(Module-3)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) History and Article

(Basic Level)
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; ordkif;a=umif;ESifh tydk'frsm;
(tajccHtqifh)

&nf&G,fcsuf

• tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (UDHR) ay:aygufvmyHkordkif;a=umif;udk

od&Sdvmap&efESifh 4if;a=unmpmwrf;yg tydk'frsm;. t"dy`m,frsm;udk od&Sdvmap&ef?

Activity (v_yf&Sm;r_)

(1) UDHR tydk'frsm; a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gufrsm;udk oifwef;om;rsm;tm; ay;a0yg?

(2) xdkpm&Gufrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom ae&mt0ef;t0dkif;twGif; rdrdESpfouf&mae&mwGif oGm;a&muf
0Sufcdkif;yg/ rdrd0Sufxm;aomae&mudk rdrdrSwfxm;&rnfjzpfovdk jyefvnf&,l&ef tvGefcufcJonfh
ae&mrsm;ESifh rdrdcE<mudk,fwGif r0Suf&ef owday;&rnf?
(3) pm&Gufrsm;0Suf+yD;ygu tm;vHk;jyefvmI puf0dkif;yHkjyef0dkif;cdkif;yg? wa,mufESifhwa,muf vufcsif;
uef@vef@,SufI udkifcdkif;yg? xdk@aemuf ckeu0Sufxm;aom pm&Gufrsm;udk wa,mufeJ@ wa,muf
vufcsif;rðzwf/ pum;vJrajymbJ jyefI,lcdkif;yg? vdktyfygu oifwef;enf;jyu pm&Gufrsm;udk
ulnD,lay;Edkifonf?
(4) pm&Gufrsm;,lpOfwGif pnf;urf;rcsKd;azmufap&efESifh wOD;csif;vkyfaqmifaom tðytrlrsm;udk teD;
uyfapmifh=uyfavhvmyg?
(5) tm;vHk;&+yDqdkygu vufwJGjyefðzwfI tarmajzapyg?

Discussion (tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;jcif;)
- b,fvdkcHpm;&ovJ?
- pm&GufawG&atmifb,fvdkvkyfcJh/ bmawGjzpfcJhvJ/
- bmtcuftcJóuHcJhovJ/
- b,fvdkatmifjrifatmifvkyfcJhovJ?
- bmoifcef;pm&ovJ?

,ck&&Sdaompm&Gufrsm;onf vuf&SdumvwGif EdkifiHwumuav;pm;vdkufem&efwm0ef&Sdaom tjynfjynf

qdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;rS tydk'frsm;jzpfonf?

rdrdvdkcsifaomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk rdrdwdk@jyef&atmif vdkuf&Sm=u&mwGif udk,fhpm&Gufomudk,f&csifaomolrsm;/

rdrdvdkcsifaomfvJ rdrdtoHudkr=um;=uI rdrdpm&Gufudk aemufqHk;rS&olrsm;&Sdonf? wa,mufwrsKd;qEN&Sd=u+yD;
wa,mufESifhwa,muf wdkifyif!_dE_dif;jcif;r&SdI tm;vHk;oabmwlatmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;pGm
&Sd=uonf?

1
xdk@twl 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; EdkifiHwumuvufcHaom vl@tcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;jzpfay:vmatmif vdktyf
a=umif; urBmEdkifiHtoD;oD;u vufcHcJhaomfvnf; tm;vHk;oabmwlaom pHcsdefpH!$ef;a&;qJGa&;udk aqG;aEG;
&mwGif EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrwlaomEdkifiHrsm;/ udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;csif;rwlaom tpdk;&rsm;/ ordkif;aemufcH/ bmom
a&;rwlaomEdkifiHrsm;t=um; tacstwifjiif;cHk&r_rsm;jzpfcJhonf? vuf&SdumvwGif wurBmvHk;u av;pm;
vdkufem&efwm0ef&Sdaom tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; b,fvdkay:aygufvmovJ qdk
wm avhvm=uzdk@vdktyfonf?

