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Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

Master Thesis

Construction and Real Estate Management


University of Applied Sciences, Berlin Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences

Submitted on 12.04.2011

Md.Afjalur Rahman Student ID: 527076

First Supervisor: Prof.Dr.-Ing. Mrkus Kramer Second Supervisor: Prof.Dr.-Ing. Dieter Bunte

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

International Master of Science in Construction and Real Estate Management Joint study program of HTW Berlin and Metropolia Helsinki UAS

Conceptual Formulation
Of the Master Thesis for Md. Afjalur Rahman(0527076)

January 12, 2011

Title: Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling. Background: Like every industrial sector building development sector also needs a prototype before going on construction. Building or every type of construction job is new and more challenging with new difficulties. The prototype is the best solution for this kind of challenging work. BIM or Building information modeling first create a opportunity in building sectors to make such kind of prototype for forecasting construction stages. But the process is still now quite limited with the early construction phase or in design phase. More precisely most of the people used BIM or think BIM, as a method to give better coordination in design and visualization. While the construction phase and life cycle is the most vital part of any construction. It is also possible to make construction management and life cycle management through BIM. But it needs the right application in right way, because still now BIM used in construction management is fragmented with different thoughts and ideas. The task: The main objective is that, how to define a clear way or how to synchronize the construction activities after design stage through BIM. Construction of a project is divided in different layers and construction management evolved all the layers with different names and different scope. The author will focus on the technical relationship of construction project work through BIM and identify a route to be applicable as BIM approach in the construction project management phase.

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Research problems: 1. What is the key concept of BIM and construction project management? 2. Where is the linkage on BIM and construction project management? 3. How BIM can support construction project management? 4. Which kinds of tools presently exist to support construction project management through BIM? 5. Which way BIM can make collaboration of total construction phase and in the facility management through the life cycle of the building? 6. What kind of contractual problem arise in the implementing of BIM workflow in construction management phase or in later phase? 7. How can BIM support all kinds of infrastructure projects? 8. Why BIM is fragmentized in the implementation part of construction project management?

Signature of the 1st Supervisor

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Abstract
In last 30 years construction industry has been changed with other industry. The scope and range of work increased enormously. But unfortunately the technological advancement is not quite satisfactory compared with other manufacturing industry. With the advancement of technological support manufacturing industry reduce their waste, improve quality and time. While construction industry is unique in every project, thus due to lack of technological support the waste in construction industry is quite higher than any other industry. As well as often delayed due to faulty error prone calculations. CAD is the first technological advancement in construction industry. But this advancement is not developed all over the construction process. It means from the inception to execution it does not work. CAD has limited effects until design phase. When design phase is just only the inception of construction. Later, in the end of last century Building Information Modeling concept came to the construction world. The purpose of this new concept or technology is to increase efficiency in construction industry. From the very beginning it focuses on the inception to execution process of construction projects. The aim of this thesis paper is to demonstrate a clear view to manage a construction project in construction phase through BIM process. To make this paper, materials are used as BIM software and construction management study experience, publications, AEC journals, articles, software vendor brochure, online magazines and the most important practical experience based books and regarding related topics. The findings of this thesis will make a conceptual path of construction management through Building Information Modeling or rather it can be better to say the whole process as construction MIS. The main aspect is to define a view to make construction management easier, less waste and increase efficiency with technology. Key words: construction management, BIM, conceptual path, efficiency, construction MIS

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Table of Contents

Table of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Construction Project Management 2.1 Construction Project Management Definition 2.2 Construction Project Management Phases 2.2.1 Pre Construction Phase 2.2.1.1 Design-Bid-Build 2.2.1.2 Design-Build 2.2.1.2.1 Designer and Contractor Relationship 2.2.1.2.2 Full Service Design Build Firm 2.2.1.2.3 Joint Venture 2.2.1.3 Integrated Project Delivery Method 2.2.1.4 Construction Management Method 2.2.1.4.1 Agency CM 2.2.1.4.2 At-Risk CM 2.2.2 Construction Phase 2.2.2.1 Managing Job site and Construction operation 2.2.2.2 Planning and Scheduling the project 2.2.2.3 Monitoring and Controlling the Project Performance 2.2.2.4 Managing Project Quality 2.2.2.5 Managing Project Safety 2.2.2.6 Assessing Project Risks 2.2.3 Project Delivery Phase 2.2.3.1 Project Punch Out

ix xii xiii 1 5 5 7 8 9 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 17 17 18 20 22 23 23 25 26

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

2.2.3.2 Substantial Completion 2.2.3.3 Certificate of Occupancy 2.2.3.4 Commissioning 2.2.3.5 Final Documentation 2.2.3.6 Warranties 2.2.3.7 Project Evaluation 2.3 Construction Project Management Framework 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.7 2.3.8 2.3.9 Construction Project Integration Management Construction Project Scope Management Construction Project Time Management Construction Project Cost Management Construction Project Quality Management Construction Project Human Resource Management Construction Project Communications Management Construction Project Risk Management Construction Project Procurement Management

26 27 27 27 28 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 42 42 44 47 47 48 49 50 53 55 57 58

2.3.10 Construction Project Safety Management 2.3.11 Construction Project Environmental Management 2.3.12 Construction Project Financial Management 2.3.13 Construction Project Claim Management 3. Building Information Modeling 3.1 Building Information Modeling Concept Definition 3.2 Building Information Modeling Principle 3.3 Building Information Modeling Scopes 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 Architectural Scope Structural Engineering Scope MEP Scope Fabrication Scope Construction Management Scope Facility Management Scope Sustainability and Life Cycle Scope

3.4 CAD Transformation in BIM

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3.5 BIM Tools 3.5.1 Autodesk BIM Tools 3.5.1.1.1 Autodesk Revit Architecture 3.5.1.1.2 Autodesk Revit Structure 3.5.1.1.3 Autodesk Revit MEP 3.5.1.1.4 AutoCAD Civil 3D 3.5.1.2 Analysis and Visualization solutions 3.5.1.2.1 3.5.1.2.2 3.5.1.2.3 3.5.1.2.4 3.5.1.2.5 3.5.1.3.1 3.5.2 Autodesk Ecotect Analysis Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional Autodesk 3Ds Max Design Autodesk Navisworks Autodesk Quantity Takeoff Autodesk Buzzsaw and Constructware 3.5.1.1 Design and Documentation solution

60 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 64 64 64 66 68 70 70 70 71 72 72 74 75 75

3.5.1.3 Collaboration Solution Graphisoft BIM Tools

3.5.2.1 ArchiCAD 3.5.2.2 ArchiCAD MEP Modeler 3.5.2.3 Eco Designer 3.5.2.4 Artlantis 3.5.2.5 Virtual Building Explorer 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 Tekla BIM Solution Vico BIM Solution Other BIM Solutions

3.5.5.1 Bentley BIM Solution 3.5.5.2 Solibri Model Checker 3.5.5.3 Nemetscheck BIM Solution 3.6 Data Exchange solutions 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 IFC Other Data Exchange solutions Comparison of Different Data Exchange Format

3.7 BIM based Construction Management Case study

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3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3

Barton Malow Case Study Construction Management in Bridge Case Study Summary of Case Studies

75 77 78 79 79 81 84 85 85 88 88 88 95 100 102 103 107 108 112 114 118 123 125 127 129 130 131 133 133 134 136 136

4. BIM and Construction Project Management Linkage 4.1 Construction Project Management Development through BIM 4.2 BIM and Preconstruction 4.3 BIM and Construction 4.4 BIM and Post Construction 4.5 BIM and Facility Management 5. BIM Simulation in Construction Project Management 5.1 BIM Implementation in Preconstruction 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 Construction Project Integration Management in BIM Construction Project Scope Management in BIM Construction Project Cost Management in BIM Construction Project Time Management in BIM Construction Project Cost Control Management in BIM Construction Project Quality Management in BIM Construction Project Human Resource Management in BIM Construction Project Communications Management in BIM Construction Project Risk Management in BIM Construction Project Safety Management in BIM Construction Project Environmental Management in BIM Construction Project Procurement Management in BIM

5.2 BIM Implementation in Construction

5.2.10 Construction Project Financial Management in BIM 5.2.11 Construction Project Claim Management in BIM 5.2.12 Construction Project Site and Logistics Management in BIM 5.3 BIM Implementation in Post Construction 5.3.1 5.3.2 Handover Management in BIM Facility Management in BIM

6. Discussion and Conclusion 6.1 Future BIM Construction Management

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6.2 Discussion and Results 6.3 Conclusion List of Literature Online Sources

140 144 148 150

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List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Life cycles on construction projects Figure 1.2 Preconstruction phase Figure 1.3 Design -Bid-Build process Figure 1.4 Design-Bid-Build structure Figure 1.5 Agency CM approach Figure 1.6 At-Risk CM process Figure 1.7 Non residential designs and construction delivery method in U.S.A Figure 1.8 Preconstruction phase cycle Figure 1.9 Planning process Figure 1.10 Planning and scheduling diagram Figure 1.11 Basic cost/value S-curve Figure 1.12 Project close out phase Figure 1.13 Typical construction management team Figure 2.1 Fabrication from design data to CNC Figure 2.2 CAD transformations to BIM Figure 2.3 Artlantis rendering Figure 2.4 Exporting model in virtual environment Figure 2.5 Tekla structure reinforcement bending model Figure 2.6 Vico cost planner

7 8 9 10 14 15 16 16 18 19 21 25 29 52 59 65 65 67 69

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

Figure 2.7 Solibri model checker rules check Figure 2.8 IAI vision shared project model, IAI 1997 Figure 2.9 Barton Malow Project 3D structure in Tekla Figure 3.1 Construction productivity index compared to nonfarm industries Figure 3.2 BIM preconstruction phase cycle work Figure 4.1 Schematic (simulation) design model in 3D by AutoCAD Figure 4.2 Architectural (simulation) model for detailed design in ArchiCAD

71 73 76 79 83 90 90

Figure 4.3 Structural (simulation) model for detailed structural design by TEKLA 91 Figure 4.4 MEP(simulation) model for detailed design by Vico Constructor Figure 4.5 Integration management (plan development) through BIM Figure 4.6 BIM based Design-Bid-Build proposed model Figure 4.7 Approach differences in integrated and traditional way Figure 4.8 Quantity information takes off from Solibri model checker Figure 4.9 Cost report in Microsoft Excel Figure 4.10 Flow chart of cost (estimation) model through BIM Figure 4.11 Process of scheduling through BIM support Figure 4.12 BOQ in Vico control software Figure 4.13 Scheduling in Vico control software 92 93 97 98 101 101 102 104 105 105

Figure 4.14 Scheduling control in Vico software without construction simulation 106 Figure 4.15 Location based time simulation for scheduling control Figure 4.16 Clash detection check (simulated model) in Autodesk Navisworks Figure 4.17 Total quality Management phases 106 109 111

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Figure 4.18 Design communications through IFC data format Figure 4.19 Field communications through BIM Figure 4.20 Safety rule set and check in Naviswork Figure 4.21 Safety net models through architect model Figure 4.22 Transfer the model in Google earth for determine the env. Effect Figure 4.23 Model in Google Sketch up Pro Figure 4.24 Procurement material list from architect (simulated) model Figure 4.25 Financial management processes in simulated model Figure 4.26 Model placed at real site to make site management plan Figure 4.27 Logistics placement model in the site Figure 4.28 Facility Management Flowcharts in BIM Fig 5.1 Composite model concept Fig 5.2 BIM server data collection and transfer model

117 117 123 124 126 126 128 130 132 133 135 137 139

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List of Tables

Table 1.1 Risks allocation table Table 2.1 IFC 2*3 support software Table 2.2 Comparison of different data exchange format Table 2.3 Summary of case studies Table 3.1 BIM and preconstruction phase linkage Table 3.2 BIM and construction phase linkage Table 3.3 BIM and post construction phase linkage Table 4.1 Summary of integration management in BIM Table 4.2 Summary of scope management in BIM Table 4.3 Summary of quality management in BIM Table 4.4 Risk assessment and BIM support on prebid Table 4.5 Risk assessment and BIM support on design risks Table 4.6 Risk assessment and BIM support on construction risks Table 4.7 Risk assessment and BIM support on political and legal issues Table 4.8 Risk assessment and BIM support in financing risks Table 4.9 Risk assessment and BIM support in environmental risks Table 5.1 BIM support in overall construction management

24 73 75 78 86 87 87 94 99 112 119 120 120 121 121 122 145

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List of Abbreviations

AEC ASCE BIM BOT BOQ CAD CAFM CMAA CM CNC CityGML DBB DB DFX DWF ERP GMP GIS GPS

Architect, Engineering and Construction American Society of Civil Engineers Building Information Modeling Build-Operate-Transfer Bill of Quantity Computer Aided Drafting Computer Aided Facility Management Construction Management Association of America Construction Management Computer Numerical Control City Geographic Markup Language Design-Bid-Build Design-Build Drawing Exchange Format Drawing Web Format Enterprise Resource Planning Guaranteed maximum price Geographic Information System Global Positioning System

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HR HRM IFC HVAC IPD IFC IAI LEED MIS NIST OSHA PM PDF QFD RCC RFID RFI TQM UK US VTT WBS

Human Resource Human Resource Management Industry Foundation Classes object oriented file format Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Integrated Project Delivery Industry Foundation Classes International Alliance for Interoperability Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Management Information System National Institute of Standards and Technology Occupational Safety and Health Administration Project Manager Portable Document Format Quality Function Deployment Reinforced Cement Concrete Radio-Frequency Identification Request for Information Total Quality Management United Kingdom United States Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus Work Breakdown Structure

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XML 3D 2D 4D 5D

Extensible Markup Language 3 Dimensional 2 Dimensional 4 Dimensional 5 Dimensional

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Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

1. Introduction
Buildings and infrastructures are the symbol of civilization. From the very beginning, mankinds are intended to make house for their basic shelter. Later with time, the demand of people increase and according to their demand all kind of civil facilities grown up. The history of this journey was glorious. Mankind built the giant Pyramid, Great wall before making the BMW car. So people have knowledge from the beginning of civilization to built infrastructure with traditional developing technologies. With time the technology and knowledge developed and for that reason now on this age we see mega structures, high rise skyscrapers and so on. The development of industrial sector increases rapidly in the last century. This development also touches on the construction industry. People need new spaces for work, for industrial work, for power and facilities that can meet the ongoing demand of the society. With the increased and development of global trade in manufacturing industry, poses a cold competition to make better products in desire quality, reduce wastes and provide efficiency in every phase of the production management. So that the product can be made in quality and meet the demand of the consumer. Like any other manufacturing industry construction industry is also a big industry. Its a unique production industry. Every construction project is different here. They are different in size, in use, cost and so on. So it is clearly assumed that the complexity of this industry is much more than any other manufacturing industry due to the uniqueness of each construction project. The complexity starts with expectation of the owners and ends with the life cycle process of the structure or infrastructure. As a result this industries productivity is quite low than other manufacturing industries. They produce much more wastes in material, time, money and obviously organizational value. In recent NIST report shows that, the annual waste in construction industry in US alone is $15.8 billion1. From this it can clearly assumable the world construction industry produce how much wastes in total construction projects. The forms of wastes are defined by Sir John Egan. A study conducted in USA, Scandinavia and UK shows that, the problems are as follows Up to 30% construction rework

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

Labor is used at only 40-60% of potential efficiency At least 10% of material are wasted 2

From the beginning manufacturing industries are concern about the productivity of the process system, market development, new technologies and implementing efficient management system. So that, now we can see so many new production theory or concept that can reduce wastes, increase efficiency and so on. As an example, so many production companies in USA and Japan applied Deming price philosophy. Dr.W.Edwards Deming focus on manufacturing problems and then make some appropriate principles on management, organization an increase quality and simultaneously reduce costs( target set as reducing waste, rework, staff attrition and litigation with increasing customer satisfaction.) Dr. Deming thinks it as a process of continual improvement and think of manufacturing as a system, not as particular part. In the beginning of 1990 there was a new manufacturing concept came named as Lean manufacturing or simply termed as Lean. The main concept of this philosophy is to increasing efficiency, decreasing waste and using empirical methods for making decision rather than followed traditional ideas. Lean concept came from Toyota production system, when they remove their 7 wastes to improve value.3 Later this principle is widely used in manufacturing companies to improve quality and remove wastes

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1 2

Solibri magazine/ 1.2010/open BIM is here/by Heikki Kulusjrvi/CEO Solibri, http://www.solibri.com/documents/englishmaterial/solibri-magazine-1-2010/download.htm access 17.01.2011 time, 4.30 PM BIM Journal. Issue 1; 2009, BIM Concept over budget, delays, rework, standing time, materials waste, poor communication, conflict. Page -1, bimjournal.dev.asentechdev.com/index.php?option access 17.01.2011 time 5. 13 PM
3

Holweg, Matthias (2007). "The genealogy of lean production". Journal of Operations Management 25 (2): 420437.

doi:10.1016/j.jom.2006.04.001,access 1.28.2011, 6,17 PM

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

Construction projects are fully occupied with various kinds of wastes. The type of waste can be defined as waste in time, waste in money and waste in value. To reduce this wastes construction or AEC industry also focused on to develop the management system and the production process. While construction process are different from other projects in a fashion that, in a single construction project the no. of stakeholders are quite large and even the process is complicated than other industries. To minimize wastes construction industry also followed Lean construction principles. The main principle is same to Lean manufacturing process. The process came to known by Lauri Koskela in 1992 in construction. From research it is found that traditional construction management system not able to perform execution in project maintaining time, quality and budget. The reasons behind that found by 6th annual survey of construction owners by CMAA, "While the cost of steel and cement are making headlines, the less publicized failures in the management of construction projects can be disastrous. Listen carefully to the message in this comment. We are not talking about just materials, methods, equipment, or contract documents. We are talking about how we work to deliver successful capital projects and how we manage the costs of inefficiency."4 Hence construction industry also feels to make changes in their working way, to break the traditional system and to adopt new process to reduce wastes. While the practice of Lean construction in construction industry rises day by day as a process. Computer aided drafting or CAD system changes the world from pencil drawing to computer drafting. The development starts at 1970 and from that time the construction and production world changing enormously day by day. The blessing of information technology or computer technology makes the world faster. This change brings us the faster flight from Paris to New York. The production industry also used it quite impressively with management information system; computer numerical controlling system, automation, and prototype build up. This technology makes the production industry more efficient with their process based system. _________________________________
4

http://www.cmaanet.org/,access 1.28.2011,7.05 PM

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

But unfortunately the development in construction industry is not so impressive like manufacturing industry. Perhaps at the beginning of new century a new technology or can be specified as a system termed as BIM changes the construction world. It makes the door open to developed construction industry with digital information. It makes the way to build prototype before original construction takes place. It opens the door to provide better information for better management and better process in practice. It opens the door to implement its better information, inception to completion phase of construction. To maintain success in construction industry it is essential to build up relation with process, technology, organization and the most important thing is knowledge to combine this three things.5 The process applicable in the construction projects are defined in project management body of knowledge. Where cost, quality and time is most important factor. On the other hand Lean Construction principle shows a new way from traditional way to bring success in construction industry. By research, there is a synergy found between Lean as a process and BIM as technology.6 At last in the part of conclusion of this introduction it can be said that, BIM provides support as a technology that build the efficient and productive process of construction. In this thesis the main idea is to make the practical way to support the process system or management system through BIM in the construction phase of the project.

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5 6

Lean Construction, Construction blog, 2008, http://constructiondata.wordpress.com/2008/05/21/lean-construction/, access 1/28/11 , 9.39 PM Revised and submitted 11/2009 to the Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 2009 Sacks, Koskela, Dave and Owen,The Interaction of Lean and Building Information Modeling in Construction, page 1

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2. Construction Project Management This chapter will discuss about the mean of construction management, the phases of construction management and the framework to maintain a construction project. 2.1 Construction Project Management Definition Construction project management is a broad meaningful word. Before giving any idea of construction project management it would be better to know what is project and management. Both words have very deep meaning on its context. Project itself is a big term for explanation. In general, project means to perform some work to achieve a desired goal or destination. From the beginning to end until the desired goal achieved it can be termed as project or project period. A project can thus be defined in terms of its distinctive characteristics-a project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all other product or services.7 Management is the core heart of any industry, company or any process. A phrase given by Mr. Thomas Rohweder Organization never moves itself, only in downhill.8 The key to move organization is management. According toMary Parker Follett (18681933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century, defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She described management as philosophy.9 Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.1
______________________________________ 7 8 9

A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute, page noLeadership course; PPT material by Mr. Thomas Rohweder.

4 Vocational Business: Training, Developing and Motivating People by Richard Barrett - Business & Economics - 2003. Page 51
10

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management

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Now with combining project and management, project management can be defined as; The overall planning, co-ordination and control of a project from inception to completion, aimed at meeting a clients requirements in order to produce a functionally and financially viable project that will be completed on time, with in authorized cost and to the required quality standards.11 With combining this meanings according to the book of Charles Patricks Construction Project Planning and Scheduling the definition of construction project management or construction management is that Construction Management(CM)entails the planning, scheduling, evaluation and controlling of construction tasks or activities to accomplish specific objectives by effectively allocating and utilizing appropriate labor, material and time resources in a manner that minimizes costs and maximizes customer/owner satisfaction.12 Well, construction project management or we can simply term as construction management is not as simple as definition. Cause it consists of enormous task to perform and organizing these tasks is a big challenge for every construction management team. But the main aspect is same for every construction management team to deliver project in time, with estimated cost and in desired quality.13

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11 12 13

CIOB(2002) Code of practice for Project Management for Construction and Development, 3 rd Edition. Blackwell publishing, Oxford. Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana, page -40 Stanley E. Portny, 2007; Project Management for Dummies, 2nd Edition, Wiley Publishing,Inc, page-24

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

2.2 Construction Project Management Phases Every kind of Construction has its own life cycle. The life cycle starts from clients point of view. Clients demand make the inception of the project and later through the successful handover of clients desirable product, in general termed as completion or project delivery.14 Through the inception to completion in the life cycle of the project, it divides the total time in some phases and every phase is managed by different people. The following figure illustrate the general phases occurred in the life cycle of construction projects.

Figure 1.1 Life cycles on construction projects.

15

Well, for any project the most important factor is projects owner. The word owner is used in a big context. Owner means the person who will initiate the project financially. Thus the owner can be a group of people like stakeholders, developers or it might be government project. Every project is the result of owners demand. The set begins in this way that, to meet owners demand a group of people worked together in some stages to deliver the project. The total period starting from owners idea, can be divide in three major stages or phases. _______________________
14 15

Peter Fewings, 2005, Construction Project Management, An Integrated Approach, Taylor and Francis, London And New York ; page 7 Construction Project Management, An Integrated Approach; by Peter Fewings; page 8;Source CIOB; CIOB (2002) Code of Practice for Project Management for Construction and Development, 3 rd Edition. Blackwell Publishing Oxford.(figure 3.1)

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

The phases are as below1. Preconstruction phase 2. Construction phase 3. Project delivery phase The whole project life cycle majorly divided in these basic three stages. Where in every stage construction management team find new personnel and new approach. 2.2.1 Pre Construction Phase As earlier mentioned project starts with the idea of owner or end user. From owner the concept of the project comes out and then it goes to architects drawing sheet. In general every project inception phase is the same. After owner the second early participator in the project is architect. From architect idea and drawings the next set begins in the field. After the concept of project the owner think about the procurement way for completion the project. In this case the first issue comes as the contract. It can be said that, design and tendering are the most common preconstruction phase in every construction project.

