL 11 CHANNEL 12 CHANNEL 13 CHANNEL 14 CHANNEL15 CHANNEL 16 CHANNEL 17 CHANNEL 18
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8.4
VALUE ADDITION IN THE CHAIN

Case 1: Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailers Consumers
Actor Duck Farmers/ Egg Producer Egg collector Wholesaler Retailer
Duck Farmers/Egg Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailer Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT)
7.5
7.5 1.5
7.5 1.5 0.5
7.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 10
7.5
9.5
Case 2: Producer Egg Collector Hotels/Restaurants Consumers

Actor Duck Farmers/ Egg Producer Egg collector Hotels/Restaurants
Duck Farmers/Egg Producer Egg Collector Hotels/Restaurants Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT)
7.5
7.5 2.5
7.5 2.5 5 15
7.5
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Case 3: Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailers Hotels/Restaurants Consumers

Duck Farmers/ Egg Producer Egg collector Hotels/ Restaurants
Actor
Wholesaler
Retailer
Duck Farmers/Egg Producer Egg Collector Wholesaler Retailer Hotels/Restaurants Total Value earned per egg by single actor (BDT)
7.5
7.5 1.5
7.5 1.5 0.5
7.5 1.5 0.5 0.5
7.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 5 15
7.5
9.5
10
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8.5
PROFITABILITY OF DUCK PRODUCERS

Calculation for daily feed requirement for 100 ducks is given below.
Table 40: Feed cost of 100 ducks per day in context of costal
Ingredients
Unit
Price (BDT per Unit) 5 26 5
Total Cost (BDT) 0 130 40 25 195
Rice Polish 5 KG Broken Rice 5 KG Snail LS Rice Husk 5 KG Cost for small and medium farmers
Considering this as the feed cost for duck farmer, total cost benefit for 100 ducks thus stands:
Table 41: Cost Benefit Analysis of duck producers in context of coastal
Description Eggs Acquiring ducks Feed Vaccination Medication and treatment Housing Total cost incurred Total Earning from eggs (Average 100 eggs per year per duck)
Amount (BDT) Ducklings Pullets 2,500 64,350 1,000 150 500 68,500 80,000 30,000 35,100 600 150 500 66,350 80,000 800 64,350 1,000 150 500 66,800 80,000
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CHAPTER NINE
IMPACT OF COASTAL CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN
This section describes the affect of various results due to climate change which influence the operation of duck value chain.
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9.1
FLOOD SITUATION
In the coastal region, the duck sub-sector suffers from drought, incessant rain, flood, cyclone, tidal surge and salinity; during the Monsoon, the land remains under water for about 3 months (June, July and August). The worst flood happened in 2007 after Sidr, which has severely affected livelihood of certain coastal part. Similar to the Haor region, the natural disasters, especially floods and storms happens every year destroying livestock farms and homestead production units, increases diseases incidences (e.g., diarrhoea) and mortality rate in animals. For duck farmers, it becomes very difficult to manage their farming unit as the flock needs to be confined within the household in safe areas and feed, especially snails is to be brought at a higher price. Those who are unable to keep their flock in a safe place are forced to sell at a cheaper price. As a coping mechanism, the duck rearing in the coastal areas during the flood time is done in a semi-intensive way rather than in the traditional scavenging way.
9.2
DROUGHT SITUATION
Apart from the floods, the coastal region also suffers from drought for at least three months each year. During this period due to lack of swimming water holes the ducks get sick from diarrhoea, they also die of heart shock due to heat. To avoid these situations, the farmers have to take them to nearest tributaries or canals which are time consuming. To keep the duck healthy and hydrated, the farmers also give them oral saline.
9.3
RAINFALL
In the coastal areas 2-3 times a year it continuously rains for 10-15 days. In fear of losing their ducks in such situation, the farmers again confine their ducks at their households in higher ground. This means that they need to buy increased amount to feed the flock three-four times a week. This increased cost of feed reduces the profit margin of the farmers.
9.4
CYCLONES
When cyclones hits, life halts. This is severe than the other two situations as cyclone does immense damage within a short period of time, The duck farmers are forced to buy feed and often ducks die because of food deficiency. Very often, cyclones completely destroy whole flock of farmers.
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9.5
TIDAL SURGE
Tidal surge happens 2 to 3 times in a year during June and July. In last 5 years, it happened seven times in the coastal areas and following that huge areas were submerged for a longer duration creating problems of a temporary water logging and increased salinity. Ducks cannot be sent scavenging outside and kept inside home and thus the cost of feed increases at the local level.
9.6
SALINITY
Salinity is one growing problem in the Southern coastal belt of Bangladesh. It increases most between February and April. During dry season, the fresh water sources dry up, more ground water is extracted, and sea water comes upstream through canals which increase salinity in the surrounding areas. Saline water is not healthy for ducks and scavenging in saline water harm the ducks.
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CHAPTER TEN
EXPLORING WOMEN IN GAMM IN HAOR AND COASTAL
This chapter explains how women are taking part in duck value chain, activities they perform, their involvement in paid and unpaid farming work, their participation and role playing in social and family issues.
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10.1 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED

