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Qarmatians
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Ismlism
Concepts The Qur'n The Ginans Reincarnation Panentheism Imm Pir D' l-Mulaq 'Aql Numerology Taqiyya hir Bin Five Pillars Shahada of faith Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage History Shoaib Nabi Shu'ayb Seveners Qarmatians Fatimids Baghdad Manifesto Hafizi Taiyabi Hassan-i Sabbah Alamut Sinan Assassins Pir Sadardin Satpanth Aga Khan Jama'at Khana
Huraat-ul-Malika Bszrmny Early Imams Ali assan usain as-Sajjad al-Baqir a-diq Ism'l Muammad Abdullah (Wafi) Ahmed (at-Taq) Husain(az-Zak/Rabi) al-Mahd al-Q'im al-Manr al-Mu'izz al-'Azz al-kim az-Zhir al-Mustansir al-Mustal/ Nizr al-Amr Taiyab Groups and Present leaders Nizr Aga Khan IV Taiyabi Dawd Syedna Burhanuddin Sulaiman Al-Fakhri Abdullah Alav ayyib Ziy'u d-Dn
V
transliterated "[C/Q/K]armathians") were a Shi'a Ismaili group centered in eastern Arabia, where they attempted to establish a utopian republic in 899 CE. They are most famed for their revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate. Mecca was sacked by the sect's leader hir Sulaymn,[2] outraging the great majority of other Muslims, particularly with their theft of the Black Stone and desecration of the Well of Zamzam with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE. The Qarmaah were also known as "the Greengrocers" (al-Baqliyyah) because of their strict vegetarian habits.[1]
Contents
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1 History
o o o o
1.1 Early developments 1.2 The Qarmatian Revolution 1.3 Qarmatian society 1.4 Collapse
organized as an esoteric society but not as a secret one. Their activities were public and openly propagated, but new members had to undergo an initiation ceremony involving seven stages. In an echo of cyclical Mazdean thought, the Qarmatian world view was one where every phenomenon repeated itself in cycles, where every incident was replayed over and over again. The land they ruled over was extremely wealthy with a huge slave-based economy according to academic Yitzhak Nakash: The Qarmatian state had vast fruit and grain estates both on the islands and in Hasa and Qatif. Nasiri Khusru, who visited Hasa in 1051, recounted that these estates were cultivated by some thirty thousand Ethiopian slaves. He mentions that the people of Hasa were exempt from taxes. Those impoverished or in debt could obtain a loan until they put their affairs in order. No interest was taken on loans, and token lead money was used for all local transactions. The Qarmathian state had a powerful and longlasting legacy. This is evidenced by a coin known as Tawila, minted around 920 by one of the Qarmathian rulers, and which was still in circulation in Hasa early in the twentieth century.[9] The sack of Mecca followed millenarian fervour among the Qarmatians (as well as in Persia) over the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 928an event which the Qarmat leader Ab hir al-jannbbelieved indicated the end of the epoch of Islam and the beginning of the final religious era. The year 931 was also highly important for the Qarmatians' mahdi fervor, as it was 1,500 years after the prophetZoroaster's death and the end of the epoch of Alexander, which predicted the reign of the Magians. Therefore, in 931 Abu Tahir handed over power to a young Persian man whom he believed to be the awaited mahdi. This new Persian Qarmatian leader acted unexpectedly, forbidding Islamic law and prayer, ordering the cursing of many imams and Muslim prophets, supported the worship of fire, killed prominent Qarmati leaders, and proclaimed a religion centered on Adam, the first man. The expected mahdi ruled only 80 days; Abu Tahir had no choice but to kill him, though his bizarre rule severely destabilized the Qarmatian movement.[10]
As tribute payments were progressively cut off, either by the subsequent government in Iraq or by rival Arab tribes, the Carmathian state shrank to local dimensions. Bahrain broke away in AD 1058 under the leadership of Abu al-Bahlul al-Awwam who reestablished orthodox Islam on the islands. Similar revolts removed Qatif from Carmathian control at about the same time. Deprived of all outside income and control of the coasts, the Carmathians retreated to their stronghold at the Hofuf Oasis. Their dynasty was finally dealt a final blow in 1067 by the combined forces ofAbdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni, who with the help of Seljuk army contingents from Iraq, laid siege to Hofuf for seven years and finally forced the Carmathians to surrender.[11] In Bahrain and eastern Arabia the Qarmatian state was replaced by the Uyunid dynasty, while it is believed that by the middle of the eleventh century Qarmatian communities in Iraq, Iran and Transoxiana had either been won over by Fatimid proselytising or had disintegrated.[12] The last contemporary mention of the Qarmatians is that of Nasir ibn Khosrau, who visited them in 1050, although Ibn Battuta, visitingQatif in 1331, found it inhabited by Arab tribes whom he described as "extremist Shi`is" (rafidhiyya ghulat),[13] which historian Juan Cole has suggested is how a 14th Century Sunni would describe Ismailis.[14]
There is a general tendency in the Sunnite and Shiite sources, when referring to the Ismailis, often erroneously call them Qarmatians without perception of the distinction between them.
Shanga, in the Lamu Archipelago, Kenya History of Bahrain List of extinct Shia sects List of Shi'a Muslim dynasties
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
a b c
Glass, Cyril. 2008. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press.
^ Mecca's History, from Encyclopdia Britannica. ^ Al-Jubr, I M N (2004), History of Islamic Philosophy, Authors Online Ltd, p. 172 ^ John Joseph Saunders, A History of Medieval Islam, Routledge 1978 p130 ^ Houari Touati, Islam and Travel in the Middle Ages, transl. Lydia G. Cochrane, (University of Chicago Press, 2010), 60.
6. 7. 8. 9.
^ The Qarmatians in Bahrain, Ismaili Net ^ "Qarmatiyyah". Overview of World Religions. St. Martin's College. Retrieved 2007-05-04. ^ John Joseph Saunders, p130 ^ Yitzhak Nakash, Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World, Princeton 2007
10. ^ Madelung, Wilfred. "Karmati". Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Brill. Retrieved 19 July 2012. 11. ^ Larsen, Curtis E (1984), Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society, University Of Chicago Press, p. 65 12. ^ Farhad Daftary, The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Ismailis, IB Tauris, 1994, p20 13. ^ Ibn Battuta (1964), Rih1a ibn Battuta, Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Sadir, pp. 27980 14. ^ Cole, Juan (2007), Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris
Kathryn Babayan 2002: Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran, ISBN 0-932885-28-4 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Slavoj Zizek 2009: First as Tragedy, Then as Farce, p. 121 references this Wikipedia page on the Qarmatians.
The origin of the Qarmatians, Ismaili Net Qarmatians in Bahrain, Ismaili Net Women and the Fatimids in the world of Islam Encyclopaedia of the Orient The new encyclopedia of Islam
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