CICE 2010 - The 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering September 27-29, 2010, Beijing, China

Effects on the Fatigue Lives of RC Beams Strengthened with CFL at Elevated Temperature under Cyclic Bending Loads
Peiyan Huang (pyhuang@scut.edu.cn), Haiyang Wang, Hao Zhou, Xinyan Guo & Zhilin Zhou School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

ABSTRACT The fatigue behavior of RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber laminate (CFL) was experimental studied and theoretical analyzed under cyclic bending loads in several different temperatures (5, 20, 50 and 80), which the temperatures approached the weather in subtropical zone such as southern China. The effect of the temperature on fatigue lives of the RC beams strengthened with CFL was discussed. Furthermore, a calculation equation of the fatigue lives of the strengthened beams was proposed under the coupling action from the temperature and the load conditions. Using the equation, the fatigue lives and fatigue limits of the RC beams strengthened with CFL were estimated accurately from the coupling action from the temperatures and the bending loads. The preliminary validity check was completed with the verify tests. KEY WORDS Fatigue behavior and durability of RC beams strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) was a cutting edge subject in civil engineering field [1-9]. Temperature variation affected the integration fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with FRP in practical service environment and the research in this area was seldom mentioned in China and abroad. This paper discussed the fatigue behavior of RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber laminate (CFL) mainly with experimental method under cyclic bending loads in several different temperatures, which the temperatures approached the weather in subtropical zone such as southern China. laminate was fabricated of T300-3k carbon fiber silk produced by Tolei corporation in Japan in which, the fundamental material was epoxy resin, the splice between concrete and CFL was A and B glue of Shenliling brand. 2) Experimental equipments. The experimental equipments were divided into three parts: MTS810 test system, DH3817 dynamic strain collection system, custom-made environmental temperature box. 3) Experimental conditions and methods. The experiments were divided into two parts, except the environmental temperature in the tests and verification experiments of formula in calculating fatigue lives of strengthened beams was set as 50, the experimental conditions and methods of both parts were the same. The other three environmental temperatures were set as 5, 20 and 80. In order to get five stress levels, the maximum loads were separately set as 25.0 kN, 27.5 kN, 30.0 kN, 32.5 kN and 35.0kN. The three point bending was taken as the loading method, which the span was 1600mm, loading frequency was 10Hz, stress ratio R=0.2 and frequency of strain data collection was 100Hz.

1 TEMPERATURE FATIGUE EXPERIMENTS OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH CFL

Forty-eight RC beams of the size 1850100200mm strengthened with CFL [10] were taken as the samples of the experiment (Figure 1) and CFL was a new type of CFRP invented by our research team. The fatigue behavior of RC beams strengthened with CFL was experimental studied under cyclic bending loads in five different stress levels and in four different temperature environments. The materials, equipments, experimental conditions and methods were as follows. 1) Experimental materials. RC beams strengthened with CFL were composed of concrete, steel bars and CFL three parts. Composition proportion of concrete is mc mwmsma1.0: 0.5: 2.06: 3.66. Grade II 10 round steel bar was used as the main steel bars and Grade I 8 round steel bar was used in the other bars. CFL of 1600mm long, 100mm wide, 0.23mm thick pre-immersion

Figure 1 Fatigue testing sample in different temperatures under three-point bending load

L. Ye et al. (eds.), Advances in FRP Composites in Civil Engineering Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

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Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering

2 EFFECTS ON FATIGUE LIVES OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH CFL BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES

The bending fatigue experimental S-N curves in environmental temperature of separately 5, 20 and 80 were shown in Figure 2. Environmental temperature had an obvious impact on fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with CFL according to Figure 2. The fatigue limits of strengthened beams decreased as the environmental temperature increased in the temperature range of this experiment, furthermore, when the stress level increased, the decrease range of fatigue limits became larger.

3 FATIGUE LIVES CALCULATION FORMULA OF STRENGTHENED BEAM UNDER TEMPERATURE AND LOAD COMBINATION
3.1 Formula of fatigue lives From analyzing the fatigue experimental data and the content in above section, the fatigue limits of strengthened beams decreased as the environmental temperature increased in the temperature range of the experiments. The reasons were listed as follows. 1) The fatigue failure modes of all strengthened beams were debonding, i.e. CFL debonded from the beams at interface between CFL and concrete. Among main factors of fatigue failure at interface, the shear strength of interface (including the penetration layer) was the key factor besides stress levels. 2) Shear strength of the interface which composed of concrete layer and glue layer was decided by shear strength of penetration layer. 3) Temperature effect to shear strength of glue reflected shear strength of penetration layers in temperature changes, higher the temperature is, larger the decrease range of shear strength of the glue. 4) As shear strength decreased in interface, the load carried by main steel bars increased. This accelerated damage of main steel bars in earlier time and caused deceasing of load carrying capacity of the beams. Because of the damage of main steel bars, the load in interface increased and accelerated the fatigue damage in the interface. Due to the reasons above, CFL debonded from the beams in earlier time and fatigue lives of beams decreased. Therefore, the combination of maximum load and temperature should be considered in formulas of calculating fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with CFL when environmental temperature changed. From the above, referenced the formula structure from formula (1) to (3), formulas of calculating fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with CFL under combination of maximum load and temperature was listed as follows:
P C1  C2 f1 T   C3 f  N   C4 f 2 T  f  N 

Figure 2 S-N curves in different temperatures.

