CHAPTER 7 CONGRESS

Nancy Pelosi Harry Reid Article I of the Constitution the Great Compromise [also known as the Connecticut Compromise] bicameral legislature requirements for membership in the House and Senate term of office for Senators and staggered election how Senators were originally elected under Article I Seventeenth Amendment term of office for members of U.S. House of Representatives how House members are elected and related expectations of the Framers for the House census size of the House in 1790 expansion of the size of the House House membership set by statute in 1929 [the Reapportionment

Act of 1929] average number of people in a House district in 2010 apportionment redistricting Congress's most important powers powers constitutionally shared by both houses bill necessary and proper clause Article I, Section 8 formal law-making power role of president, bureaucracy and federal courts in law-making powers of Congress (Table 7.1) Key Differences Between the House of Representatives and the Senate (Table 7.2): constitutional differences differences in operation changes in the institution impeachment

role of the two houses in impeachment Senates sole power to approve presidential appointments (advise and consent power) Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles congressional demographics [how would you describe the typical member (i.e., most members) of Congress?] factors important to election to Congress incumbency success of incumbents in reelection redistricting most states require what kind of approval (in some form or another) of redistricting plans? gerrymandering some Supreme Court decisions in recent years that deal with redistricting majority party in Congress minority party in Congress what party is in the majority in the current Congress in the House of Representatives? what party is in the majority in the current Congress in the Senate?

among first items on agenda of new Congress what happens at start of new Congress in party caucus or conference a new Congress is seated every two years in January of odd numbered years; what is number of the current Congress? how many sessions in a given Congress? hierarchical leadership structure in what year did the 1st Congress begin? loyalty to leader and party line votes The Speaker of the House [when and how Speaker electedthe Speaker is elected by a vote of the full membership of the House at the start of a new Congress; in actuality, the majority party in the House typically picks the Speaker; the Democratic caucus selects a Speaker candidate at the start of a new Congress, and the Republican conference selects their Speaker candidate at the start of the new Congress; when the full House votes for the Speaker of the new Congress, the Democratic members vote as a block for their candidate for Speaker, and the Republican members for as a block for their candidate for Speaker; the candidate from whichever party has the majority of members in the new Congress wins the speakership position] current Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives duties of Speaker

majority leader of the House (who? duties?) minority leader of the House (who? duties?) whips [where the two parties sit in the House chamberlooking from the well of the House (the area in front of the Speakers rostrum at the front of the House chamber), Republicans sit to the left of the center aisle and Democrats sit on the right side of the center aisle] presiding officer of the Senate, status and duties [the OConnor textbook is incorrect in stating that the official chair of the Senate; that duty is constitutionally given to the president of the Senate (the vice president of the United States for further information, go to the U.S. Senate Web page at http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Pres ident_Pro_Tempore.htm] how president pro tempore elected and his duties duty of presiding over Senate rotates majority leader of the Senate and duties majority leaders power compared to Speakers power whips majority leaders difficulty in controlling todays Senate [committee system in Congressmost of the real legislative work of Congress takes place in committees rather than on the floor of

the House and Senate] first and last place most bills usually go when conference committees come into play particular importance of committees in the House four types of congressional committees standing committees joint committees conference committees select (or special) committees the power of standing committees discharge petition power of standing committees committee assignments in House and Senate committee chairs seniority why members of Congress often request assignments to particular committees Appropriations and Budget Committees

party majority and committee membership three most important powers of Congress from where legislative proposals can come who can formally submit a bill for congressional consideration? approximate number of bills introduced in 111th Congress approximate number of bills introduced in 111th Congress that were made into law what Framers of the Constitution desired regarding Congress roadblocks to bill passage it easier defeat a bill or pass a bill? what happens to a bill once introduced by sponsors and cosponsors? role of subcommittee and committee markup floor debate amendments to a bill filibusters and cloture what happens when the two chambers of Congress approve different versions of the same bill?

