Chapter 1: Introduction

Introduction to the Training Report

This report is based upon the observations that were experienced during the training schedule in the New Swan Enterprises, Ludhiana. Firstly and very basically this report includes the information about the company group. Then there is included a brief catalogue of products and services provided by the company. Afterwards which, there is a brief list of popular clients and customers of the company which is followed by the various achievements and certifications claimed by the company. Later on there is detailed information about the allotted work and workspaces meanwhile the training schedule. Since the duration of the training was six weeks, so the whole process was divided into three fragments of two weeks each in different department. In the first fragment my batch was assigned with Quality control and Quality Assurance task. Then in second fragment, the task of production management was allotted. Finally my batch was introduced to work in the tool room. The experiences and observations through all the fragments have been casted as report. There were a lot of things to be learnt over there. Whatever I have grasped and learnt is included in this training report. Though a lot of references from internet, text books, and company workforces were taken to complete up with this report, still this report is limited to the things I have grasped. I hope that I have come up with sufficient knowledge and experience regarding industrial exposure; with this report.

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Introduction to the company

New Swan is one of the leading manufacturers of fine blank, sheet metal parts and subassemblies. Since its inception in 1985, New Swan has grown steadily under stable leadership, sound business practice and corporate culture that strive to be the best in the industry. The core strength of organization resides in the knowledge, dedication and values of the workforce. New Swan is ISO/TS 16949 and ISO 14001 Certified.

Products & Services

Sheet Metal Parts and Assemblies The New Swan Enterprises is a leading manufacturer of various sheet metal parts and sheet metal assemblies. The industry is heavily equipped with machinery of sheet metal part production such as presses, rollers, snipers, shearing machine etc. With the high precision equipments, the measurements are taken. The company targets for minimal wastage, it could easily be noticed in the specially designated shearing and cutting area where the marking and cutting is carried by advanced tools. Fine Blanking The company specializes in the Fine Blanking operations. It has a dedicated production line for fine blanking operations. The majority of the products of the company are Fine Blanked parts and assemblies. Heavy presses and superior quality tools are employed in the company for fine blanking operations. The company has the expertise in most intricate and complicated fine blanked products. Advance Tool Design & Development The Company has a dedicated design workshop for tool design and a dedicated tool room for the production of the tools being employed for the production. The design workshop is equipped with AUTOCAD, SOLIDWORKS, UNIGRAPHICS, ODETTE etc software. The tool room has all the tool processing machineries under one roof. Tool room is heavily equipped with Vertical Milling machines, Horizontal Milling machines, Wire cut CNC machines, EDM, Grinders, Milling machines, Shapers etc. Hundred percent tool developments are done within the company.

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Welding The Company infrastructure is composed of well ventilated and well lit weld shops. Company specializes in MIG, TIG, Spot and Projection welding. It has well experienced workforce too. All the welding operations are carried out using full proof fixtures to ensure the quality production.

Cold Forging The company has a vast setup for cold forging products. There are a lot of heavy presses in the company which are utilized to manufacture a vast variety of open die and close die forgings. The company has been a well known exporter of its cold forged products.

Heat Treatment The company is well known for its heat treatment plant which has a capacity to perform carbuzing, carbo-nitriding, through hardening and nitriding simultaneously. The company has a laboratory that is equipped with advanced microscopic instruments that are employed to check the microstructure of the heat treated parts.

Surface Treatment Company is having facilities to carry many surface treatments such as Tri-valent plating, Alkaline plating, Zinc-Nickel plating, Poly-Amide coating, Painting and powder coating etc.

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Brief Product Catalogue of the company

Image 1(Fine blank Parts)

Image 2(Fine Blank Parts-Alloy Steel)

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Image 3(Fine Blank Parts-Stainless steel)

Image 4(Fine Blank Parts-Parking brake parts)

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Image 5(Cold forged parts)

Image 6(Sheet Metal Parts)

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Image 7(Sheet Metal parts)

Image 8(Locking systems)

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Image 9(Clamps)

Image 10(Gear Boxes)

Image 11(Surface Treatment)

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Image 12(Brake lever, Brake pedals, Recliner parts)

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The Company Setup

Figure 1(The manpower distribution chart)