According to different experimental temperatures, experimental data was dealt with regression method. S-N simulation equations of the beams in environmental temperature of 5, 20 and 80 were formed as follows: P 71.2  6.75lg N (1) P P 49.8  3.58lg N 43.0  2.61 lg N (2) (3)

The relevant factors R in equation (1), equation (2) and equation (3) were separately 0.76, 0.84 and 0.86. P (kN) was the maximum value of cyclic loads, and N (cycles) was the fatigue life of the experimental beam. According to equation (1) to (3), fatigue strength of the experimental beams at the level of N=2106 in environmental temperature of 5, 20 and 80 were calculated, and the values were 28.6kN, 27.2kN and 26.6kN. Therefore, fatigue limits of strengthened beams decreased as the environmental temperature increased in the temperature range of this experiment. Fatigue limits of strengthened beams at 5 increased 5.1% and it decreased 2.2% at 80 compared with fatigue limits of the beams in room temperature.

(4)

where, C1~ C4 were constant coefficients to be determined by experiments, f1(T) and f2(T) were temperature functions and f(N) was fatigue life function to be determined by theoretical assumption and simulation of experimental data. The detail calculation formulas of function f1(T), f2(T) and f(N) were assumed as:
f1 (T ) f 2 (T ) eC5T e
C6T

(5) (6) (7)

f (N )

lg N

Using the direct exploration method, C1~C6 were determined by taking equation (5) to (7) into equation (4)

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and take into account of fatigue experimental data in three different temperatures of 5, 20 and 80. Then, the formula of calculating fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with CFL under combination of maximum load and temperature was as follows:
P 45.3e( T /10.56)  43.0  [6.72e( T /10.35)  2.61]lg N

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10672060) and Guangdong Province Natural Science Foundation of China (No.9251064101000016).

(8)

From formula (8), the fatigue lives and fatigue limits of strengthened beams considering practical environmental temperature influence were conveniently estimated. 3.2 Experimental Verification In order to verify the effectiveness of fatigue life calculating formula (8), a new experimental condition which T =50, P =27.5kN was established. Using the same experimental method in section 1, bending fatigue experiments of four RC beams strengthened with CFL were done. Their fatigue lives were respectively 1007789, 119724, 1584468 and 2010000 from the experimental results. Take T =50 into formula (8), then: P 43.4  2.66 lg N (9) From formula (9), when P =27.5kN, the fatigue life was N 949388. The average fatigue life of four experimental beams was 1180495. The relative error compared with calculation results was 19.6%. Therefore, the fatigue life of RC beam strengthened with CFL which considering combination of maximum bending loads and practical environmental temperature influence was predicted using formula (8), and the fatigue limit was effectively estimated.

REFERENCES
Meier U., Farshad M..1996, Connecting high-performance carbonfiber-reinforced polymer cables of suspension and cablestayed bridges through the use of gradient materials [J]. Journal of Computer-Aided Materials Design, 3(1-3): 379-384. Sherif El-Tawil, Cahit Ogunc, Ayman Okeil et al.2001, Static and fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminates [J]. Compos. for Constr., 5(4): 258-267. Green Mark F., Bisby Luke A., Fam Amir Z., et al. 2006, FRP confined concrete columns: Behavior under extreme conditions [J]. Cement & Concrete Composites, 28:928937. Huang Pei-yan, Zhang Bo-lin, Yang Yi. 2007, Effect on load carrying capacity of carbon fiber laminates strengthened RC beams in elevated temperature. [J]. Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science), 35(2):1-5. Niu Peng-zhi, Huang Pei-yan, Yang Yi. 2007.11, Experimental study of fatigue strength of carbon fiber laminates strengthened RC beams [J]. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 24(11): 132-135. Yang Yi, Hang Pei-yan, Deng Jun. 2008, Experimental Study on the Fatigue Properties of RC Beam Strengthened with Prestressed CFL [J]. Advanced Materials Research, 33-37: 169-174. Huang Pei-yan, Zhou Xu-ping, Yang Yi, Niu Peng-zhi, Zheng Shun-chao. 2007, Fatigue lives of RC beams Strengthened with carbon fiber laminates under bending loads [J]. Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science), 35 (10): 198-204. Zhou Zhi-Lin, Huang Pei-Yan, Deng Jun. 2008, Degradation rule of bending stiffness of RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber laminates [J]. Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science), 36(10): 16-19. Zhou Zhi-lin, Huang Pei-yan, Deng Jun. 2008.8, Fatigue behavior of carbon fiber laminates strengthened RC beams in elevated temperature [J]. J. of PLA University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 9(4):351-356. Huang Pei-yan, Zeng Jing-cheng. 2006.8, Application of Carbon Fiber Laminate [P]. Chinese Patent No. ZL200410026742.8, China Patent Administration.

4 CONCLUSIONS
This paper analyzed the fatigue behavior of RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber laminate (CFL) using experimental study and theoretical analysis under cyclic bending loads in several different temperatures (5, 20, 50 and 80). The formula of calculating fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with CFL under combination of maximum load and temperature was established. The fatigue lives of RC beams strengthened with CFL which considering combination of maximum bending load and practical environmental temperature influence was predicted and the fatigue limit was effectively estimated by using the formula. The effectiveness of this formula was preliminarily verified by experiments. The further discussion of the applied range and precision of the formula would be based on accumulation of experimental data.