conference committee (a bill must pass both houses in the same language to go to the president) if bill passes veto pocket veto budgetary function of Congress Bureau of the Budget and Office of Management and Budget Congressional Budget Act of 1974 federal fiscal year reconciliation when must Congress complete initial action on the budget resolution? government shut down pork [also known as pork barrel spending] earmarks oversight function of Congress key to Congresss performance of its oversight function War Powers Act of 1973 limited effectiveness of War Powers Act

congressional review confirmation of presidential appointments Senates special oversight function [advise and consent power of the Senate over treaties made by the president, over presidential nominations of individuals to serve as U.S. ambassadors, over presidential nominations to the federal bench, over presidential appointments of key members of executive branch] confirmation of key members of executive branch and presidential appointments to the federal courts senatorial courtesy impeachment process Constitution vague about impeachment treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors role of House and role of Senate in impeachment process members of Congress as trustees members of Congress as delegates politico congressional party unity increase of party votes where majorities of the two parties took

opposing sides incentives for members to vote with their party Tom DeLay divided government constituents difficulty for members of Congress to determine how to vote in conformity with people in the districts how members of Congress gauge constituents positions when do legislators act as trustee? wedge issues logrolling special-interest caucuses primary functions of most lobbyists effect of high cost of campaigning on members of Congress PACs do members of Congress tend to vote for interests of lobbyists who have contributed to their campaigns and why? grassroots appeals reliance by members of Congress on their staff

duties of staff committee staff influence of staff on voting Congressional Research Service (CRS) Government Accountability Office (GAO) Congressional Budget Office (CBO) how the Constitution envisioned the interaction among the three branches of the federal government actual relationship between Congress and the presidency, especially since the 1930s impeachment of Andrew Johnson weakening of the presidency and preeminence of Congress effect on relationship between Congress and presidency by strong presidents beginning in the early 1900s Congress and the presidency from FDR on Congress cedes a major role in the legislative process Congress and the presidency during administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama power of judicial review and its effect on the Supreme Courts relationship with Congress

ways in which Congress can exercise control over the federal judiciary setting jurisdiction of federal courts

CHAPTER 8 THE PRESIDENCY

one of the first things a president is asked upon taking office power to persuade distrust of a strong chief executive in early days of the country executive branch and the Articles of Confederation the Constitutional Convention and the executive branch first president of the United State of American after adoption of the U.S. Constitution the Framers and the presidency qualifications for the office of the president

term limit under Article II of Constitution number of terms as president to which Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected Twenty-Second Amendment office of vice president and constitutional duties of vice president impeachment only presidents to have been impeached only president to resign executive privilege U.S. v. Nixon (1974) "constitutional prerogatives" first president to die in office first president to be assassinated Constitutional Line of Succession (Table 8.2) Presidential Succession Act of 1947 Twenty-fifth Amendment first person appointed vice president under Twenty-Fifth Amendment (and under what circumstances)

first person to become president having been appointed vice president under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment second person appointed vice-president under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment president can voluntarily relinquish power (example of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney) constitutional powers of the president under Article II first sentence of Article II presidential appointment of ambassadors, federal judges, executive positions presidential appointment power as significant policy-making tool Cabinet [note: contrary to what textbooks often say, the Cabinet no longer serves as an advisory body to the president; the president relies on staff members he has selected to serve as advisors and on individuals he trustsin government and in private sectorfor advice; he may rely on certain members of the Cabinet for advice, but the principal function of the members of the Cabinet today is to manage the key executive department they were appointed to run] rejection of presidential nominees The State of the Union power to convene Congress

president's power to convene Congress not as important now; why? presidents power to make treaties with foreign governments must be approved by Senate vote "receive ambassadors" historically, Senate ratified what percentage of treaties submitted to it by the president? Woodrow Wilson, Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations George W. Bush and International Criminal Court (ICC) executive agreement veto power congressional override line-item veto 1996 bill giving president line-item veto Clinton v. City of New York (1998) Commander in Chief power Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Pentagon Papers The War Powers Act of 1973

opinion of presidents since Nixon on constitutionality of War Powers Act George W. Bush and request to Congress for use of force in 2001 and 2002 last time the United States officially declared war under the Article I, Sec. 8 power of Congress to declare war presidential pardon Gerald Ford pardon of Richard Nixon limits on presidential powers factors influencing a presidents use of his powers George Washington and the first presidency inherent powers balance of power weighed heavily in favor of Congress through much of U.S. history Andrew Jackson as first president to act as a strong national leader Jacksonian democracy Lincolns approach to the presidency Lincolns legally questionable acts growth of the modern presidency

Congress as decision maker before instantaneous communications Congress closest to the people before electronic communications effects to technological changes on public expectations expansion of presidential powers four terms of Franklin D. Roosevelt and growth of presidential power Great Depression New Deal and expansion of executive branch FDR personalized the presidency FDRs use of radio [first president to make effective use of broadcasting; could address millions of people simultaneously which could not be done before; went over heads of Congress directly to the American people to persuade them to demand their congressional representatives support his (FDRs) programs; gave the presidency an enormous tool in advancing its power] modern presidency historical reason presidents chose their vice presidents John Nance Garner [once famously stated that the office of the vice presidency aint worth a bucket of warm piss (textbooks often change it to warm spit since the same textbooks are sold to both high schools and junior high schools as well as adults in college)]