Project Conception / Predesign

Initial Design/Schematic design

Detailed design/Design development

Implementations documents/Construction documentation

Figure 1.2 Preconstruction phase

From preconstruction stage owner think about the procurement or the project delivery method. Project delivery is another important and crucial part of the project. Because depending on the project delivery method the construction process later goes on. Delivery methods are form of contract with different parties who will take the responsibility to completion of the project. There is several delivery methods exist in the construction industry. These methods are important, cause according to this contract or delivery method

Synchronization of Construction Project Management in Building Information Modeling

contractor or the construction management team has to perform their work. Often in construction industry dispute arise with owner to contractor due to faulty contract agreement. The main part of preconstruction phase is to select the delivery method and according to this owner gives the working order to the contractor or related organization. The common delivery methods are described below 2.2.1.1 Design-Bid-Build The definition of DBB or Design-Bid-Build is that, A project delivery method in which the owner holds two separate contracts for design and construction. This method is often referred to as the traditional project delivery method.16

Owner

design

Contractor

Figure 1.3 Design -Bid-Build process

Design-Bid-Build is a linear concept of delivery process. In this method, three parties play the major role in the total construction. At first, owner makes a contract with architect for the total or partial schematic design. It depends on Owners interest. Feasibility study can also be on this stage or owner can make it by different organization. But normally the feasibility study is done before preliminary design stage. Architect at first make the preliminary design, schematic design and in later the total final design. The final design will be the joint collaboration of total design team where mechanical, electrical and plumbing engineers are also take part in the design phase. After the completion of design, design team focus on the documentation for general contract bidding. They make the design document in digital PDF or in CAD files. ___________________________________
16

Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana,page no-47

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10

Well there is an always complexity in sharing information of design in general bidding. Contractually, however, the design team is not typically responsible for sharing digital files and often doesnt to limit any involuntary editing or further possibility for misinterpretation of information.17 In this method, there is no communication between the designer and design team with the contractor. Because in this method they are not bounded with any legal agreement for data share in construction phase. Its a linear approach and there is no involvement of general contractor regarding design. The main responsibility for contractor is to perform work according to the design document and accomplish the project in time with desired quality and cost.18

Design

Bid

Build

Figure 1.4 Design-Bid-Build structure

Under the design-bid-build method, the owner warrants the sufficiency of the plans and specs to the contractor. If there are gaps between the plans and specs and the owners requirements or any errors and omissions in the design, the owner is responsible for paying for those corrections.19

________________________
17

Brad Hardin, 2009; BIM and Construction Management; Proven tools, methods, and workflows, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-09
18,19

Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 48

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11

2.2.1.2 Design-Build Design build is quite flexible delivery method. According to Design-Build Institute of America ( DBIA) the definition for design build method is, The design-build form of project delivery is a system of contracting whereby one entity performs both architectural/engineering and construction under one single contract. Under this agreement, the design builder warrants to the contracting agency that it will produce design documents that are complete and free from error(design builder takes the risk). The selection process under design-build contracting can be in the form of a negotiated process involving one or more contracts, or a competitive process involving one or more contracts, or a competitive process based on some combination of price, duration, and proposer qualifications. Portions of the overall design or construction work can be performed by the design-build entity or subcontracted out to other companies that may or may not be part of the design build team.20 The design-build concept is getting popular in the construction industry last 10 years. This kind of delivery system widely termed as single-source project delivery method.21 In the client point of view design-build is much more easier to monitor and reduce the risk from client. In this method design-builder takes the responsibility or warrants of delivering proper information to owner. Normally design- builder party takes liability for any lags in the plans and specs according to owner requirements for the performance of the building.22 In design build method the main advantage is effective communication between designer and contractor. There is an opportunity for general contractor participate in the project from the conception of the project. Thus this creates a better understanding, co ordination and planning in field construction. In this method all the participators of the project can get better collaboration during all the phases of the project. Well its necessar y to make a clarification a relationship between architect and other people ________________________________
20 21 22

Brad Hardin, 2009; BIM and Construction Management; Proven tools, methods, and workflows, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-11 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 50 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 5

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In DBB method there are three different parties. In DB method perhaps players are same, but they configured in a little different way. The three key player as early mentioned are, ownerdesigner-contractor. The Design-Build method demonstrate in three different ways, they are as follows2.2.1.2.1 Designer and Contractor Relationship In this type of relationship two company or firm, as one architectural and one general contractor makes an agreement to work together in any project and the risk of the project will beard by one of those players. Either the lead can be taken by architect company or by general contractor company. In general case, the player who makes the contract with owner takes the lead. As an example if general contractor made contract with owner team than general contractor has to provide for both design and construction service for the project. In this case general contractor hired architect for design. Here is the difference from DBB method, where owner has to hire the architect for design. In vice versa if the contract is designer led contract where architect or engineer firm made contract with owner will hire general contractor for construction. In this case the second party will act as subcontractor for the first party and dont have any relation with owner. Approximately 56% of all design-build projects are led by contractors.23 2.2.1.2.2 Full Service Design Build Firm In this method everything goes under one roof. One company will provide architectural drawing and construction support. Hence the communication is much better and reduces the risk. The scenario is that this type of companies are fully serviced organization where architect, engineers and other people worked together to accomplish a project and this one liked by owners mostly due to less contractual and legal works.24
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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 51 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 51

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2.2.1.2.3 Joint Venture The joint venture configuration is similar to the designer and contractor partnership with one exception: the design firm and the construction firm actually create a legal entity, the joint venture, for the purpose of carrying out the design and construction of a specific project. Under this agreement, both parties are at financial risk for delivery the project.25 2.2.1.3 Integrated Project Delivery Method This is quite a new method of delivering project and it has gained popularity as an integrated solution.26 According to American Institute of Architectures May 15, 2007, working definition version 1:Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is a project delivery approach that integrates people, systems, business structures, and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. IPD principles can be applied to a variety of contractual arrangements, and IPD teams can include members well beyond the basic triad of owner, architect, and contractor. In all cases, integrated projects are uniquely distinguished by highly effective collaboration among the owner, the prime designer, and the prime constructor, commencing at early design and continuing through to project handover.27 The main advantage of early involvement of contractor in the design is that, with his/her view architect produce better design documents which can able to reduce time over run, cost overrun and most important bring value engineering in construction.

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana,Page no-52 Brad Hardin, 2009; BIM and Construction Management; Proven tools, methods, and workflows, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-20 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 53

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2.2.1.4 Construction Management Method Construction management is also worked as a type of contract. In this method a construction management company makes a contract with owner for the project. This kind of arrangement worked in two different ways2.2.1.4.1 Agency CM Its one of the contract methods where, A construction management option in which the construction manager acts in the owners best interests at every stage of the pro ject from design through construction. The construction manager offers advice and project management services to the owner but is not financially responsible for the construction.28 In this method there are three contracts. They are between owner and designer, owner and contractor and the last one with a construction management company as a representative of the owner in the project.

Figure 1.5 Agency CM approach29

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 48 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 48

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2.2.1.4.2 At-Risk CM The CMAA defines the at-risk CM project delivery method as an option that entails a commitment by the construction manager to deliver the project within a guaranteed maximum price (GMP). The construction manager acts as consultant to the owner in the development and design phases but does the work of a general contractor during the construction phase. In this scenario, there are only two contracts, one between the owner and designer and the other between owner and at risk CM.30

Figure 1.6 At-Risk CM process31

After selecting the contract method owner gets relieved from the project. The next responsibility will taken by contracted parties. To make clear about one thing in preconstruction phase contract or bid is an important part. Because project budget and time line is a big factor for the project. And these two crucial features set up at the preconstruction phase. In bid or negotiation contract procedure general contractor has to submit project cost and time line. In some cases it might be come from the owner. The contract awarding procedure is different in different methods. DBB is a public or open procedure, but for the others it might not be open or public. Turnkey, BOT and some others contracting methods are also available in construction industry ________________________
30 31

Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 49 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no- 49

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Figure 1.7 Non residential design and construction delivery method in U.S.A32

Preconstruction works are finishes with selecting project delivery method, completing design, make estimation budget of total project and decide the time line of the project. After that make bid or contract with project cost and time, and reward the contract to general contractor.

Award Contarct for Construction

ProjectDelivery method selection

Bid/Negotiation

Design

Estimating cost and time

Figure 1.8 Preconstruction phase cycle

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-54

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2.2.2 Construction Phase After getting the job and design documents, now construction management job will start for general contractor. While in this cases before making the contract with owner or after getting the job general contractor has to made some contracts with subcontractors and initiate the work. Construction management consist inception to completion time period of the project. Where estimating, design and contract administration takes part at the pre construction phase of the project. In construction phase the main construction management tasks can be separated in the following ways-Managing job site and construction operation. - Planning and scheduling the project - Monitoring and controlling the project performance -Managing project quality - Managing project safety - Assessing project risks.33 These are common construction management responsibilities at the field in construction phase of the project. 2.2.2.1 Managing Job Site and Construction Operation Construction will take on a certain place. So for the builder this place is important to set up necessary infrastructure for the people who will work in the project. General contractor or sub contractor has to provide necessary logistics such as construction tools, equipment,traffic,parking,deliveries,storage,security,communications,signage,safety,trash,drinking water, job trailer, crane everything which is necessary for constructing the project. 34 To manage these issues and provide logistics support is the primary challenge for construction at the beginning in the field construction. _____________________________
Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-56,57
33,34

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2.2.2.2 Planning and Scheduling the Project Planning and scheduling the project is the most vital part of construction phase. Because on this plan and schedule, depends the project success to being on time and save cost and time overrun. In general terms planning are the identification of the job activities and organize them according to availability of resources.

Figure 1.9 Planning process35

Planning job is mainly done by planners and for that planner follows following techniques, Gantt chart for normal construction work as master schedule Line of balance for repetitive works. Linear program or time chain age chart for linear work. Network analysis for complex projects.36

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Richard H.Neale and David E. Neale, 1998; Construction planning, Thomas Telford, London, page no- 6 Richard H.Neale and David E. Neale, 1998; Construction planning, Thomas Telford, London, page no- 24

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Project planning has been defined as the process of choosing the one method and order of work to be adopted for a project from all various ways and sequences in which it could be done( Antill and woodhead 1990,p.8; Callahan, Quackenbush, and rowing 1992, p.2)37

Figure 1.10 Planning and scheduling diagram 38

Scheduling is the determination of the timing and sequence of operations in the project and their assembly to give the overall completion time. Project planning answers the questions. What is going to be done? How? Where? By whom? and when (in general terms, the projects start and end)? Scheduling deals with when on a detailed level39

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37 38 39

SALEH MUBARAK, 2010; Construction Project Scheduling and Control; second Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy; page no-3 SALEH MUBARAK, 2010; Construction Project Scheduling and Control; second Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy; page no-4 SALEH MUBARAK, 2010; Construction Project Scheduling and Control; second Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy; page no-4

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2.2.2.3 Monitoring and Controlling the Project Performance Estimating cost is the part of preconstruction phase. To maintain this estimated cost and time it is essential to monitor and control the project performance. Because if there is no monitoring there will be no control on the project. This is the most sophisticated part for ay construction management team. Project success depends largely on it. If a project is failed to maintain schedule and cost, mostly poor controlling and monitoring is responsible more than other issues. Control is important for managing risks. Its possible to reduce risk in any project by continuous monitoring of the project. The control and monitor issue also discuss at the contract delivery method, that who has the authority to control and monitor project performance. But in general, contractor has the authority to control the project. Contractors or owner control and monitor are necessary to give payment to subcontractor or the contractor. In construction the trend is to give money after completion of certain stage of the project. Its not like that full money will be paid at the end of the project. For project performance measurement there are several tools exists. Among them S curve is famous. S curves are useful to measure performance for people, money, materials and other resources. In S curve the overall progress of the project is possible to measure or monitored in terms of project costs and values.40 To evaluate project condition, construction management team often uses different types of curves. This curve shows the estimated and current situation of any time to the project. These curves can be drawn for cost/value comparison, for cash flow, for labor, plant and equipment.

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Richard H.Neale and David E. Neale, 1998; Construction planning, Thomas Telford, London, page-93

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For monitoring, project team used daily report, completion data and later put it on parallel line of balance or linear programs from where they get the difference between actual and estimated progress of the project.

Figure 1.11 Basic cost/value S-curve41

In industrial world people used MIS or management information system for measure performance and control their production. In construction industry the practice is not so common. But besides this there is an opportunity to practice management information system on construction to measure performance.

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Richard H.Neale and David E. Neale, 1998; Construction planning, Thomas Telford, London, page-93

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2.2.2.4 Managing Project Quality

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), in its much-lauded Quality in the Construction Project: A Guide for owners, Designers and constructors (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000) defines quality as the fulfillment of project responsibilities in the delivery of products and services in a manner that meets or exceeds the stated requirements and expectation of the owner, design professional and constructor. From this definition the contractors task in managing quality is to assure compliance with the technical requirements of the project, as described in the contract documents, through a series of steps that plan, execute, monitor and control the physical aspects of the work.42 Quality brings value in the project. If the quality is not properly maintained than during the warranty phase contractor has to spent money again for those faulty construction which diminish the value of work. More over most of the cases it seen that problem occurred for quality issues with owner. Owner always careful about the quality of the project, thus during the design phase quality of the material or quality criteria are included in the design document by designer. The requirements included dimensions, tolerances, test results, temperatures and other technical specifications. To make it implementable in the field, builder or contractor has to make quality control plan. In some cases during the bid process contractor can be asked to submit a quality plan also. These plans are taken care by procurement or logistics part of the management team that they can manage it during procurement period. More over inspection, field tests and observations are necessary to maintain quality in the project. 43

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F. Lawrence Bennet, 2003; The Management of Construction: A Project Life Cycle Approach; ISBN 0 7506 5254 3, Page no-218 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-58

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2.2.2.5 Managing Project Safety Construction industry jobs are often termed as one of the risky profession for the workers, who involved in the construction. For over all accidental rates, construction industry is the second worst industry after mining and agriculture. The rate is an accident per 1000 of workforce, where it is four times worse than manufacturing industry. In 1992 EU makes a survey of workers in construction and according to their report the work safety in construction was 10-20% worse comparing with others. Moreover Egan shows that this accident makes 3.6% of project costs. By providing safety, maintaining health and the environment of the construction site this amount of money can be possible to save. 44 Job site safety is the most important construction management goal. As an example in Finland construction industries follow the rule that, safety is first. For that in their construction job site death rate is 0%, which is a milestone achievement for Finnish construction industry. They achieve this rate just only providing better safety rules, regulations and maintain them properly in the job site.45 Job site safety is also required for reducing the risk of construction delay and additional cost in accidental or in injury cases. More over human life is important than any other things. So that safety and health of workers are the prime important factor for any industry. By making a proper safety plan and regulation it can be possible to provide safer working environment which is necessary for every construction job site. Construction project success also depends on the safety of the construction site. 2.2.2.6 Assessing Project Risks Risk arises out of uncertainty. Risk in the context of project management is a realistic approach to things that may go wrong on the site and it is used in the context of decision making and in answer to the question, What happens if...? Once a risk has been identified and defined, it ceases to be a risk and becomes a management problem. ______________________________
44 45

Peter Fewings, 2005, Construction Project Management, An Integrated Approach, Taylor and Francis, London And New York; page no- 239 Mika Lindholm; International Site Management Lecturer; ConREM 09; Helsinki Metropolia UAS

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In this context, it needs to be analyzed and a response made usually to accept the risk, mitigate it, reduce it or transfer it. People reactions are important and the response to the same risk varies according to who is effected, how many and who is responsible for it. This may also lead to the ethical question of acceptable risk. It is important then to classify risks so that appropriate action is taken.46 Construction projects are very risky project in terms of profit. In most of the construction project brings marginable profit considering the risks. Hence one simple error can bring catastrophe in the project. Risks are in every phase of the project. These risks are both for owner and contractor. Owner has risk about the profitability of the project and contractor has risk for cost and time overrun which will bring penalty. Thus assessing risks is the important part of construction management team. Continuous monitoring and controlling, proper quality control followed planned activities and schedule, job site safety reduces the risk in the project. Following table shows which risks are taken by whom-

Table 1.1 Risks allocation table 47


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Peter Fewings, 2005, Construction Project Management, An Integrated Approach, Taylor and Francis, London And New York; page no- 195 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-59

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2.2.3 Project Delivery Phase Construction projects are often complex in every phase. From inception to completion of the project construction management team has to do lots of planning how to organize this enormous workload. For that, in construction management team people have to be ironic and construction manager has the ability to take decision instantly to move the construction in right track. After finishing the field construction, its not wise to think that responsibilities are done. The project close out phase is also complicated. In construction, project start up is difficult due to lots of paper work. Like that before project close out or handover to owner some sequential final touch has to performed by the contractor. The construction management team has to figure out those steps and complete them with standard procedure before celebrating handover party. These steps are as followsProject punch out Substantial completion Final inspection Certificate of occupancy Commissioning Final documentation Final completion48

Figure 1.12 Project close out phase49

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-132,133

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2.2.3.1 Project Punch Out In every project there are minor defects found after the completion of the project. Before handover the project, construction management team has to review the total project again to sort out these kind of minor defects which will not acceptable by the owner. For this work construction management team make a punch list. Punch list can be termed as a fault report after inspection done by owner, designer, and contractor in a formal project element checking period. The fault found on this report has to replace again by the contractor before handover the project. This is often a complex job to manage. Cause for these minor works again contractor has to arrange people or may be asked for subcontractor while they are moving already in a new project. Thus it often delays the project handover. These punch list work is important for construction management team or contractor for completion to get the final payment from the owner.50 2.2.3.2 Substantial Completion Every project has definite start and end. But project ending is more complex compared with starting. Every project has two ending periods they are termed as substantial and final completion. When all the work or task accomplished written in the punch list and approved by the architect is termed as substantial completion of the project. In this case architect make inspection through punch list and if the facility is ready to use, issued a formal substantial completion certificate and from that the official warranty period starts. On basis of this contractor get the final payment but still a small amount of money retained by the owner which is termed as retainage. Final completion related with final paper work and documentation such as warranties, product manuals etc. In this step when all paper works are done and given to facility management team, architect again certify for final completion and basis of this contractor get the retainage money.51 ___________________
50 51

Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-133 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-134

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2.2.3.3 Certificate of Occupancy After substantial completion and getting architect certificate, contractor and architect invites official authority to check the project safety and other issues to provide occupancy certificate. These processes might be different in different countries. But there must be some authority who issued the occupancy certificate. After getting this certificate owner is able use the facility.

2.2.3.4 Commissioning Before using any new product, at first its necessary to know the working principle and about the maintenance of that product. Like that in construction, after finished the project it is important to explain the functions of different machineries installed in the facility. This process is called commissioning. Commissioning can be arranged by general contractor or by subcontractor in each area of the project compiling with architect and engineers involved in the project. Commissioning takes part in two phases. In first phase equipments or facility machineries are checked by running them that, they are working properly or not? In the second part of commissioning is related with training of facility management personnel to maintain and operate different instruments in the facility premises. This part is important in this sense that in the warranty period contractor takes the responsibility of functioning equipments properly.

2.2.3.5 Final Documentation In this stage construction management team have to made necessary handover documents which is necessary run the facility in its entire life cycle. After giving this contractor has the responsibility for the warranty period to make repair in the facility. Following documents have to necessary to hand over at the final documentation stage. -Warranties

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-Operational manuals -Inspections and testing reports -As built drawings or record drawings52 2.2.3.6 Warranties Warranties are important in construction management. Because in this period contractor has to take care of the facilities problem and any other construction work for which contractor are responsible. Warranties can be two types. In one type it is written in the contract and another type can be set by the local rules or code. 2.2.3.7 Project Evaluation This is important for general contractor or construction management team to evaluate their performance, their lacking, success and so on regarding the project. Every project is unique in construction and every project scenario is different. Thus from every project construction management team learns new techniques to bring success in the future projects. After this stage officially construction management team ended the project.

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-135

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2.3 Construction Project Management Framework Construction project are divided in some particular management areas. Construction management team is a big team where every person has separate responsibility. According to their work in the management team the total management hierarchy divided in some particular management areas. Following figure shows a typical construction management team.

Figure 1.13 Typical construction management team53

In construction management a management team has to perform lots of work. Its not possible to manage the whole work in an indiscipline way. Thus Project Management Body of knowledge divides the whole management framework in some small manageable frames. This framework processes quite practiced well in all over the construction world. In next page these framework processes will be discussed to understand the management responsibilities in construction work.

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-122

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2.3.1 Construction Project Integration Management

Construction project integration management means the combination and co ordination of all the processes which are required to complete the project. Project integration management focuses in three major areas.54 Project plan development is the first integration approach. Integration management is quite an official thinking work where project manager takes the lead of this integration. Project plan development work relates to integrating and coordinating all project plans to create a consistent, coherent document. Project plan development takes place in the preconstruction phase of the project life cycle.55 In the second stage of integration management, needs to execution of the project plan. For construction it can be defined as the total planning of the whole construction work based on project development plan. Where the plan revised in the executable mode which shows the result and forecasts executable approaches.56 In the third stage, shows the integrated change control in the total project constructability. It can be used as project plan updates, measuring the corrective action of the total plan.57 As a summary, construction project integration management deals with the coordinating project processes, which make a clear view of the project plan, excitability and related forecasting which mostly takes place at the preconstruction phase of the construction management.

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A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; pageA guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; pageA guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; pageA guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page-

41
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45
56

47
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2.3.2 Construction Project Scope Management According to PMBOK 2000 edition, Project Scope Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work required, and only the work required, to complete the project successfully.58 Project scope management process related with scope planning, scope definition, create work breakdown structure, scope verification and scope control. Scope planning process is to creating a project scope management plan, that documents how the project scope will be defined, verified, controlled, and how the work breakdown structure (WBS) will be created and defined. In scope definition it develops a detailed project scope statement as the basis for future project decision. In creating WBS part, management team subdivides the major deliverables and project work into smaller, more manageable components. Formalizing acceptance of the completed project deliverables take place in scope verification stage. While controlling changes to the project scopes are the main part of scope control stage.59 Well, construction project management system varies people to people, organization to organization. But everybody follows the general stages or the general procedure. In project management body of knowledge book, project management institute defines a general guideline or procedure for project management. But construction and manufacturing management procedures are quite different in many cases. Instead of this the general management principles can be applicable for both industries. Scope management is a wide term in the point of view of project management institute. In general its a guideline for the industries to manage the project scope. But its not mandatory to focus the entire step. It depends on organization value and management system how they treat this guideline. May be some construction company has their own philosophy to manage this scope management. May be they dont follow the PM guideline at all, but they define their scope in a different way. The main thing is to emphasize here that, processing way is not the main factor. The main factor is the processing step. And scope management is a step for well construction management practice. ___________________________
58,59

A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute ;page- 56,102

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2.3.3 Construction Project Time Management Time is a limited and important resource in construction management. The proper utilization of this resource brings success in project. PM BOK, 2000 edition gives the definition that, Project Time Management includes the processes required to ensure timely completion of the project. In further to manage this time properly they divide it in 5 major areas. They defined this time management in terms of activity definition, activity sequencing, activity duration estimating, schedule development and schedule control.60 Time management is the part of construction management phase. Because in preconstruction phase general contractor submit a time limit to accomplish this job and the time limit starts in construction phase. Besides that, for owner point of view in addition with this time, owner adds the time for design, bidding and contracting period. With combining this total time, total construction time found for owner purpose. It is important to define it from the beginning for owner because time means money and money comes from bank. More over profitability also depends on time period. However for construction management team time is important because they have to accomplish this job in a certain period and for that they need proper planning and scheduling. More elaborately time management done by planner in planning and scheduling phase of the construction. In this phase planner define the activities with the help of BOQ, or collaborating with estimator or following project management institute guidelines. After that planner makes the sequencing on basis of available resource in general and also define the activity duration. These activities can also be found from the WBS structure. In later planner or time management people make the schedule with help of any method describes in construction phase. After that they monitor the project schedule and control it, which also describes at the project control and monitoring phase. One thing has to mention again here that, PM institute guidelines are helpful for planners to manage the time but they can also use their own methodology and experience to manage time. Again the main philosophy is, time management is important and it might be followed in different ways in different organization. ___________________________________
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A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page-

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2.3.4 Construction Project Cost Management Time, quality and cost are the three angle of project triangle. These three factors are interdependent on each other. To change in one factor made changes in the other factors and overall the project. The perfect balance of this three factors leads to a successful project completion. Thus cost management is an important issue for construction management team. PM Institute defines that Project Cost Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed with in the approved budget. They make a link of cost management with resource planning,cost estimating,cost budgeting and cost control.61 Cost comes after design of the construction. As earlier mentioned after design owner invite tender or proposal to accomplish the project. On that proposal the main criteria is the cost of the project for giving the contract. So that cost management starts from the preconstruction phase. Contrators cost management team or estimator made a cost proposal according to the architectural drawing, profit of contractor, construction costs and keep in mind other costs. While making this estimation estimator has to made a BOQ or resource planning by which estimator find out the exact cost estimating for project. Often subcontractors also helps to make this with providing their individual work costs. After that, if the contractor get the contract, the role of cost management team changed immediately. Now they made cost budgeting for every phase of work and control the cost according to the budget. Cost over run is one of the main factor for many unsuccessful projects. Only cost control is the main key to make the project in estimated cost and budget. For this, in the control phase cost management team used several types of cash flowcurve,s curve, reports and other methods to control the cost in order to complete the project in estimated budget.