The plant has dedicated departments with a layout of regular manner in order to facilitate the continuous work flow. The weld shop has ample equipments and welding machines. The weld shop is rich in MIG/MAG, TIG and spot welding machines. Swivel tables are allotted to workers in order to facilitate ease and comfort in working. The Plant is equipped with Latest Press Shop having the presses ranging from 20 T to 400 T and knuckle Joint press Ranging from 400 T 640 T. Most presses are automated for accurate and precise production. The dedicated tool room is heavily equipped with latest technology machines including horizontal milling machine, vertical milling machine, shaper, grinder, lathe machine, cylindrical grinding machine, surface grinder, cutter, wire cut CNC machine etc. There is a separate development department in the company that is equipped with latest software workstation. AUTOCAD, SOLIDWORKS, UNIGRAPHICS, ODETTE etc are generally used software. The development department is liable for the tool designing. The plants backbone is the Quality department that has Quality Control and Quality Assurance wings in it. Whatever the product maybe, it undergoes 100% quality testing before packaging to ensure customer satisfaction. Then it is packaging and marketing department that ensures safe packaging and delivery of the products to the customers.

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Customers of New Swan Enterprises

The New Swan Enterprises is serving its esteemed customers with quality products since very beginning of its establishment. The New Swan Enterprises has been a vendor of Fine Blank [11]

parts, Cold Forged parts, Sheet Metal parts and various miscellaneous parts. It is vendor of the leading companies such as Honda Power Products, Suzuki Corporation, Honda two wheelers, Honda, Ashok Leyland, Swaraj Mazda, Tata Motors, Hero Motor Corp., Mahindra 2 Wheelers, JCB, Piaggio, KTM Sport Motorcycles, Bosal, Faurecia, Eaton, Lear Corporation, Mann + Hummel etc

Achievements
Achievements
Quality & Productivity award 2003 Best Quality Award 2005 Excellent delivery & productivity award ACMA Outstanding vender partnership award CII Best vendor for cost saving 2007-08 Two National Awards from Ministry of MSME 2009 Kiazen - 2nd Runner up award from CII 2009 Grand Award Honda 2010 Excellence in Quality & Productivity award 2011 Excellence in Quality & Productivity award 2012 (2 Awards) Certificate of recognition in excellence in Technology (2012)

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Image 13(Achievements of New Swan Groups)

Certifications
Basically the company is TS 16949:2009 & ISO 14001 certified but it has also earned many other certifications.

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Image 14(Company Certifications)

Sales
The New Swan Enterprises have attained a very good position in the market and stands stiff among its competitors. It has successfully achieved a turnover of Rs. 312.9 Crores ($ 62.58 million) in 2012-13 and now in 2013-14 it has targeted to make a turnover of $ 78.23. [14]

Figure 2(Company sales graph in million US $)

Chapter 2: The Training Modules

As I have stated in the introduction, the training schedule was having a span of 6 weeks in total and hence was divided into three modules, each comprising of two weeks span. The following were the modules of training and the experiences associated with each module:[15]

Module 1 (Quality Control and Quality Assurance)

In this particular module, I and my batch mates were allotted tasks related to Quality Control and Quality Assurance. We were taught about the basic principles and scopes of Quality policies such as Kaizen and 5S etc. Meanwhile the product is under process, acceptance sampling is done in order to ensure quality of process. For assurance of dimensional accuracy and precision randomly 5-10 samples are taken and are tested with different equipments such as Go-No-Go Gauges, Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Vernier height gauge, Vernier clinometers, Dial indicators etc. These tested values are compared with the standard drawings issued by the development department. If any of the samples fails the quality testing for dimensional accuracy, then the reasons for the inaccuracy are found by checking the raw material or the fixture and tools being used. Once the problem is diagnosed, it is reported and remedial solutions are searched and applied without affecting the production rate on high scale. The sampling is carried out after a span of four hours generally or more often, which is the expected deformation time of dies and fixtures. In order to assure weld quality, many destructive tests are done on the samples. The tests include penetration test, nugget test, torque test etc. In order to assure projection welding quality, torque test proves to be best. Whereas penetration test and nugget test are done on MIG/MAG and TIG welding specimens. The things which are tested in weld shop samples are weld length, weld strength, blow holes, weld spatters etc. Since the weld quality mostly depends upon the worker and the fixtures so frequent sampling is necessary to assure quality welds. If weld quality is found distorted then the fixtures are checked for deformation and are changed as required by situation. In the press shop since the dies are subjected to high compressive loads so they are much prone to deformation and hence affect the final product adversely. Time to time sampling of in process products are carried out in order to determine if any sort of deformation is there in the dies. If the in process product is found diverted from ideal product then the die tools are changed. The things which are tested in a sample of press shop are scratches, dimensions and bend quality. If any of the criterion is found distracted then the adequate steps are taken in remedy of defect. In surface treatment shop, in process sampling is not done but a batch of sample is taken after the process, if any distortion is found, then either the surface treatment machines are tested by [16]