Dick Cheney no provision for Cabinet in Constitution what is the Cabinet? the Cabinet by custom role of the Cabinet as a body [be sure to know the names of the current heads of some of the major Cabinet offices, such as State, Treasury, Defense, Justice (the Attorney General), ; Internet search will be required] change in the presidents' reliance on the Cabinet The Executive Office of the President National Security Council (NSC) often more directly responsible to the president personal assistants to the president chief of staff size and growth of presidents White House staff importance of presidential leadership leadership ability of great presidents power to persuade

Theodore Roosevelt and the bully pulpit [bully to TR meant good and a pulpit is where the preacher, one person, speaks to and leads an entire congregation, hence the term bully pulpit as the presidency, the sole nationally elected leader, who is in a unique position to speak to the American people and for the American people] development of communications technology going public Bill Clintons effective use of the media as candidate and president presidential approval ratings value of high approval ratings to a president crippling effect of low approval ratings on a president highest level of approval at what point? FDRs new model of law-making and policy-making public looked to the president from FDR's presidency to 104th Congress fireside chats Contract with America and presumed reassertion of congressional power modern presidents and setting the legislative agenda Lyndon B. Johnson on putting pressure on Congress

importance of budget process for the president primary responsibility for budget process until 1930 FDR and the Bureau of the Budget (1939) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) executive order use of executive orders during World War II and Korean War Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. Sawyer (1952) Harry Truman ended segregation in the military "signing statements" George W. Bushs executive orders

CHAPTER 9 THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND THE

FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
federal bureaucracy fourth branch of government the three governmental departments under the Articles of Confederation early development of the Cabinet under the first President of the United States, George Washington expansions of the federal executive branch and bureaucracy from 1816 to 1861 the Post Office spoils system patronage expansions of the federal government as a result of the Civil War merit system Pendleton Act civil service system independent regulatory commissions Theodore Roosevelt and movement toward governmental

regulation rights of workers at the turn of the twentieth century Woodrow Wilson and regulation Sixteenth Amendment economic boom leading up to economic decline in early twentieth century Great Depression Franklin D. Roosevelt and economic regulation change in beliefs of Americans regarding intervention by government into the economy effect of World War II on the U.S. economy and federal government post-war infusion of new monies into the economy and demands of veterans for services G. I. Bill Lyndon B. Johnson and the expansion of the bureaucracy ways in which the national government differs from private business impact of the different natures of government and of business on the way the bureaucracy works federal bureaucrats

how most civilian federal government employees selected today Bush administration outsourcing positions to private companies four general types of agencies Cabinet departments responsibilities of Cabinet secretaries clientele agencies independent executive agencies reasons for existence of independent agencies examples of independent executive agencies independent regulatory commissions reasons for independent regulatory commissions examples of independent regulatory commissions government corporations examples of government corporations some reasons for creation of government corporations Political Activities Act of 1939 (Hatch Act) Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993

regulation of public employees' political activities congressional delegation of Article I, section 8, powers implementation iron triangles An Iron Triangle (Figure 9.4) policy-making administrative discretion rule-making regulations presidents delegation of control of power to bureaucracy executive orders Federal Register role of Congress in checking the power of the bureaucracy investigatory powers Congress and the funding process of the bureaucracy General Accounting Office, now the Government Accounting Office OMB

CRS and CBO

CHAPTER 17 DOMESTIC POLICY

public policy policy making as a process of sequential steps: problem recognition, agenda setting, formation, adoption, budgeting, implementation, and evaluation early governmental activity in health care policy Medicare Medicaid dramatic expanse of national governments role in health care national health insurance proposed in 1930s national health care plans proposals in 1960s and 1990s

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 public health programs and the federal government NIH early governmental involvement in education policy National Defense Education Act of 1957 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Civil Rights Act of 1964 and education establishment of U.S. Department of Education No Child Left Behind Act national energy policy and the 1973 oil embargo OPEC establishment of Department of Energy National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 EPA established by President Nixon Clean Air Act of 1970-global warming