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A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page no- 82

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2.3.5 Construction Project Quality Management

Quality brings value in the project and also reputation for contractor. According to PM BOK Guide -2000 Edition, Project Quality Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. These means ensuring project specifications in terms of product and process. PM institute in further broadly define it in three stages as quality planning, quality assurance and quality control.62 This quality management part will occurred in the construction phase of the project. Where quality management team has to make a quality planning for identifying designer and project quality requirements and according this accomplish the procurement stage. Quality management team also has to focus on the quality assurance. Quality assurance can be done by regular inspection of work, based on field engineer report, testing of material before used, perfect workmanship, specified materials and so on. The main purpose of the quality assurance is that project is going on quality that in later warranty or punch out period they dont have to spend money for that. Quality control and assurance are quite similar tasks. Both are linked together. To give proper quality assurance quality management team has to control the quality of work in every phases. Its only possible by strictly follow the quality plan which made by the quality management team by the specification of the contract.

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A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute, page no- 48

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2.3.6 Construction Project Human Resource Management In construction basic resources are often termed as four Ms: men, machines, materials and money. Besides this time is an important resource for construction.63 Among these resource men or human resource management is vital in nature. Because these humans are able to move, they have stress and power limit to work. As an example, a human cannot work more than 8-10 hours in normal cases, but for a machine is possible to operate 24 hours by 3 men. In this aspect human resource management is important in construction management. Project Human Resource Management includes the processes required to make the most effective use of the people involved with the project. It includes all the stakeholderssponsors, customers, partners, individual contributors and others. Project human resource management related with organizational hierarchy planning, staff acquisition and team development.64 In a single project there are lots of people worked together in the management team and also in the field construction. To manage this huge workforce project human resource management is necessary. Human resource management work related with identifying, documentary and assigning project roles, responsibilities and reporting relationships. Moreover it is essential to develop individual a group competencies to enhance project performance.65 Human resource management can be separated in two parts. One part is related to the organizational management work and another part related to the field construction human resource. While field construction workforce are pre planned by the planner at the time of planning and scheduling. They need the logistics support at right place in right time. So that it can be wise to say that human resource management is important to enhance the project communication, managed and organized people at the right place and right moment. __________________________
63 64 65

Richard H.Neale and David E. Neale, 1998; Construction planning, Thomas Telford, London, page no-74

A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page no- 107 A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute ; page no- 107

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2.3.7 Construction Project Communications Management

Communications management is a vital issue for any project. One of the project success key is to make effective communication between various participators inside the project. The definition of project communications management comes from PMBOK Guide2000 Edition that, Project Communications Management includes the processes required to ensure timely and appropriate generation, collection, dissemination, storage, and ultimate disposition of project information. It provides the critical links among people, ideas, and information that are necessary for success. Everyone involved in the project must be prepared to send and receive communications, and must understand how the communication in which they are involved as individuals affect the project as a whole.66 For better coordination in every project communication planning is necessary. In a single project, lots of new people involved in every new phases of the project. Thats why this workforce needs information. The information distribution is the main idea of communication management. Moreover stakeholders information demand varies on person, time and place. So that the aim of project communication management also to send information or make effective communication based on stakeholders need. Communications management is important from the beginning of the project. Information flows every phase in the project. In project control and monitor reporting, data collection and sending to the control administrator is important. By effective communication management it is possible to bring better control in the project. More over communication management is important that it works as a data warehouse for the project. It receives data, collect, store and gather. After that it sends data to appropriate person in right place and time.

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66

A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page117

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2.3.8 Construction Project Risk Management Every construction project has risks. Its not possible to start any project without risk but possible to reduce the level of risk by forecasting. The way through risk can be reduced is called Risk Management. PMBOK Guide-2000 Edition, gives the definition more clearly, Risk Management is the systematic process of identifying, analyzing and responding to project risk. It includes maximizing the probability and consequences of adverse events to project objectives.67 Risk management involved from the preconstruction phase. Before taking the project contractor has to analyze the risk issues related with project. Early identification reduces the risk level or gives time to face or take preventive measure. For that the main job is to create a risk management plan, which will demonstrate the approach of the risk management team. In the risk management plan there will be risk identification criteria, which will identify the activities or events which are relatively risky in the project. After that risk analysis is necessary to determine the level of risk. Analysis can be done either qualitative or in quantitative way. Next job is to develop criteria for take action, for reduce or diminish the risk from that particular activity. To reduce risk level its not enough just to make plan and take action. Continuous measurement is necessary because every new day can able to generate a new risk. So that monitoring is the best way to control risk, which is the main job for a risk management team.

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67

A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page127

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2.3.9 Construction Project Procurement Management Procurement is a stage where management team has to be careful, because procurement is directly linked with project budget, quality and time. Project Procurement Management includes the processes required to acquire goods and services, to attain project scope, from outside the performing organization. For simplicity goods and services whether, one or many will generally be referred as a product.68 Like other management procedure procurement management team also have to make a plan, which will show the procure items. This plan is based on project cost estimate material sheet. Well in the cost estimation period half of the procurement job will be done. In procurement stage project team has to procure these items with project specification. To purchase or procure these goods, procurement management team has to organize bid, quotations, offers or tender from the vendors. After that they have to choose appropriate source, make contract and procure the goods. In that period they have to make a lots of paper work related with seller or vendors. They have to maintain purchasing documents properly. Because at the closing time of the project when there will be an audit about project costs, on that time it will be necessary. Well procurement is not important for purchasing goods; procurement management team also has to place the goods at the right place. Otherwise it will make delay on the total construction. Moreover it is closely linked with project budget and time. So that to keep project in pace procurement management team has to perform efficiently. 2.3.10 Construction Project Safety Management About safety it already discussed in the earlier construction phase, where it shows the importance of safety in construction. To manage safety properly it is necessary to include safety as a management frame, where management team will focus only the safety issues of the construction. ____________________________
Construction Extension to A Guide to the PROJECT Management Body of Knowledge; PMBOK Guide-2000 Edition, page no- 147
68

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Safety Management includes the processes required to assure that the construction project is executed with appropriate care to prevent accidents that cause or have the potential to cause personal injury or property damage. Accidents and personal injuries and deaths that result, have been, a one still a major concern in the construction industry both in terms of humanitarian losses and the direct and indirect costs to the industry. In the United States alone construction accidents cost approximately 6.5% of constructed value or in the order of $50 billion annually. Studies have shown that every dollar spent on a good safety program can result in a four to eight dollar reduction in losses from accidents.69 To manage safety properly safety management team has to make a safety plan and according to this plan they have to take preventive action to keep the construction safety. For that guidelines, safety instructions, compulsory safety guard, danger zone marking, precaution during danger works can reduce the accident risks. Monitoring and reporting regarding safety is also important to keep this in order. Safety is linked with project risk. So that a good safety management approaches can able to lead to a safer and risk free construction. 2.3.11 Construction Project Environmental Management Construction project environmental management is also a crucial issue in the construction. Because to destroy the environment can bring catastrophe in the project, may be the project can be closed for ever. So the main job for environmental management team is to keep the environment in the limit approved by law. The important thing to understand here that, constructions is a monster job, its not possible do this job without cutting tree, making road or make some changes in the environment. But this impact should be in this range that it does not change the ecology and its permitted by the law of local authority. So the best way for environmental management team is to make a plan that what should be happen in the environment through this construction and what kind of impact should be occurred in the environment. They have to make a plan that how to reduce the impact of this in the nature. For that they need to make collaboration with local environmental authority, make communication with surrounding neighbors and after that make a plan that how to keep the environment in good condition. _________________________________
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A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page no- 101

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They have to contact with the neighbors and authority to approve this plan. This is the best way to make everything in legal way. Its not only that the plan is enough for environmental management; the plan should be executed in the field also. Environmental management is an important issue from the beginning of the project. Before taking the project it might be wise for contractor or owner to make an assessment for this how to control the job without impacting the nature. The implementation of environmental management plan in the field is not enough; management team has to control this also. It might be happen by tasting of air, water and soil quality or in some other ways according to the plan. Because in the plan they identified what kind of impact can be possible in which areas. On the construction moment, management team has to control the environment according to the plan and after that if its necessary they have to improve the environment also by their own money and might be its wise to include a small amount of money in the estimation time to develop environment in the time of construction. 2.3.12 Construction Project Financial Management Financial management includes the processes to acquire and manage the financial resources for the project and is more concerned with revenue source and analyzing/updating net cash flows for the construction project than is cost management70 Cost management and financial management are different. The main difference is that in cost management the estimated cost will control related with material, bills etc. But beyond this project have lots of other issues related with finance. For every project contractor has to finance the work at the initial period. He/she has to pay the bill, pay salaries and make project on going. So that from the first day contractor needs money. Owner usually pays not in advance any money. Owner pays the money after completion of certain phase of construction. Thus initially contractor has to run the project by his/her own money. When the question comes about money or finance secondly it comes about the management of this finance or money.
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Construction Extension to A Guide to the PROJECT Management Body of Knowledge; PMBOK Guide-2000 Edition, page no- 117

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So that in construction management a group of people or may be a financial analyst can manage this finance management for the construction work. Financial works often deals with bank, tax system, money inflation and so on. The main job for financial management team is to keep project running by always supply money and deals about finance with other stakeholders in the project. For making a good financial management the best tool again to build a financial plan coordinating with other stakeholders and solve the issues before construction. Keep control of finance in the construction period make the construction process smooth, which leads to a successful completion. 2.3.13 Construction Project Claim Management Claim management describes the processes required to eliminate or prevent construction claims from arising and for the expeditious handling of claim when they do occur. Claim management is an important process in construction. Claims can be viewed from two perspectives: the party making the claim and the one defending against it. Websters dictionary defines a claim as A demand for something due or believed to be due, usually the result of an action or direction. In construction something is usually additional compensation for work claimed to be extra to the contract or an extension of time for completion or both. What distinguishes a claim from a change is the element of disagreement between the parties as to what is due or whether not anything is done. If agreement is reached, then the claim disappears and becomes a change. If not, the claim may proceed to negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and finally to litigation before it is ultimately resolved. Often claims are thought of in terms of the contractor making claim against the owner or other prime party and by subcontractors against the contractor; but claim can also originate with the owner who believes that some requirement of the contract is not being performed by the contractor. Claim management is done by claim identifying, quantification, prevention and resolution.71
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Construction Extension to A Guide to the PROJECT Management Body of Knowledge; PMBOK Guide-2000 Edition, page no- 125

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3. Building Information Modeling Building Information modeling is the new technology in construction Industry. In these sections Building Information modelings definition, mechanism, scope of work, development, usages and tools will be described elaborately. More over the purpose of this section is to give a clear concept about BIM and its features that would be useful in construction industry. 3.1 Building Information Modeling Concept Definition In general definition building information model means a 3D model of construction project which contains intelligent building information inside it and makes proper information understandability with project stakeholders. In a definition of BIM Charles Eastman puts it in Building Product Models: Computer Environments Supporting Design and Construction (CRC Press,1999), BIM is a digital representation of the building process to facilitate exchange and interoperability of information in digital format. For a contractor, BIM is the virtual construction of a facility or structure that contains intelligent objects in a single source file that, when shared among team members, intends to increase the amount of communication and collaboration.72 In definition of BIM technology M.A. Mortenson Company says, An intelligent simulation of architecture. They also define its six characteristics, as: - Digital - Spatial(3D) - Measurable (quantifiable, dimension-able, and query-able), Comprehensive (encapsulating and communicating design intent, building performance, constructability, and include sequential and financial aspects of means and methods), -Accessible (to the entire AEC/ owner team through an interoperable and intuitive interface), and
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Brad Hardin, 2009; BIM and Construction Management; Proven tools, methods, and workflows, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana; page no -3

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-Durable (usable through all phases of a facilitys life).73 As earlier mentioned that, construction industry dont use any simulation that can reflect the constructions pros and cons. While manufacturing industry used this simulation decades. BIM can be simply defined that, its the tool of simulation of a construction project. From a single simulation project stakeholders can derive their necessary information. So the definition of BIM can be, A building information model is a project simulation consisting of the 3D models of the project components with links to all the required information connected with the projects planning, construction or operation, and decommissioning.74 Or BIM can be identified as a modeling technology which can be able to produce, communicate, and analyze building models.75 The definition or idea provide at last it squeeze the BIM definition in terms of building only. While some companies used the same technology for making infrastructure such as Luanda Stadium or Iron horse bridge in San Francisco, USA. They used BIM modeling concept in the construction of this projects. So that it might be wise to say, BIM is not just for building the concept is applicable for all kinds of construction.76

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73 74 75 76

Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston,2008; BIM HANDBOOK, A Guide to Building Information Modeling; John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy; page-13 Willem kymmell, Building Information Modeling: Planning and Managing Construction Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations, McGRAW HILL CONSTRUTION, page-28 Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston,2008; BIM HANDBOOK, A Guide to Building Information Modeling; John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy,page-13 TEKLA, GLOBAL BIM AWARDS 2009,page 38

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3.2 Building Information Modeling Principle As earlier mentioned Building information modeling is a system of simulating the facility before going on construction. The general concept for building information modeling is to make database model which will give total life cycle information through model. But normally architect and other people of AEC sectors just use it as a 3D graphical representation of their project, while this is just a partial function of BIM. In previous section the concept definition of BIM was focused. In this section the model principle or the mechanism of working system will be discussed. At first have to look at what is BIM means functionally? Building Information Model or Modeling? Well both can be explained with BIM and both have the functionality with the definition. Building Information model means, A model of information about a building (or building project) that comprises complete and sufficient information to support all life cycle processes, and which can be interpreted directly by computer application. It comprises information about the building itself as well as its components, and comprises information about properties such as function, shape, material and processes for the building life cycle.77 The ideology of BIM is that, it will create information, store information and works as an intelligent model, where one replacement of data can be viewed in other phases of the design. Now the question comes what type of intelligence has inside BIM? Before describe it, it is necessary to say something about product modeling. BIM comes directly from the idea of product modeling of buildings.

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Jason Underwood and Umit Isikdag, 2010; Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics, Concepts and Technologies; Published in United States of America by Information Science reference, 701.E Chocolate avenue, Hershey PA 1733, page-2

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The definition of product modeling is that, a digital model of a product comprises all relevant information of a product.78 The term product modeling is extensively used in the manufacturing industry. From this definition its clear that, BIM and product modeling are quite similar and to say more precisely BIM is the application of product modeling in the construction industry sector. BIM is a process to generate information and information will be intelligent or the model has itself intelligence. As an example of this intelligence, previously in CAD drawing people have to make changes all the drawings if there were any mistake found in the drawing. That means if architect make a wrong dimension in the plan than he/she has to again redraw it and hence mechanical, electrical, estimating, structural every drawing also have to be changed with the new drawings. It is assumable that man is not a machine, so error is a normal approach. But for that error they have to spend lots of time and money. BIM brings solution by providing intelligent data or intelligence in the model. If architect made a change in the drawing it will reflect in the other parts of the model automatically and with this, other drawing documents can be changed more easily and accurately. In this section the aim is to provide basic idea about BIM working principle or mechanism, not the software architecture details. BIM model software provider used object parametric modeling concept.79 This is the main difference of BIM and CAD tools, that this object oriented parametric objects have intelligence itself.

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Jason Underwood and Umit Isikdag, 2010; Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics, Concepts and Technologies; Published in United States of America by Information Science reference, 701.E Chocolate avenue, Hershey PA 1733, page-2
79

Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston,2008; BIM HANDBOOK, A Guide to Building Information Modeling; John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy ,page-29

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In parametric design, instead of designing an instance of a building element like a wall or door, a designer defines a model family or element class, which is a set of relation and rules to control the parameters by which element instances can be generated but will each very according to their context. Object are defined using parameters involving distances, angles, and rules like attached to, parallel to, and distance from. These relations allow each instance of an element class to vary according to its own parameter settings and contextual relations.80 Another important aspect to discuss about BIM is that, BIM is a process, not a single software based approach. A process, that can able to generate information and able to interpretable by other BIM software. Thats why data exchange tool is an important issue in Building Information Modeling. IFC and other data exchange tools solve this problem. IFC is a type of data exchange tool that makes one model data extractable to other model software, that can extract the information from the model. As an example, Architect build the model in ArchiCAD( a BIM architectural software)and now the job is for structural engineers to make the structural design. But ArchiCAD cannot do structural model design. Thus structural engineers have to choose another BIM software like TEKLA Structure (a BIM model software). Again the problem in TEKLA software is that it cannot read ArchiCAD file or extract data. In this case the total BIM idea will be lost if the model cannot be exchanged by other stakeholders of the project. IFC brings solution for this. IFC make the data interoperate able by converting it as an IFC file or other method are exist to make this data exchanges, but IFC exchange is quite common in such issues. Hence Tekla software can extract data from ArchiCAD model and make the structural model, based on architect model information. In this way one model information is shared or used by other stakeholders and build particular model and simulate the concerning issues before construction takes place. ____________________________
Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston,2008; BIM HANDBOOK, A Guide to Building Information Modeling; John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy ,page-29
80

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3.3 Building Information Modeling Scopes Again to remember about BIM is that, BIM is not a single tool. BIM is a process to make collaboration, understanding, communication and visualization. In this aspect, BIM has particular scopes for implementation. This section will briefly discuss about that scopes which are required to perform construction project through BIM. 3.3.1 Architectural Scope Architecture is the key player for any construction. The starting of project start with architects schematic drawing. In terms of construction process flow, design is the beginning of project phase, where architect take the role of designer. It might be possible architect has a full functional design team collaborating with structural, MEP models. But in normal cases architect provide the basic architectural design document. The scope of architectural work fully depends on the contract. BIM start contribution in any project by architectural scope in design phase. As early mentioned BIM provides visualization and intelligent data, that provides architect better design efficiency, better visualization, understandability and errorless design document. Architects drawing are the basis of construction. Depends on architectural drawing rest of drawings like structural, MEP drawings are made. In projects the communication and collaborating problems start with design drawings. Where for a single error whole documentation time increased. The first success of BIM is collaborating and communication, where all the design team get the model based drawing from architect and they worked together under one platform which makes the work smoother, faster and reliable. Previously architects used 2D paper based hand drawing. There is only pictorial data, which dont have any intelligence itself. Later 3D model comes for visualization, but still now they are not able to build the real virtual environment. Building information modeling can be considered revolutionary in the way it transforms architectural thinking by replacing drawings with a new foundation for representing design and for aiding communication, construction, and archiving based on 3D digital models.81 ________________________
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Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston,2008; BIM HANDBOOK, A Guide to Building Information Modeling; John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy,page-151

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Architects are the major user of BIM in design. According to McGRW Hill Construction, 2010 report architects are the project participants who are perceived to experience the most value and its 71%. The question is how BIM provide architectural scope through its component? From user experience the answer is that, BIM is the process that gives more detailed, virtual and intelligent drawing information in a minimum time. More detail means it give architects more option, more choice for drawing which provides the maximum level of detailed information like the type of the brick of a wall or the material of the ceiling and so on. Virtual means it gives the real life accessibility in the project and explores different area and modifies them according to clients choice and other project participators recommendation. Intelligent in this sense that it provides parametric objects with intelligent behavior of that object models. As an example a window placed in a wall. Now architect wants to change the position of the wall. For normal CAD system architect can move the wall, not the window. But BIM 3D models have own intelligence. It changes the window position with changing the wall position. A single change in the model automatically adjusted in every documents and phase of the drawing which saves time if there is any mistake in the drawing. More over it gives the more detailed design document with high level of detailed information and different perspective drawing at a time. 3.3.2 Structural Engineering Scope Structural design is the second part of any design document. On the basis of that document the structure will be cast in place. The process is like that, after completing the architectural design architect sends the design document to structural engineers. On the basis of architectural drawing and dimension structural engineers make the structural component analysis and drawing. Structural drawings or models are important for field construction understanding and for fabrication of component BIM plays a significance role on this structural engineering. Through BIM software according to architectural model the structural model can be made easily. The advantages are same as BIM gives in architectural scope. Better communication, collaboration, understanding and better visualization. The total process is similar to other industrial

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process. Like manufacturing plants has separate section for separate work and after one phase complete the product comes to another section. Like this way, design is also a product and BIM is the process that combines the processes. After finishing architectural model, design model send to structural model section and then structural engineers made their own model or merge components on that model. Right this moment the legacy for BIM is that, there is no one composite model that can carry every information for every aspect of work. But the design models are quite same and they can merge through IFC one software to another. As a simple example architect made the plan in ArchiCAD or Autodesk Revit and convert it as an IFC file which is readable to structural model software TEKLA. After that structural engineers made the structural model in TEKLA, on that IFC model and later merge it to original ArchiCAD architect model. Hence from that, a single model has both structural and architectural information. In procedure BIM gives the same advantages as like architectural scope. In general BIM working principle is for every aspect is same. Intelligent data, better design in short time, real time realization and level of details in documents are better. 3.3.3 MEP Scope MEP means mechanical, electrical and plumbing work. This work also needs a design drawing and following those design drawings main contractor or subcontractor performed their job. In construction these works need coordination with the architectural drawing. Because with coordinating architectural drawing the rest of drawing documents are made. The design documents are complete with architectural, structural and MEP drawings. In broader way these parts are all belongs to design part or the preconstruction part. BIM plays the same role here for MEP drawings, like structural and architectural drawing. Make effective communication system between all the drawings. MEP drawings are also based on architectural drawing or model. So that the concept is same, at first have to made the architectural model and make it interpretable with other MEP design software with IFC or other data exchange format like CS2 and so on. Later phase the same model is used for MEP design model and merges it to the original architecture model.

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So that a single model file contains the both MEP and architectural information. But for MEP subcontractor design documents with MEP data are more required than architectural data. The key concept of BIM is also same here. Make visualization, collaboration, effective communication and better design documents. BIM make coordination with all design works. This was not possible previously in paper based drawing or in 3D drawings. But BIM makes integration on the drawing documents, so that if there is any error found on the architectural drawing architect can change it easily and communicate with other parts designer effectively. As a simple working process, while architect made the architectural model than transfer it into IFC format and share this model with MEP design team to make the MEP model. MEP designer grab the information inside the architectural model and make the design and later transfer the model or merge the model with the main architectural drawing. Now a single model have both architectural and MEP information. As an example, if architect make the architecture model in Revit Architecture a BIM product of Autodesk and later transfer it to MEP designers. MEP designers made the design thorough Revit MEP, another software from Autodesk mostly used for MEP design. In this way they can able to build the MEP model with architectural information. 3.3.4 Fabrication Scope In now construction world precast is a famous method to construct infrastructure due to control quality, reduced risk and doing work more efficiently. Construction can be done either precast method or in cast in situ method. Where precast method means made the components in the industry like slab, beam, column, sandwich concrete panel and so on. In cast in situ method everything is done on site. Like make the framework, make mesh of reinforcement and then placed concrete. Basically these things are mostly happened for concrete structures. Its also possible to build concrete precast structure. But for steel structure precast method is widely accepted. Because its not wise to make frame and then pour liquid steel inside the mould for make a steel column. Steel construction is similar to timber construction. Where steel columns, beams are made in industry and later join them with bolts or welding according to the structural design.

