International Journal of Computer Science and Application Issue 2010

ISSN 0974-0767

Per for mance Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM Technology for High Data Rate Wireless Networ ks
Nirmalendu Bikas Sinha, Makar Chand Snai, M. Mitra
Abstract- The use of multiple antennas at both tr ansmitter and receiver to for m multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) channels cur r ently hold the potential to dr astically improve wireless links spectr um e? ciency or robustness, incr easing capacity and the ability to incr ease the tr ansmission speed in futur e wireless communications system. For broadband communications, OFDM tur ns a frequency selective channel into a set of par allel flat channels, which significantly reduces the receiver complexity. In this paper, we expand the idea of spreading the tr ansmitted symbols in OFDM systems by applying Space-Time Coded Multiple-Input Multiple-Output OFDM (STC/MRCMIMO-OFDM) systems. In the proposed systems, a multidimensional diver sity, including time, frequency, space and modulation diver sities, can be used, resulting in better bit er ror per for mance in AWGN channel for with and without padding as well as for with and without convolution coding. The exper imental results have been ver ified using the MATLAB simulation, the results of simulation have been ver ified with the var ious wor ks being car r ied out in this area and the results confer red to be cor rect. . Finally, the paper addresses the cur rent questions regar ding the integr ation of STC/MRC-MIMO-OFDM system in pr actical wireless systems and standar ds. Keywords- BER, PER, OF DM, STC/MRC, MIMO, GPS, 3G and 4G.

tremendous technological growth towards exploiting the bandwidth of a system. Particularly, in the wireless domain, 60 GHz RF band has lots of promise which can offer a bandwidth of 5 GHz. On the other hand, the WCDMA 3G mobile system has lots of growth in terms of better data rate, better interference rejection, better multipath exploitation etc. Now we are thinking of a system which can serve the purpose of communication in ITS application. A Communication model is based on the principle that any change in the signal after transmission is eliminated to recover the original signal at receiver and avail a reliable communication. The approaching Fourth generation (4G) mobile communication systems are projected to solve stillremaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from highquality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. 4G wireless was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization that developed the wired Internet. 4G is a network of networks with which user will be in control. They will be decide the system even the right terminal for each application and for each environment (mobility & coverage).So 4G is MAGICMobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service [11]. The expected data rate for high mobility 100Mbps and for Nomadic 1Gbps [12].As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This paper presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word-integration. There are actually three major objectives which the 4G technologies to fulfill- Continuous connectivity, Data rate of 100 MBPS at user terminal and Other services like ITS to deploy. CALM [13], continuos communication for vehicles, is a new World Standard for ITS operation. It includes Millimeter wave radar, GPS, 2G air interface to support ITS activities. 122

I. INTRODUCTION The growth of mobile communications, wireless Internet access and multimedia applications has produced a strong demand for advanced wireless techniques. The challenges for wireless communication designs come from the detrimental characteristics of wireless environments, such as multipath fading, Doppler Effect, co-channel interference, and intentional jamming in military communications and ITS. The objective of our paper is to provide new approaches to solve the problems mentioned above and enhance the transmission speed to 100 Mbps by means of OFDM-MIMO (MRC/STC) system. We are proceeding towards a broadband age both for the communication as well as remote sensing. There is a rising need for high data rate [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10], wireless communication. As user's demands exceed the capacity of wireless networks, operators are forced to find ways to improve the network capacity and throughput in order to provide an acceptable level of service. There is

International Journal of Computer Science and Application Issue 2010

ISSN 0974-0767

II. OFDM-MIMO IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Increasing the number of MIMO transmitters and receivers however holds even greater potential. By using multiple antennas both at transmitter and receiver it boost the data transmission rate and quality of wireless signals. In doing so MIMO takes the advantages of the various reflections seen by the receiver. STC/MRC is one of the techniques used in MIMO, which spatially multiplexes multiple independent data streams transferred simultaneously within one spectral channel of bandwidth. OFDM-MIMO (STC/MRC) can significantly increase data throughput as the number of resolved spatial data streams is increased. A MIMO channel is a wireless link between M transmits and N receive antennas. It consists of MN elements that represent the MIMO channel coefficients. The multiple transmit and receive antennas could belong to a single user modem or it could be distributed among different users.