professionals or the sample of chemicals are taken in order to perform tests. If there is any problem with the chemicals then the chemical provider company is concerned to change the chemical and if there is problem with machines, then the professionals mend them. Once the production is done, whole lot is sent for 100% quality testing before packaging. A different department is set for this purpose that works in association with the packaging department. In final testing, each and every product is tested for dimensional errors and surface properties such as painting/polishing etc. If any of the pieces are found to be inadequate for packaging, they are divided into two categories, one comprising of rework-able materials and another scrap. Whole of the scrap is recyclable; therefore the company has to bear less loss on wastage. The only wastage is of machine running cost and time for the process. Furthermore, cost is added on reworking process also. Since the customer pays only for the product and not for the wastage so in order to increase companys profit meanwhile keeping the cost competitive in market, the wastage has to be minimized which is only possible by having efficient Quality department. Quality controlling is the most important phase in a product lifecycle. Good quality brings customer satisfaction, less wastage and therefore helps improving overall profit.

Learning outcomes

Importance of Quality Control and Quality Assurance. Importance of Customer and Workforce satisfaction.

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Performing Nugget test, Penetration test and Torque test on samples of various dimensions.

Performing measurement and meteorological tasks. Using different instruments such as Go-No-Go Gauges, Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Vernier height gauge, Vernier clinometers, Dial indicators etc.

Leadership quality meanwhile guiding workforce. Application of safety procedures. Teamwork skills. Communication skills. Application of academic concepts in industry. Application and scope of Kaizen. Application and scope of 5 S. Regulation of various norms and industrial standards in Quality engineering.

Academic compliance

Quality Control and Quality Assurance ISO 9000 definition; [18]

 Quality Control: A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements. Quality Assurance: A part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled. Other Definitions; Quality Assurance is defined as All the planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system that can be demonstrated to provide confidence that a product or service will fulfill requirements for quality. Quality Control is defined as The operational techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality. Quality Assurance is fundamentally focused on planning and documenting those processes to assure quality including things such as quality plans and inspection and test plans Quality Control on the other hand is the physical verification that the product conforms to these planned arrangements by inspection, measurement etc Quality Assurance is a system for evaluating performance, service, of the quality of a product against a system, standard or specified requirement for customers. Quality Control is the process involved within the system to ensure job management, competence and performance during the manufacturing of the product or service to ensure it meets the quality plan as designed. Quality Control What: The activities or techniques used to achieve and maintain the product quality, process and service. How: Finding & eliminating causes of quality problems through tools & equipment so that customers requirements are continually met. Quality Assurance What: Prevention of quality problems through planned and systematic activities including documentation. How: Establish a good quality management system and the assessment of its adequacy & conformance audit of the operation system & the review of the system itself. [19]

 Quality Control just measures and determines the quality level of products or services. It is a process itself. Quality Assurance is a complete system to assure the quality of products or services. It is not only a process, but a complete system including also control. It is a way of management. Differences between Quality Control and Quality Assurance:Quality Control Product Reactive Line Function Find the defects Walk through Testing Inspection Quality Assurance Process Pro-active Staff Function Prevent the defects Quality Audit Defining Process Selection of tools

Kaizen Kaizen, "improvement", or "change for the better" refers to philosophy or practices that focus upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, and business management. It has been applied in healthcare psychotherapy, life-coaching, government, banking, and other industries. When used in the business sense and applied to the workplace, kaizen refers to activities that continually improve all functions, and involves all employees from the CEO to the assembly line workers. It also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics, which cross organizational boundaries into the supply chain. By improving standardized activities and processes, kaizen aims to eliminate waste. Kaizen is a daily process, the purpose of which goes beyond simple productivity improvement. It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly hard work ("muri"), and teaches people how to perform experiments on their work using the scientific
method and how to learn to spot and eliminate waste in business processes. In all, the process

suggests a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity: "The idea is to [20]

nurture the company's human resources as much as it is to praise and encourage participation in kaizen activities." Successful implementation requires "the participation of workers in the improvement." People at all levels of an organization participate in kaizen, from the CEO down to janitorial staff, as well as external stakeholders when applicable. The format for kaizen can be individual, suggestion system, small group, or large group.