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Fabricator issue in construction comes if any part of the construction component has to make in industry. More simply in precast method fabrication is an important part and fabricator is a part of design team mostly related with structural design. Structural designers dont produce shop drawing; they just make the structural drawing and general component drawing. Later fabricator has to make drawing according to structural drawing information and made shop drawings for fabrication purpose. After that structural engineer or designer matches these drawings with the structural drawing and if everything matches than fabricators go for fabrication for the elements. Fabrication works and no. of shop drawings are much more than structural drawings. For a 1000 ton steel structure building generally 7080 construction drawing needed while the no. for shop drawing goes more than 1000.82 For that instance fabrication work need more digitalization or model based system to create the exact component for the structure. BIM gives the fabricator to made better shop drawing and combining the model data with CNC to increase productivity. As early mentioned BIM is a virtual model based digital database system that brings visualization, understanding, collaboration and communication. These things are much more needed in fabrication and structural detailing drawing of construction. While structural drawing can be used as a fabrication drawing. As an example Tekla structure is a software that provides structural model with fabrication. It means one model has the information for both structural work and for fabricator. Thus these models are widely used by steel fabricators for complex project. According to James Sutcliffe (Sutcliffe Construction U.S) said, As our structural design broadens, so do our business opportunities. Tekla Structures allows us to assess our clients individual requirements so that accurate drawings are produced accordingly. This ensures a smooth and continuous fabrication process.

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Revit BIM and Digital Fabrication, http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/revit_bim_and_digital_fabrication_mar08.pdf access 1.3.2011, 16.45 pm

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The process is simple like other scope of using BIM. In this case the structural model and fabrication model or shop model are quite similar. The main difference is in the useable BIM software. Some software provide structural model with digital shop drawing like Tekla structure. On the other hand some softwares like Revit Structure the design model later adjusted or make more informative with the help of Robobat RCAD a steel detailing solution.83 With the help of this two software more accurate shop drawing can be made and can be executed digitally with CNC machines which is using in some steel fabrication firms.84 The main purpose of this BIM based fabrication is that to understand the complex fabrication procedure in real virtual environment, generate more information that helps to fabricate with collaborating structural model or designers for better productivity.

Figure 2.1 Fabrication from design data to CNC85

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Revit BIM and Digital Fabrication, http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/revit_bim_and_digital_fabrication_mar08.pdf access 1.3.2011, 16.45 pm www.bimoutsourcing.com/bim-for-fabrication.htm, access 1.3.2011, 17.00 pm BIMcurriculumn12,Lecture10Co.Pdf http://www.graphisoft.com/education/curriculum/ access 6.3.2011, 3.11 P.M

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3.3.5 Construction Management Scope Construction Management has a broad meaning in sense. Even every job in construction is related with construction management. In previous section construction management pattern it discussed, that construction is a three stage management system where the role of construction management team is different in every phases. For some people construction management might be the management of field construction or related with cost, schedule and control that system. But the real scenario is that management is an essential tool from the very beginning of the project. The mode of management can be changed in different phases, like in preconstruction phase the management system has to focus on design documents and contractual issues. In construction phase the focus should be more on field construction related task like cost control, scheduling, quality control and other issues related with construction. In the post construction phase the management role again changed and they focused on commissioning and project delivery documentation etc. In case of BIM, BIM has no direct construction management approach. BIM is a technological development in process which makes management task more productive. But BIM individually is not a management system. Currently BIM solutions are mainly provided supports on construction management process into cost estimation, scheduling and simulation of the project. But BIM has the potentiality to synchronize the management work from inception to the life cycle of the project. The main objective of this thesis is to demonstrate a path or discover the new ways to implement BIM in construction management stages. Currently BIM is enabling to do scheduling through the model data. For that many software has integrity with the model. Like Tekla structure make schedule according to model component and according to scheduling made simulation. In Tekla bar chart is used for scheduling, while bar chart is not the only solution for scheduling. Vico is pioneer in scheduling with BIM model data. Vico get the data from Vico cost planner as bill of quantity and according to this scheduling can be done in Vico control. Vico constructor gives the 5D represent as cost and time simulation of the building. In this way

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BIM work process flow through architectural model to schedule model. It might be wise to say it as a time model of building. It simulates the construction in terms of time. Cost is an important part of construction. In project management triangle cost is one of the angles. Cost is related with cost estimation, cost monitor and control that bring the success to do the project in estimated approach. Cost estimation is the part of preconstruction phase, during the contract awarding moment cost is an important criterion. Even for some contract method like DBB method cost is the main criteria to give contract award. Cost is the most important parameter for successful project. Cost estimation is also having vital significance due to dependency of contract award. For cost estimation or cost management, estimator need s quantity and the accuracy of the estimation is fully depend on grab the exact quantity from the project drawing or from the project model. Quantity is nothing but a kind of information or data. Design models like structural models, architectural models, MEP models, fabricator models are giving that quantity or intelligent information. By using that quantities estimators make the total cost estimation with material price and labor consumption. In traditional way, estimators takes the quantity manually from the drawings provided by architects, which is more time consumable and have chance to make error. Estimators also can use digitizer which makes the estimation process little easier than manual quantity take off. But still the problem of efficiency remains in the total estimation. More over it is more time consuming due to manual quantification, 50-80% time of estimation is just used for quantification.86 BIM provides support in quantification or information take off. The process is that, BIM support model contains all the necessary quantity based information and a suitable software grab all the quantities from the model and transfer it on a excel cost sheet and estimator put the material price and from that get the exact cost estimation of the total project. Due to take quantity from the model the quantity information are as same as the model has. The intelligence is here that, a single change in the model can be replaced on the quantity also.87
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BIM and cost estimation, BIM_cost_estimating_jan07_1,http://ebookbrowse.com/revit-bim-cost-estimating-jan07-pdfd63601557_.pdf, access 1.3.2011, 8.21 PM BIM and cost estimation, BIM_cost_estimating_jan07_1_,http://ebookbrowse.com/revit-bim-cost-estimating-jan07-pdfd63601557 access 1.3.2011, 8.30 PM

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The procedure for the information takes off or quantification is the same like other ways. Separate models are used to quantify separate objects. Like architectural, structural, MEP, fabrication each model has different sorts of material or component. So that estimator has to take the quantity from each of the model. The lack of this system is that, still now BIM is not able to manage a composite model that can hold all the quantity information. Some BIM software has integrated quantity giving system. But most of the cases the following system is that, transfer the model into quantity software readable format and grab the information from that particular quantity software. Like application programming interface system Revit model file exported to Innovaya or U.S cost to grab the quantity.86 More over Autodesk has Autodesk quantity take off software which also do the same job by grabbing quantity from the model. Solibri model checker is also a solution to collect quantity take off information directly from the model. The control and monitor system of cost can also supported by BIM. Like BIM model cost information can be transferrable to Vico control software as a bill of quantity and later Vico control will generate the schedule along with cash flow diagram and also check the cash flow control. Perhaps for controlling BIM or Vico will provide necessary information. On this way the cost estimation, monitor and control can be done through BIM process. 3.3.6 Facility Management Scope Now in construction process facility management part also joined together from the very beginning of the project. Facility management process will start after construction phase when contractor will hand over the project with commissioning of the facility. BIM brings the idea to include facility management involvement in the preconstruction phase. In this phase or until completion the construction, facility manager has not to do anything. But facility management team has to gain a clear idea about the facility and makes plans for future facility management. The main role of the facility management team is that, to maintain the facility within minimum cost on the desired time period of the facility. So that they need information about the whole facility that they can calculate the energy demand, air demand and other stuffs related with facility management system. ________________________
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BIM and cost estimation, BIM_cost_estimating_jan07_1,http://ebookbrowse.com/revit-bim-cost-estimating-jan07-pdfd63601557_.pdf, access 1.3.2011, 8.30 PM

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Without BIM the system is, after construction general contractor make the commissioning of the facility. After that they hand over all the drawing documents and all the installed equipment manuals and so on. But the process again comes in paper based drawing system. Where there is a chance to misinterpret data. In these days facility management team used computer aided facility management system or CAFM, where they stored the facility data from the design drawing by scanning. By using polyline method facility management team get the necessary data from the CAD file or paper based drawing file. Where it takes a week for a building and the process is labor intensive and manual.89 BIM makes the process smooth and easy and more accurate by making model based information system. The process is that, BIM software like Revit architectural drawing model can be able to transfer in DWF format files which can be readable by FMDesktop an Autodesk solution for facility management. By using this data share method facility management team hold necessary information regarding facility management like space, occupancy and so on.90 These FM software systems are make a database for the total facility which will provide necessary information in later phases. The implementation of BIM process in facility management is that, through BIM model based information; facility management team can get all the information which is needed for the database of the facility. U.S Coast Guard is using BIM based facility or asset management system and they found 98% time savings through BIM to manage their facility management database. More over this BIM approach make reduction in their labor cost also to enter the spatial information.91

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BIMandFacilitiesManagement;bim_and_fm_jan07_1_.pdf,http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/bim_and_fm_jan07_1_. pdf access 2.3.2011 4.14 PM BIMandFacilitiesManagement;bim_and_fm_jan07_1_.pdf,http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/bim_and_fm_jan07_1_. pdf access 2.3.2011 4.14 PM Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston,2008; BIM HANDBOOK, A Guide to Building Information Modeling; John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy ,page-109

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The advantage of BIM based construction system is that, facility management team gets the idea of the facility at the beginning of the project and they can share their experience to make the design more sustainable or can reduce the life cycle cost. More over facility management team has different real visualized informative 3D models for structural, architectural, cost and MEP system. Through that they can develop their database system and can easily maintain the facility through model based analysis. In this way facility management team take the advantages of BIM in facility management. 3.3.7 Sustainability and Life cycle Scope Sustainability is a concerning issue in construction world. Construction industry is a major source for green house gas emission. In U.S residential and commercial buildings consume 40% of total energy and responsible for 30% greenhouse gas emission. More over producing 136 millions of construction and demolition wastes.92 These data reflects the sustainability demand in construction industry. Not only in U.S all over the world sustainability is a concerning issue. With sustainability life cycle of building is closely related. Sustainability depends on the energy consumption, utility consumption and emission of green house gas. In VTT research centre Finland, they defined some indicators for life cycle assessment of a building, in another sense which also defines the sustainable parameters of the building. Sustainability or green building or echo building main concept is to preserve the living condition through reducing green house gases by reducing energy consumption. For that, like passive house so many design concepts are come to building design. LEED is famous in the worldwide as a national standard for sustainable design. They have a rating system in five major categories: site design, indoor environmental quality, efficiency use of energy, materials and water.93

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U.S Department of energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network(EREN).Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Development 2003, access 2.3.1011, 6. 00 P.M Building Information Modeling for sustainable design, Autodesk Revit white paper http://www.federalnewsradio.com/pdfs/BuildingInformationModelingforSubstainableDesign-white%20paper.pdf, access 2.3.2011 6.15 P.M

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Now in architecture or construction world sustainability is an important issue for environmental aspect and also for life cycle costing. In life cycle costing sustainable elements such as energy efficiency reduces the life cycle cost. In this aspect these two issues are certainly related with each other. More over in integrated life cycle design sustainability is the major concerning issue. For life cycle costing or sustainability, design period is an important phase. On that phase architect can make analysis on energy consumption, prediction of life cycle, demolition waste and so on. BIM has significance on sustainable design. Most of the BIM software are now equipped with sustainable or life cycle analysis tools. Like Graphisoft BIM software has interoperability with Ecotect, green building, Riuska and other software for make analysis on sustainable elements like energy analysis.94 More over Autodesk Revit Building also provides sustainable and life cycle cost information regarding LEED points. Revit building works with Green Building studio for energy analysis.95 3.4 CAD Transformation in BIM CAD means Computer Aided Design or (CADD) Computer Aided Design and Drafting. This is a common term for manufacturing and construction industry. There were a revolution occurred when CAD came to in spotlight. The first CAD software was sketchpad with graphical interface developed by Evan Sutherland in 1963. It was a 2D presentation of lines where it never used as a commercial product, but it has an impact on CAD development. Hanratty develop 2D CAD system in the 1960 period and used it for General Motors research work. In 1970 the transformation from 2D to 3D began.96At the beginning CAD software used FORTRAN as program language and in later the CAD developed with C programming language and the process goes on for development of CAD.97

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www.graphisoft.com/products/archicad/interoperability/energy/ access 2.3.2011, 6.30 P.M

Building Information Modeling for sustainable design, Autodesk Revit white paper, http://www.federalnewsradio.com/pdfs/BuildingInformationModelingforSubstainableDesign-white%20paper.pdf access 2.3.2011 6.20 P.M
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http://www.cad-addict.com/2010/02/from-cad-to-bim-part-i-history-of-cad.html, access 2.3.2011 7.50 PM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design, access 2.3.2011, 7.30 PM

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Building modeling based on 3D solid modeling was first developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Solid modeling CAD systems were functionally powerful but often overwhelmed the available computing power. Some aspects of production, such as drawing and report generation, were not well developed. BIM idea came from the object based parametric modeling. In parametric design, instead of designing an instance of a building element like a wall or door, a designer defines a model family or element class, which is a set of relations and rules to control the parameters by which element instances can be generated but will each vary according to their context. In traditional 3D CAD every aspect of an elements geometry must be edited manually by users, the shape and assembly geometry in a parametric modeler automatically adjusts to changes in context and to high level user controls.98

Figure 2.2 CAD transformations to BIM

Through in this way CAD was transformed in BIM, where the data has intelligence itself. ________________________
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Chuck Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks, Kathleen Liston,2008; BIM HANDBOOK, A Guide to Building Information Modeling; John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersy,page-29

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3.5 BIM Tools Building information modeling is not particular software; it is a system of process. In this process different participators make effective collaboration and communication by sharing design data to all the project participators to reduce errors and increase productivity. Thus BIM is a combination of different software. These software or software group termed as BIM tools. 3.5.1 Autodesk BIM Tools Autodesk is a leading BIM software vendor in AEC industry, founded in 1982. Autodesk focuses on 2D and 3D design and animation software for media also. Autodesk makes a pioneer movement in BIM from 3D CAD to intelligent design systems. Autodesk provides design software which is also used widely in manufacturing industry. AutoCAD is the product of Autodesk widely used all over architectural and design industry. Autodesk has different software which supports the total BIM process. Their BIM solution software informations are provide below3.5.1.1 Design and Documentation Solution Autodesk has different software for design and documentation. Each software is different in work approach but the basic structures of the software are quite in the same frame. Each of them has the ability to make BIM process itself. Design and documentation softwares name and their function shortly briefed below3.5.1.1.1 Autodesk Revit Architecture Autodesk Revit Architecture has the BIM functionality and widely used in architecture and design community due to better collaborative and integrated building design system. It has all the BIM functionality that makes it better in design with maintaining documentation and construction. It has data interoperability with other BIM solutions and has unique features on sustainable design analysis, clash detection, construction planning, and material fabrication.99
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http://usa.autodesk.com/revit-architecture/ access 3.3.2011 11.15 A.M

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3.5.1.1.2 Autodesk Revit Structure Provides structural BIM model contains information for structural design and analysis. Also provides structural design drawings with real visualization and makes a bridge on data share between architect and structural design team. Fabrication has the another important feature of this solution also.100 3.5.1.1.3 Autodesk Revit MEP A Building Information modeling solutions for mechanical, electrical and plumbing designers. Revit MEP has interoperability with other BIM design software like with Revit Architecture for collect the architectural model data and so on. Revit MEP is used for MEP system design and analysis. Also has better coordination with sustainable and cost effective MEP design.101 3.5.1.1.4 AutoCAD Civil 3D A BIM solution for civil engineers to facilitate civil engineering related tasks as transportation system developed, land development and environment build projects. Provide civil 3D model data for geospatial and storm water analysis, general quantity take offs, and also provide automated machine guidance during construction work.102 3.5.1.2 Analysis and Visualization Solutions Following solutions are widely used as BIM tools for analysis and visualization3.5.1.2.1 Autodesk Ecotect Analysis Autodesk Ecotect Analysis software is a tool used for energy analysis, thermal performance, water use and cost evaluation, solar radiation, daylight analysis, shadows and reflections analysis. Visualization and simulation is the key concept of this sustainable building design tool.103 _______________________________
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http://usa.autodesk.com/revit-structure/, access 3.3.2011, 12.00 A.M http://usa.autodesk.com/revit-mep/ access 3.3.2011, 2.45 P.M http://usa.autodesk.com/civil-3d/ access 3.3.2011, 3.10 P.M http://usa.autodesk.com/building-information-modeling/products/ access 3.3.2011, 3.40 P.M

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3.5.1.2.2 Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional Enhance the BIM structural engineering model with advanced structural analysis capabilities for buildings, bridges and other infrastructure facilities. Also used for more detailed fabrication scope. Interoperability exists with Autodesk Revit Structure for better exchange in analysis result.104 3.5.1.2.3 Autodesk 3Ds Max Design Used for better visualization and generate real case scenario of different BIM models in built environment. Generate a single platform for explore, evaluation and make decision by design team. Also have more effective lighting analysis, advanced rendering capability and digital continuity with other BIM solutions.105 3.5.1.2.4 Autodesk Navisworks Autodesk Navisworks software is used for advanced analysis process like clash detection and project simulation. Also used for combining and reviewing the design datas which are created through different BIM software.106 3.5.1.2.5 Autodesk Quantity Takeoff Advanced cost estimating software. Interpretable with other BIM solutions and grab the quantity from different model and make exact model based quantity takeoff.107 3.5.1.3 Collaboration Solution 3.5.1.3.1 Autodesk Buzzsaw and Constructware Both softwares are providing web based collaboration related with project documentation.

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http://usa.autodesk.com/building-information-modeling/products/ access 3.3.2011, 4.20 P.M http://usa.autodesk.com/3ds-max/ access 3.3.2011, 4.40 P.M http://usa.autodesk.com/navisworks/ access 3.3.2011, 5.10 P.M http://usa.autodesk.com/building-information-modeling/products/ access 3.3.2011, 5.20 P.M

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3.5.2 Graphisoft BIM Tools Graphisoft is the leading BIM software vendor all over the world. Last 25 years Graphisoft maintained a pioneer role in virtual building solutions. Since 2007 Graphisoft is the part of Nemetscheck group. They are mainly developing in sustainable architectural solution and provide architectural BIM support all over the world. They have also various BIM based design products, which are shortly described below3.5.2.1 ArchiCAD ArchiCAD is an architectural BIM solution provide by Graphisoft. All over the world ArchiCAD is a famous BIM solution due to its user friendly interface. ArchiCAD provides more focus on design, manage changes easily, evaluate design alternatives, make collaboration with other BIM solutions and has team based coordination approach. In ArchiCAD, Building Information Authoring tools create a central database of 3D model data. From there complete plans, sections and elevation, architectural and construction details, Bills of quantities, schedules, renderings animation and virtual reality scenes can be generated.108 ArchiCAD is a real BIM solution where all the information stored in a central database system and changes in any data reflects all the other datas. Also has open design collaboration that allows other designers to work with ArchiCAD model through their particular BIM solution. ArchiCAD produce intelligent objects, hassle free lay outing and clear communication inside the design team.109 3.5.2.2 ArchiCAD MEP Modeler ArchiCAD MEP modeler is an extension tool to import, edit or create MEP models in the architectural drawing. MEP modeler makes the collaboration between architectural and MEP drawings. More over it has data interoperability with other MEP software vendors.110

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http://www.graphisoft.com/products/mep-modeler/ access, 3.3.2011; time 7.10 P.M http://www.graphisoft.com/products/mep-modeler/ access, 3.3.2011; time 7.30 P.M http://www.graphisoft.com/products/mep-modeler/ access, 3.3.2011; time 7.45 P.M

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3.5.2.3 Eco Designer Graphisoft has sustainable building design analysis software named as Eco Designer. Eco Designer helps the architect to make sustainable design solution providing energy analysis. From that the total energy consumption or energy savings is possible through the detailed analysis. With this software analysis, architect enables to make sustainable design and able to provide life cycle information.111 3.5.2.4 Artlantis Rendering software commonly used for Graphisoft solutions. It provides real time visualization, light effects of the facility. Through data exchange ArchiCAD architectural model can possible to import in Artlantis and is possible to make more realistic view of the project.112 3.5.2.5 Virtual Building Explorer A unique solution for architects to explore the 3D BIM model. It has the power of visualization inside the project, which makes a better view for both owner and architect. More over by that its easy to make decision related with building or facility modification. It makes easy for project participators and for owner to understand the project and make decision. Virtual Building Explorer brings real visualization in BIM.113

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http://www.graphisoft.com/products/ecodesigner/ access, 3.3.2011, 8.10 P.M http://www.graphisoft.com/products/artlantis/ access 3.3.2011, 8.40 P.M http://www.graphisoft.com/products/virtual-building-explorer/ access 3.3.2011, 9.10 P.M

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Figure 2.3 Artlantis rendering114

Figure 2.4 Exporting model in virtual environment 115


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ArchiCAD model made by author for simulation of BIM and rendered by Artlantis ArchiCAD model made by author for simulation of BIM and exporting in virtual environment through virtual explorer

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3.5.3 Tekla BIM Solution Tekla is one of the major BIM software vendors in construction world. Tekla founded in 1966 in Finland. Tekla has several software solutions for construction industry. Among them Tekla structure is the famous BIM process based software. Tekla Corporation is the official provider of Tekla structure software. From the very beginning this software maintains BIM process itself. Tekla has improved its software quality by releasing several versions. Every version is modified by some new tools or new advantages. Currently in construction world Tekla 16.0 is widely accepted specially for steel construction modeling. Tekla structure has some unique BIM features itself. It has all the steel structure elements, through that designer can able to make any kind of steel structure by assembling that parts, can bale to make connections with different connector, detailed connection, create welds and so on. It means that Tekla has the all components regarding with steel structure. So that in steel structure modeling Tekla makes a pioneer movement. Tekla is not just only able to do steel work. Tekla has also the functionality to make concrete structure as well. Tekla has both concrete and steel component. Through that component a concrete model structure can also be possible to make in BIM process. Thus Tekla is widely accepted for structural model also. It has grid options and able to load analysis. Moreover, its also possible to make the model reinforcement in the concrete beam, column, slab or footing. It gives a model of skeleton of the building. Tekla is also famous for fabrication scope. In steel structure or precast concrete structure fabrication is an important part of construction. Tekla gives the fabrication model also. Through that fabricator get the clear idea of the element and make it perfectly as required by the model. Tekla has BIM based data interoperability like, Tekla data can be exchangeable with CIS/2, IFC, CNC , DSTV and so on. Tekla has also unique reporting option. Through that its easy to create reinforcement reports, plot drawings and reports, precast cast unit drawings, general plan, section, elevation arrangement drawings and so on.116 _________________________________
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http://www.tekla.com/INTERNATIONAL/PRODUCTS/TEKLA-STRUCTURES/FULL/Pages/Default.aspx,access 4.3.2011 time 12.34 P.M

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Tekla is a BIM solution that, it has the 2D, 3D, 4D and partially 5D options. Tekla can generate scheduling and schedule based construction simulation, also able to provide cost information related elements. Tekla structure is used as structural modeling detailing software. As an example in Budapest the Microsft office near river Daniub, architectural model is done by ArchiCAD and later this model transferred in Tekla structure to make the structural model. In this way a single project can be used in different aspects in different BIM software and Tekla is one of the major solutions of them.117

Figure 2.5 Tekla structure reinforcement bending model 118

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http://www.graphisoft.com/community/press_zone/global-open-bim-demo.html access 4.3.2011 , 12.50 P.M http://www.tekla.com/us/solutions/reinforced-concrete-designers/Pages/Default.aspx access 4.3.2011, 1.00 P.M

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3.5.4 Vico BIM Solution Vico software is another important BIM solution for cost, schedule and construction management. As early mentioned that BIM is not single software and a single model does not hold the all information. BIM is a process and the BIM vendor software makes collaboration with each other as required to this process. As an example for architectural model ArchiCAD can be used and than that model go to Tekla structure for structural and fabrication model. After that, these models come to Autodesk quantity take off or Vico estimator for cost estimation. Then the same model comes to Vico control for make the scheduling and goes to constructor for construction simulation. So the total path is a process where BIM is a technology of that process, that makes effective communication among all the stakeholders of the project through different BIM software. Vico software focuses on the 4D and 5D part of construction. These Ds are quite fragmented in nature. But in general Vico focuses on construction management part, more precisely in construction estimation, scheduling, construction simulation and construction documentation work. Clash detection is an important part in construction documents. Vico constructability software focuses on clash detection in BIM models. For quantity take off Vico has Vico Takeoff manager which grab the quantities from the BIM model and place it for cost estimation. These data are then transferred to Vico Cost Planner for cost calculation, estimation and value engineering. In construction management cost estimation is the primary phase of the cost related task, the main task is to control the cost, that project will complete in estimated budget. Thus Vico has Vico Cost Explorer which focus on the cost control part of the construction When cost is estimated than the major task for construction is to make the schedule and control the schedule. For that Vico has Vico Control which provides cost scheduling in different modes and its an impressive solution for planning engineers. More over Vico Doc Set Manager used for documentation review which is an important job in construction. Additionally Vico Constructor 5D representer is a famous solution for virtual building simulation with scheduled cost and time.119 _______________________________
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http://www.vicosoftware.com/ access 4.3.2011, 2.28 P.M

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Vico has integration with other BIM solutions. The main approach is that, from other models Vico get the information and make visualization for better understanding and collaboration. As an example the cost model information can be take through other BIM models and the data transferred to other Vico software for make schedule , documentation and for 5D simulation of the construction work with schedule and cost.