Social perspective says duck rearing is a task of a woman; she would do it as she does other households chores. No matter their high involvement in duck value chain, women are highly discouraged going to market place for purchasing input or selling eggs or ducks. A small percentage, less than 5% women in the study area, used to travel to markets because they do not have any male members in the family who can do the marketing thing for them. While preparing GAMM for duck value chain, researchers found their inclusion in four broad levels- paid productive work, unpaid productive work, household care work, and community works. The study identified the level of paid and unpaid productive hours of women in duck farming as well as in household care management. 10.1.1 Women in duck farming and egg production Input Purchase Women are generally forbidden to go markets for purchasing inputs for ducks rather the task is mostly carried out by the male members of the family. Exception is found in two cases 1) women who do not have males in their households move to market place and 2) husbands are engaged in other labor works encourage female households to occupy inputs for ducks. Feed Collection Involvement in duck value chain for women starts with feed collection majorly snail collection. It takes a woman eight hours to fill a bag (10 KG) full of snails in the Northeastern Haor regions while it takes around two hours in the Southern coastal regions. Women in Haors were found to collect snails half weekly whereas women in the southern coastal were seen collecting snails in daily basis. Feed Preparation Household women take more or less 1 hour 20 minutes from 24 hours to prepare feed for the ducks. This timetable is applicable if the ducks are being fed four times a day, means women spend thereabouts 20 minutes in duck feed preparation. Feeding Feeding on the other hand takes 30 minutes each time. During feeding, female households ensure proper feeding of duck observing from a nearest place. A total two hours is spent to feed ducks four times a day. Taking ducklings to water bodies Women take ducklings to water bodies twice a day in summer and once in winter. This is to make them familiar with semi-scavenging feeding system and also to ensure that ducklings do not get lost from the site. The task takes more or less 15 minutes to be completed.
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Egg Collection It is the household women who also take care of collecting the eggs every morning, cleaning the eggs and setting the eggs in a basket or bowl filled with rice to keep them safe (unbroken) and fresh for later sales. The process of egg collection and storing takes around 15 minutes for the household females each time. Egg Trading TAs said earlier in this chapter, women are discouraged to go to market places for trading of eggs or even the ducks. In the surveyed region, egg collectors are the immediate sales contact for women who visit door to door, collect eggs, and pay the price accordingly. Trading of sales takes place at duck producers end where women spend around 10 minutes to make the transaction. Acquiring Services To get vaccination and treatment for ducks, women duck producers play the major role in acquiring the services from quacks, LSPs or ULO seven taking the sick ducks to the service place. The below table shows womens time involvement in the duck value chain (Unpaid Productive Participation), considering the maximum time spent and minimum time spent for the identified tasks.
Table 42: Data sheet of women unpaid productive work related to duck value chain activities
Tasks
Input purchase Feed ingredient collection Preparing feed, Totalling 4 times a day Feeding, Totalling 4 times a day Taking ducklings to water bodies, Twice a day Egg collection Egg sales **Egg sales in market Acquiring services
Women Women involvement* involvement (in Haors) (in coastal) Maximum Unpaid Productive Work 50 90 480 80 120 30 15 15 Mostly at producers end 90 120 120 180 120
Women Women involvement involvement (in Haors) (in coastal) Minimum Unpaid Productive Work 30 30 480 80 120 30 10 10 Mostly at producers end 60 90 90 120 120
*Involvement in Minutes **Lack of involvement by women households
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Table 43: Comparison of women unproductive work between duck value chain activities and other areas of activities
Data Sets Total Unpaid Productive Work in Duck Value Chain per day(in minutes) Total minutes spent in other areas per day Total Unpaid Productive Work in Duck Value Chain per day(in percentage) Total minutes spent in other areas per day (in percentage)
Haor Max Time 895 545 62.15 37.85 840 600 58.33 41.67 635 805 44.10 55.90
Coastal Min Time 510 930 35.42 64.58
Min Time Max Time
Table 44: Haor womens unpaid productive work in duck value chain (pie chart)
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Table 45: Coastal womens unpaid productive work (pie chart)
10.1.2 Women in household management A woman wakes up around 4:30 to 5:00 am every morning finishes her morning prayer and starts household chores. She then cleans her house and surrounding areas. She does it 3-5 times a day. Each time, it takes her around 10 minutes. A total of 30-50 minutes a day is spent on cleaning. It takes around 2 hours to cook each meal. In the Haor region, people cook twice- once in the morning and once in the evening. In the southern coastal region, women mostly cook once a day- in the noon. For the women in Haor region, a total of 4 hours is spent on cooking for the family. Usually women dont go to markets for shopping. When they do, it takes around one to two hours to go to the local haat. Fetching water is another important household task in which girls help at times, but women do it most often. If there is a tube well nearby, it takes around 10 minutes to collect water and water is collected 3-4 times a day. When tube well is not nearby, women collect water in larger volumes twice a day. On an average, an hour and a half is spent in fetching drinking and cooking water. Women in the Haor districts collect firewood on a weekly basis. It takes 2 hours to collect firewood for the week. They also use a fuel which is made by drying soil dug from at least 3 feet deep in the grounds. This soil is black in color and is lightweight when dried. It is widely used in the Haor regions. It is dried in the dry season and used during the wet season. In the southern region, women collect firewood on a daily basis and spend around an hour doing so. Women spend 2-3 hours every day taking care of children, feeding them, bathing them, making them study in the evening, taking care of elders etc. Most women take their children to work along with them. In some houses the older children help look after the younger ones, while in some houses the elderly in-laws assist in child care. In Kishoreganj, it is
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known that the neighbors and the relatives offer to take care of the children when mothers are busy with business related work. A total of 9 hours is spent in household care/reproductive works on an average. This duration increases when the weekly/monthly tasks are added to the list. They accommodate the responsibilities by reducing time spent on other tasks.
Table 46: Unpaid reproductive tasks of women in haor and coastal
Tasks Taking care of children and elders Cooking food Shopping Fetching water House and compound cleaning Collection of firewood Unpaid Productive Work For Household Consumption (Vegetable Gardening, Poultry rearing)
Hours spent by women 2-3 hours 4 hours in Haor, 2 hours in coastal 1-2 hours 1 and half hours 30-50 minutes 2 hours 4 hours
Women also spend around 4 hours on unpaid productive work for household like vegetable gardening, livestock or poultry rearing etc. They spend around 30 minutes every day nurturing the vegetable garden; 10-20 minutes caring for the poultry, namely chicken; around 3 hours in bathing cows, feeding them and cleaning their shelter. 10.1.3 Paid productive work Women in the Haor regions, namely Nichli and Kishoreganj, work on sewing embroidery during spare times. Along with their daughters they spend an average of 1 hour each day embroidering. After a month, they get a saree done completely and is paid around BDT 700 for their effort. In other areas, women work as labors. During harvesting of chili, maize, lentils, nuts etc they provide labor and spend around 6-8 hours in the field. They are not paid in money in Kishoreganj or Patuakhali. They are given a portion of the harvest as their payment whereas men are paid in cash and given food three times. Even if women are paid, they are paid BDT 100-120 while men are paid BDT 200. 10.1.4 Women in community Women are involved in various works in the community. As CBO members, they spend time at the CBO meetings. These meetings are held on a weekly or monthly basis. Each meeting is around 2-4 hours long. Women help in preparing for weddings in families. They finish their household works early and leave for 4-5 hours. If the place is nearby, they go to the wedding venue and come back home to finish their household work. When a woman dies in the neighbourhood other women help with household works of that family, mainly with cooking. They spend 3-4 hours in that house helping with the chores and spend another1.5 hours to wash the dead body.
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During religious festivals like Eid or Puja, they go out after finishing household works. Women are also involved in school committees. Women also serve the community during childbirth. Due to lack of health facilities these dhatri or dai are the only resort to pregnant women. When a woman goes into labor, these women go there no matter what the time is and stays till the baby is safely delivered. During that period, neighbours help with her new mothers household chores if other family members arent available. These women rarely go to visit their relatives. When they do, they have to manage their household tasks first and then leave the house.
10.2 OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS AND ACCESS TO SERVICES

Women do not own land, equipments, tools, inputs, or other productive assets on their name. They rarely own jewelleries as well. Though many women may take decision about cultivation, selling and leasing their lands, they have to consult with their male family members first. As is the custom of the areas, in case of every participant without exception the head of the family was a male member. In some places there were a few women who were widows where some female-headed households were found. For taking decision on benefitting, selling and using productive assets like cow, goat, poultry etc., women can make the decision when the sales volume is small. For larger volumes, they have to consult with the male family members. Women have high access to credit. They can borrow from micro-financing institutions as these institutions have specific programs on providing credit to women. They have high access to producer groups or Self Help Groups and most women obtain services from service providers. The women can prepare basic business plans based on their CBOs activities. To take decision on choosing crops and their types, women must consult their male family members unless she is widowed without a son. Women have high access to market information on price, technology or assets. They consult among themselves to keep themselves updated. They do not have access to storage facilities due to lack of any so they resort to community locations like schools or Masjids to store their crops during natural calamities. Women are highly involved in duck and duck based product selling though more than 95% of them sell from home. They have knowledge and skills for duck rearing as they received training from REECALL. Most women can trade their own products if sold from home. Majority of the women can take decision on purchasing input and spend their money on their own accord given it is beneficial for them or their households. Some women need to consult their male family members before making such expenditures. Women have high access to the nearby hospitals or health facilities when needed they are provided transportation from available service providers. All the girls go to schools,
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at least until Class 5. Although available, Scholarships for girls are difficult to obtain. Where available, girls go to Madrasahs as well. Women have high access to transports like rickshaw, CNG or boats to attend skill training, purchase inputs, or sell products though not many women go to the marketplace with the latter two objectives. They have access to skill development facilities like the one provided by REECALL. It has not been seen that women go to the training sessions to skill development facilities on their own. Women have access to DLS extension services provided by male officers when they travel to the DLS office. The officers do not come to the village.
10.3 SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE, TABOOS AND RESTRICTIONS

Womens involvement in duck rearing and other related tasks is viewed positively by the community however there are some norms to be maintained when marketing. Although with time the custom of being escorted by males have changed and women can go to the markets alone as seen at Nichli, Kishoreganj, they have to cover themselves with Burkhas before going out. In some places women are allowed to go to the market taking a child with them but not alone. In areas like Potuakhali Sadar, women do not go to market if male family members are at home. Only when male family members go to distant places for work or migrate abroad the woman can go to the market. These traditions are still maintained though it is widely accepted that women can go to markets to obtain services, purchase inputs or groceries or sell products. This is a significant change in the custom because earlier women were not allowed to go to market at all. There are no significant spiritual or cultural beliefs associated with women and duck rearing business particularly even though at Sheyakathi, Potuakhali Sadar, daughters and daughter-in-laws are not allowed to go outside the house after sunset during the Bengali month of Chaitra (mid-March to mid-April). Then, all the tasks outside the house are either done by elderly women or by the male family members. In terms of feeding ducks, it is done by elderly woman of the house. Women are allowed to care for ducks during menstruation without any restrictions. However, there is a restriction in terms of dairy related tasks. Women cannot touch cows during that period. There are some restrictions regarding other household works. At Sheyakathi, Potuakhali Sadar, women do not cook during menstruation. Other female family members do the cooking instead. When there is no one else to do the cooking like mother-in-law, daughter, or daughter-in-law, only then women cook during menstruation.
10.4 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE & NATURAL DISASTERS