2.1 MIMO SYSTEM MODEL The input /output a relation of a narrow band single-user MIMO wireless link is modulated by a complex baseband vector notation: Y = HX + n ..(1). Where H is the channel matrix and n is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) vector at a given instant in time channel noise. Furthermore, as a commonly used structure for the MIMO system, V-BLAST shares some basic modules with our general multiple antennas. Y= y1

The time-varying channel impulse response betwen the j-th (j = 1.2..........M) transmit antenna and the i-th (j = 1.2 ........N) receive antenna is denoted as hi.j(,t) This is the response at time t-. The composite MIMO channel response is given by the N x M matris H(,t) with
Fig. 1 (a) Existing technology, (b) & (c) Smart antenna system

The later configuration is called distributed MIMO and cooperative communications. Statistical MIMO channel models offer flexibility in selecting the channel parameters, temporal and spatial correlations. MIMO channel simulation tools are implemented based on these models. Several statistical MIMO channel models were proposed in [8] and [9].Both models introduced spatial correlation by multiplying a matrix of uncorrelated random variables by a square root of a covariance matrix and both are based on similar assumptions. However, they differ in their approach. In [10], the authors validate the statistical model of [8] based on measurements in microcells and microcells. They showed that the eigen value distribution of the model matches the measurements. Fig.1 (a), (b), (c) and (d) shows conceptual diagram of existing technology, smart antenna system and MIMO channels respectively.
1 1

The vector referred to as the spatio-temporal signature induced by the j-th transmit antenna across the receive atenna. Furthermore, given that the signal sj(t) is launched from the j-th transmit antenna, the signal received at the i-th receive antenna is given by

yi (t) =

h
J =1

i, j

(t, ) * s j (t ) + n i(t ), i = 1, 2, L , N..(7)

2 2

Where * denotes the convolution operator and ni(t) is additive noise in the receiver. For transmit/receive beam forming with the diversity of order M N, is considered as full diversity. On the other hand the antenna gain is Max ={M,N} antenna gain MN 2.2 MIMO system channel Capacity Multipath propagation has long been regarded as impairment because it causes signal fading. To mitigate this problem, diversity techniques were developed. Antenna diversity is a widespread form of diversity. Information theory has shown that with multipath propagation, multiple antennas at both transmittre and 123

Scatterer

TX
M N

RX
Fig. 1(d) A MIMO wireless channel

International Journal of Computer Science and Application Issue 2010

ISSN 0974-0767

eceiver receiver can establish essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously, on the same frequency band at the same total radiated power. Antenna correlation varies drastically as a function of the scattering environment, the distance between transmitter and receiver, the antenna configurations, and the Doppler spread. Recent research has shown that multipath propagation can in fact contribute to capacity. Channel capacity is the maximum information rate that can be transmitted and received with arbitrarily low probability of error at the receiver. A common representation of the channel capacity is within a unit bandwidth of the channe land can be expressed in bps/Hz. This representation is also known as spectral (bandwidth) efficiency. MIMO channel capacity depends heavily on the statistical properties and antenna element correlations of the channel. Representing the input and output of a memory less channel with the random variables X and Y respectively, the channel capacity is defined as the maximum of the mutual information between X and Y :