Figure 2.6 Vico cost planner120

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http://www.vicosoftware.com/products/vico-office-cost-planner/tabid/85288/Default.aspx access 4.3.2011 2.44 P.M

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3.5.5 Other BIM solutions In construction world there are so many software vendors are providing CAD solution. CAD solution providers are now turned into providing BIM solution due to the increase demand of BIM based construction approach. Among them most famous are Autodesk, Graphisoft, Tekla, Vico. Besides them there are also BIM vendors exist in the construction industry. A short brief about them demonstrated below3.5.5.1 Bentley BIM Solution Bentley is a famous CAD solution provider in different aspect of construction industry Previously Bently provides CAD solutions for AEC industry. Bently provides solution for every sector of construction and even manufacturing industry also. Bently has wide solution for bridge, industry, building, infrastructure, communications, mining and metals, power generation, utilities, water and so on. Bently provides BIM solution in architecture, structural engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering. For architectural work Bentley Architecture V8i, for structural Structural modeler V8i, Bentley Building Mechanical Systems V8i for mechanical engineering, Bentley Electrical Systems V8i for electrical work is used in BIM approach. More over MicroSation V8i is an improved solution for design model, visualize, and documentation.121 3.5.5.2 Solibri Model Checker Solibri model checker is analyzing software. The function of this software is to check the predetermined rules in the BIM models for integrity, quality and physical safety. Solibri model checker brings new technological development in building rules. In every country has some specific building code. For owners, AEC people and government these rules are important for safety and other environmental issues. In some countries like Denmark, Sweden, Finland they made some building model rules and those rules should be maintained in the model. Senate properties in Finland also doing the same thing, each model of building has to follow that rules.122 ______________________
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http://www.bentley.com/en-US/Products/Bentley+Architecture/ access 4.3.2011 3.20 P.M http://www.senaatti.fi/document.asp?siteID=2&docID=517 access 4.3.2011 3.45 P.M

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Solibri model checker provides architectural, structural, MEP and other rule checking benefits. The system is that these rules will be set in Solibri and the model will export in Solibri model checker, than model checker will check the model against that rules. Besides that, model checker gives clash detection and information take off which is also can be used in cost estimation.123

Figure 2.7 Solibri model checker rules check124

3.5.5.3 Nemetscheck BIM Solution Nemetscheck also provides BIM solution for Architects. Vectorworks Architect is the BIM solution which is used by architects.125

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http://www.solibri.com/solibri-model-checker.html access 4.3.2011 3.51P.M http://www.digitalalchemypro.com/DA_Products_Solibri_files/DA_Products_Solibri.htm 4.3.2011,3.51P.M http://www.nemetschek.net/architect/index.php access 4.3.2011,4.10 P.M

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3.6 Data Exchange Solutions Data exchange has significance in BIM. Without data exchange or interoperability it will not possible to establish BIM work flow. BIM is a combination of different software. Each software programming language is different. So that a common format is necessary that can bring the solution of interoperability. Now in the construction world for BIM workflow data exchange solutions are make the BIM process more understandable and more precise. 3.6.1 IFC IFC is a data exchange format provided by building Smart International to smooth the BIM work flow and to bring interoperability in the combined work process. IFC is a neutral data format to exchange data from one vendor software to another. Now in every BIM software vendor take this advantage. Through that they make more easy communication through the data transfer with IFC. As an example the working principle of IFC is that IFC change the data inside the model in a common neutral format and then BIM software again get access that data and make changes. After that, merge it to the previous model.126 As earlier mentioned IFC data exchange format comes from IAI or International Alliance for Interoperability. They at first think about a common platform to make comprehensive collaboration and interoperability in AEC sector. For that they make IFC format which is almost compatible with all famous BIM solution. For that they think make their vision to make a shared model through IFC which is a burning demand in todays construction industry.

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http://www.ifcwiki.org/index.php/Main_Page access 4.3.2011 4.31 P.M

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Figure 2.8 IAI vision shared project model, IAI 1997 127

IFC is currently used by all famous softwares. But for that they need IFC certification and Building SMART or former IAI provides that certification. Following BIM software are now able to generate IFC data for interoperability with other software vendor.
Product ACTIVe3D ALLPLAN ArchiCAD AutoCAD Architecture Bentley Architecture DDS-CAD Facility Online IFC for Oracle CADView-3D MagiCAD Revit Architecture SCIA ESA-PT Solibri Model Checker Tekla Structures Vector Works Discipline Architectural design Architectural design Architectural design Architectural design Architectural design Architectural design,HVAC Facility Management Architectural design HVAC Architectural design All All Structural design All Company Archimen Groupe Nemetschek Graphisoft Autodesk Bentley Systems DDS Vizelia Norconsult Progman Autodesk Nemetscheck Solibri TEKLA Corporation Nemetschek NA Exchange direction Import Import/Export Import/Export Import/Export Import/Export Import/Export Import Import Export Import/Export Import Import Import/Export Import/Export

Table 2.1 IFC 2*3 support software128

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http://buildingsmart-tech.org/news

Janne Salin, product Modeling-IFC ConREM M2.3, http://moodle.metropolia.fi/file.php/1975/conrem_2010/week_15/BIM_week15_IFC.pdf

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IFC is a current solution for the interoperability problem. But still now IFC is not reachable on that stage where data interoperability is perfect. IFC associated with following problem in current stage which is also a big problem for data interoperability Information lost while exporting the model. Means not able to extract all the information in a model. Specification problem related with parameterized data Complex specification129

These are common problems associated with IFC in current stage. Although IFC has problem related lost of information but still now exists as a reliable format to exchange data which contains maximum information. For IFC file, IFC has open viewer which can be used anyone and can be judge the model without parent software. 3.6.2 Other data Exchange Solutions Besides this there are so many different data exchange formats are exist like DWG, DFX, XML and so on. But all of them are not interpretable by all the BIM solutions. Each software vendor has their own solutions. Like Autodesk has DWG, DFX, XML,PDF and other formats. Some of these formats are compatible with other software but not with every software. As an example DWG is a common format for data exchange at the beginning. Graphisoft has also the function to read the DWG or DFX file from Autodesk. But normally for 2D drawing documents these formats are useful not for BIM based solution where there are lots of information on a single model. Hence these formats are not able to keep or store or transform every information with their exchange format. XML is a web based format which has also the same problem. In generally it can be said that, interoperability is a concerning issues in AEC sector and obviously in the implementation issues of BIM. The current formats are not able to transform information in a common format which can be extractable by all the other vendor solutions. Current other solutions are good for traditional work but for collaborative BIM approach, information proper transformation is an important parameter. On this case, current exchange solutions are not able to meet that demand. _______________________
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3.6.3 Comparison of Different Data Exchange Format IFC is the most widely and accepted format used in BIM solution. Although it has also the problems with information lost. Following table shows the difference between IFC and other solutions in a short way
Format IFC DWG XML PDF Others Provider Building Smart Autodesk W3C Adobe systems Various software format according to their data language 2D documentation and transfer IFC include model basd 2D and 3D information Well and defined Model based 2D data interpretation Well and defined Varies according to software support BIM data exchange Currently best solution Information missing Information missing Not able Varies with other software integration with that format Interoperability Interpretable with BIM solutions Maximum BIM solutions interpretable Tekla and few other softwares Not able Depends on integration with other software

Table 2.2 Comparison of different data exchange format

3.7 BIM based Construction Management Case study: BIM is implemented all over the construction world in different areas. In some construction site AEC people used BIM as an improving design tool, as a construction management supporting tool and so on. In this section some implemented case study will be discussed. 3.7.1 Barton Malow Case Study Barton Malow, a well reputed general contractor in U.S. They are used to with BIM technology in construction management area in their projects. They are using Tekla (BIM) solution. They assigned Tekla BIM solution to support cost control and reduce the risk level associated with construction. They make an outstanding result in the Lynchburg General Hospital expansion project through using BIM technology. They used Tekla BIM solution on that project due to high collaborative approach, design coordination and communication with everyone in a virtual real time environment. On this way they minimize their design cost and reduced risks. They used Tekla BIM technology to maximize the benefit in planning and make collaboration

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.
Figure 2.9 Barton Malow Project 3D structure in Tekla130

In this construction project Barton Malow company project manager divide the whole project in three phases. These are utilities phase, structural phase and architectural/HVAC phase. In together they set the GMP for the project. They used Tekla structure in three phases due to high interoperability and manage the total construction management process which brings sufficient savings in their project cost. They saved $20,000 due to early MEP detailing in 3D environment. Thus they dont have to pay this money to the subcontractor to do the same job. They take the collaborative advantage from BIM which saves their time and reduced error. Hence through using Tekla BIM solution, Barton Malow Company increase their productivity in work and saves a good amount of money which is one of general blessing of technology in the form of BIM.131

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BIM Journal. Issue 1; 2009, BIM Concept over budget, delays, rework, standing time, materials waste, poor communication, conflict. Page-1, bimjournal.dev.asentechdev.com/index.php?option BIM Journal. Issue 1; 2009, BIM Concept over budget, delays, rework, standing time, materials waste, poor communication, conflict. Page-1, bimjournal.dev.asentechdev.com/index.php?option

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3.7.2 Construction Management in Bridge Case Study BIM technology is not applied on the building. BIM is applying all over the total infrastructure sector. Such as famous German general contractor Max Bgl used BIM in their projects. Currently they used BIM modeling technology in a Stadium in Bucharest. That is also a significant contribution of BIM that, it is not only applicable in building. BIM can use all types of infrastructure project. Like that in U.S Oakland Bay Bridge (SFOBB) in San Francisco. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) makes the renovation of this bridge. Parsons Brinckerhoff makes the 3D model for the bridge span which shows the completed design. At the beginning the bridge documents were completed in 2D CAD applications. On the basis of that data they build the 3D digital model and use Autodesk 3ds MAX software for getting the real view by rendering. After that, they take the 3D model in Naviswork and build 4D project model and linked it with Primavera based contract schedule. As a result they have now a clear visualized look about the project according to schedule. The BIM involvement in this project brings benefit in design collaboration, about construction processes, bring effective communication and it gives visual representation of the total project to the people through virtual model. The bridge construction authority used BIM technology to make effective scheduling and perform work according to scheduling. They used BIM simulation as the measurement of the project performance. They also used 3D BIM model for structural and MEP components for the total project. The total process is complicated due to so many contracts, but BIM model brings collaboration on the works. They used their 4D model for the prefabricated component. They used BIM simulation to identify potential clashes in the different phases of the project which gives early forecast and reduced the total risk. More over BIM based rendering and import it on the Google earth make a clear view which enables to understand different constructability issues. In this way the total project get benefited by using BIM.132
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Thus this case study is the answer of one of the question of this thesis paper, that BIM can able to contribute infrastructure also. More over to make a clear understanding of BIM is that, BIM is a technological advancement not only for buildings. It can be used all over civil works. May be for some complex projects its need some extra plug in tools to facilitate the the total project. 3.7.3 Summary of Case Studies BIM is used in construction industry discretely. Most people used these technological blessings at the design phase. But overall construction management through BIM still now is a myth. Overall construction management means from the beginning to the end phase of construction is doing by BIM. In Barton Malow and San Francisco bridge case studies they are using BIM as a partial tool to support construction management. Although they take the advantage of BIM in reduction of cost and synchronizing their work. But they are limited in some areas like cost scheduling with visualization and early collaborative documental approach. The total BIM construction management is not take place still now due to the lack of appropriate solution. Besides that, in these two case study projects they take the maximum advantage of BIM in their work through utilize it with different other tools. Following table will summarize the BIM influence in their work.

Category Used BIM solution Design phase Time scheduling Collaboration Other software

Barton Malow case study Tekla structure MEP modeling and coordination other designs Tekla construction management used collaborating time Through Tekla visualization Table 2.3 Summary of case studies

San Francisko Bridge case study Naviswork, Autodesk different BIM solution Existing design remodeled and rendered 4D time scheduling through Naviswork with combining Primavera database Visualization through different BIM solutio Google Earth compiled with BIM

Through this way these two construction projects are taking advantage of BIM in collaborating and visualization of project phase. But this management cannot be termed as total construction management. Even there is no such kind of construction take place which

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is done through complete BIM technology. The reason for that is still now BIM is not so much developed to support the full construction management. But with combining other software support it can be manageable at this stage. The main aspect of this paper is to demonstrate that. 4. BIM and Construction Project Management Linkage Construction project management is a systemic approach or path to achieve a certain goal or product as a building. And Building Information Modeling is a technological support to make construction works more collaborative, understandable and productive. From the previous two chapters or sections the purpose of construction management and building information modeling is now clearly assumable. In this section the relation or linkage of construction project management and BIM will be discussed. 4.1 Construction Project Management Development through BIM Construction project management is a diverse way of management. The management tasks are defined differently in different places or different conditions. But overall the management criterion is to achieve a certain goal with desired cost, time and quality.

Figure 3.1 Construction productivity index compared to nonfarm industries. 133


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These are common fundamental objectives of construction management philosophy. Within time the development of construction increased enormously. So that construction is defined as an industry due to its involvement in national economy. Unfortunately, the productivity of this industry is now getting lower day by day. In project management body of knowledge they focused on more documented work, where it takes much time and has chance of error. This judgment is based on authors understanding and experience. So what might be the solution, for bring productivity in construction? One answer is that to reduce the problems associated with construction. To remove these constraints there is a new system of project delivery named as IPD. Integrated project delivery discussed in construction management section. IPD is a BIM based approach where it is a combined effort of architects, engineers, contractors, sub-contractors, owners. In this project delivery method three major parts are involved. First one, as an integrated practice which means a collaborative process with technological support as building information modeling. Secondly essential principles where every stakeholder are committed to this principles and last one project workflow that begins building in an integrated team and concluding with integrated close out.134More about integrated project delivery will be discussed on chapter four. The main reason to bring it in this section is to make clear that building information modeling has close linked for development of construction management approach. Traditional management systems have poor technological involvement, so that it might be one reason for less productivity with those systems. BIM is a technological support to bring quality, cost efficiency and time efficiency in construction. Well if any one said that, for construction management there is no need to use BIM, the comment will not be wrong. The argument for that is, people make building before CAD and BIM by pen and paper, make estimation manually, manage construction with paper based documentation. But the question comes about efficiency. And the efficiency is now better when people used BIM or CAD for drawing, estimation and management ______________________________
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ipd_definition_doc_final_with_supplimental_info.pdf,http://www.ipdca.net/images/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery %20Definition.pdf, access 5.3.2011 1.21 P.M

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The main aspects of this section is not too discussed about construction management productivity, the aspect is to find the link with BIM and construction management. IPD gives the answer, where they show new management philosophy with BIM. Construction management system needs collaboration, communication, understandability and realization of the project and only BIM linking to management is able to meet that demand. 4.2 BIM and Preconstruction

Preconstruction is the phase where construction documentation work takes place. The phase starts with feasibility study by the owner. After that design documentation is the key job in this stage. This phase has deep relation with BIM. In the previous section where BIM scope has been described, it seen that BIM has architectural, structural and MEP scope. By using BIM these designs can be done in a collaborative way which brings efficiency and productivity in the work. Design documentation is the main job in preconstruction phase. Where design team consists of architect, structural designer and MEP designer. Well BIM makes collaboration in the total design work as earlier described. Thus it makes sense to say that, BIM makes the preconstruction design work more productive and more accurate by making a work flow between the design teams. BIM is able to manage the preconstruction stage through collaboration and communication with the total design team in the design phase. After that, design documentation is necessary to make contract document. Through BIM the documentation can be done also effectively and errorless. When the design document is complete than the job is to invite bid from general contractor for the work. The BIM implementation can be possible in all types of contract with adding some clause. But the main fact is that, on that time there might be dispute arise due to lack of collaborative workflow. In this sense contract is a very important tool to link the total construction work with BIM. Integrated project delivery system provides a system of work flow which is based on BIM.

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Construction management is a job where various stakeholders take part in different phases. For the design team, design is the main aspect and for the general contractor construction with estimated time, cost and quality is the main job. So that in respect of general contractor estimation is an important task to complete in the preconstruction phase. Through different BIM software general contractor can do that accurately according to the model provide by the design team. So here is also a link of BIM with preconstruction work phase management. When the project starts, from that time the management will start. But management patterns depend on various systems of construction project delivery method. Like considering DBB method owner has initial management task for feasibility study and finding architect for design work. In this way the management paradigm shifts on architect to complete the design and documentation for bid. After getting the bid general contractor takes the role for construction management. After finishing the project facility manager takes the role for life cycle management role. In this method one thing is clear that, DBB is not a collaborative management or project delivery work. Again if we think about integrated project delivery system where from the design phase all the stake holders work together has close collaboration on management in the project from the very beginning with BIM. It can be possible by assigning a project manager or construction manager from the very beginning of the project to the end of the project to make coordination in the project. But it also depends on the contract pattern. From this discussion one thing is clear that, in preconstruction management work BIM is an important tool that makes the work easier, comprehensive, collaborative and productive through make effective communication in different stakeholders.

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architectural design

Bid

structural design

BIM and Preconstruction

Cost estimation

MEP design

Combined Design documentation

Figure 3.2 BIM Preconstruction phase cycle work

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4.3 BIM and Construction Construction phase is the second phase of the project. This phase is most vital phase because in this phase the real construction will take place from virtual to reality. General contractor will be the main responsible person in this stage. General contractor has his/her construction management team who will manage the whole work with all the stakeholders, in this stage like individual sub contractors. As it seen in the previous sections that BIM has significance on design, documentation, and cost estimation. The question is that, how BIM will make a work link in the construction phase? Well the answer is not so easy to give. In the next chapter the exploration of BIM in construction phase will provide more briefly. In this section before giving the answer it might be wise to discuss at first which things are important in construction phase. Obviously time, quality, cost, safety, procurement, risk, environmental management and job site management are the main task for construction work. As earlier described BIM is a visual intelligent data based representation of the project. So that BIM can able to make visual representation of the project phase in field construction. Like planning and scheduling is a part of construction job. BIM can able to do this planning and scheduling with combining model data from architectural model and make construction simulation. Through this way BIM makes time management more effective and visualize the real scenario of the project at different time. Cost control and monitor is the second important task in construction. In this regard BIM provides model based cost control and monitor through different BIM solution. Using this technological support, management team efficiently manage the cost monitor and control. Site management or co ordination is also possible through BIM various models. Because through BIM model site manager has virtual on site access before construction and can able to design the site infrastructure like workers trailer, crane position, material placement and so on. Risk management has close relation with every aspect of construction. Perhaps BIM softwares are reducing the probability of risk by providing virtual access and communication between all the stakeholders. Safety management can be done by providing safety model of construction job site. Still now this kind of operational management does not exist. But in this paper author will demonstrate some new discoveries regarding management

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like safety, quality, environmental, procurement and claim management. In current practice, cost control, site planning, scheduling control and monitor can be done through BIM in construction phase. BIM provides visual data based monitoring and control. Through this management team get the better control to the total project. 4.4 BIM and Post Construction After construction stage completion, time is to handover the project, but before handover the project management team has to check everything more detailed to get the certificate from architect. On that time BIM can make an effective role to discover project incomplete issues. The procedure can start from making the punch list. By BIM model 3D visualization architect or owner can detect the minor defects on the project which can be later solved by contractor. For getting the substantial certificate architect and contractor both can use the model data and check the total project according to model information. So that, in this way the total checking will be done through model based data. For getting occupancy certificate architect and owner might use BIM model and analysis data for submission that government authority gets a clear idea about project quality and scope. From this point of view BIM makes clear and defined role by provide the project virtual model and real construction scenario. More over contractor has to provide manuals of the equipment and warranty period. Contractor can make this documentation through support of BIM. According to the contract defined law it would be helpful for future maintenance if the contractor gives the entire construction model and information database of total project to the facility manager. Finally its now time to check the project evaluation in terms of contractor point of view. Contractor can make this evaluation through BIM model database, where they can get the day to day data for project success evaluation. 4.5 BIM and Facility Management After completion the handover, the management of the facility will transferred to facility management team. In section 2.3.6 the facility management scope described that how BIM data can support the facility management team.