Both the North-eastern Haor areas and Southern coastal areas are prone to many natural disasters and impacted by drought, flood, storm, untimely rain, continuous rain, cyclone, tidal surge, salinity etc. as a consequence of climate change. These natural
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events not only impact the livelihoods of those localities, but also impact the women in particular as they are involved in both productive works as well as household works. 10.4.1 Impact on duck value chain tasks Women do all the tasks related to duck rearing except purchasing input or selling products at the market regularly. When different natural disasters befall, the regular tasks are hampered increasing the workload. During hail storm or storms women have to go out to bring the ducks inside. Also during flood, they bring ducks inside the house. Keeping the ducks inside, women have to take more care of them. They have to be fed within a smaller space. During droughts or hot summer days, ducks need to be fed more water. They need to be taken to the water bodies more. As the smaller water bodies dry up, women have to walk longer distances at times to take the ducks to water bodies for swimming and to find snails to feed them. Ducks become ill during summer time and they have to especially be treated and taken care of which is also done by women. They need to go to service providers to bring medication for the ducks. During winter and cold waves specially, ducks need to be kept warm. Otherwise, they die of hypothermia. Especially ducklings are at a higher risk during this time. Women need to ensure that they are covered with warm clothes during winter days. 10.4.2 Impact on household tasks Women spend a major portion of their times doing household caring works. During natural disasters, regular routine is hampered and more chores are added to the already long list. After hail storm or storms, houses need to be repaired. Minor repairs are done by women while they help the men in major repairs. During flood all the regular tasks are hampered. They need to raise the height of the furniture inside or build a large shelf, known as Macha where they live along with the livestock. The food is often cooked there or they have to cook on a boat. As life is constrained within the realm of the shelf, finishing cooking takes more time than usual. Collecting firewood becomes more complicated as dry once are not found very easily during the wet season. Also, elders or children need to be taken better care of. Members fall sick with waterborne diseases and women have to take care of them. During drought, all the household tasks take longer time. Women, who dont have tube well nearby have to cover longer distances to fetch fresh water for drinking and cooking. During winter, women have to go extra miles to make sure that the livestock and the household members are warm enough not to fall sick. As the effect of climate change is increasing, the load on womens daily work is increasing as well. 10.4.3 Impact on women health As women spend such a long day doing household works as well as productive works, it takes a toll on their health. During natural disasters, the increased workload makes them more vulnerable. During drought, women fall sick and suffer from headache, nausea, and weakness due to their long walks for fetching drinking water, collecting snails or taking the ducks to the water bodies. As they have to collect snails from waist deep mud they suffer from skin irritation. Daily tasks become difficult to carry out due to the heat.
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During flood, women cant use latrine and have to spend longer time to find a suitable place to urinate or defecate. As well as this is a sanitation issue, holding it for longer time also causes other health issues. They have to share their living space with livestock which is unhealthy and makes them vulnerable to transferrable diseases like avian flu.
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CHAPTER ELEVEN
CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN
This chapter analyses duck sub-sector constraints that affects different value chain actors (mainly duck farmers/egg producers), and the opportunities that are yet to be addressed. The constraints were identified and analyzed in context of North-eastern Haors and Southern coastal regions. These have also been categorizes into a variety of broad aspect like technological, product development and diversification, market access and market linkages, input services, capacity development of women in this value chain, infrastructure, policy and advocacy, capacity development of service providers and climate.
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11.1 ANALYSIS OF CONSTRAINTS