From the above expression it is clear that theoretically capacity increase as the bandwidth is increased which shown in Fig.3. C increases 1 bits/sec/Hz for every 3dB of SNR. Thus by using multiple antennas we can increase the throughput. Using MIMO architecture the throughput can be increased with a much reduced transmission power using STC/MRC code helps to fulfill the high throughput potential of OFDM-MIMO system in a highly efficient manner. Using wider bandwidth with OFDM offers significant advantages when maximizing performance wider bandwidth channels are cost effective and easily accomplished with moderate increases in digital signal processing (DSP). III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR OFDM-MIMO (MRC/STC) SYSTEMS: Block diagram of OFDM-MIMO (MRC/STC) transmitter and receiver system is dipicted in Fig. 4(a) and Fig 4(b). OFDM is a multicarrier transmission technique, which divides the available spectrum into many carriers, each one being modulated by a low data rate stream. Each subcarrier is orthogonal to each other, meaning that cross-talk between the sub-channels is eliminated and inter-carrier guard bands are not required which significantly reduces the receiver complexity. In current 802.11 systems without MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) there is a single RF (Radio Frequency) chain on the wireless device. Multiple antennas use the same hardware to process the radio signal. So only one antenna can transmit or receive at a time as all radio signals need to go through the single RF chain. In MIMO there can be a separate RF chain for each antenna allowing multiple RF chains to coexist. The various parameters on which the simulation followed by analysis for Fig.4(a) and Fig 4(b)are: Modulation techniques: BPSK, QPSK. Number of FFT points: 256 and 1024 (with and without interleaving), Convolution code rates: R1/2 and R3/4, Channel Models: AWGN. IV. SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OFDM-MIMO (STC/MRC) SYSTEMS: Performance analysis has been done for the proposed system based on MATLAB simulation. In communication systems, information bits are typically grouped into a frame or packet format and transmitted to a receiver. The received packets may be lost or include errors because of a noisy channel for transmitting the data. The packet error rate (PER) is the percentage of received packets that include an error. PER in a coded system depends on the ratio of the bit energy to noise spectrum density (SNR), the FEC code rate, ARQ scheme and the packet size.Bit Error Rate(BER) is the fundamental parameter to access the 124

A channel is said to memory less if the probability distribution of the output depends only on the input at that time and is conditionally independent of previous channel inputs or outputs. p(x) is the probability distribution function (pdf) of the input symbols X. 2.3 Capacity of Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) System: According to Shannon capacity of wireless channels, given a single channel corrupted by an additive white Gaussian noise at a level of SNR, the capacity is:
C SHANNON= B. log2 [1+SNR] BPS

HZ .....(15)

where: C is the Shannon limits on channel capacity, SNR is signal-to-noise ratio, B is bandwidth of channel. In the ractical case of time-varying and randomly fading wireless channel, the capacity can be written as:
HZ ....(16) Where: H is the 1x1 unit-power complex matrix Gaussian amplitude of the channel. Moreover, it has been noticed that the capacity is very small due to fading events [15].
CSHANNON= B. log2 [1+SNR . |H| ] BPS
2

Fig.3 Shanons capacity for SISO system

International Journal of Computer Science and Application Issue 2010

ISSN 0974-0767

Fig.4(a): Block diagram of OFDM-MIMO (MRC/STC) Transmitter System.

FFT
DETECTION & Binary O/P data DECODING Contains: MIMO detection, Phase drift Correction, demapping, deinterleaving and decoding

FFT

Remove Cyclic Prefix

Synchronization

Remove Cyclic Prefix

RX1

RXN

Channel estimation
Fig.4(b): Block diagram of OFDM-MIMO (MRC/STC) Receiver System.

quality of any digital transmission and quality measurement of recovered data. Using FFT approach as the number of subcarrier increases the better is accuracy due to higher number of points. Hence data rate will also increase. i) In comparison with three modulation schemes by varying receiver elements and keeping the transmitter elements initially fixed, for the case of with and without padding for BPSK and QPSK modulation, as SNR increases BER and PER improves. So data rate increases as shown in fig. 4, which is mainly due to its receiving diversity technique.