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Facility management team need the building plans, manuals of equipments, different component warranty period that they can maintained the facility in calculated life cycle costs. For that instance BIM model can give very clear idea to facility management team about the consumption of energy, utility, maintenance schedule and so on. For facility management BIM model will work as a building digital database, from which facility management team can reorganize the facility and make future renovation and reconstruction. In this way until the end of demolition of the facility it will generate valuable planning data. The process will be depending on the contract type, if the contract has clause that general contractor has to provide all the models than same model can be used also for facility management purpose. BIM models make facility management easier than before. Because with BIM, facility management team dont need to look so many 2D drawings, they can analysis the facility situation through the raw data get from construction model, which makes more effective maintenance and reduce life cycle costs.
Precosntruction stage Feasibility stage Design stage Main information needed Site location and other factors Architectural model Structural model MEP model Single document Designs and specs BIM support No direct support BIM based model BIM based model BIM based model Individual model documentation BIM design documents according to contract BIM model based quantity or information take off BIM tools Not applicable ArchiCAD, Revit architect,Nemetsccheck Vectorwork Tekla Structure Autodesk MEP and others Every software has own documents Different design solutions Remarks Only model structure

Documentation Bid

No composite model or document Model transfer depends on contract or bid procedure No direct cost estimation

Cost estimating

Design documents to take quantity

Autodesk quantity take off, Solibri Model checker

Table 3.1 BIM and preconstruction phase linkage

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Construction phase Time schedule

Main information needed Activity data with material and equipment Cost data and monitoring data Specs document and quality guideline

BIM support BIM model based scheduling Model based data input and measure Direct measure not possible

BIM tools Vico Control

Remarks Simulation possible with location based schedule Insufficient controlling in cost Model based 3D laser scanning with BIM bring solution

Cost control Quality control

Vico Control Different model software

Cost estimating

Cost of material, labor, identify material and quantification Coordination design data

Identify model material and exact quantification

Vico cost planner, Solibri model checker for information take off Revit, Google Earth, Sketch up

Site management

Coordination through different model

Cost of material,labor and total component construction cost is not reflect on the model Plug-in tool used with BIM software as Google sketch up or Google earth

Table 3.2 BIM and construction phase linkage PostConstruction Substantial completion Documentation Facility management Maintenance Renovation Main information needed Punch out list, inspection Drawings, models All design and spec data All design and specs data BIM support Laser scanning check with BIM model All model based drawing All model based intelligent data Model based data BIM tools Different model Different model Different tools Different tools model model Remarks Photography scanning Convert in CAFM -

and

Table 3.3 BIM and post construction phase linkage

These tables shows general data requirement in different phases of construction project. All the aspects of construction project, BIM has influence through visualizing the project and by providing intelligent data information. Perhaps now BIM has no composite model that contains all the data like a central database. In next chapter BIM implementation in various

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phases will describe by simulating practical model. At a summary of BIM and construction management is that, BIM can be used as an auxiliary tool to manage the construction project throughout its life cycle. BIM current position is not so strong that it can posses all the steps of construction management through digital model. While now the system is well enough to increase productivity but the automation or fully digitalization is not possible in current stage. 5. BIM Simulation in Construction Project Management In the previous three chapter construction project management definition, activities, management procedure, building information modeling, building information modeling scopes, building information modeling tools and link with construction management described. In this section the main intention is to show the pathway of synchronizing of construction project management through BIM. For that reason a separate simulation model made by author. That will simulate in various phases of construction management through BIM. More over in this section author will identify some new approaches, some new issues related construction management and BIM which will lead to a perfect construction management through BIM. 5.1 BIM Implementation in Preconstruction Construction project management is a vast area of management with different scopes at different stages. It depends on owner, the contract method and also to the project stakeholders. In the construction world, project management body of knowledge is a widely used project management guideline. More over traditional project management scopes are also exist. The basic core jobs are same in both management systems. The difference is in implementation. In this thesis the combination of this two management philosophy are used with BIM. These approaches are described with a simulation model in below5.1.1 Construction Project Integration Management in BIM As earlier mentioned project management core issues are same for every project but the system defined in various ways. Like in project management body of knowledge defines the total project processes in five major stages. The stages are project initiating, project planning processes, executing processes, and project closeout processes. These processes works are

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also distributed in preconstruction, construction and post construction phases. The main idea to speak about it that, project management tasks are common for every project where the following approaches are different for different persons or project team. Integration means combining different parts or elements. Where integration management according to PMBOK 2000 is that, the processes required to ensure that the various elements of the project are properly coordinated. Where the key inputs are project plan development, project plan execution and integrated change control.135 Project plan development means integrating and coordinating all project plans to create a consistent, coherent document.136 In preconstruction phase this is the most important phase which is also termed as design phase. Project plan development phase and design phase are common in task. The main task is to make the feasibility study of the project, make schematic design, design development, detailed design and make design documentation. The tools and techniques are used for this step is BIM tools. At first, talk about feasibility study. Feasibility study is done by the owner at the very beginning of the project to judge the suitability of the project in various terms like location basis, business basis, and scope basis. For feasibility study BIM cannot make any direct effort. This job is quite methodological and it depends on the owner determination either the site is viable or the scope of this project is viable or not. In this simulation feasibility is done by owner requirement basis. The simulation model for this entire section is a two storied building according to owner demand, where the owner is a virtual person. After the feasibility study the next job is to do the schematic design. The contract method for this project will be discussed in later phases

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A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; pageA guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page-

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136

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For the simulation author draw the building in AutoCAD 2D and than modeled it in 3D for schematic design.

Figure 4.1 Schematic (simulation) design model in 3D by AutoCAD

After drawing the schematic model the next phase is to transfer it on BIM architectural model. For this ArchiCAD BIM architectural solution is used to make architectural model in design development phase. The process is that, the 2D drawing is transferred to Archicad in DWG file format and on that 2D design drawing, the 3D BIM model made. This BIM model has intelligence itself

Figure 4.2 Architectural (Simulation) model for detailed design in ArchiCAD

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After making the architectural drawing in detailed design phase, the next job is to transfer the model for structural model and for structural documentation, which is the systematic approach for BIM. For structural model Tekla structure is used to make the 3D model. Architectural model transferred in Tekla structure through IFC data exchange, as early described which is a data tool used for data exchange. After doing the structural drawing model with details, model can be possible to merge with architectural model or also be possible to make it as an independent model. In this simulation independent model system applied because on that time it can be used in the fabrication scope also. Here one thing should mention that, this structural model is not containing any structural analysis data. This model contains the reinforcement mashing and other design drawings for understanding field structural work and fabrication scope more clearly and visually.

Figure 4.3 Structural (Simulation) model for detailed structural design by TEKLA Structure

Next job is to make the MEP model which is a part of total design. MEP design is done by Vico constructor MEP solution. Hence it is also possible to do the MEP design through other

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BIM solution like Benley MEP solution and AutoCAD MEP solution. It depends on MEP designer to choose BIM solution for MEP design.

Figure 4.4 MEP( Simulation) model for detailed design by Vico Constructor

Now the design documents are ready through architectural, structural and MEP model designs. In generally these models are made by different designers under BIM process. After that the model and model data are combined together for design documentation. In integration management, plan development means the management of combining all the design data together. That can used for detailed documentation and run the bidding process. The main thing to focus here that, BIM makes integration in all the designs by transferring the schematic and architectural models to different designers and integrates the total design procedure. So that, in this regard BIM has suitable feature to make integration in the design documentation.

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MEP design

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

IFC data exchange

Integration management through BIM (plan development) and design documentation

DWG data exchange

Structural design

IFC data exchange

Architectural design

Figure 4.5 Integration management (plan development) through BIM

Integration in design is required because with this design document the construction takes place. On the basis of this design documents bid will done, general contractor will select and also project plan will done. BIM provides effective communication and collaboration in this integration. By using BIM collaboration project management team create integration on the work. Through that, project plan execution and integrated change control can be done by management team. When the design documents are ready, plan execution and integrated change control will manage systematically considering the design document. The idea of this management through BIM is that, integration means coordination in the various elements of the work. And the coordination starts from design part. According to design documentation rest of coordination will be done. In this aspect author emphasize on the design part at integration management. Because for the later stages individual element management are exists like time, quality, cost and so on. So that author identifies integration management as the initial integration among the designers and design documents. From that later integration will be achieved in cost, quality, time, and risk. Lastly for this integration in

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this simulation model BIM is used successfully that shows different design integration together for producing better design data and better integration in management. Through BIM one person or design team can integrate the total design stage. As an example, in this simulation model three different models are made by author through IFC data exchange and in later all the model drawings and models are combined together by author. And BIM makes the link of data to every model. So that, by BIM author makes a design database which has all the design data like architectural, structural and MEP. Thus in later these drawings are used for cost estimation, time estimation, bidding and for further management. One thing should be noticed here that, BIM is a process of doing work. The same thing can be done by CAD or 2D drawing. On that case the digital integration will not be there. Because through BIM one single model data used for all the design works. So one single change can easily identify and makes that change on every model easily. Its the form of a digital integration. It will not right to speak that, without BIM integration will not possible. But the fact is, with BIM it makes digital integration among the designs and also the management works. Where particular people like chief architect or designer gets all the drawings and integrate them in design documents. In this case he/she or their design team makes the role of integration management in design through BIM, which done by author in this simulated model. The summary of the integration management, shortly briefed in the following tableIntegration management phases Feasibility study Information required Initial site study for feasibility BIM scope Schematic model placement in Google earth and site analysis Maximum Coordination documentation through IFC Simulation used BIM tool ArchiCAD Remarks Google sketch up or AutoCAD 3D is suitable for schematic design where data detail is not so high Design integration improves productivity

Design

Coordination in architectural, structural and MEP design

in

ArchiCAD, structure, Constructor

Tekla Vico

Table 4.1 Summary of integration management in BIM

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5.1.2 Construction Project Scope Management in BIM In terms of project management body of knowledge PMBOK 2000 edition, scope management means the processes required to ensure that the project includes all the work required, and only the work required, to complete the work successfully. It consists of initiation, scope planning, scope definition, scope verification and scope change control. In previous integration management author described about integration of all the design works in pre construction phase, by which later tasks will integrate. Like that, scope management is the job after integration of design drawing. After integration of all the designs now someone has to construct it in the field. But before that its necessary to ensure that project includes all the necessary work to accomplish the job. And the systematic way is to ensure this thing by proper documentation, invite bidding and make contract. Contract document is the source to check or manage the scope of the work which consists only the project related work. In PMBOK 2000, project management body of knowledge said that scope management consists of initiation which means authorizing the construction project. Well authorizing of the project is occurred initially after the feasibility study and finally the bidding phase, where the contract made with particular contractor. As earlier mention in this thesis author makes a combination of traditional construction management approach and project management body of knowledge guidelines. By combining them with BIM author synchronized the construction management simulation for this thesis. The main reason to do this is to check the viability of traditional and project management body of knowledge guidelines with BIM. Author found that, project management body of knowledge guidelines stages are same as in traditional construction management approach. The difference is in implementation procedure as early discussed. Thus author takes the management framework from project management body of knowledge, the key concepts and merges it in traditional way with BIM. For that the combination of this management philosophy can be managed with BIM. PMBOK 2000, also describes the scope planning which means documentation of project work, scope definition means subdividing the major tasks in some manageable deliverables,

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scope verification to get the acceptance from owner or stakeholders, and finally scope control for controlling in other phases of project. These total issues are discusses in contract stage of the traditional management approach. The question is how BIM make contribution on this stage. On this stage BIM process has not any direct involvement with scope management. But this phase is important in this fact that on the basis of contract BIM can be implemented on the later stages. So that contract is an important issue. As early mentioned there are several types of contract like DBB, DB, CM at risk, IPD and so on. Among this IPD has direct relation of implementing BIM. On the other contracts there are no such kinds of involvement of BIM. In DBB approaches owner makes separate contract with architect and general contractor. At first author makes contract with architect and after that on the basis of architect design documents author invites bid from general contractor. So in this contract method there is no involvement of general contractor in the early stages of design, where it is one of condition to get the usefulness of BIM. Due to the contract structure it is not possible to involve general contractor at the beginning of the design phase. To make it BIM viable there is need to make changes in the contract method. There might be some clauses included, that all the design models should be transferred to the general contractor and make collaboration after the bid stage and before the construction takes place. Also makes effective collaboration during construction phase and finally they will hand over their individual design and construction models together to the facility management team. By making this clauses BIM can be efficiently used in total construction to life cycle period.

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Owner

Design team

General contractor

Design team BIM model

Genaral contractor

Genaral contractor BIM model model Combined model and transfer to FM


Figure 4.6 BIM based Design-Bid-Build proposed model

In DB or Design- Build method comparatively its easy to implement BIM. In this approach Owner has to make a single contract with design firm who will also take care the construction. Or construction team who will also take the design responsibility. In this case, this method provides collaboration between design team and general contractor with a separate contract which has no relation with owner. As earlier mentioned BIM brings collaboration in all aspects of construction work. Thus design build approach partially set the stage for BIM application in the construction process. To make this contract suitable for BIM implementation owner has to make a contract with design or general contractor to make this project through BIM implementation and make collaboration with facility manager either in the design period or after the construction period. On that agreement it will defined who will take the responsibility or pay the money for additional BIM cost. According to that contract, the main leading team done the job by implementing BIM and later transfer it to the facility management team after completing the construction. Integrated project delivery method is a BIM technology supported project delivery method. In this method, the main theme is to create collaboration or integration among people,

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systems, and business structures to reduce the waste and optimize efficiency. In terms of BIM, also focus the same collaboration in BIM process. Thus IPD is the best present contract method for BIM practice in construction. In IPD process due to early collaboration to all the stakeholders, in later phases it reduces the coordination and changing issues in design document. For that it brings successful results in the total project. The aim of IPD goal can be achieved without implementing BIM also, but it recommended practicing BIM for better result.137 Thus IPD makes the stage to practice BIM in construction without changing the contract pattern or without any modification in the contract. BIM implementation phase starts with project documentation as design document where the involvement of all stakeholders brings coordination. The same principle applied in IPD where it combined the documentaries works of AEC group and provides combining BIM documentation. Later stage this model based documents used for estimating, constructability issues, clash detection, site coordination and makes bridge on other coordination responsibilities.138

Figure 4.7 Approach differences in integrated and traditional way 139

BIM is a system of art to imply in construction for get the maximum benefit. But it does not have own potentiality to run by itself. For this it is necessary to set a platform by which BIM can contribute itself on the total construction. Contract method will create this platform. _______________________________
137,138 139

http://www.ipd-ca.net/images/Integrated%20Project%20Delivery%20Definition.pdf access 9.3.2011;9.00 PM

Brad Hardin, 2009; BIM and Construction Management; Proven tools, methods, and workflows, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana; page -22

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Without IPD rest of contractual methods are now not able to make this platform. But it can possible to add by some additional clauses which will reduce the dispute arises regarding BIM cost. Now a day in BIM construction process there is a new term besides project manager. Its called BIM manager. The role of BIM manager is to make collaboration of all the BIM models or files and transfer necessary information to individual stakeholders. Probably an architect or BIM expert can take the role of a BIM manager. In some construction companies now a days they have this separate BIM manager position. Like in Norway, Multiconsult a leading engineering company has BIM manager for their projects.140 In the summary of scope management can be said that scope management is the stage to define the scope of the projects through proper documentation and documentation legally bound on the contract. Thus contract is the main issue of scope management as well as preconstruction stage and BIM implementation also depends on the form of contract otherwise it will arise dispute regarding BIM costs and other issues. In the following table total scope management is summarized shortly
Scope management stage Contract Information required Design document, architectural quality guidelines BIM scope Integration in documentation and involving contractor and other stakeholders at the beginning of the project Simulation BIM tools ArchiCAD, TEKLA, VICO is used for document integration which is used later for Contract Remarks Contract is a legal process. BIM has no direct effect on it. But Contract methods should be changed to make it viable for BIM. Currently only IPD is best solution for BIM. Author suggest some modification in the current contract method to make it suitable for BIM implement

Table 4.2 Summary of scope management in BIM

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Solibri magazine/ 1.2010/open BIM is here/ Solibri, http://www.solibri.com/documents/english-material/solibrimagazine-1-2010/download.htm access 18.01.2011 time, 5.45 P.M

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5.1.3 Construction Project Cost Management in BIM Cost is an important issue in construction. The project success or project taking decision also depends on cost. Design documents are always changed due to reduce cost as owner requirements. In this regard, costs are always a vital factor to determine the project initiation or project success. So cost management is an important issue from the very beginning of the project. Cost management consists of two parts. On the preconstruction part cost estimation and in construction phase cost control is the basic function of cost management. For cost estimation BIM has unique functionality which will give the estimator accurate model based costing with minimum time. Author makes a simulation for this cost estimation process through BIM. Before making details it should be clear that, BIM provides the necessary quantities needed to make the cost estimation. After taking that quantity based information, transferred that quantity in another estimating software or make it easily on the excel sheet by adding labor cost and material cost. It should be mentioned here that, this cost data will not provide from any BIM solution. This cost comes from material suppliers and also from labor supplier or from the subcontractors. In some management philosophy it distinguished separately as resource planning. In this case the main task is to define the resource requirements. Todays BIM technological solutions are widely used for taking the quantities or information from various models and transfer it to cost estimating BIM solutions for make cost estimating. But for resource planning there is no such kind of effort come from BIM. In this case estimator has to do the resource planning by traditional information and put that data on the cost estimating sheet or in the cost estimating softwares. As earlier mentioned author build the architecture model in ArchiCAD, Build the MEP model in Vico constructor and build the structural model in Tekla structure. Now the architecture model transfer through IFC in an IFC format file. This IFC format file can be uploaded to Solibri model checker for taking the quantity or take the information from that model. From that model different information can be grabbed like volume of wall, slab, thickness, no. of other materials, doors etc. One thing has to mention here that, in architecture model

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also generate some quantities as door, window size etc. With combining this two reports estimation can be done in a separate software or in the excel sheet.

Figure 4.8 Quantity information takes off from Solibri model checker

Figure 4.9 Cost report in Microsoft Excel

In cost report now material price, labor and including other prices estimating can be done. In this simulation of cost management author shows the relation of model based data to

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estimation. There is other vendors software like AutoCAD quantity take off, Vico cost planner for quantity takes off. Though the process is same in all software to grab the model information or quantity and then make cost report or cost estimation. In BIM 5D means model based cost simulation. To make this at first the model has to upload in Vico cost planner and then grab the quantity, after that that quantity will transfer to Vico estimating software. After that Vico estimator will make cost database and make a link to Vico constructor to show the 5D representation with cost data. The fact is that, the simulation shows different location costs in the simulation. From that its easy to manage cost control. But for estimation there is no need for simulation, just only quantity information are enough to make cost estimation and BIM provides model based quantity take off for estimation.

Architect, structural, MEP BIM model

Data translation

Quantity take off from model

Transfer quantity to model based estimation solution

Location based cost model simulation

Figure 4.10 Flow chart of cost (estimation) model through BIM

5.2 BIM Implementation in Construction Construction phase is the implementation phase of construction design documents or the drawings in the field. These phase is consists of various work regarding control, monitor, procurement, implement, site management and so on. On this stage BIM is used as to monitor and forecasting.

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5.2.1 Construction Project Time Management in BIM Time is one of important resource to manage in construction project. At the preconstruction phase time is not a concerning matter in terms of control. On that moment project is in initiating phase and after making contract time management issues come according to the estimated time schedule. In general time is an issue which affects the total project from the very beginning. As an example for government projects such as a school building has to deliver in a certain time. So the total time spending duration count from the feasibility study. Time management mode changes according to the desire of owner or according to the type of project. Time management definition given by project management body of knowledge is that, management of the processes to complete the project in estimated time. They define activity, activity sequencing, activity duration estimating, schedule development, schedule control are the major tasks in time management. Management of time includes two major parts. One part estimate the total duration to complete the project and second complete the project according to estimated time. This two major part combining the terms described in project management body of knowledge. Time management issue comes from the preconstruction contract phase. On that time contractor submit a time frame to complete the project. It can be well scheduled or can be lump sum estimated. But its the major management part in construction phase. On this phase planner has to make schedule according to that time limit and also control the project to complete in time. Time management begins at the last of preconstruction phase and ends after handover the project. This management is an important issue in construction management because time overrun made the project failed or brings financial disaster in to general contractor by paying penalty money. BIM makes pioneer development in time management. This management is also possible from the early phase of the project like as described for government project where time is a concerning issue from the feasibility study. To make this analysis of time management with BIM at first has to determined which issues are concerning and which tasks are related with time management. Scheduling or time estimating in activities should be concerned at first.

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For scheduling planner need the idea of activities, resources related activities, activity sequencing, activity time estimation according to resources and form scheduling. For planning planner can use various techniques according to type of the project. So for scheduling or time estimating the major need is to define the data. Now the question is which kind of data? And from where they will get this data? The answer is that, data will come from cost estimating as BOQ means bill of quantity. From that BOQ planner make an idea about his activity, form activities, define resources, calculate time estimation and then make scheduling. BIM provides support planning in scheduling and in controlling in both stages. BIM provides intelligent quantity data from model. Cost estimating BIM solutions grab that data from the model and make BOQ. After that planner used that BOQ to make scheduling. Scheduling and estimating has quite good relation. Planner needs resources to complete the project and estimator add that resources in cost estimating. Thus both job are interlinked each other. In this way BIM solutions also linked with scheduling through cost estimating.

Model based BOQ by BIM cost estimation software

Model based activity in BIM supported planing software

activity duration estimation

activity sequencing

form scheduling

Figure 4.11 Process of scheduling through BIM support

Author also determines the scheduling through this way and simulating the model for scheduling. For this the first step is to form the bill of quantity. The bill of quantity forms from the excel sheet where all the quantities are available. Also author check the

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architectural, structural and MEP model to define the activities and put them on excel sheet and determine the resources like consumption, hours, resources and quantities. After that transfer that BOQ to Vico Control software and by using that data make the scheduling.

Figure 4.12 BOQ in Vico control software

Figure 4.13 Scheduling in Vico control software

The second stage for time management is time control and monitor. This means to monitor or track the activities and resources according to the scheduling. BIM provides support to check this monitor visually. In projects to control time, planner used general techniques like s curve, linear curve or other methods to monitor or control the project. Scheduling related BIM solutions provide model based simulation in terms of time. It means it shows the

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progress of model or performing work done on timely basis. More elaborately it combines the time and activity in the simulation. It simulates the project completion in each day. To control the project by visual representation author used Tekla software which has integrated solution of simulation of activities. More over for time control author used Vico control view which shows the activity condition and marking them in different colors. Though its the structural model simulated here but its also possible to simulate the whole model according to the schedule. For that, Vico 5D representer or Navisworks can be used to simulate the project situation according to scheduling.

Figure 4.14 Scheduling control in Vico software without construction simulation.

Figure 4.15 Location based time simulation for scheduling control

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Through this way BIM provides controlling and scheduling by providing model based information. The use of BIM in time management can be done in two ways. One way in time estimate where BIM model provides location based quantity. Another way in control shows the location based time simulation with activities. 5.2.2 Construction Project Cost Control Management in BIM In construction cost estimation is the part of preconstruction phase. General contractor has to submit the cost estimation in the bid. Like that cost control is the important factor in construction phase. To bring success in project and make the project in desired cost, cost control is the only tool. Cost control is the similar kind of job like schedule monitor and control. BIM provides simulation based time control in time management but not able to do that for cost control. But its also possible through BIM. BIM software vendors have to make the similar simulation model for cost control as like schedule model. In current BIM technology there are few practices regarding cost control. Some BIM solutions like Vico cost planner compare the cost with actual, but the process is not so strong that it can be termed as BIM based cost control system or management. The first condition to be termed as BIM is that, it should be visualized. Thus for cost control one way is that BIM vendors make the model and generate a database linked with the model. Where every cost information should be displayed. In real time construction cost control team put the data on that database and measured the situation. In Vico control there are some option to include cost information like cash flow but its not sufficient to be termed as BIM based cost control management system. For cost control there are different tools exist. Some of them are computer software program and some of them are manual process. Like S curve, different types of cash flow curves can be generated through manual process or with some individual process. But the system is not related with direct model. This process can be termed as semi BIM process, where the quantity information grabbed from BIM model to estimate the cost and after that used different software to monitor that cost which has no visualization related cost. In cost control management BIM vendors has not get any big success still now. For this simulation author also choose the way of semi BIM process. Where the cost report generated

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in excel sheet and besides that cost report make every single cost entity and input the actual datas. According to that actual data, make manual s curve analysis to monitor or to measure the cost control situation. But the recommendation is that, to make it as BIM process BIM vendor should provide costing software which has a database according to model data. On that database there should be two steps where one side the actual and one side budgeted and should have some color coding if the budgeted goes wrong compared with actual. More over there should be integrated s curve and other cash flow curves which can be possible to generate through estimated and measured data from the model. 5.2.3 Construction Project Quality Management in BIM Quality is an important issue to bring value in the project. Quality management involves from the design phase of the project until get the substantial complete certificate from the architect. Quality management issues are more physical than other issues. Physical can be interpreted as the appearance of the project that shows the projects value. In the definition of quality management project management body of knowledge defined it as the processes which are necessary to make sure that project will satisfy the needs of its initiation. Quality is not just reflecting on material or appearance. Quality reflects on the total processes from design to handover documentation. PMBOK 2000, sub divides the quality management in three major terms as quality planning, quality assurance and quality control.141 Quality planning is the beginning stage of quality management. This stage defines the standards of the project and makes way to complete it as desired. Quality assurance is an evaluating process of the project quality to ensure that project will completed in quality. Monitor the quality standards and bring project value is the main task in quality control.142 Quality management is a large process where every construction step should have to go through this process to bring value in project. BIM supports the quality management activities through various ways in various steps. In every project the quality is defined by the architect. It also depends on the owner budget and requirements. General contractor has to perform according to that quality guidelines or follow that quality measurements. BIM takes

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part in quality from the design phase by making the design more collaborative and accurate. The whole construction depends on design drawing, so the quality of the design drawing should be on high level and only BIM improves design quality by arranging collaboration and data exchange through different designers. BIM solutions have unique clash detection technology which checks the total project design quality. This way BIM brings or improve design documentation quality which also affects the later stage quality issues. Quality depends on specifications. Through BIM its not totally possible to make quality specifications in the model. Because BIM models have not enough material content in their library, that can give the specification of the material quality. But from BIM model it can possible to find out the specification on size of the material such as door, window, floor tiles etc. Quality is a job of supervision. Always supervision improves quality, and through BIM model it can be easy to understand the expected construction and real construction. More over control the time and cost in project also brings quality and improve value of the project. As earlier described for quality management quality plan is an essential tool. On the basis of quality plan management team will implemented the quality settings by architect. To make a quality plan BIM models provide sufficient spatial information to make quality plan.