While analyzing the constraints in duck value chain, the research team took a number of aspects into consideration including constraints in knowledge level of duck farmers, access to markets, input services, womens capacity etc. i) Input Services 1. Unavailability of duck feed causes nutrition deficiency for ducks resulting in lower egg production in both Haor and coastal areas 2. Unavailability of Hatchery leads to scarcity of duckling supply in coastal areas 3. Lack of fertile egg supply to hatchery and improper hatchery management leads to high duckling mortality rate in hatchery; as a results supply becomes scarce in Haor area 4. Inappropriate transportation of duckling causes random early death Production and Farm Management 1. Improper male-female ratio in duck farming causes economic losses while hatching at home 2. Lack of knowledge on housing management leads to higher risk of transmittable diseases causing death events of ducks 3. Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production inefficiency that leads to lower income for duck producers 4. Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production inefficiency that leads to lower income for duck producers
ii)
iii) Production and Market Access 1. Micro scale duck farming results in limited egg production results in poor market access forcing to sale at farm-gate iv) Service provider level 1. Lack of quality management of vaccines causes unproductive vaccination that eventually leads to casualty of duck health 2. Poor technical knowledge of Local Service Providers leads to inappropriate service delivery for duck farming results in high mortality v) Women Economic Leadership 1. Lack of access to finance by women duck producers hampers farm growth potential
vi) (Dis)Enabling Environment 1. Lack of open feeding source & shortage of housing space during Seasonal & flush flood in Haor areas prevents farmers in getting full potential from duck farming 2. Lack of effective breeding policy in duck value chain leads to genetic decomposition of the native varieties 3. Dispute over water body ownership restricts access for duck rearing during flood time in Haor areas 4. Toxicity from applied pesticide in crop fields causes death to scavenging ducks in coastal areas
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11.1.1 Input services Unavailability of duck feeds causes nutrition deficiency for ducks resulting in lower egg production in both Haor and coastal areas Nutrient feed is required for balanced growth of duck and egg production. Some medium and large farmers use broiler feed for ducks although nutrition content requirement for chicken and ducks have significant difference. Therefore, broiler feed with the traditional meal does not fulfil the nutrition requirement and as a result, the ducks do not produce the standard output. Recently, duck feed is prepared by some companies, but they are not widely available. Unavailability of Hatchery leads to scarcity of duckling supply in coastal areas There is no hatchery in the Coastal areas i.e. Patuakhali, Pirojpur and Barguna. Duckling supplies are coming from Netrokona and Khulna by boat and bus. As a result, per unit cost of duckling increases and due to high mortality during transportation, cost multiplies. Number of supplies is much less than demanded. Situation leads the producer to depend on home based hatching and use of pullet as input for production with higher cost. Lack of fertile egg supply to hatchery and improper hatchery management leads to high duckling mortality rate in hatchery as a results supply becomes scarce in Haor area Unlike hatcheries of Kishoreganj (Ostogram) and Netrokona, hatcheries in Sherpur and Sunamganj districts avail fertile eggs from wholesale egg suppliers. Fertility rate from these supplies are close to 50% only, causing the duckling production costly and supply less than the demand. Improper hatchery management with indigenous methods for controlling and monitoring hatching temperature also increases duckling mortality rate. Inappropriate duckling transportation often causes premature death Farmers and traders carry ducklings and pullets in roughly made cages. While travelling long distance, these ducklings and pullets give required breathing and movement space and hygiene factor is not maintained. These in turn cause physical weaknesses and viral diseases and less adaptability of the new environment of the ducklings, eventually leading to premature death.
11.1.2 Production and Farm Management a. Hatching Improper male-female ratio in duck farming causes economic losses while hatching at home Male-female ratio is not properly maintained in farming culture both in Haor and Coastal areas. As a result, the rate of egg fertility is always low. As farmers have to rely mostly
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on rice-husk incubation of duckling at home, many eggs remain un-hatched causing economic loss to these poor farmers. b. Housing Lack of knowledge on housing management leads to higher risk of transmittable diseases causing death events of ducks Intensity: Very high in Coastal areas; Medium in Haor regions Ducks are not kept as financial asset, rather as traditional homestead birds. The duck shelter roof is made with hay which harbours bacteria and can make the ducks sick. The houses are made of weak bamboos which make them vulnerable to civet attacks at night. Often, ducks are kept with chicken which increases the incidence of avian flu in ducks, which mostly goes untreated. c. Feed Management
Picture 11: Duck Housing at Nazirpur, Pirojpur
Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production inefficiency that leads to lower income for duck producers Duck farmers severely lack knowledge of proper feeding management including nutritional facts for ducks, appropriate mixing of nutritional feed ingredients, feeding methods (amount and times). Nutrition deficiency potentially increases disease rates in ducks, ultimately lowering the egg production efficiency. As a result, farmers are deprived of optimum production and incur avoidable loss. d. Disease Management Lack of knowledge on disease identification and disease management leads to higher mortality rate of ducks resulting in loss of assets and investments Duck farmers are unaware of diseases, unable Calcium deficiency results in to identify disease in ducks and management of production of thin-shelled eggs diseases. Very often, they do not maintain that are highly exposed to small vaccination record for their flock. The Study pores and lose saleability. found that only in Jamalganj, Sunamganj and Aaamtoli under Barguna district, vaccination cards are maintained by the farmers. Moreover, syringe for human body is used for vaccination, which is improper for ducks as it heightens the risk of pushing wrong dosage. The method of injecting the medicine is also faulty as they push the medicine on thighs which leads to potential risk of paralyses. It was found that wrong medicines with wrong dosage levels are also applied; e.g., Oxytetracycline (Trade name = Renamycin) is given to ducks which it is widely used for cattle; a 500mg Renamycin bolus is
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applicable for 50 ducks whereas it is given to four ducks only. Due to such mismanagement of drug and vaccination, ducks often suffer from fatal drug toxicity. It was also observed that the farmers are not even able to identify the reason of sickness and death. 11.1.3 Market access level Micro scale duck farming results in limited egg production and poor market access forcing to sale at farm-gate In most Haor areas, egg selling was not reported as a problem; normally eggs are kept for several days for the egg collectors. Only one case was found in Jamalganj where Oxfam supported CBOs collects eggs from their group members and sellin bulk amount. In other areas, individual farmers are selling their produce to the egg collector, sometimes smaller amount discourages the collector to come, when the farmer is forced to sell at local markets or to groceries at cheaper price. Bargaining power of small farmer is less than large farmers as the carrying cost for smaller number of eggs is higher. Similar problems are evident in coastal areas. 11.1.4 Service provider level Lack of quality management of vaccines causes unproductive vaccination that eventually leads to casualty of duck health As identified by the Study, LSPs do not maintain required temperature required for vaccines preservation.. Use of traditional Banana leaves method to keep the vaccines cool is rampant which does not allow retaining vaccine quality, therefore after application; the vaccines do not produce the expected result but increases health risk by lowering the natural immunity. Poor technical knowledge of Local Service Providers leads to inappropriate service delivery for duck farming results in high mortality In general, the LSPs are not knowledgeable on quality management of vaccines, dosage level and application methods. None of the LSPs covered by the Study were from agricultural background or have formal/informal education on livestock discipline. Some of the LSPs received training from DLS that was not sufficient to fulfil their knowledge requirement. They are inappropriately providing essential services on disease identification, management and duck farming to the producers. The knowledge gap is hindering the growth of quality farm management.
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11.1.5 Women Economic Leadership Lack of access to finance by women duck producers hampers farm growth potential A common phenomenon in rural communities is that the ownership of assets (land, house, equipment, products and income) remains with the male-headed households. MFIs and other formal financial institutions have flexible approach to lend money to the poor women households, but they need collateral to secure their loan disbursement system. This collateral (land, house, equipment) must be owned by the person (in this case, the women) who is borrowing the money. Rural women in general do not enjoy the rights to hold assets in their name. As a result, they fail to access loans and thus, lose the opportunity to manage finance for their farm, having the available options at their hands. In addition to the problem of accessing to finance, women who are eligible to take loan do not know the formal procedure (how to apply, where to apply, legal documents required for the grant) of taking loans from financial institutions. Lack of knowledge on loan procurement thus restricts women farmers from managing the required capital and investment for their farms. 11.1.6 (Dis)Enabling Environment Lack of open feeding source & shortage of housing space during seasonal &flash flood in Haor areas prevents farmers in getting full potential from duck farming During flash flood and seasonal flood, open grazing yards for duck are inundated. At the same time housing space for duck becomes unavailable. Farmers had to rely heavily on readymade feed, purchased at a higher cost to keep ducks alive. It was observed that ducks can bring high return on investment if reared for atleast 3-4 years years. However, those who cannot manage the higher cost during the disaster period andare forced to sell ducks before the flood comes, misses the business potentials and profit margin. Lack of effective breeding policy in duck value chain leads to genetic decomposition of the native varieties Due to lack of proper breeding policy, the valuable native duck species are disappearing. Indigenous poultry, both chicken and duck, retain their original germplasm in the population so long they have not been disturbed by the introduction of blood from high yielding breeds and varieties. Although initial attempts of cross-breeding between high yielding breeds in the government farms or other institutions could not affect their originality, subsequent efforts to upgrade them in the rural areas by introducing foreign blood from pure or cross-bred birds have affected their genetic purity. Recently, development and distribution of Sonali (crossbreds of Rhode Island Red male and Fayoumi female) in rural areas also affected the genetics of local duck species. Of course, so called pure Sonali is difficult to find in rural households nowadays; rather they are termed desi even though they derive from crosses with other native types. According
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to Biswas et al. (2007), the distribution of improved breeds among backyard poultry growers has facilitated random meeting of desi (local) chickens and thus, genetic decomposition over time have occurred. Although, production of crossbreds to augment productivity was not sustainable due to institutional weakness, the decomposition of original germplasm of the native stock has occurred in some areas of the country leaving a threat to preservation, conservation and future genetic improvement of the original native stock. This is also true for native duck population and is happening due to poor policy and administration. Dispute over water body ownership restricts access for duck rearing during flood time in Haor areas Commercial or medium and large scale duck farming requires access to water bodies that are at present owned only by the fishermen communities. Lack of policies to address the need of small and marginal duck farmers to access waterbody leasing ownership and management rights discourage them to start large scales duck farming with their limited working capital. Toxicity from applied pesticide in crop fields causes death to scavenging ducks in coastal areas The practice of excessive use of pesticide is high in both regions. The application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in rice fields often makes the natural feeds poisonous and ducks scavenging on the rice fields suffer untimely death.
11.2 OPPORTUNITIES AND VALUE ADDITION SCOPES

The duck sub-sector assessment has found several growth opportunities for the duck value chain as well as the total sub-sector for Haor and coastal people. This unaddressed issue cut off high likelihood of improving of existing situation. In addition, the duck value chain study identified scopes that will add value to make the business viable - particularly formally investing on capacity building of women to improve their business scope Promoting womens engagement in feed selling Promotion of womens participation in selling high quality duck feed which can be operated from their households and within close proximity of duck farmers will ensure availability of duck feeds at affordable price in remote areas. This requires technical support to develop knowledge on in-house preparation of proper mixed feeds (high in nutrition) for ducks and business development plan to establish sales centers operated by women entrepreneurs.
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Picture 12: Feed Sales Center by Women Entrepreneur
Introducing floating shed/housing for duck farming particularly in Haor area Floating bamboo rafts as it is seen in the river Karnafuli (Photo 1), PVC pipe blocked at both ends and discarded oil drum (Photo 2) may be the base of floating duck house in the Haor areas. It is possible to cover the base with thin wood and add a house to accommodate ducks and other livestock and even human beings above the base. One can actually make a gazebo style nest box for ducks and for geese.
In fact, to adapt to the global warming Picture 13: Floating Shed/Housing for Duck Farming and future rising of flood waters an affordable duck house has been already designed by Vietnamese workers. The homes are designed to fight the severe flooding that is prevalent in Southeast Asia by rising and
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falling with the incoming waters. In our case, the thatched homes can be built on platforms made from reused oil drums and kept in place with anchors, allowing the structures to float in place during flood season. Since, our Haor water system is different from many others we should go forward to design duck house to suit our need using locally available resources to keep the building cost at optimum level. This proposal may well be tested in the Haor areas. Developing duck/egg traders within the producer groups to ensure better price for duck producers Development of traders (duck/egg) from the farming groups will ensure access to large/regional markets. It will enable them to access high-priced market and trading higher volume. The financial benefit will flow from the trader to the duck farmer by ensuring right price for their products. Introducing feather business at producers level The study could not explore the feather business potentials but gained important perspectives to include it as a value addition scope in duck value chain. Duck feathers are commonly used in exotic home textile industry for making pillows, quilts and duvets. Feathers can be harvested from live birds (supported by Animal Rights Association) or after slaughtering. Single Size 90% down feather or 10% Duck Feather Quilt Duvet & 5% Duck Down Pillow costs USD 80 in international market (BDT 6,400). Pair of pillows of living Duck Feather and Down costs GBP 12 (BDT 1296) and are sold by luxury brands like Marks and Spencer. The feathers are also used in producing shuttlecocks and it is mainly supplied from producers from Ulubaria, Kolkata, India. Famous sporting equipment manufacturers have reported that they cannot use synthetic feather for shuttlecocks and unavailability of duck feathers is a matter of concern to the shuttlecock industry now-a-days. The expert team, therefore, recommends conducting an in-depth study to identify scope for feather business within or outside the country, before making it as a suitable value addition.
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CHAPTER TWELVE
POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR DUCK VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT
The chapter portrays several interventions designed by the expert team with a view to address the prevailing constraints and potential opportunities of the duck sub-sector in the North-eastern Haor and Southern coastal areas.
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12.1 VISION AND STRATEGY