CHAPTER 18 ECONOMIC POLICY

laissez-faire problems caused by growing industrialization of post-Civil War economy Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 trusts Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Progressive movement Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906 Sixteenth Amendment and expansion of federal revenue conservative administration of Pres. Herbert Hoover and

economy Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt and New Deal interventionist state financial reforms of the New Deal Roosevelts banking holiday Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act) unfair labor practices industry regulations of the New Deal Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) supporters' and critics' arguments regarding government regulation of industry economic regulation social regulation

deregulation perceived defects in economic regulatory programs in 1950s and 60s claims of advocates of deregulation example of airline industry fiscal policy Keynesian economics the Kennedy Administration and Keynesian economics conservative critics of budget deficits dangers of increased globalization for fiscal policy, according to some critics gross domestic product (GDP) purpose of national budge and its use as a fiscal tool how federal government raises money (Fig. 18.3) how federal government spends money (Fig. 18.3) Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Congressional Budget Act of 1974 Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

budget deficit inflation monetary policy Federal Reserve System Board of Governors Benjamin Bernanke election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and the Great Depression WPA Social Security Act of 1935 income security programs entitlement programs non-means-based programs means-tested programs how Social Security began Social Security is not a pension plan Social Security Trust Fund how Social Security unemployment insurance works Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Earned Income Tax Credit initial purpose of food stamp program (1939-1943) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program economic stability recession

CHAPTER 19 FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY

foreign policy defense policy isolationism warning in George Washingtons farewell address to the nation Monroe Doctrine manifest destiny Roosevelt Corollary dollar diplomacy Spanish-American War World War I [called, after the war before World War II, the war to end all wars] and Woodrow Wilson Wilsons role in the League of Nations Senate rejects ratification of Treaty of Versailles [United States along with other World War I allies, unsuccessfully invaded Russia toward end of World War I, in part to crush the nascent Communist revolution] disarmament efforts after World War I isolationist sentiment hardens in U.S. after World War I

neutrality acts of the 1930s lend-lease program Germany invades Poland, September 1, 1939, initiating war with England and France (the start of the second world war) December 7, 1941 and Pearl Harbor (the U.S. enters the war) U.S. declaration of war against Japan [December 8, 1941] victory in Europe against Germany victory in the Pacific against Japan Hiroshima, Nagasaki and birth of nuclear age FDRs activist role in World War II Winston Churchill United Nations the Cold War containment deterrent MAD Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Bay of Pigs invasion John F. Kennedy Nikita Khrushchev hot line Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Americas involvement in Vietnam Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam War Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War South Vietnam falls to Communism Richard Nixon's approach to the Soviet Union and China dtente normalization of relations with Communist China Strategic Arms Limitation Talks human rights and Jimmy Carter Iranian hostage crisis Reagan Doctrine

Iran-Contra Affair American involvement in Afghanistan following invasion by Soviet Union U.S. support of mujahedeen [including a guerrilla named Osama bin Laden] end of Cold War [Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev] 1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait and response by George Bush Operation Desert Storm Bill Clinton and policy of expanding democracy and free markets in the world North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) World Trade Organization (WTO) George W. Bush rejects intervention policies of former President Clinton G.W. Bush rejects Kyoto Protocol on global warming G.W. Bush withdraws U.S. from Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty G.W. Bush refused to participate in International Criminal Court September 11, 2001

[bombing of World Trade Center by Muslim terrorists in 1993] war on terrorism war in Afghanistan G.W. Bushs war in Iraq foreign and military powers under the Constitution Congresss constitutional foreign and military powers (see Art. I, sec. 8) power to declare war Congress has declared war officially only five times; what wars? how many times has the U.S. engaged in war making outside of declared wars? foreign and defense powers of executive branch [president has power as commander-in-chief to make war] Department of State Department of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff Department of Homeland Security Director of National Security Central Intelligence Agency

congressional oversight of foreign and defense actions in executive branch Senate approval of treaties [advise and consent power of Senate] executive agreements Senate review and approval of presidents appointment of ambassadors, as well as secretaries of state and defense [advise and consent power of Senate] Congress controls appropriations for foreign and defense activities in executive branch War Powers Act military-industrial complex protectionism free trade system NAFTA WTO what countries are the U.S.s major trading partners (Fig. 19.2) open borders immigration policy restrictive quotas immigration policy [U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (I.C.E.), formerly known as Immigration and Naturalization Service (I.N.S.); now

part of Homeland Security Department] terrorism Palestine Liberation Organization (P.L.O.) Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.) features of current wave of terrorism counterterrorism policy of U.S. Al-Qaeda jihad Osama bin Laden nuclear weaponry and North Korea guns and butter theory