10 10

0 0

Modulation: BPSK Number of Data Carriers: 256

BER BER PER PER

BER/PER

10 10

-2

-2

10 10

-4

-4

10

10-6 0

-6

10

15

20

25

30

SNR [dB]
Fig.4: Performance of a BPSK modulation for without padding and without coding. Parameters: No. of FFT points= 256; Modulation = BPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2. 125

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10 10

0 0

Modulation: BPSK Number of Data Carriers: 256

BER BER PER PER

BER/PER

10 10

-2

-2

10 10

-4

-4

iii) The overall performance of BPSK for OFDMMIMO(STC/MRC) system can improve for higher values of FFT points but the performance of QPSK almost remain constant .The overall performance for both with coding ,without padding and with coding ,with padding1024 FFT points is better than 256 FFT points in case of QPSK modulation as depicted in Fig.4,5 and Fig.8 - Fig.12.

10

10-6 0

-6

10

SNR [dB]

15

20

25

30

Fig.5: Performance of a QPSK modulation for with padding Parameters: No. of FFT points = 256; Modulation =QPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2, code rate=1/2. ii) For with coding OFDM-MIMO (STC/MRC) system overall performance of all modulation techniques is much better than without coding. But the performance of QPSK is better than BPSK for higher values of SNR and overall performance of code rate is better than

100 10

SNR [dB] Number of Data Carriers: 256 Modulation: BPSK

BER BER PER PER

Fig.8: Performance of a BPSK modulation for without padding Parameters: No. of FFT points = 1024; Modulation = BPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2.

BER/PER

10 10

-2

-2

10 10

-4

-4

10

10-6 0

-6

10

15

20

25

30

SNR [dB]
Fig.6: Performance of a BPSK modulation for without padding Parameters: No. of FFT points = 256; Modulation = BPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2, coding rate=3/4.

Fig.9: Performance of a QPSK modulation for without padding Parameters: No. of FFT points =256; Modulation = QPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2.

Fig.7: Performance of a QPSK modulation for without padding Parameters: No. of FFT points = 256; Modulation = QPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2, coding rate=3/4.

Fig.10: Performance of a QPSK modulation for without padding Parameters: No. of FFT points = 1024; Modulation = QPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2. 126

International Journal of Computer Science and Application Issue 2010

ISSN 0974-0767

Fig.11: Performance of a QPSK modulation for without padding Parameters: No. of FFT points = 1024; Modulation = QPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2, Code rate =1/2.

V. CONCLUSION The performance of the proposed OFDM-MIMO (STC/MRC) system for different antenna configurations and propagation conditions was analyzed based on our Lab model. It has found that OFDM-MIMO system with MRC/STC coding can get potentially higher spectral efficiency because no orthogonal transmitted signals and received co-channel signals are separated by decorrelation (processing algorithm) due to multipath. It is understood that both MIMO technology and wider bandwidth channels will be required to reliably satisfy the higher throughput demands of next generation applications. The result shows that proposed system fare capable of improving bit rate and maximizing throughput efficiency without increasing total transmit power or required bandwidth with STC/MRC processing at the receiver . REFERENCES
[1] Y. Li and N. R. Sollenberger, Adaptive Antenna Arrays for OFDM systems with Co-Channel Interference, IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 217-229, February 1999. G. J. Foschini, Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas, Bell Labs.Tech. Journal, Vol. 1, No.2, autumn 1996, pp 41-59. G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1998, pp 311-335. M. Jankiraman, Space time Codes and MIMO systems, published b Artech House, 2004. B. Vucetic & J. Yuan, 'Space Time Coding', published by John Wiley &Sons Inc., 2003. A. J. Paulraj and T. Kailath, Increasing capacity in wireless broadcast systems using distributed transmission/directional reception," U. S. Patent, no. 5,345,599, 1994 G. G. Raleigh and J. M. Cioffi, Spatio-temporal coding for wireless communication," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 357366, 1998. H. B olcskei, D. Gesbert, and A. J. Paulraj, On the capacity of OFDM-based spatial multiplexing systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 225-234, Feb. 2002. I.E. Telatar, Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels, Eur. Trans.Telecomm, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 585595, 1999. H. Bolcskei andA. J. Paulraj, The Communications Handbook, 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2002, Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Wireless systems, pp. 90.1 90.14. W. W. Lu, Defining China's Fourth Generation Mobile communications, ITU Telecom World, Hong Kong, December 2006. Beyond 3G / 4G Radio Access Technologies (RATs) and Standards Roadmaps, e-Mobility Technology Platform Whitepaper by Didier BourseAND Rahim Tafazolli in December 2007. www.calm.hu Abdul Aziz, M.K., Fletcher, P.N. and Nix, A.R., 'Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11n solutions combining MIMO architectures with iterative decoding and sub-optimal ML detection via MMSE and Zero forcing GIS solutions', WCNC, March 2004. Bonek, E., zcelik, H.O., Herdin, M., Weichselberger, W. and Wallace, J., Deficiencies of a popular stochastic MIMO radio channel model, International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, WPMC, Yokosuka, Japan, October, 2003. Doufexi, A., Armour, S., Butler, M., Nix, A. and Bull, D., 'A Study of