Resilience through Economic Empowerment, Climate Adaptation, Leadership and Learning (REECALL) project develops community leadership, reliable income source and economic equality in order to build resilient communities able to deal with disasters whereas Wellbeing through Empowerment, Adaptation, Livelihoods, Resilience, and Transformational actions for vulnerable people living in Haor (WEALTH) Programme aims to enhance sustainable livelihoods for wellbeing of at risk and poor people living in Haor basin in Bangladesh. Working alongside local partners, various PNGOs, Oxfam aims to:
Help communities to prepare for and respond to disasters. Protect peoples homes and livelihoods and improve water and sanitation
facilities. Increase farming and fishing incomes by training; distributing animals, plants and equipment; and creating links between traders. Enable communities to lobby for government support. To achieve these, broader strategies will be: Increasing income of the duck value chain actors, Increasing involvement of the women in the value chain addressing various scopes of value addition, Managing and minimizing the risks of climate change and natural calamities.
12.2 POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS

With a view to addressing the prevailing constraints and potential opportunities of the duck sub-sector in the North-eastern Haor and Southern coastal areas, several interventions were designed by the expert team. The interventions aim at increasing the competitiveness of the Haor and coastal duck farmers in various fields like technological, product development and diversification, market access and market linkages, input services, capacity development of women in this value chain, infrastructure, policy and advocacy, capacity development of service providers and climate.
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Table 47: Constrains, market based solution and potential facilitation activities
SL NO
Constraints
Market based solution/Intervention
Potential Facilitation activities
Implementation Area Priority
Interventions for immediate implementation (1st year) 1. Lack of fertile egg supply to hatchery & improper hatchery management leads to high duckling mortality rate in hatchery as a results supply becomes scarce in haor area Improper Male-Female Ratio in duck farming causes economic losses while hatching at home Lack of knowledge on housing management leads to higher risk of transmittable diseases causing death events of ducks Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production inefficiency that leads to lower income for duck producers Capacity building of hatchery owners on hatchery management Provide training on appropriate hatchery management and technique to source fertile eggs Link with large duck farms to ensure proper male-female ratio
Haor
2.
Capacity building of women producers on duck rearing & farm management
3.
4.
Link women producers with DLS and input companies (feed and medicine) to ensure embedded services Provide training for duck producers on appropriate duck rearing and farm management, housing management, disease diagnosis and management and feeding management though DLS, medicine companies and hatcheries Arrange exposure visit to commercial duck farms to make the producers learn methods of appropriate duck farming and its financial benefits Arrange exposure visit in commercial hatcheries to learn appropriate hatching system
Haor and Coastal
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5.
6.
7.
8.
Lack of knowledge on disease identification and disease management leads to higher mortality rate of ducks resulting in loss of assets and investments Lack of quality management of vaccines causes unproductive vaccination that eventually leads to casualty of duck health Poor technical knowledge of Local Service Providers leads to inappropriate service delivery for duck farming results in high mortality Unavailability of Hatchery leads to scarcity of duckling supply in coastal areas
Capacity building of LSPs
Identify, select and train potential LSPs through DLS and other Lead LSPs Link with DLS to ensure institutional certificate as LSP and avail vaccine from DLS Provide training on appropriate storage/preservation of vaccination Link up with CBOs to ensure availability of services
Haor and Coastal
Developing duck hatchery
Identify and select feasible area to establish hatchery Identify interested entrepreneurs in the selected area Link them with DLS for technical support to establish hatchery Link them with FIs/MFIs for financial support Provide capacity building trainings on hatchery management Arrange exposure visit to commercial hatcheries
Coastal
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9.
Unavailability of duck feeds causes nutrition deficiency for ducks resulting in lower egg production in both haor and coastal areas
Creating women feed seller at local level
Identify potential women entrepreneurs Link them with CBOs, feed sellers and DLS for capacity building training Provide training on ready feed preparation for ducks Provide support in business plan development for feed selling
Haor and Coastal
Interventions for gradual implementation (2nd and 3rd year) 10. Inappropriate duckling carrying causes random early death of ducks Developing and capacity building duck/egg traders within the producer groups 11. Micro scale duck farming results in limited egg production results in poor market access forcing to sale at farm-gate Lack of access to finance by women duck producers hampers farm growth potential Dispute over water body ownership restricts access for duck rearing during flood time in haor areas Increase access to low interest credit facilities for achieving farm growth Identify and select potential duckling/egg traders within the producer groups Link them with hatcheries to ensure procurement of ducklings Link them with CBO members to ensure channel of sales Provide training on appropriate duckling/egg carrying techniques Linking duck women duck producers with FIs/MFIs to ensure access to credit facilities for duck farming Advocacy for establishing dedicated credit line for duck producers at lower interest rate
Coastal
12.
Haor and Coastal
13.
Advocacy for accessing water body for rearing of ducks
Conduct Information Dissemination Workshop with policy makers on the existing scenario of water body ownership and its affect on duck rearing Advocacy for revising/establishing haor duck producers friendly policy to create
Haor and Coastal
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14.
Lack of effective breeding policy in duck value chain leads to genetic decomposition of the native varieties
15.
Lack of open feeding source & shortage of housing space during Seasonal & flush flood in haor areas prevents farmers in getting full potential from duck farming Toxicity from applied pesticide in crop fields causes death to scavenging ducks in coastal areas
Development of specific breeding policy in consultation with scientists, national planners, Government officials and development workers to impede decomposition of genetic characteristics and its effective implementation Development and introduction of floating housing to ensure housing for ducks during flood period
easy access to water bodies Advocacy to develop specific breeding policy for duck value chain with researchers , scientists, national planners and government officials Advocacy for effective implementation of policies in field through DLS and development workers
National
Sharing idea of floating house for ducks with DLS and private manufacturers Develop design through technical experts Conduct demonstration of floating house Arrange Result Dissemination Meeting with duck farmers Link CBOs with private manufacturers to get access to floating house facilities Conduct Awareness Campaign with farmers (crop and duck) to make them aware about the judicious usage of pesticides through DAE, DLS and pesticide companies Arrange Information Sharing Meeting with farmers to educate them practice marking the pesticides applied crop fields
Haor
16.
Promoting judicious usage of pesticides and appropriate marking of toxic crop field
Coastal
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Creating women feed sellers at local level both in Haor and Coastal areas Potential Partner: CBOs, Duck Feed Suppliers, DLS More womens business enterprises can be developed through training an required business assistance to establish viable feed selling units in joint collaboration with private feed selling companies. Ideal feed requirement and preparation for ducklings and ducks along with the chart are given below.
Table 48: Feed intake (gm /day)
Age (weeks) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Feed intake (gm/ day) 5-15 20-30 30-40 40-50 100 110 120 130 135 145 145
Age (weeks) 5th 6th 7th 8th 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Full grown
Feed intake (gm/ day) 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 145 145 140 140 140 140 140-160
1. 2. 3. 4.
Protein requirement Duckling (day 1-2 months) Growing pullet (2-5 moths) Layer (egg laying(over 5-month of age) Layer duck for hatching eggs
20% 18% 16% 18%
Table 49: Feed preparation for ducklings
Sl. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Ingredients Crushed wheat Rice polish Wheat husk Sesame oil cake Fish meal Salt (Iodized) Vitamin (Rena grower) 2.250 1.0 600 g 600 g 500 g 25 g 12 g
Weight (gm)
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Duck producers can follow any of the below feed charts for mature ducks based on their affordability.
Table 50: Feed preparation for mature ducks
SL No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Ingredients Wheat Wheat husk (Gamer bhushi) Rice polish Sesame oil cake (Tiler khail) Fish meal (Shutki macher gura) Oyster shell (Jhinuker gura) Salt (Iodized) Vitamin (Rena vit DB or Rena layer) 0 750 2200 600 250 360 25 12
Weight (g)
Table 51: Feed Chart for mature ducks (preparation of 5 KG and 1 KG feed respectively)
SL No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Total
Ingredients Broken rice (khud) Wheat husk (Gamer bhushi) Rice polish Sesame oil cake (Tiler khail) Fish meal (Shutki macher gura) Oyster shell (Jhinuker gura) Salt (Iodized) Vitamin (Rena vit DB or Rena layer)
Weight (g) 2650 0 1353 600 0 360 25 12 5000 530 0 271 120 0 72 5 3 1000
Note: Expert recommends to trial of production with this feed and try to feed ad libitum however, generally, a duck consumes 117 g/ day and provide in three times/ day.
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Table 52: Feed ingredients to be used for 1 Kg and 5 Kg duck feed
Name of products Broken wheat Rice bran Linseed oil cake Full Fat soya Sunflower cake Snail crush Fish meal Calcium Premix Lime stone Salt Vit-Min Premix (Rena layer) Lysine Methionine Enzyme (Phytase) Toxin Binder Choline Chloride Diclazuril Soya bean oil Palm oil GrowthPromoter (Non Antibiotic) Total
Price (BDT) 30 5 30 75 60 8 70 0 8 15 200 1500 1600 800 85 60 650 250 250 810
Inclusion in kg/ton 450 298.5 120 0 0 25 100 0 0 5 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000
Inclusion in g/5 kg 2250 1500 600 0 0 125 500 0 0 25 8 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Inclusion in g/1kg 450 300 120 0 0 25 100 0 0 5 1.5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Price/kg (BDT) 13.5 1.4925 3.6 0 0 0.2 7 0 0 0.075 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26.1675
Note: Feed may be provided 3-4 times a day.
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Developing of a duck hatchery in coastal area Potential Partner: entrepreneurs, FIs, MFIs, DLS Unavailability of hatchery in the coastal area is a big hindrance for commercial growth of duck in these areas. Potential entrepreneur can be searched and encouraged to establish commercial hatchery. Atleast one in Patuakhali district (as a central place) with the technical support from DLS and financial support from FI/MFI will enhance affordable and accessible input procurement. Capacity building of hatchery owners on hatchery management in Haor area Potential Partner: DLS, Large Duck Farms To increase the capacity of hatchery owners on improved hatching technique, they should be linked with large farms maintaining proper male-female ratio of duck for sourcing of quality fertile eggs. Capacity building of women producers on duck rearing & farm management in Haor and Coastal areas Potential Partner: Medicine companies, CBOs, Hatcheries, DLS Improved farm management practice will lead to massive change in the life of poor duck farmers as duck rearing appears to be a profitable option. Medicine companies supplying vaccines and medicines have a big market in coastal and Haor area as well hatcheries for specific medicine applicable for ducks. Developing egg collectors/trader within CBOs in Coastal areas Potential Partner: CBO members, Egg and Duck traders, Hatcheries The Study recommends replication/scale up of the Jamalganj egg collection method through the CBOs ensuring bulk amount of collection and direct dealing with wholesale egg traders. Advocacy for institutional strengthening of the Department of Livestock for deployment of adequately trained technical human resources in Haor and coastal areas for improved service delivery. Potential Partner: DLS, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock There is a severe shortage of technical trained human resources deployed at field offices under DLS. This inadequacy needs to be immediately addressed through fast tracking skills development of ULOs and other relevant stakeholders of the duck farming sub-sector. This will be major steps towards increasing productivity, reducing mortality, enhancing feed quality, finally to improve the living condition of rural duck farmers. Capacity building of LSPs in Haor and Coastal areas Potential Partner: CBOs, DLS, Lead LSPs, PNGOs
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To ensure adequate and effective diseased management, capacities of the LSPs need to be increased. New LSPs should be selected through criteria and with requisite certified educational background and skills on poultry/duck management. Increase access to low interest credit facilities for achieving farm growth Potential Partner: MFIs, FIs Easy and farmer-friendly credit line will reduce the problem of accessing seed money or other financial assistance to establish a viable business targeting high income. PNGOs can encourage banks/MFIs to develop loan schemes with dedicated credit line suitable for duck farming. Such credit schemes will enable and encourage women farmers to engage in medium and large duck farming. Introduction of floating houses to ensure safe shelters for ducks during flood period Potential Partner: BAU, CBOs, DLS, Private plastic goods manufacturing companies The idea of a floating housing for ducks can be designed and promoted in Haors; this will enable the farmers to retain their flock during floods and heavy prolonged monsoons and keep their livelihood and economic benefits intact throughout the season. Development of specific breeding policy (and ensure implementation thereof) in consultation with scientists, national planners, relevant government officials and development workers to avoid decomposition of genetic characteristics of indigenous duck species Potential Partner: Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, BAU, BLRI, Ministry of Planning & Development, PNGOs, CBOs Indigenous ducks in Bangladesh has been thriving well all over the country despite its poor management. Their contribution to the rural economy, in food security and nutrition is undisputed. Recent efforts of scientists to improve their productivity have paved the way to exploit their full genetic potential even under conditions of extreme stress to which they are already adaptable. Thus, a specific breeding policy should be developed in order to discourage indiscriminate breeding, identification, characterization and conservation of germ-plasm, improvement in nutritional and feeding practices, improved management, well defined disease preventive measures and finally producers participation in all development processes. Advocacy for accessing water bodies for duck rearing Potential Partner: Union Parishad, PNGOs, CBO members and Community Leaders Coordinated advocacy with relevant Haor and water management authorities need to be carried out. It will enable smallholder duck farmer accessing leasing options or using water bodies for duck farming. This also calls for developing or revising existing policies
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and regulation of leasing the water bodies that will be friendly and flexible for Haor duck farmers. Promoting judicious usage of pesticides and appropriate marking of toxic crop field in coastal area Potential Partner: Union Parishad, CBOs, PNGOs, Lead Farmers Awareness raising interventions are required to ensure rules and regulations for monitoring of pesticides usage in paddy fields to address ducks mortality from chemical pesticide affects. This is a significant factor that will increase effectiveness of the existing duck value chain along with the crop value chain in Haors and coastal regions.
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PRODUCTION AND FARM MANAGEMENT INPUT SERVICES

