Energy in Emerging Markets

Smart Energy Products

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Smart Water Purifier

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Facts around the Globe

The minimum amount of water needed for drinking, cooking, bathing, and sanitation is 13 gallons (50 liters) (WHO figure) The average person in the Netherlands uses only 27 gallons (104 liters) per day for the same tasks. The average person in the African nation of Gambia uses only 1.17 gallons (4.5 liters) of water per day. 12 percent of the world's population uses 85 percent of its water

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Over 780 million do not have access to clean, safe water

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Unsafe water is the biggest killer of children under five; around 90% of all diarrheal deaths are in this age group.
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80% of all illness in the developing world comes from water born diseases.
For many people in African region, few water sources mean long queues. The result is many people collect water from polluted sources.

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Our Project

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IMPURITIES vs METHODS
Method Granulated Activated carbon Impurity Bacteria Cysts Asbestos Heavy Metals Chlorine Organic Matter Organic Chemicals Pesticides POOR POOR POOR LEAD ONLY GOOD AVERAGE SOME SOME AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE GOOD GOOD AVERAGE SOME POOR GOOD GOOD GOOD GOOD AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE GOOD GOOD GOOD GOOD GOOD AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE
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Carbon Block

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Distillation

Ultraviolet (UV)

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DESIGN FACTORS

Pollutants

Technology

Power

Applications

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ROAD MAP

WATER FILTER

POLLUTANTS

TECHNOLOGY

POWER

APPLICATIONS

Virus Bacteria Salts Metals OrganicMaterial Microorganisms Dust-soil

UV Ray ActivatedCarbon Reverse osmosis (RO) Membrane Boiling Ceramic Filters

Sun Wind Human effort Electricity (if available)

Water Pollution Limited clean water resources Disaster No electricity

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Water from the source

Is it Saline (Salt Concentration > 1000 ppm )

Yes

No

4 stage purification

3 stage purification

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3 STAGE PURIFICATION
Water from Source

Polypropylene Foam/sponge

Solid block carbon

UV Light

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Impure Water

Filter Element

UV Ray Generator

Purified Water

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Impure Water

Filter Element

UV Ray Generator

Purified Water

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POLYPROPYLENE FOAM

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PROPERTIES
Bacteria Static Bacteria cannot live or grow on
Propylene surface. Can filter particulate size up-to 5 microns Long lasting Cost effective Flexible, hence can be molded into any shape Melting point : 160-171 degree celcius

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GRANULATED CARBON BLOCK

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PROPERTIES
Filters up-to 1 microns (smallest bacterias size is 3 microns) one gram of activated carbon has a surface area in excess of 500 m2 Coconut shell carbon block eco friendly Economical

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Polypropylene Foam Casing / Cage 20 mm thick

Solid Block Carbon 20 mm

SECTIONAL VIEW OF FILTER ARRAY

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Casing / Cage Polypropylene Foam

Solid Block Carbon

TOP VIEW OF FILTER ARRAY

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DISADVATAGES
Polypropylene is liable to chain degradation from exposure to heat and UV radiation

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4 STAGE PURIFICATION
Water from Source

Solar evaporative distillation

Polypropylene Foam/sponge

Solid block carbon

UV Ray

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DISTILLATION TANK

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Distillation Tank

Solar Panel

Heating element

Filter

4 Stage Filtration

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OUTPUT ANALYSIS (Distillation without Heating element)

Net solar insolation (Q) = 2200 KWh/m2 year 365

= 6.027 KWh/m2 day Latent heat of vaporization of water (L) = 2160 KJ/Kg Efficiency = 0.71 Solar Distillation output (Kg/m2 day) = Q / L = 0.71 X 6.027 X 3.6 X 106 = 2160 X 103 7.13 L / m2

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OUTPUT ANALYSIS (Distillation with heating element)

Net solar insolation (Q) = 2200 KWh/m2 year 365

= 6.027 KWh/m2 day

Heat addition = 6 KWh Latent heat of vaporization of water (L) = 2160 KJ/Kg
Coefficient of performance = 0.71 Solar Distillation output (Kg/m2 day) = Q / L = {(0.71 X 6.027) + 6 } X 3.6 X 106 = 2160 X 103 17.13 L / m2

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Giardia cysts

Size 6 -10 microns Main cause of Diarrhea

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Advantages
Bacteria: e-coli, giardia, fecal coliform, cholera and cysts Inorganic: heavy metals, fluoride

Organics: chemicals such as chlorine, benzene, etc.

Radionuclides: radium 226/228, uranium Particulates: dirt, sand, rust, etc. Distillation working on evaporation does not require Sunlight hence will work during night also
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ECONOMIC / COST ANALYSIS

Desalinisation using solar energy Desalination using reverse osmosis
Costs
Distillation 0.35 $/m3 to 0.70 $/m3 Reverse osmosis 0.50 $/m3

Reverse Osmoses

Multi Effect Distillation

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SOCIETY/USER ISSUES

Challenges to be faced
User acceptance Infrastructure integration

Governmental regulations

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USER ACCEPTANCE

Portable small size Cost efficient High efficiency Easy maintenance

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INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION/ GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS

No major changes required Mounting solar cell on roofs Distillation tank on roof Subsidy from government in replacement/exchange of component

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