Input (ta=umif;t&mESifhqufpyfonfh A[kokway;jcif;)

• yxrurBmppft+yD; 1919 ckESpfwGif EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;ukd wnfaxmifcJhaomfvnf; ratmif
jrifyJ 'kwd,urBmppfxyfrHjzpfyGm;cJhonf//
• 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; [pfwvmacgif;aqmifaom emZDygwDonf *sL;vlrsKd; (6)oef;ausmftyg
t0if tjcm;vlrsm;tm; vlom;csif;rw&m; &ufpuf/ ESdyfpufn‡if;yef;owfjzwfcJhonf?
• emZDygwDonf tpGef;a&muftrsKd;om;0g'udk usifhoHk;I *sL;rsm;/ *spfypDrsm;/ udk,ft*FgcsKd@wJholrsm; /
vdifwlcspfolrsm;udk rsKd;ðzwfowf&ef tpDtpOfcsrSwfcJhonf?
• yxrqHk;tqifhwGif xdkolrsm;udk oD;oef@owfrSwfxm;aom &yfuGufrsm;odk@ajymif;a&$@aexdkifap
onf?
• 'kwd,tqifhwGif ac|;wyfpcef;rsm;odk@ajymif;a&$G$@I tvkyfapcdkif;cJhonf?
• wwd,tqifhwGif tqdyfaiG@rsm;v$wfI tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufowfjzwfcJhonf?
• xdk@a=umifh ppft+yD;wGif emZDppfacgif;aqmifrsm;omru t&yfom;wm0ef&Sdolrsm;tygt0if pkpk
aygif;vlta,muf (200) ausmfudk Ek&ifbwfòrd@wGif ppfcHk±kH;wifppfaq; tjypfay;cJhonf?
• ta&S@tm&SwGifvnf; *syefrsm;.zufqpfpepfa=umifh wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ukd *syefEkdifiHwdkusKdòrd@wGif cHk±kH;
wif ppfaq;tjypfay;cJhonf/
• ppftwGif;usL;vGefolrsm;udk cHk&Hk;wifppfaq;ta&;,lr_rsm;omru tvm;wl vlom;csif; rw&m;
&ufpufr_/ ESdyfpufn‡if;yef; owfjzwfr_rsm; xyfrHray:aygufap&ef/ +idrf;csrf;a&;xGef;um;a&;ESifh yÉd
yuQcsKyf+idrf;a&;twGuf EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;u óud;yrf;vkyfaqmifvmcJh=uonf?
• urBmtESH@wGif EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;u EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcGifhta&;rsm;udkumuG,fay;Edkifaom/ wrBmvHk;ESifh
vGrf;òcHEdkifonfh vl@tcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!Gef;rsm; ay:xGufvm&efawmif;qdkoHrsm; xGufay:vmcJhonf?
• 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemuf 1945 atmufwkdbmv (24)&uf wGifxdkuJhodk@aom ppfyGJtedXm&Hkrsm;
xyfrHray:aygufap&eftwGuf EkdifiHwum yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_&Sd&ef/ urBm}uD;zGH@òzd;wdk;wufvmap&ef/
vl@tcGihfta&;umuG,f apmifha&Smuf&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh urBmhukvor*~ ay:aygufvmcJhonf?
• EkdifiHwumrS pkaygif;aqG;aEG;vm+yD; ukvor*~yÉdnmOfpmwrf; tydk'f (68)t& vl@tcGifhta&;aumf
r&Sif (Human Rights Commission) ukd 1946 ckESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?
• xdkaumfr&SifrSOD;aqmifI ukvor*~yÉdnmOfpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaom vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifh
qdkaom t"dy`m,frsm;udk zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;jyEdkifrnfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;
ukdjyifqifa&;qGJ&ef wm0efay;cJhonf?
• tar&duef orRwuawmf t,fvDem&kpbJh (Eleanor Roosevelt) . OD;aqmifr_jzifha&;qGJcJh aom
xdkpmwrf;tay: urBmhEdkifiHrsm;u txl;pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uonf?