Unavailability of duck feeds causes nutrition deficiency for ducks resulting in lower egg production in both Haor and coastal areas
Unavailability of Hatchery leads to scarcity of duckling supply in coastal areas
Lack of fertile egg supply to hatchery & improper hatchery management leads to high duckling mortality rate in hatchery as a results supply becomes scarce in Haor area
Inappropriate duckling carrying causes random early death of ducks
Intervention: Developing of a duck hatchery in coastal area
Toxicity from applied Intervention: Promoting pesticide in crop fieldsjudicious usage of pesticides causes death toand appropriate marking of scavenging ducks in toxic crop field in coastal area coastal areas Intervention: Advocacy for accessing water body for rearing of ducks
Intervention: building of owners on management area
Capacity hatchery hatchery in Haor
Intervention: Developing and capacity building duck/egg traders within the producer groups in Coastal areas
Improper MaleFemale Ratio in duck farming causes economic losses while hatching at home
.
Lack of knowledge on housing management leads to higher risk of transmittable diseases causing death events of ducks
Intervention: Creating women feed seller at local level both in Haor and Coastal areas
Dispute over water body ownership restricts access for duck rearing during flood time in Haor areas
Lack of effective breeding policy in duck value chain leads to genetic decomposition of the native varieties
Intervention: Development of specific breeding policy in consultation with scientists, national planners, Government officials and development workers to impede decomposition of genetic characteristics and its effective implementation
Intervention: Advocacy for Institutional Strengthening of the Department of Livestock in terms of adequate trained manpower focusing on Haor and coastal areas.
Intervention: Capacity building of women producers on duck rearing & farm management in Haor and Coastal areas
Lack of knowledge on proper feeding management causes production inefficiency that leads to lower income for duck producers
Intervention: Development and introduction of floating housing to ensure housing for ducks during flood period
Intervention: Capacity building of LSPs in Haor and Coastal areas
Lack of knowledge on disease identification and disease management leads to higher mortality rate of ducks resulting in loss of assets and investments Lack of quality management of vaccines causes unproductive vaccination that eventually leads to casualty of duck health
Lack of open feeding source & shortage of housing space during Seasonal & flush flood in Haor areas prevents farmers in getting full potential from duck farming (DIS) ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
Lack of access to finance by women duck producers hampers farm growth potential
Intervention: Increase access to low interest credit facilities for achieving farm growth
Micro scale duck farming results in limited egg production results in poor market access forcing to sale at farm-gate
Poor technical knowledge of Local Service Providers leads to inappropriate service delivery for duck farming results in high mortality
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WOMEN ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP
MARKET ACCESS LEVEL
SERVICE PROVIDER LEVEL
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
WINDING UP
Conclusions are drawn based on the findings, describing interventions priority and financial analysis for ideal duck farming.
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The study shows that duck sub-sector has huge potential in poverty reduction and income increase of poor farmers and a number of interventions are suggested in this report that can act as the stimulant to turn that potential into reality. But obviously, according to the change of the market situations, new interventions may come up and at the same time, some proposed interventions might drop down.
13.1 PRIORITY OF KEY INTERVENTIONS