The 5 S 5S is the name of a workplace organization method that uses a list of five Japanese words: seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke. Transliterated or translated into English, they all start with the letter "S". The list describes how to organize a work space for efficiency and effectiveness by identifying and storing the items used, maintaining the area and items, and sustaining the new order. The decision-making process usually comes from a dialogue about standardization, which builds understanding among employees of how they should do the work. There are five primary 5S phases: sorting, set in order, systematic cleaning, standardizing, and sustaining. Also known as Sort, Straighten, Sweep, Standardize and Sustain. Sorting Eliminate all unnecessary tools, parts. Go through all tools, materials, and so forth in the plant and work area. Keep only essential items and eliminate what is not required, prioritizing things per requirements and keeping them in easily-accessible places. Everything else is stored or discarded.

Straightening or Setting in Order to Flow Arrange the work, workers, equipment, parts, and instructions in such a way that the work flows free of waste through the value added tasks with a division of labor necessary to meet demand. When applied correctly with flow established this step eliminates the majority of the non-value-added time and allows the rest of the zero defect philosophy to be enabled. Systematic Cleaning (Shine)

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Clean the workspace and all equipment, and keep it clean, tidy and organized. At the end of each shift, clean the work area and be sure everything is restored to its place. This step ensures that the workstation is ready for the next user and that order is sustained. Standardize Ensure uniform procedures and setups throughout the operation to promote interchangeability. Service (Sustain) Ensure disciplined adherence to rules and procedures to prevent backsliding.

Chapter 2 (B)

Module 2(Production Management)

In this particular module, I and my batch mates were taught the key skills of production management in an industry. [22]

First of all, in order to achieve and facilitate continuous and easy work flow, a regular pattern of layout is required for the production line setup. So as the companys layout is. For example; a product has to be done a number of operations upon which could only be carried on different apparatus and machinery. The plant setup is made such that the apparatus for operation number two is just after that of operation number one and operation number three is just after operation number two. This facilitates the production line with ease and continuity in work flow. Moreover, if the apparatus for consecutive operations is far apart and irregular, then it not only causes time wastage but also creates inconvenience on the floor as the transportation requires space and conveyance. Furthermore an extra workforce is required to carry transportation which ultimately adds cost to the final product and hence affecting companys profit. Next to it, the production rate and targets are specified to meet the customer demand keeping storage capacity in mind. If the rate of production is slow then the customer requirements become unable to be fulfilled upon time. If the production rate is very high then it could lead to storage and transportation problems. The production rate is set according to the customer demands and the storage and transport facilities of the company. The production rate is described in terms of daily targets. The targets are kept keeping workforce into mind. Over burdened as well as under burdened workforce is always inefficient. The workers must be given appropriate work load with sufficient resting time. Checks are done after regular intervals of time in order to verify the production rate. Each and every machine is fitted with counter that saves time giving exact estimation of production rate. As soon as the product has been through all the processes, it is dispatched for quality testing and packaging keeping the floor area empty for further production.

Learning outcomes
Importance of Production Engineering. Importance of Workforce coordination. Importance of layout setup of industry. Pros and cons of production line.

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Leadership quality meanwhile guiding workforce. Working of various presses; tools and dies. Working of MIG/MAG and TIG welding machines. Application of academic concepts in industry. Regulation of various norms and industrial standards in production.