[2]

[3]

[4] [5]

Fig.12: Performance of a QPSK modulation for with padding Parameters: No. of FFT points = 1024; Modulation = QPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements=2 and Rx element =2, Code rate =1/2. iv) If the TX elements are more than the receiver elements then overall performance of the system significantly decreases as shown in fig.4 and Fig. 13.

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9] [10]

[11]

[12]

[13] [14]

[15]

Fig.13: Performance of a BPSK modulation for without padding Parameters: No. of FFT points = 256; Modulation = BPSK; Channel = AWGN, Tx elements= 4 and Rx element =2.

[16]

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the Performance of HIPERLAN/2 and IEEE 802.11a Physical Layers', VTC Spring, May, 2001. [17] Kermoal, J., Schumacher, L., Pedersen, K., Mogensen, P. and Frederiksen, F., A stochastic MIMO radio channel model with experimental validation, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, pp. 12111226,Aug. 2002. [18] Draft 802.11n Revealed: Part 1 - The Real Story on Throughput vs. Range by Tim Higgins at http://www. tomsnetworking. com/2006/06/01/draft_11n_revealed_part1/ index.html. [19] IEEE P802.11n/D1.0, March, 2006.

number of papers in different national and international journals. He has handled sponsored research projects of DOE and DRDO.

Prof. Nir malendu Bikas Sinha received the B.Sc (Honours in Physics), B. Tech, M. Tech degrees in Radio-Physics and Electronics from C.U, Calcutta, India, in1996,1999 and 2001, respectively. He is currently working towards the Ph.D degree with the specialization of Wireless Communication and RADAR. Since 2003, he has been associated with the C.E.M.K ,W.B, India, where he is currently an Asst.Professor is with the department of ECE & EIE. His current research Interests are in the area of Microwave /Millimeter wave based Broadband Wireless Mobile/4G Communication, semiconductor Devices, Remote Sensing, Digital Radar and RCS Imaging. He has published large number of papers in different international Conference, proceedings and journals.He is presently the editor and reviewers in different international journals. M a k a r C h a n d Sn a i is pursuing B.Tech in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering at College of Engineering and Management, Kolaghat, under WBUT in 2011, West Bengal, India. His areas of interest are in Microwave /Millimeter wave based Broadband Wireless Mobile Communication and digital electronics. He has published some papers in different international journals. Dr. Monojit Mitr a is an Asst. Professor in the Department of E.T. C. of BESU, Shibpur. He obtained his B.Tech, M.Tech & Ph. D .degrees from C.U. His research areas are in the field of Microwave & Microelectronics, especially in the fabrication of high frequency solid state devices like IMPATT. He has published large 128