Table 53: Priority of key interventions
Haor Key Interventions Impact Creating women feed seller at local level both in Haor and Coastal areas Developing of a duck hatchery in coastal area Capacity building of hatchery owners on hatchery management in haor area Capacity building of women producers on duck rearing & farm management in Haor and Coastal areas Developing egg collectors/trader within CBOs in Coastal areas Advocacy for Institutional Strengthening of the Department of Livestock in terms of adequate trained manpower focusing on haor and coastal areas. Capacity building of LSPs in Haor and Coastal areas Moderate Low High Outreach Moderate Low High Feasibility Moderate Low High Impact Moderate High -
Coastal Outreach Moderate High Feasibility Moderate Moderate -
High
High
High
High
High
High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
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13.2 ANALYSIS OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) IN IDEAL DUCK FARMING

Examples of expected costs and returns from small-scale family duck operations are given below. These calculations are only generalized approximations to give an indication of comparative profitability of the different farming operations based on 270 eggs per year. Nonetheless, they would need to be refined for specific locations (Haors as well as coastal belt) and for current prices. Due to the bio-security measures in the proposed systems, it is to be expected that mortality rates would be much less than the generally observed mortality rate of 10-20% in existing operations. 2% mortality is assumed and for exotic Khaki Campbell and Jinding, it is assumed that up until they start to lay eggs, they will consume around 16 Kg/duck and later each duck will require 93 Kg feed to complete the 18-month egg-laying cycle under intensive farming system. Labor cost is excluded from the calculations as it is assumed that all labor will be provided by the farm operating family members (although it is recognized that this has an opportunity cost). Returns appears to be less but if case of disease infestation, or some other catastrophe (e.g. severe storm, flood, cyclone and or tidal surge), causes abandonment of the duck cycle at the pullet stage, then much less time and investment in operating expenditure would be lost if a full-laying cycle (18-month) to be abandoned. Also, initial investment cost per cycle is less for the pullet rearing, an important consideration for marginalised beneficiaries of the Haor and coastal belt. In duck farming, it is possible to minimize the initial cost of capital investment by using local ducks rather than opting out for the exotic breeds. In either case, if proper management and bio-security are not maintained, there would be high risk of disease and hence, expected mortality would be higher (50-100%).
Table 54: Annual profit calculation for rearing 25 ducks under traditional method
Capital Cost Items Duck house (Bamboo supports, thatched roof, brick floor) Water and electricity connections Feeders 4@ Tk.50/ unit Watering troughs 4@ Tk. 50/ unit Buckets, plastic pipes, Storage bins Unit Cost (BDT) 5000 Interest Rate 13% Life in years 3 Number of items 1 Annual Cost (BDT) 2118
3000 200 200 2500
13% 13% 13% 13%
10 2 5 5
1 1 1 1
553 56 30 711
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Ceiling fan Sub-Total Operating Cost per cycle Item Ducklings (Mortality > 10%) Feed cost Vaccines, medication @10.00/ bird Water and chlorination cost Disinfectant Veterinary services Total cost/ cycle without interest Interest costs Total per-cycle with interest Total per year (0.66 cycles) Return Item Eggs/ cycle (> 10% mortality)* Sale of cull ducks Flock liquidation Manure Annual return Annual profit
4000
13%
10
2111 5579
Unit Name Bird KG
Unit Cost (BDT) 35 30
Total Units 30 463.8
Total Cost (BDT) 1050 13914 250 1000 1000 2000 24793 3223 28016 18490
Unit Name Piece Bird Bird
Price 8 200 200
Total Units 3750 5 20
Total Value (BDT) 30000 1000 4000 200 35200 23467
*Note: mortality is lower than standard due to improved bio-security.
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Table 55: Annual profit calculation for rearing 10 ducks under traditional method
Capital Cost Items Duck house (Bamboo supports, thatched roof, brick floor) Water and electricity connections Feeders 2@ Tk.50/ unit Watering troughs 2@ Tk. 50/ unit Buckets, plastic pipes, Storage bins Ceiling fan Sub-Total Operating Cost per cycle Item Ducklings (Mortality > 10%) Feed cost (up to laying) Feed cost up to the end Of cycle (18 months) Vaccines, medication @10.00/ bird Water and chlorination cost Disinfectant Veterinary services Total cost/ cycle without interest Interest costs Total per-cycle with interest Unit Name Bird KG KG Unit Cost (BDT) 35 30 30 Total Units 15 230 930 Total Cost (BDT) 525 6900 27900 250 500 500 1000 37275 4846 42121 Unit Cost (BDT) 1000 Interest Rate 13% Life in years 3 Number of items 1 Annual Cost (BDT) 425
3000 100 100 2500 2000
13% 13% 13% 13% 13%
10 2 5 5 10
1 1 1 1 1
185 56 30 284 1200 2180
122
Total per year (0.66 cycles) Return Item Eggs/ cycle (> 10% mortality)* Sale of cull ducks Flock liquidation Manure Annual return Annual profit Unit Name Piece Bird Bird Price 8 200 200 Total Units 4310 2 8
27800
Total Value (BDT) 34480 600 1600 50 36730 8930
*Note: mortality is lower than standard due to improved bio-security.
123
ANNEX
The annexes listed the participant (interviewee) details of the study as well as a seasonal disease chart.
124
Table 56: List of Group Interviews
SL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Name Shapla Gana Sangathan Soihara Horohati Dokkhin Sayakathi-1 Phutontokoli Unnayon Sangothon Alor Disha Mohela Dal
Address Angnl Kata, Gulshakhali, Amtali, Borguna Soihara, Canerbag, Jamalganj, Sunamjang Dokkhin Saykathi, Joyeenkathi, Sadar, Patuakhali. Biyterchar, Guroi, Chatirchar, Noyabazer,Nikli Kishorgonj Sabiha Nagor, Dewgarh, Austogram, Kishoregonj
Table 57: List of Household Analysis
SL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Name of Group/Individual Chamili Mahila Dal Aroti Rani Shapla Songothan Kuinta Koli Unnayan Songothan --
Address Dewgarh, Austogram, Kishoregonj. Shearkhati, Sadar, Potuakhali Amtoli, Borguna. Biyterchar, Guroi, Nikli, Kishorgonj Soihara, Notunpara, Jamalgonj, Sunamgonj
Type HH HH HH HH RCA
Table 58: List of Key Informants
SL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Name Shaik Kabir Hossain Mostafizur Rahman Dr. Mohammad Rezaul Karim Md. Abu Bakar Siddiq Dr. Sagia Afrin Mehidi Hossain
Designation Project Coordinator, NSS, Amtali, Borguna ULO, DLS, Borguna. ULO, DLS, Najipur, Pirojpur. Veterinary Field Assistant, DLS, Austogram, Kishorganj Veterinary Field Assistant, ULO Office, Nikli, Kishorganj SSPO, Aquve Pharmaceutical Agro Vet Division, Patuakhali. MIO, Agro Vet Division, Popular Pharmaceutical Ltd., Amtoly, Bogruna. MR, Veterinary Divisio, ACME Laboratories Ltd., B.Baria Sales Center. Veterinary Field Assistant, DLO, Amtoly, Borguna.
Contact Number 01718180990 01715422722 01723566645 01913458413 01719816000 01713245263
7. 8.
Nazrul Islam Md. Habibulla
01715587131 01716962924
9.
Md. Azizur Rahman
01713867284
125
10. 11.
Md. Abdullah Al Mamun Shanti Ranjan Boida/ Abdur Rahim Abdul Latif Mea Jeebon Kumer Mandal
12. 13.
ULO, DLS, Patuakhali Sadar, Patuakhali. DRRO, DRRO Office, Patuakhali Sadar, Patuakhali. Veterinary Field Assistant, Jamalgonj Veterinary Field Assistant, Betagi, Borguna
01728254691 01716447512/ 01723399499 01716051386 01719689838
Table 59: List of Input Sellers and LSPs
SL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Name Lipi Begum Rohena Akter Sunil Chandra Sarker Ujjal Kumer Khaskel Monir Hossain Bachu Entaq Ahmed Md. Motiur Rahman Sujata Modal Aminul Islam Zakir Md. Abdur Razzak Biswas Md. Sultan Mahmud/ Zahir Hossain Sobuj Mohammad Ali Nitish Debnath Md. Sohel Ahmed Joni Reza/ Resam Ali A K M Mamun-or-
Address Joynkathi, Sadar, Patuakhali East Austogram, Austogram, Kishoregonj Gurai, Nikli, Kishorgonj Newmarket, Sadar, Patuakhali Poshu Hospital Road, Sader, Borguna. Sabiha Nagar, Austogram, Kishoregonj Pakhimara, Nilgonj, Kolapara, Patuakhali South Sakerkahi, Nazipur, Pirojpur. Word no. 2, Amtoli, Borguna Word no. 5, Powcosoua, Amtoli, Borguna Galachipa, Galachipa, Patuakhali. Biatinaogao, Gurui, Nikli, Kishoregonj Austogram, Auatogram, Kishoregonj Austogram Sadar, Kishoregonj Austogram Boro Bazer, Austogram, Kishoregonj Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli,
Contact Number 0176892140 01933278362 01712201620 01720463477 NA 01828012560/ 01922465396 NA 01730175041 01714934943 01724076458 01936709552 01715588370 01736029296 01746386657 01712528501
Type Vet. LSP Hatchery Input Input Input Vaccination Input Vaccination Input Input Input Input Input Vet. Medicine Input Vaccination
126
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
Rashid Halima Akter Robindra Das Tipu Das Shebendra Kanta Sarker Kobindra Das Sukdeb Talukder Vobesh Das Abul Hossain Md. Alamin Muklesur Rahaman
Kishoregonj Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj Dattagram, Vatipara, Dirai, Sunamgonj Dattagram, Vatipara, Dirai, Sunamgonj Gonganadharpur, Fulerbag, Jamalgonj, Shunamgonj Dattagram, Vatipara, Dirai, Sunamgonj Choihara, Fenarbak, Jamalgonj, Sunagonj Dattagram, Vatipara, Dirai, Sunamgonj Sasna Bazer, Jamalgonj, Sunjamgonj Eastpara, BeatirChar, Gurui, Nikli, Kishoregonj Moddabazer, Jamalgonj, Sunamgonj
01926273575 01746025260 01749646122 01735928343 01759895053 01779619413 01923799772 01745391374 01923571477 01914156050
LSP Input Input vet Input Input Input Input Input Medicine
Table 60: List of Traders
SL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Name Md. Mizanur Rahman Somir Chandar Nantu Rai Abu Bokkar ( Abu Mea) Sultan Matbar Md. Sher-e-Gul Mea Abdul Alim Md. Pono Mea Md. Atiqur Rahman Md. Mirigel
Address Kishoregonj New Market, Patuakhali. Sakarkhati, Pirojpur Sunamganj Sunamganj Sunamganj Kishoregonj M/S Mithu Murgi House, Sadar Road, Mas Bazer, Borguna. M/S Shathi Enterprise, Kursha Bazer, Nikli, Kishoregonj Shajna Bazer
Contact Number 01823673509 01718248997 01740433182 01738634683 01920135583 0172549715 01747618444 01739526405
127
Table 61: List of Duck Producers
SL 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.
Name Anwara Parul Rani Sarker Sobera Khatun Mohosin Khadija Nazmunnahar Kalo Rani Rubia Akter Ismil Juma Rani Takukder Md. Aitul Mea Sadon Talukder Md. Rashed Miah Mrs. Ratia Khatun Dipa Rani Morzina Shamsunnahar Morium Begum Alam Sikder Rushia Begum Salina Kodbanu
Address Thenggai, Shaiakathi, Godnkathi, Patuakhali. Rajaapur, Fenarbug, Jamalgonj SaviaNagar, Austogram, Kishoregonj Sarikathi, Nazirpur, Pirojpur Sheakathi,Jainkathi, Patuakhali Jainkhati, Sadar, Patuakhali Khesurtola, Sadar, Borguna Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj Soihar, Pherabadh, Jamalgonj, Sunamgonj SaviaNagar, Austogram, Kishoregonj Soihara, Fenarbug, Jamnalgonj, Sunamgonj SaviaNagar, Dewghar, Austogram, Kishoregonj SaviaNagar, Dewghar, Austogram, Kishoregonj Soihara, Fenarbug, Jamnalgonj, Sunamgonj Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj Middle Shaidia nagar, Dewghar, Austogram, Kishoregonj Dokkhin Shiakati, Joinkathi, Patuakhali Sadar, Patuakhali. Charmoisal, Kamlapur, Sadar, Patuakhali. Angulkata, Khekuani, Gulishekhali, Amtoli, Borguna Angulkata, Khekuani, Gulishekhali, Amtoli, Borguna Beatir Char, Gurai, Nikli, Kishoregonj
Contact Number NA 01756365188 re. 01926180375 NA NA NA 01738315368 re. 01942167839 NA NA NA NA NA 01944997294 NA NA NA NA 01744244882 NA 01915784651
128
Table 62: Seasonality of different duck diseases
Diseases Duck Plague Duck Cholera Diarrhea Water falling from eyes White Excrete Bumble feet Limber neck
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
129