Academic compliance

Production Engineering Production engineering is a combination of manufacturing technology with management science. A production engineer typically has a wide knowledge of engineering practices and is aware of

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the management challenges related to production. The goal is to accomplish the production process in the smoothest, most-judicious and most-economic way. Production engineering encompasses the application of castings, machining processing, joining
processes, metal cutting & tool design, metrology, machine tools, machining systems, automation,

jigs and fixtures, and die and mould design and material science and design of automobile parts and machine designing and manufacturing. Production engineering also overlaps substantially with manufacturing engineering and industrial engineering. In industry, once the design is realized, production engineering concepts regarding workstudy, ergonomics, operation research, manufacturing management, materials management, production planning, etc., play important roles in efficient production processes. These deal with integrated design and efficient planning of the entire manufacturing system, which is becoming increasingly complex with the emergence of sophisticated production methods and control systems.

Skills required in a production Engineer The production engineer possesses a wide set of skills, competences and attitudes based on market and scientific knowledge. These abilities are fundamental for the performance of coordinating and integrating professionals of multidisciplinary teams. The production engineer should be able to: Dimensions ate and integrate resources. Usually required to consider physical, human and financial resources at high efficiency and low cost, yet considering the possibility of continuous further improvement; Make proper use of math and statistics to model production systems during decision making process; Design, implement and refine products, services, processes and systems taking in consideration constraints and particularities of the related communities; Forecast and analyze demand. Select among scientific and technological appropriate knowledge in order to design, redesign or improve product/service functionality; Incorporate concepts and quality techniques along all the productive system. Deploy organizational standards for control proceedings and auditing; [25]

Stay up-to-date with technological developments, enabling them to enterprises and society; Understand the relation between production systems and the environment. This relates to the use of scarce resources, production rejects and sustainability; Manage and optimize flow (information and production flow).

Chapter 2 (C)

Module 3 (Tool design and development)

In this particular module, we were taught processes and procedures of tool development. [26]

In manufacturing processes, the tool plays most vital role. If the tooling is accurate and precise then the wastage due to distortion of product from desired dimensions could easily be minimized. Tools are responsible for the accuracy, precision and aesthetics of the product. A customer is always attracted by the above three qualities of a product. In the tool development process, the first phase is determination of the product and the process. In order to develop a tool, one should not only know the shape, size and material of the product but also the process to be carried out for manufacturing. After the determination of product and process, the designing phase comes as milestone in the life of tool development. In designing phase, the material of tool is decided and its 3D CAD modeling is done as per the product. The designs are made such that the tool is feasible to develop. These 3D CAD models are converted into 2D drawings and are sent to tool development department. The tool room is the heart of the company which is well equipped with latest technology machines including horizontal milling machine, vertical milling machine, shaper, grinder, lathe machine, cylindrical grinding machine, surface grinder, cutter, wire cut CNC machine etc. First of all the raw material is fed into shapers, milling machines and grinders in order to convert it into feed for CNC machines. The wire cut type CNC machine transforms the metal blocks into dies and tools. The output products from CNC are subjected to finishing operations and then finally fitted in various machines as tools. The fully dedicated tool room not only develops dies and tools but also various fixtures and gauges.

Learning outcomes
Importance of accuracy and precision in tools. Importance of Workforce coordination. Design & Development of tools, fixtures, gauges and dies.

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Use and working of various machine tools such as lathe machine, horizontal milling machine, vertical milling machine, shaper, grinder, cylindrical grinding machine, surface grinder, cutter, and CNC machine etc.

Selection procedure of material and process. Leadership quality meanwhile guiding workforce. Application of academic concepts in industry. Regulation of various norms and industrial standards in tooling.

Academic compliance

Lathe Machine It is the most basic machine tool utilized to achieve the material removal from the workpiece. In this machine tool, the tool is held stationary and the workpiece is rotated against the tool. Since it is a general purpose machine tool, it facilitates to carry a vast number of operations on the workpiece such as turning, step turning, drilling, boring, knurling, chamfering, etc. [28]