Figure 4.16 Clash detection check (simulated model) in Autodesk Navisworks

___________________________________
141,142

A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page- 95

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For quality management plan major issues are careful constructions at the first time, control on activities that should be in right way and continue improvement.143 Careful construction at the first time means to reduce the risk of faulty work and rework. Through this quality comes to every stage of the construction. So many factors are related with careful construction. It depends on the skill of the craftsman, material quality and also field test of material. In this regard BIM cannot make any contribution. Just only provides design information from various models. Quality assurance and quality control are also two important functions in quality management. Quality assurance depends on hiring skilled people, training program for people, safety, quality check in the procurement or choose high quality vendor.144 This issues are quite physical process based rather than model data based. BIM model can only provide construction design data continuously. But dont make any direct contribution in quality assurance of project. Another aspect has to describe to maintain quality in precast work. In precast work construction elements are made in factory by fabricator. Where the quality of product can controlled better than the site. By providing accurate shop drawing BIM contribute to make the element in desired quality. For quality control it also has relation with the material quality check, testing standards, inspection and tightly followed the architect quality standards where the scope of BIM is less than physical inspection. BIM can provide general information which can be useable on this quality control stages but BIM cannot monitor or control the quality through its own working process.

______________________
143 144

Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-286 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-286

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TQM or Total quality management is a widely accepted philosophy in manufacturing industry. The same philosophy can also be applicable for construction industry to get zero defect on construction. So many construction companies are also focusing on TQM to bring quality and reduce defects in construction job site.

Figure 4.17 Total quality management phases145

Well Total Quality Management is a process to improve the quality in the project through continuous inspection in different phases. For that this process also depends on design and other phases data that can be accurately provide by BIM model solutions. Perhaps it might be possible in future on BIM solutions to integrate TQM process in BIM software. In quality management some other philosophy are also used like QFD, Kaizans consequ ent client orientation and so on. But these processes are not yet completely linked with BIM still now. Thus in summary it might be wise to say that Quality management is a continuous process to improve in every stage and BIM can be used as a source of information to bring desired quality.

_______________________________
145

http://www.latista.com/index.php/latista-field/quality/273 access 10.3.2011; 7.10 P.M

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In a short summary quality management can be viewed through following table


Quality management stages Quality planning Information required Design quality information(material specification, dimension and so on), Construction quality maintain approach through various field test BIM support Visualization, reliable documentation and clash detection support to maintain quality in documents and in field work Simulation tools Navisworks BIM Remarks BIM acts as a partial supportive tool for quality planning cause quality management needs inspection and the inspection should be in real and virtual BIM helps to compare judge the real and virtual quality BIM acts as a supporting tool Continuous monitoring control quality.

Quality assurance

Information on quality in every aspect. Quality information to control

Quality control

Visualization to check the real and virtual model quality Visualization and monitoring support through quality database

Navisworks

Navisworks or different models software

Table 4.3 Summary of quality management in BIM

5.2.4 Construction Project Human Resources Management in BIM Construction project are involved with several types of resources. Among them human is one of the important resource contrasts to other resources like machine, material and money. Humans are dynamic resource. Dynamic in this reason those other resources cannot move without this resource. Rests of resources are being static. Thus to manage this resource is a vital and important job in construction management. More over project has different phase and in every phase new human resources are joined in the project. The main aspect of setting this human resource management is to ensure the optimal use of people involved in the project that project get success. Project management body of knowledge defines this management consisting with organizational planning, staff acquisition and team development. In organizational planning they sets the project roles to

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different person, in staff acquisition assigned skilled people and in team development to enhance project performance.146 Well besides this, human resource management can be more elaborately divide in two sections. One section represents the management desk job and another section represents the field work job consisting with different sub contractors human resource also. Human resource management task in desk job starts from the beginning of the project. On behalf of owner a project manager or construction manager assigned and organize design team, sets the bid and organize the contract with general contractor. In this stage he/she has to assigned different people and has to make coordination in their work. This step is termed as management desk job and preconstruction human resource management phase. Where a project manager can act as a HR manager and make coordination all the preconstruction works. In construction phase field human resource management is the main job to the management team. A construction manager takes the HR manager role in this phase and coordinate the works come from different subcontractors. This stage is more vital and crucial in project. Because of maximum human resource is used in this stage. Key responsibility of human resource management is to assign their work, meet their requirements and organize necessary supports to perform their work. In construction stage scheduling defines the role of human resources according to location and activity. Superintendent or site manager takes the lead to manage these resources and architects; project manager takes the leader role of office human resource management that everyone in the project gets coordinated all the time. BIM is a source of appropriate project information for all the project stakeholders. BIM cannot support human management team by assigning or appointing humans. BIM gives the advantage of human resource management team that they can get exact project information that makes them to assign people and to manage people. As an example for field construction scheduling derives the human resource needs, numbers, mode of work and placement according to location. BIM provides scheduling team necessary information regarding project that helps them to assign people and define their role. _____________________________
146

A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (2000), PMBOK GUIDE, Project Management Institute; page-

107

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So that in this way BIM doesnt take any direct participation in human resource management. But model based BIM data acts as a helping tool for human resource management team to manage this resource in an efficient manner that brings project success. Human resource management is more physical work than technical and BIM provides technical assistance through different model to assign human and to manage human resource. But BIM has the opportunity to increase the productivity of this resource by visualizing model based work and to optimize the work force. In future it might be possible to make the human resource management system more efficient through including MIS and BIM together. Where BIM will provide information regarding humans and MIS database will query that information, filtered it and sends it to higher management personnel that they can identify needs and take action. More over MIS based dashboard, reporting system with BIM information makes this system more dynamic and efficient. BIM development only occurs in design stage and some stages of construction phase like model based estimating, model based scheduling and simulation. But rests of other issues solutions are not available right this moment. Like BIM base HRM system is not exist right now. In future BIM and MIS software can be make this thing together. 5.2.5 Construction Project Communications Management in BIM Communications means contact with other people in order to get information. In construction there are several stakeholders who are working in different stages. But their jobs are linked with each other. They need information, updated information and shared project status through communication. Project management body of knowledge defines the communication management as the process which ensures collection, storage and supply the project information to various stakeholders. Communication management includes communication planning, information distribution, performance reporting and administrative closure.147
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Communication is a demand of all phases of the project. To bring project success communication is also another important criteria. Communication starts from the beginning of the project when design phase starts. On the design phase designer has to keep communication with other designers. As an example architect has to communicate with MEP and structural designer to solve design related issues. Communication is more vital in the field construction. When there is a lack of understandability of design drawing or any error occurred in the construction field people has to communicate with different people to mitigate the issue and keep pace on the project. BIM provides effective communication in all stages. BIM communication contribution starts from the design phases. In architectural drawing also several people do different section drawing in the same model. They are not working in the same model or the same computer. Different architectural BIM solutions have BIM server. From that server a single model is possible to develop through different people from different computers. In authors simulated model the same principle can be applicable. Through that the entire designers have effective communication by sharing their model. In this regard BIM brings effective communication in the design phase through BIM server. BIM brings the visual communication which brings efficiency in work. But for voice communication designers should use telephone, fax, and telephone or video conferencing. BIM server or BIM models are using as a supportive tools to enhance the communication inside the design team. Thus the construction dispute can avoid from design phase. Communication management is most important in the construction phase of the project. On that time there might be no architect or other engineers present for construction. Field engineers or subcontractors have the drawing to build. In traditional or without BIM technology the way is each trade foreman or site supervisor has the drawing and schedule. According to that drawing and schedule they have to construct. If there is any problem arise they have to inform it to site supervisor or manager. Site manager will meet with other stuffs in the job trailer to solve this issue. They will review the drawing to identify the problem. Due to 2D drawing sheet where informations are not intelligent it might not be easy to understand or to realize the problem. They have to contact with design team or demand for RFI.

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Though they have voice or videoconferencing system with architects or design team, the situation will not change that brings instance solution or solution in a short time. Visualization is an important fact for identifying and resolving problem. 2D document based communication is not able to support instant solution of problems. BIM provides solution of field construction disputes instantly or within a short time. For that the full process should be run on BIM. That means designer has to provide BIM design models to site manager or team that they can understand the design drawing in real 3D with intelligent information. Even it might be also possible to have this software on field engineers tablet PC or in their laptops, that on site they can identify the problem and send it to the site engineer with voice communication. And data transfer can be possible through wireless network connection or wireless internet. At first the design mistake or construction mistake should be send to the site manager. After that site manager will discuss the issue with other persons in job trailer where there should be a big screen to visualize the problem. If they can identify the problem and find out the solution, instantly they can send it to the field engineer to maintain the project schedule. If the problem is not solved by field engineer they can contact with architect or design team and send the model file with problem instantly through internet. After that architect or design team can review the whole thing and make update drawing for solution and send it through internet again. On this case for effective data communication they used BIM and for voice communication they used video conferencing. Through this way BIM makes an effective role in communication management inside the project. The voice communication, reporting or dashboard communication system does not exist in BIM model. But in future it might be possible to create these features inside the BIM tools to make effective communications through BIM solutions. It might be also possible to create link between various MIS software solution and BIM together, that will also bring effective communication inside the project which will reduce the risk of project time and cost overrun. The main philosophy to use BIM in communication management is that project stakeholders need information to perform work and to identify work. 2D or 3D documents are not capable to generate real idea about the project or to make any solution in the project problems. BIM

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based 3D information make clear about all the issues which brings effective results in communication and in design understanding in all phases of the project.

Figure 4.18 Design communications through IFC data format

Figure 4.19 Field communications through BIM

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5.2.6 Construction Project Risk Management in BIM Construction profession is one of the highly risked professions. Risks are in every phase of the construction process. Thus risk management is a crucial part of construction project management. For a good risk management approach risk management divided into three major terms. These terms are risk identification, risk quantification and risk mitigation.148 Risk can come from any phase of the project. Though those risks can predict to come from some major stages and the stages are, -Prebid risks -Design risks -Construction risks -Political/legal/regulatory risks -Financing risks -Environmental risks149

BIM can support to reduce all the risks in some level. Because BIM is a virtual tool to explore the model, it has no risk reducing technique itself. Thus risk management team can take the advantage of visualization of the project to mitigate the risk in some level.

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-310
149 148

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Prebid risks, their causes and influence of BIM are showing in the following tableRisk Prebid Risk type Contract Risks Risk pattern Changes in work Force majeure Payment process Retain age requirements Warranty requirements Reputation Ability to fund project Payment history Company culture Cost of self performed work Cost of subcontractor labor Cost of overhead Cost of equipment Cost of materials High price materials/ equipment Total project cost Overall contract time Subcontractor reliability Time of year Regulatory bureaucracy Familiar work process Major demolition of site work Insufficient ground investigation Proximity to office Familiar with area Difficult/remote access Site congestion Adequacy of pricing data Excessive prep cost BIM support Model analysis reduce risk No support No support No support No support No support No support No support No support Cost model analysis Cost model analysis Cost model analysis Cost model No support Cost model Cost model analysis Model schedule No support Cost model analysis No support No support Model analysis No support Site analysis Site analysis Site analysis Site analysis Cost model analysis Cost model analysis

Prebid

Owner Risks

Prebid

Price Risks

Prebid

Time Risks

Prebid

Work/Labor risks

Prebid

Location Risks

Prebid

Estimating Risks

Table 4.4 Risk assessment and BIM support on prebid 150

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-311,312

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Design risks pattern, causes and BIM support are showing in the following tableDesign Risks Poor quality in design drawings Noncompliance with design drawings Owner directed changes Excessive design review by owner, architect Inaccurate information sharing Latent design defects Description Information and detailed for construction is missing Design does not met the requirements by code Owner change his mind during the construction Longer time to make review Information is not sufficient or inaccurate Quality problem due to poor design BIM support BIM drawings have quality and reduce this risks Model checker reduce this risk. Adjusted easily everything through design change Model review takes shorter time Model based information reduced inaccuracy Simulation reduce that risk

Table 4.5 Risk assessment and BIM support on design risks151

In construction procedure are also exist different types of risks. Those risks and BIM effect to reduce those risks are given belowConstruction risks Labor availability and quality of labor pool Differing site conditions Site access, traffic and parking issues Property damage or theft issues Coordination with utilities, adjoining neighbors, and so on Adverse weather Description Inadequate labor, lack of skilled labor Not according to plans and specs of design drawing Highly dense area can cause significant delay Security is an big issue Coordination in utilities Unpredictable issue BIM support Location based scheduling model determines labor workforce Through Google earth and BIM model early analysis BIM model placement at the real site reduced that risk. Model and site analysis helpful to make good security plan Not supported in BIM Not supported through BIM

Table 4.6 Risk assessment and BIM support on construction risks 152

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-314 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-315

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Political and legal rules are also a big risk factor for construction project. In the following table risk pattern and BIM support showsPolitical/Legal risks Changes in law Changes in tax structure Public concern disputes Community issues Harassment issues Description Changes in local, state and federal laws Changes in tax structure or inflation Public protest due to different aspect Dust, noise, mud and different community issues Breaches by employees BIM support No support No support Site analysis through model reduce that risk Site analysis through model reduce that risk No support

Table 4.7 Risk assessment and BIM support on political and legal issues153

Financing risks pattern and BIM effort are in following tableFinancing Risks Economic climate Contractor cash flow Interest rate increases In sufficient funds Subcontractor/supplier bankruptcy description Economic disaster Unavailability of credit Bank or other financial institute decision Delay in payment from client Subcontractor financial crisis BIM support No direct support Cost model give prediction of location and timely based cost No support No support No support

Table 4.8 Risk assessment and BIM support in financing risks154

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-317 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-318

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The last stage of risks related with environmental and BIM supports are in the following tableEnvironmental Risks Environmental permits Hazardous material or site contamination Archeological findings Endangered spieces Wetlands, coastal protection or flood plain issues Description Environmental permit delays affect the construction time In construction this issues if discovered Unknown artifacts discovered Spieces protection and special care in construction Special protection BIM support No direct support No direct support No direct support Site analysis support Site analysis support

Table 4.9 Risk assessment and BIM support in environmental risks 155

These are common risks are associated in construction project. Thus by early evaluation construction management team makes decision about the project. BIM is a helping tool to quantify and mitigate the risk. Perhaps it is not fully possible to mitigate or make analysis of all kinds of risks through BIM. Some certain stages BIM reduced the level of risk and make forecasting. Like in scheduling Monte Carlo simulation reduced the scheduling risks. In that way BIM plays efficient role at the design risks also. Where BIM collaborate all the project designers and make coordination on the documentation. This design related risks are mitigating a lot through BIM. In general the process is risk management team identifies the risks and then quantifies it according to numbers. After that they tried to mitigate those risks through different ways. They can use risk retention, risk avoidance, risk abatement, risk transfer or risk allocation method to remove the level of risk from the project. BIM plays the role as an analysis tool to quantify the pattern of risk. BIM also evaluate the process best for mitigate that risks.

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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-318

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5.2.7 Construction Project Safety Management in BIM Safety is related with construction procedure quality. It also affects the completion of project in estimated time and cost. Life is much worth than anything. Thus in every project safety management is an important task to perform. Site managers or the senior hierarchy in the field construction has to ensure the construction safety. For that in every project safety plan is important. It mentioned about the safety importance and casualties in construction in the first chapter of this thesis. As usual safety professionals are using concepts like safety plan, hazardous material information, unsafe zone marking, safety instructions, equipment handling procedure and so on. BIM makes an important contribution to make safety plan by determining the unsafe zone in the project. It should be keeping in mind that, BIM based software are the visualizing tools for safety planners. It does not have any safety measurement by itself. But it can be possible through the rule set checking. If a rule can be set like safety zone determination and check it through model check software than those model check results can determine the unsafe zone in the project. Like Naviswork and through Solibri model checker this can be possible. It is helpful to determine the risky zone for the workers and according to that, safety planner can made their safety plan.

Figure 4.20 Safety rule set and check in Naviswork

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Model checking rule set can give solution to identify risky zones for workers. Besides this by virtual exploring the model safety planner can able to take safety measures. Like by virtual exploring safety team can able to determine the unsafe zone and even if they want they can install some video cam that provides safety and also help to monitor the work also. For safety management OSHA Jobsite handbook provides some guidelines. Among them the four primary components are management commitment, jobsite analysis, hazardous prevention and control, safety and health training. In these four components BIM can provide support only on jobsite analysis as previously discussed. BIM provide support by model check and virtual inspection for determine unsafe zone. As we know on each jobsite they have some nets and other safety features which provide safety on behalf of fall in, from the top of structure. The placement of this net in right position is also a big task for the safety management team. Through BIM it can possible. In BIM model after identifying the unsafe zone this net can be possible to set up by adding some object like net or other safety tools in the model. Even its also possible to make the model of the framework on which worker will work.

Figure 4.21 Safety net models in through architect model

Through virtual visualization BIM support the safety management in the project which brings better safety plan and safety measurement. But for other safety measurements like safety training, instrument manual, safety according to machine work is more physical task

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and hence BIM based model is not effective on this issues. But the major issue, falls around 33% of total job site accident can be possible to prevent through BIM based visual safety plan.156 5.2.8 Construction Project Environmental Management in BIM Environmental issues are now a days big issue in construction industry. Due to environmental impact so many construction works stopped at the mid stage of the project. Over all in ethics it will not good to disturbed the environment for construction. Environmental management is also important with other issues in construction. As discussed in the first chapter environmental management is important due to building legislation, environmental legislation, neighbor concern, ecological concern and so on. The environmental impact also depends on project size, project place, working method, machineries used for construction and over all the involvement of people. These management issues are physical issues to take decision regarding environmental management. The general problems in environment due to construction are noise, construction dust and mud, storm water pollution, endangered species, wetland protection, vegetation; historical and cultural artifacts clean up and trash removal, recycling the wastes.157 BIM cannot provide total solution for environmental protection or environmental management. BIM model provides support to make necessary decision related environmental management. Through BIM model importing in the real site, environmental management team can decide the issues like how to minimize the effect on vegetation, how to reduce the storm water pollution by providing drainage, where to put up the trash and debris, where to set up the trash removal plant and so on. In this simulation author place the model in real situation and explore the surroundings which should be a matter of concern about environment and according to these take necessary actions. ___________________________
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Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-318; page no-303 Barbara J. Jackson, 2010; Construction Management Jump start 2 nd Edition, Wiley Publications Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana; page no-318; page no-214

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Figure 4.22 Transfer the model in Google earth for determine the environmental effect

The main role of BIM model is to visualize the project situation with respect to the real site condition. Google sketch up gives the opportunity to transfer the model in the real position by providing co ordinate in the Google earth software. In present situation BIM can provide the real condition scenario before construction and through help Google earth it is possible to get the idea about surroundings. Obviously this visualization can help to make an effective environmental management plan. At last about environmental management through BIM is that, this job is very physical decision based and BIM can be a supporting tool for analyzing and visualizing the situation through virtual real time placement.

Figure 4.23 Model in Google Sketch up pro

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5.2.9 Construction Project Procurement Management in BIM Procurement is a step related with design, cost estimating and quality. In procurement the first thing to understand that what should procure, how to procure and also concerning the related cost and quality. In this regard procurement management is divided in procurement planning; documenting product requirements, solicitation, source selection, contract administration and contract close out with seller, according to project management body of knowledge. For procurement, planning is necessary. Procurement in construction means procure material, labor, and machineries etc. This procurement can be done either by tender procedure or by previous work relationship. To procure material and other things the main important aspect is to take care about the quality of the product. The main reason for that is, on that product the total project will build. In this regard during procurement stage procurement team has to take care architect specification on individual material for quality maintain and to procure timely that workers get their materials in the right time. For procurement BIM can contribute largely. Procurement is largely involved with design. From the design estimator calculates the material needs. Now a days designer used different types of material object which comes from different vendors. Vendors make the object model and make their own library and architect by using that library design the model. So that procurement list already comes from the design model. But about for material like stone, cement, labor for that manual calculation is needed. These quantities are based on RCC design. In procurement BIM can contribute more. Its also possible to make a database through BIM for procurement. But right this moment BIM procurement is exist only in design elements. If architect used the material from the vendor object library, on that case BIM software provides a procurement list. But to procure things such as contract, price negotiation, quality checking etc, are quite manual work. In this simulated model author used such curtain wall, door and windows from a vendor object library and thus on later stage procurement team has not to waste time to decide where to procure and how to procure on this step. But there still quality issues and pricing issues are important which cannot be solved by BIM.

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Figure 4.24 Procurement material list from architect (simulated) model

By digital fabrication BIM is not only helped the fabricator it also helped the procurement team to define the material and procured it with quality. More over BIM based time simulation shows the construction stage. By using that, procurement team can define the material needs and according to that they can make their plan like the latest time to procure the material which can also brings save in project and make coordination in the works. RFID tags, GPS technologies, laser scanning technologies support the procurement through BIM database. Like if the procured material has RFID tags and on that tag the informations such material quality, where to place and how to place this informations can be found. Thus it ensure the procured material security and their placement information. As a summary of procurement stage, the involvement of BIM is depends largely on the object library. If there are enough objects from vendors on that time it helps the engineers and others to design and also procurement team. But in rest of formalities like purchase order, cost, tender on this cases BIM still now not make any contribution.