Report On Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

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Report On

Duck Value Chain Analysis in Haor and Coastal areas of Bangladesh

GMark Consulting Limited

METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH ...................................................................................................15

1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.2.5. 1.2.6.

CHAPTER TWO DUCK IN BANGLADESH ........................................................................................................................ 21

Crop Production ................................................................................................................ 39 Fisheries and Livestock ................................................................................................... 40 4|Page

5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3

5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4

ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT SERVICE FUNCTIONS IN HAORS ......................................................53

5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3

DIS (ENABLING) ENVIRONMENT IN HAORS ..................................................................................58

5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6

DRIVING FACTORS IN THE VALUE CHAIN .....................................................................................64

5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4

CRITICAL ISSUES ..................................................................................................................................65

Crop Production ................................................................................................................ 72 5|Page

8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4

CHAPTER NINE IMPACT OF COASTAL CLIMATES IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN ......................................................... 83

CHAPTER TEN EXPLORING WOMEN IN GAMM IN HAOR AND COASTAL ........................................................... 86

10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.1.4

VISION AND STRATEGY ....................................................................................................................106 POTENTIAL INTERVENTIONS ..........................................................................................................106

CHAPTER THIRTEEN WINDING UP .......................................................................................................................................... 118

ANNEX ..................................................................................................................................................... 124

BACKGROUND OF THE DUCK VALUE CHAIN STUDY

METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH

Region Southern Coastal Region

Districts Pirojpur Patuakhali Barguna Kishoregonj Sunamganj

Union Shakharikati Joynkathi Fuljhuri Gulishakhali Chatirchar Deoghar Fenarbak

North-eastern Haor Region

Table 2: Sampling Frame of Duck value Chain Study

Districts Pirojpur Patuakhali

Union Shakharikati Joynkathi Fuljhuri Gulishakhali Chatirchar Deoghar Fenarbak

Duck Farmers II4 1 5 1 2 5 6 4 24 GI5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 HHA6 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 5

Sampling Unit Input Sellers -

Local Service Providers Traders Key Informants

Questionnaire Rapid Care Analysis Toolbox

Name and Position Md. Saifuddin Khaled Team Leader

LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR DATA COLLECTION

OVERVIEW OF DUCK SUB-SECTOR

Year T Number of ducks T

Source: Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, 2010.

Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, 2010

NATIONAL MARKET SITUATION

153.92 millions 73.03 millions 2 58 millions 79.42 0 millions 0

DEMAND & SUPPLY OF DUCK EGGS

Year 2010 2009

National Demand (in Millions) 153.9 138.5

National Supply (in Millions) 73.03 63.71

Deficit (in Millions) 80.87 74.79

Deficit (in %) 52.55 54.00

Source: Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, 2010.

Figure 1: Production trend of ducks in Bangladesh

Source: Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, 2010.

Picture 1: Central Duck Breeding Farm in Narayanganj

OXFAM IN DUCK VALUE CHAIN

OXFAMS APPROACH TOWARDS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

POLICY MARKET ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ENTERPRISE SERVICE MARKET

District Sunamganj Kishoreganj Pirojpur Patuakhali Barguna

Union Fenarbak Chatirchar Deoghar Shakharikati Joynkathi Fuljhuri Gulishakhali

OXFAMS INITIATIVES TILL DATE

OXFAM SUPPORTED GROUP DYNAMICS

37.5 41.67 16.67 0 0 4.16