CNC Machine CNC Machining is a process used in the manufacturing sector that involves the use of computers to control machine tools. Tools that can be controlled in this manner include lathes, mills, routers and grinders. The CNC in CNC Machining stands for Computer Numerical Control. On the surface, it may look like a normal PC controls the machines, but the computer's unique software and control console are what really sets the system apart for use in CNC machining. Under CNC Machining, machine tools function through numerical control. A computer program is customized for an object and the machines are programmed with CNC machining language (called G-code) that essentially controls all features like feed rate, coordination, location and speeds. With CNC machining, the computer can control exact positioning and velocity. CNC machining is used in manufacturing both metal and plastic parts. First a CAD drawing is created (either 2D or 3D), and then a code is created that the CNC machine will understand. The program is loaded and finally an operator runs a test of the program to ensure there are no problems. This trial run is referred to as "cutting air" and it is an important step because any mistake with speed and tool position could result in a scraped part or a damaged machine. There are many advantages to using CNC Machining. The process is more precise than manual machining, and can be repeated in exactly the same manner over and over again. Because of the precision possible with CNC Machining, this process can produce complex shapes that would be almost impossible to achieve with manual machining. CNC Machining is used in the production of many complex three-dimensional shapes. It is because of these qualities that CNC Machining is used in jobs that need a high level of precision or very repetitive tasks.

Shaper
Shaper is a machine which is used for slot cutting and in making guide ways. It is based on quick return mechanism. In shaper work is stationary and tool reciprocates over the work. The cutting operation takes place in one direction only (in forward stroke). In this the feed is given by moving the work. Only one tool is used at a time. production. This machine is used for batch

Grinder
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It is the machine tool used to carry finishing operation. Types of Grinder:

1. 2. 3. 4. Pedestal grinder. Tool and cutting grinder. Surface grinder. Cylindrical grinder.

1) Pedestal grinder: Grinding wheels are available in different forms like softer and harder wheels. Softer wheel is

used for softening hard metals. In softer wheel abrasive material used is Green silicon carbide. Harder wheel is used for softening smooth metals (HSS & carbon steel). Abrasive material used for this is aluminum oxide. 2) Tool and cutting grinder: It is used for side, up, down and slab milling operation. 3) Surface grinder: Surface grinder is used for surface finishing operation. 4) Cylindrical grinder: Cylindrical grinder is used for finishing the cylindrical surfaces. Drilling Machine Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular crosssection in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the workpiece, cutting off chips from what will become the hole being drilled. Drill Types: 1. Centre drill:- It is used to start a hole(drill angle-1203degree) [30]

2. 3.

Twist drill:- for fair start (CS&HSS) Core drill:-for drilling deep holes.

Boring Machine
In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring head containing several such tools). Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole.

Reamer
Reaming is the process of smoothening and finishing inside bored holes.

Band Saw Machine

This machine tool is used for cutting round and square pieces. Its blade contains HSS & carbide teeth that are used to carry the cutting operation. Milling Machine It is a machine tool that utilizes a multipoint cutting tool to carry material removal process on a workpiece. In this machine tool, the workpiece is held stationary and the tool rotates. Types of milling machine:1) Horizontal milling machine 2) Vertical milling machine 3) End milling machine 4) Slab milling machine

Chapter 3: Conclusion and Future Scope

Although the company is going well in sales and customer satisfaction but still there is a lot of scope in the direction of improvement in the company. No doubt that the company is heavily equipped with latest technologies but still there are certain conventional setups that are responsible for lag behind of the company. Nevertheless the layout of the company is well planned; there is a scope of making company cozier. Whatever I had experienced in the [31]

company, in my sight a lot of scope for improvement is there which I am summarizing as follows: The layout of the plant could be improved further to provide regularities in the work flow. The worker safety should be emphasized more by equipping them with safety gears. More and more ventilations should be made to achieve cleaner environment in the plant. Storage capacity should be improved to make work place cozier and cleaner. More stress should be laid on Kaizen and 5S. Different departments should get different work areas. Quality Audits should be carried out much often and should be random to ensure proper working of the workforce. Encouragements and awards should be made among different departments. More and more officials should participate in quality training programs. There should be more surveillance in the company. Meetings of senior and junior officials with higher authorities should be regular.

Reference
Websiteshttps://en.wikipedia.com https://images.google.com https://www.swanindia.com [32]

https://qualityengineers.com BooksQuality Control by A.K. Bewoor, Wiley India Publications Total Quality Management by Besterfield Dale H, Pearson Education Fundamentals of Quality Control and Improvement by Amitav Mitra Pearson Education Metrology and Measurement by Anand k Bewoor & Vinay A Kulkarni, Tata McGraw Hill Manufacturing Processes and Engineering Materials by Kalpakjain and steven R. Schmid Manufacturing Technology (I,II) by PN RAO Manufacturing Sciences & Production Technology by Mikkel. P. Groover

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