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5.2.10 Construction Project Financial Management in BIM Financial management and cost management have very deep relation in nature. The idea of financial management is that, in the very beginning of any project general contractor has to carry the initial costs for couple of months. Owner always pays money after completion of certain stage. But project is an ongoing process. Money is needed for paying subcontractor, material costs, labor cost, salary and in other aspects also. Recently financial management gets more importance due to some new project contract system such as Design-build-own-operate or design-build-operate-maintain. In this project delivery method for this aspect financial management has more importance. Financial management is different from cost management in this way that, it has more concerned about revenue, cash flows. Moreover its relating with day to day expense or cash flow management of project labor and materials. For a good financial management financial planning and financial control is both important along with administrative financial data record.158 For financial management financial analyst is an important person who has might be no knowledge about BIM. So for a financial analyst he/she will use his tools for making financial analysis, financial plan, financial control and administrative data. But the important fact is that financial plan is closely linked with cost estimation and can be said that it will be a more updated version of cost control sheet. As earlier mention by using BIM software cost estimation can be done easily. So in this way cost control, cost estimation and financial management are linked together. From cost estimation data both cost control and financial control can get more accuracy in cost information. Thus BIM software might be not able to generate direct financial management contribution but partially through cost model it makes the way to collaborate both financial management team and cost management team. The cost control techniques can be applicable for financial control also. Besides this financial analyst has their own techniques to control and forecast about financial control. __________________________________
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Construction Extension to A Guide to the PROJECT Management Body of Knowledge; PMBOK Guide-2000 Edition, page no- 117

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Cost estimation from model BIM process

Finance plan
Financial plan and control Cost control

Total project finance and cost control BIM initial process, cost control techniques, financial analysis techniques

Cost identify

collaboration techniques

Figure 4.25 Financial management process in simulated model

In this simulated model author made the financial management by combining cost estimation data, cost control method and implement financial day to day data as a cash flow in excel sheet. In this case BIM provides the initial information for project cost. According to that cost, financial management team make financial plan and make combined application of cost control and financial control. At last they input the data in excel sheet along side with cost data. In this way BIM contribution can be possible in financial management that can make collaboration together cost management and financial management work. 5.2.11 Construction Project Claim Management in BIM Construction projects are vital. So many stakeholders are bounded in a certain project through different legal contracts or legal entities. In the first chapter, construction claim management discussed earlier. In this section the contribution of claim management in BIM will focused. Claim can be arise from any side of the project. It might be possible to come out from owner due to poor work by general contractor or may be from general contractor due to give some misinformation. It also possible that claim comes from another party like from neighborhood. Project management body of knowledge divides this claim management in claim identification, claim quantification, claim prevention and claim resolution.

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BIM is a virtual view of the construction project. BIM also has an intelligent model database which contains all the necessary data regarding project. So if there is any claim regarding project construction, BIM can be a useful tool for both claim identification and quantification. Claim prevention and resolution are more physical negotiation process. Hence it has no relation with BIM. If the claim comes from neighborhood on that case BIM can also provide necessary information in maximum aspects. In this simulated model author makes a claim and identify it and quantify it with BIM. After that, prevention and resolution are done by negotiation. The claim comes from owner after completion the project. According to owner identification project certain part is not meet the model requirements. To solve this claim general contractor discussed with architect how to identify and quantify this claim. They take a decision that both manual process and photography or laser scanning model compared with BIM model and solve this problem. So that, General contractor take the physical dimension of the project and compare it with model dimension. The result shows that 99% accuracy with model. Later they also take photography and laser scanning model data and compared it with the model and found also 98% accuracy. In this way both owner and general contractor through the BIM model data solved this issue. In summary of claim management it might be wise to say that, BIM gives more advantages in claim management issues by technological support but cannot provide full solution. Because its not like an automated process, human interaction is needed to prevent and resolve claim issues 5.2.12 Construction Project Site and Logistics Management in BIM Site coordination and logistics setting are also important in field construction. The construction work pace also depends on site planning and logistics support. In construction job site in a single moment so many works take place. Workers need materials and other stuffs close to their hand. Crane position is also an important factor on job site to get the maximum output from that. Through BIM and Google earth site coordination and management are now faster and reliable. Site coordination job is related to the job trailer set up, material placement, crane

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placement, different types of equipment set up, toilet trailer and other necessary facility. BIM software models provide visual analysis to place these things according to location based schedule work. Even through using Google earth and Google sketch up it also possible to set the model in the real place and analyze the site situation.159 In this simulated model author also place the model in the real site to analyze the site condition and according to that, set the site material and other equipments. For site planning model based analysis is create forecasting regarding project different works coordination.

Figure 4.26 Model placed at real site to make site management plan

For logistics, BIM provides support on logistics placement. Like the best or suitable place from which workers get maximum benefit. Through Google earth logistics plan can make according to judge the distance from the site and this information makes effective role on scheduling and material procurement. BIM model are helping tool to set the logistics support like crane and other equipments. For material transport such as readymade concrete and other materials which are not possible to store in site, on that case material radius measurement through Google earth makes difference in productivity. ______________________
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Daniel Tal, 2009 ;Google Sketch Up For Site Design, A guide for Modeling, Site Plans, Terrains and Architecture, John Wiley and Sons,Inc. Page no-67

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Through this way BIM based model analysis and other tools such as Google earth makes more efficient site and logistics plan.

Figure 4.27 Logistics placement model in the site

5.3 BIM Implementation in Post Construction After completing the construction stage general contractor has to hand over the project to the owner for occupancy. But before that, general contractor has to perform some documentation and final inspection regarding check out and so on. BIM has also identical role on project handover and facility management team take off the facility.

5.3.1 Handover Management in BIM After finishing the construction general contractor has to handover the project to the owner. But before handover general contractor has to inspect everything that must meet the design quality and specification requirement. On that time if they found some minor defects it called as punch-out. Every project has such kind of minor errors. After repairing or changing that places architect inspect everything and if that goes right architect issues a substantial completion certificate. But the final completion certificate provide by architect when the entire contract related paperwork has done.

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BIM makes a well organized documentation handover in this stage. Because facility is construct according to the design drawing, thus already model has all the documents. It depends on contract that general contractor has to provide the model or just only document. Through BIM this process takes less time and makes a digital documentation. Punch-out list comes from physical inspection and its related with quality control of the project. Hence the contribution of BIM in punch-out phase is negligible, can be used as an auxiliary tool to review the model. But for inspection of the project for both architect and general contractor, can take the advantage from BIM. Because BIM model data and laser scanning model data can help to find out the specification requirement problem and for quality also. Commissioning is also an important stage in the handover period where general contractor has to show how to run the total facility equipment system. BIM based MEP models can make a good visual representation that helps people to understand about the facility equipment system. More over if the model has database itself through different equipments name and function than it will make a digital location based facility equipment information. Certificate of occupancy is an important job before using the facility. To get this BIM model representation, makes a clear idea to the government officials about the facility and according to their visit they can ensure about the model and real construction safety for occupancy. Thus BIM makes a well representation of facility to understand the safety requirements meet or not. As earlier mentioned BIM provides well documentation about drawings. But for warranties, testing reports, operation manual right this moment is not possible to make such kind of database through BIM software. But for that, in addition excel based database can be made, where all the information will be written according to model location. Through this way author defines the documentation and handover phase in this simulated project. 5.3.2 Facility Management in BIM Facility management starts after hand over the project. On that time project team hand over all the documents, drawings, models, equipment manual, equipment warranty list etc. In the chapter no. two how BIM contribute in facility management describe briefly. In this section

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author will demonstrate how BIM can provide facility management support in the simulated model. The simulated building model is a 2 storey building. After finishing the construction general contractor arranged all the drawings, models and other documents together and transfers it to the facility management team. Besides that, general contractor provides a database of information regarding MEP. General Contractor arranges a commissioning and provides training support to facility management team that they can take care of the facility. After getting the model design and specs, facility management team will make their own model or make a database through CAFM. On the other hand they can use the construction model also. But on that case the main problem is that, they have to own the software on that time which is a big issue and it will increase the expense to maintain the facility. The easy solution for that, early involvement of facility management team in the beginning of construction design, that they can take the necessary data from design model and make their own database. After completion the project they will add some additional information and by that they will make maintenance and further renovation if necessary. In this simulated model author makes the early involvement of facility management team in the design phase and solved this issue at the beginning phase of the project. Author followed the following pattern to get assistance from BIM to do the facility management.
Design team and facility management team

Facility documents in CAFM database

Manual input construction data

Facility Database

Facility Manage. ment..

Figure 4.28 Facility management flowcharts in BIM

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6. Discussion and Conclusion Last four chapters demonstrate the relationship between construction project management and Building Information Modeling. But the fact is, this relation sometimes not generic, sometimes are superimposed. BIM is a present technological advancement in construction industry. It gives the opportunity to make the simulation of the building. But it does not a complete solution for construction automation in every phase. In these sections some lacking of BIM and future of BIM discussed. 6.1 Future BIM Construction Management The modification of construction industry is needed due to increase the productivity and keep pace with manufacturing industry. To make these changes BIM is an effective tool. But the tool is not yet developed properly that AEC people can get the benefit in all the sector of construction industry. The major fact is the development limitation of BIM. BIM is not yet developed properly as theoretically it termed. But there is a big prospect through BIM to make automation in construction industry. BIM is now getting the basic skeleton. Now the BIM developer needs to make this skeleton as a full structure. Through this thesis work, there are some identical proposals made by author for the future prospects of BIM. Future BIM should develop like this. First of all, its true that BIM makes a good visualization. But visualization is not enough now. With visualization construction people need data, which datas are intelligent and have the ability to change linked data through changing one data. Now BIM models are individual model. Like for architectural work architect model, for structural engineer structural model, for MEP engineers MEP model. These models are different from each other in functions. But the basic design data is same. Its true that there is better coordination in data exchange that makes the collaboration in design team. Thus BIM is widely used by designers. But this process can be developed by making a composite model The future BIM model should be composite model. That one single model contains all the information. One single model has separate database for structural, architectural, MEP model. Thus it can work as a complete design model. Through one change in design by any designer it can generate rest of changes very easily in the rest of design drawings. But the process in todays BIM technology is that, it can make change in a single model and then

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again has to transfer the modified model data to the rest of models to make changes. Its also a tedious job. But if there is a single design model that have all the data, than one single change can change the whole model. Composite model means not just only contain the design data. It contains the entire data related project. It has the total database of the project. It has cost data, procurement data, safety data, risk data, environmental data and all the aspect related to construction. But for that there should be separate model for every aspect. Or it might be that, one software have different window to make individual model and later merge it in a single model. That model works as a composite or master model. Besides that, separate models are also existing in that window, when people need to go through they can see that model.

Construction model Pre construction model Post Construction model

Composite model

Figure 5.1 Composite model concept

The preconstruction model will be consist of design (architect, structural and MEP), and cost model. Construction model will be combination of time, safety, procurement, environmental, risk, financial, claim and site logistics model. The idea is that, there should be a server of models where the skeleton of structure made at first and then different people will make it as a complete structure and it will work as a database. Through filtering that data different designer will make their individual model and send data on the main server. In this way the whole process will go on a single platform. Post construction model will consist of all the design documents in a single file and helps to make punch out list through comparing the

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original model and checking through laser scanning data. After that all the information will be transferred to facility manager that, facility manager take it on their server or CAFM system. It might be wise if facility manager can involved earlier and through all the model information they make their own model and merge it to the composite model. The concepts of BIM server is that, either it will be an open source of platform where architect will made the model or the frame of the model and than in later stages rest of designers or users will reach that database with adding information. Its not only just adding information. It will also possible to get the data access from that server. The complete BIM server platform will be worked as a composite model. BIM server will be the system of enriching or extracting model information that can be used in various stages of the project. The second concept of BIM server is that, it will act as a central database where all the data will store and after that it will filter that data and provide in next stages. It will determine the data need for the next stage by query that information and after that flow information to make that certain model. When the model will complete, BIM server collect that model and grab all the information inside it and stored it on the database or it can be worked as a data warehouse. Through this way BIM server provides necessary information or data throughout the full construction process. This BIM server also linked with the composite model. But the composite model will build after getting all the datas. The future BIM should have connection with GIS like Google Earth software and 3D laser scanning data that any real time information can put in the model. Through using that model, can make the view of real scenario and reduce different risks. There should be a question how to make the database of BIM. There is a solution to include MIS system with BIM. ERP or enterprise resource planning probably brings the solution. ERP system has own interface to query and extract data and make data flow in necessary areas. So if the BIM 3D intelligent data model and ERP can combine together it will make efficient result through BIM server which will make the real automation in the construction management approach. This one is a big subject to illustrate the view how to combine both ERP and BIM. But it is possible to combine this by changing their architecture. By using ERP and BIM its possible to provide information in all the stages with combining some

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other plug-in tools like Google earth, CityGML data. On that time there will be real interoperability with different software.

Facility management model data


Query and filter data

Pre construction data

BIM server/ BIM datawarehouse

Query and filter data

Post construction documentation model data

Query and filter data

Design data model


Query and filter data

Construction management data model

Figure 5.2 BIM server data collection and transfer model

Construction automation can be another future aspect of BIM. Through BIM construction automation can be possible. The idea by author for that is, if the structure is precast concrete than with this BIM support construction automation can be possible. There are matching toys for child. Childrens are matching that toy to make different structure, like house. As a simple example so called Lego toys where there are different parts of this toy and they have to make the toy like a house by combining different parts of that house. Like this if the model made by BIM and the whole model is divided into some manageable parts for precast into factory. After that each element has a RFID tag according to the model data like a number. Than an automated crane select the elements, read the RFID tag and put it on the

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right place. This should be future automation in construction industry with the support of BIM. 3D laser scanning data and BIM can be used together for quality or design checking of the building. This technology is not used today but author suggests it as a future technology by using BIM. The idea for that is, after making the building or facility now has to check the quality of the building in materials or in dimension. This is possible through laser scanning of the building. By scanning the total data of the building and by some kind of ray quality can also be judged. After that both data will transfer in CityGML format and make the 3D model through laser scanning. Then both models can be checked together in a model checker and easily figure out the actual construction and the deserved construction. These are some ideas from author as an optimistic user of BIM. It is a matter of researches that how to combine BIM technology with others to get a visualized intelligent support. Hopefully through that the productivity of construction industry will increase much more than todays progress. 6.2 Discussions and Results The main objective of this thesis paper is to demonstrate the way of using BIM in construction management. The starting time of construction management is differed to people. Some people thought construction management will start at the construction stage. But author has different opinion. Construction management starts from the idea of the construction. Because without proper management from that time it will not possible to bring optimize result. Its not wise to spend 1 year for design and bid and later make hurry to make it in just 2 years. The concept is that optimization should be from the very beginning. BIM brings that idea, optimization or collaboration from the very beginning of the project. Thus here is a link construction management and BIM. As earlier mentioned BIM is a supporting tool process. Its not a complete automated process. AEC people have to take the maximum advantage of this technology with some other helping tools. As a simple example in the site management author used Google Sketch and Google Earth software. Both are not BIM solution but they are worked as helping tools for BIM model. It should be remember

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that, the model of building or infrastructure is the basic element to judge the construction. Site condition softwares are working as auxiliary tools. Current BIM solutions are not perfect to support the total construction management, these solutions need additional supports from other software like Google Earth, Microsoft excel and so on. Its not a big fact that current BIM solutions have no every features itself which required for total construction management. With using other tools in required format the process can be done. But the fact is interoperability. Some BIM solutions have limited interoperability. As an example author made IFC file as a common format but in Google earth or sketch up its not possible to upload IFC file. Thus author has to take it on Revit architecture make it as DWG file format and then transfer it to the Google sketch up for uploading it on the real environment. There are limitations and problems in BIM current technology. Some are technical, some are financial and some of them are process based. Before making any criticism on BIM its wise to look at the research questions and their answers. First question was about the concept of BIM and construction management. The answer is spread throughout the work. But in a simple sentence the answer can be given as, visual collaboration is the key concept of BIM and optimize the project from the beginning phase is the key concept of construction project management. Chapter no. three has the answer of linkage of BIM and construction project management. In a summary of this can be said that, BIM worked as a model based visual tool to increase the productivity of construction through using it in various construction management phases. The answer of question three and four are also in chapter three and chapter four. BIM make collaboration in this concept that it brings the entire stakeholder in one platform from the very beginning. Through this way BIM brings continuous data exchange and information flow from inception to facility management of the construction. Contract is a vital issue for implement of BIM. Only IPD is defined as a BIM based contract. Where AEC people have the knowledge of BIM and the whole construction work should be done in BIM approach through collaboration. But rest of other contract method has to modify for BIM implementable in construction. The main problem arise in the contract that who will bear the

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cost of BIM technology and exactly what should be the data details in the contract. In chapter four author give some solutions about this how to modify the general contracts by adding some clause and make it friendly for BIM implementable. BIM is not implementable only for building projects. Currently infrastructure projects are also using BIM as a technological advancement support. Like described in this paper horse shoe bridge in USA, Bucharest stadium by Max Bgl etc. are the big advanced use of BIM in infrastructure projects. The answer of last question by analyzing the total construction process through BIM it found that, BIM is not yet developed to support the total construction management right this moment. The softwares are capable to do some part of construction management by itself and by taking help from other plug-in tool. The main reason for this fragmentizes is that, construction project management is a vast area to manage where visualization and intelligent information provides support to manage this but there are so many lacking still now exist which should have to develop to bring total construction management through BIM. In chapter four these lacking and brief recommendation are given by author about this research question. BIM is a new technology with lots of potentiality itself. The concept is theoretically strong. Its a matter of time to get the full success from BIM. BIM provides benefit at the design stage of the construction by making collaboration with all kind of stakeholder of the project for better understanding and productivity in work. But in construction management BIM is not a complete technology. Its not a single software or database that holds all the information. But the idea of BIM is to make it as an intelligent database for the facility which can be used by project stakeholders from the very beginning to the end of the facility. Current BIM solutions are partially capable to do this but not exactly provide full support. More over BIM is an expensive technology. The total BIM solution is a combination of several software solutions and each of them are highly cost able. So that interoperability of this software is also a big question. Its not productive for any contractor to change BIM software for every new contract. Thus BIM also needs a management. This can be termed as virtual management or BIM management. The practical application of this virtual management will be the field construction management. Virtual management team and

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practical management team can be run by same people. So that it also a matter of give proper education to understand BIM. Its also a big reason, not to welcome this technology in construction management fully. These tables demonstrate the demand and support of BIM after analyzing the total construction management by BIM
Management approach Integration Management Requirement support 1.Feasibilty study 2.Design integration BIM support 1.Through Google earth and sketck up 2.Full support on design integrtaion Challenge to BIM 1.Google earth and sketch up are not intelligent BIM software 2.Integration depends on owner requirements and also ability of the design firm 1.Other contract method are not suitable for BIM. No clear statement about BIM costs and responsibilities Visualization is not perfect, model cannot identify every element. Manual input is needed. More over cost data not reflect on the model No model based cost control Recommendation 1. plug-in with BIM software that schematic design can analysis roughly at the feasibility stage 2. BIM work procedure should be continuous, so that BIM based design firm should be choose 1. Adding some additional legal clauses is possible to make BIM based contract where it should written who will bear the software cost and additional other expenses Up gradation on costing models that shows the cost and should have some plug-in tools with cost estimating software that one change on that software reflect on the model Cost estimation software should be model and data based. They have linked with other software and that data change must be reflect on the total model Time should be measured from the inception of the project 1.Make separate quality database 2.Model based element quality data. 3. Laser scanning model build up for measure quality and compare with BIM

Scope Management

1.Contract method 2.Bid

1.IPD provides BIM based contract. 2. Provide digital design information for bid Information and quantity take off from the model and make cost estimation

Cost management

1.Model based cost estimation

Cost Control

1.Cost estimation based cost control

No support on cost control, manual control is needed with different other software Model based scheduling and simulation 1.Visualization support

Time management

Scheduling

Quality management

1.Zero defect 2.Architectural requirement fulfill 3.Total quality control

1.Quality measurement database unavailable 2.Not able to determine zero defect

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144 Recommendation 1. MIS and BIM should be together to manage human resource more effectively

Management approach Human resource management

Requirement support 1.Skilled human assigned 2. Project role determined

BIM support 1.Through cost and time estimating human requirement measurement 2. Data share to assign role of the human resource 3.Data management support for desk management 1.Intelligent information share 2. Data exchange support 3. Effective collaboration by sharing information Model based simulation and analysis support Model based visualization to determine unsafe zone Visualized construction site analysis through help of Google earth 1. Model based procured element support through BOQ 1. Support through cost model

Challenge to BIM 1.No template available to assign people 2. Not able to query data 3.Manual data share support 4. No monitoring and reporting process on project activities 1.Manual process 2. Not able to filter data 3.No database to store all the design information in a single model 3. No voice communication Not able to assign risk assessment in different stage Not able to provide total safety support

Communication management

1.Communication planning 2. Information share 3. Reporting

1. Composite model 2.BIM open server 3.BIM and MIS linked together 4. Should provide voice communication support

Risk management

Risk measurement in every stage of construction Safety data

1.Separtae risk analysis model 1.Naviswork safety rule check 2. Element safety data 3. Instrument manual 4. safety information database and share 1.Should be checked at the design stage by different analysis BIM solution 1. RFID tag or bar code to entry the procured model in the database of the model 2. Qulaity checking in the procurement stage 1. Financial software should merge with BIM cost model to make efficient report to determine financial condition of the project.

Safety management

Environmental management

Determine the impact of construction on surrounding environment 1.Procured element list

Procurement management

No database related environmental impact, like noise measurement, dust control etc 1. No automatic data entry

Financial management

1.Financial control 2. Financial data record

1.No detail information related project financial condition.

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145 Recommendation Its a physical judgment procedure and BIM helps to make a good judgment Google earth and BIM work together to assign a real site and logistic plan Composite model documentation CAFM and BIM model can combine together

Management approach Claim management

Site and logistics management Handover management Facility management

Requirement support 1.Claim from owner 2.Claim from general contractor 3.Claim from third party 1.Site planning 2.Logistics planning 1.Documentation 2.Punchout list 1.Facility over all data

BIM support 1.Visualized model based claim analysis 1. Model place in the real construction site Model based complete documentation Model based design data

Challenge to BIM 1. No decision support

1. No separate tools for design site and logistics Construction management incomplete documentation Facility management model

Table 5.1 BIM support in overall construction management

In previous table the total strength of BIM in construction management is came out. Through this analysis it found that BIM is enough good to increase the productivity of construction industry by providing collaboration. This thesis paper demonstrates that the synchronization of construction management is possible through BIM but it needs some additional software support. Currently the situation of BIM in total construction industry is that BIM is the solution of construction problems but need to make it more advanced with diminishing the implementable physical and technical problems like contractual, interoperability, advancement with new tools and all over on combining MIS and BIM together to make a central database.

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6.3 Conclusion

BIM or Building Information Modeling is the technological demand of present construction industry. But unfortunately it is used in some particular areas of construction. Such as design, cost and time management and little bit in facility management. Meanwhile the prospect of BIM is much wider. For that the first thing necessary is to understand the possibilities where it can be applicable. Right this moment its true that BIM cannot able to manage the total construction management itself. But it should be remember that BIM is a technological support tool to bring productivity. It does not itself as a systematic process. BIM brings efficiency with a systematic process and it also depends on the user creativity. At this moment BIM is in an initial stage. Thus it needs help from other software such as Google earth for real time visualization. BIM or Building Information Modeling is a visualization and collaboration technique which has the prospect to bring automation in construction from the design to completion phase of the project. Currently all over the world BIM is used in construction process but not with full utilization power. The aspect of this paper is to demonstrate the way of using BIM in construction management. Well BIM has limitation or is developing itself. Besides that its possible to use BIM in the construction management phases with the help of some other software. It might not bring total automation management in construction but it can show the future construction automation. Construction management process is a complicated process where lots of personnel are involved. To maintain or synchronize construction project work exact data or information in a short time is mandatory. Through this work its now clear that BIM can meet the demand of exact information in a short time. More over data transfer or share is also a big aspect in management. BIM brings efficiency on it with IFC also. Still now interoperability is a concerning matter but its developing. Manufacturing industries productivity increased due to use of technological support where construction industries are now intending to take this support. BIM is a technique or supporting process which increase productivity like manufacturing industries.

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At the end to say about BIM is that, BIM is the future of construction but the beginning should start from now. It will not be wise to wait until the full automation technology discovered. Construction industries have to use this technology with the help of other technologies to synchronize construction management work from now and should have to contribute developing this technology. The way showed this paper is a way to use BIM in construction management while its a urge that research work are more necessary on it to bring automated construction. Because BIM will take the lead on that automation process.

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