2
 • xdkaumfr&Sifu rl=urf;a&;qGJwifjyvmaom tydk'frsm;/ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'aygif; (55) ck
udkavhvmcJhonf/
• 1947 Zefe0g&DvrS 1948 ckESpftwGif; tpdk;&rsm;. oHk;oyfcsufudk vufcHcJhonf/
• tpnf;ta0;aygif; (81) }udrfusif;ycJh&onf/? jyifqifr_aygif; (168) }udrfðyvkyfcJh&onf/
• tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzifh t}udrf}udrfaqG;aEG; wkdifyifn‡dE_dif;
r_rsm; vkyfaqmift+yD; 1948 ck/ ZGefvwGif tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; ukd
t+yD;owfcJhonf?
• 1948 ck/ 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@wGif jyifopfEkdifiH/ yJ&pfòrd@ wGifusif;yaom urBmhukvor*~
taxGaxGnDvmcHrSaeI xdka=unmpmwrf;udk twnfðyjyXmef;EdkifcJhonf?
• EdkifiHaygif; (48) EkdifiHu axmufcHcJhonf?
• bJvwf&yf/ csufudkpvdkaA;uD;,m;/ ydkvef/ aqmf'Dtma&;bD;,m;/ awmiftmz&du/ ,lu&def;/
qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;ponfh EdkifiH (8) EkdifiHwdk@u rJray;bJ =um;aecJh=uonf?
• jrefrmEkdifiHrS axmufcHcJhonf?
• uef@uGufonfh EdkifiHvHk;0r&SdbJ twnfðyjyXmef;EdkifcJhonf?
• tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;wGiftydk'faygif; (30) yg0ifygonf?

vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;udk aqG;aEG;=u&mwGif
taemufEkdifiH (14) EdkifiHu
• vlom;wdkif; arG;&mygtcGifhta&;tjzpf vufcHcJhonf?
• wef;wlnDr#r_ESifh rcGJjcm;a&;tajccHrludk wifjyonf?

tar&duwdkuftv,fydkif;ESifh vufwiftar&duEkdifiHaygif; (20)u

• taemufEdkifiHrsm;u t,ltqudk vufcHcJhonf/
• ydkrdkjyif;xefav;eufaom pum;vHk;udkoHk;csifonf?

qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm; (qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkESifh ta&S›Oa&myEkdifiHtcsKd@)u

• rwfpf0g'udkvufudkifxm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrmS t&if;&SifpepfESifh udkvdkeDpepfatmufwGifom
vdktyf/ uGefjrLepftodkif;t0dkif;twGif;rvdktyf[k wifjy=uonf?
• pwmvif tm%myHkpHrsKd;udkomvdkvm;cJhonf?

tm&S (14) EkdifiHu

• &yfwnfcsufjyif;jyif;xefxef r&SdcJhyg?
• rGwfqvifEdkifiHjzpfaom aqmf'Dtma&;bD;,m;ESifhygupPwef EdkifiHwdk@u ,Ofaus;r_xHk;xrf;pOfvmudk
owdxm;&ef axmufjycJhonf?

tmz&duefEdkifiH (4) EdkifiHu-

3
 • rl=urf;tydk'f (1)wGif tydk'f (1)wGif bk&m;ocifu zefqif;ay;xm;csuft& [laomtcsufudk
xnfhcsif/ tcsKd@u obm0w&m;t& [kxnfhcsif=uonf?
• tydk'f (&) Oya'a&S›wGif w&m;Oya'a&S›arSmuf vlwdkif;wef;wlnDr#r_ &Sd&rnfukd awmiftmz&du
EdkifiHu oabmrwlcJh/ Tonfukd usefaom EkdifiHrsm;tm;vHk;u uef@uGufcJhI vufcHoGm;cJhonf?
• uGefjrLepfEkdifiHrsm;u EkdifiHom;/ EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;om yg0ifaea=umif;axmufjycJhonf?
• aemufqHk;wGif pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifhqufpyfonfhtydk'f 22/ 23/ 24/ 25/ 26/ 27/ 28
wdk@udk jznfhpGuf/ tcsKd@aomtykd'frsm;ukd tajymif;tvJ ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf vufcHcJhonf?
• aqmf'Dtma&;bD;,m; udk,fpm;vS,fu tydk'f (18) wGifyg0ifaom bmoma&;ajymif;vJcGifhudk
uef@uGufcJh/ odk@aomf tjcm;olrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;qef@usifcJh=uonf?
• tcsKd@uufovpfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u tydk'f (16) ygonfh vufxyf&mwGif usm;/r
wef;wlnDr#cGifhESifhywfoufI ar;cGef;rsm;xkwfcJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifjyefvufcHcJhonf?

tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; ay:aygufvmyHkudk avhvmt+yD;wGif xdkpmwrf;wGifyg0if

aom tydk'faygif; (30) udk qufvufavhvm=urnf?

Deepening (oifwef;om;rsm;. vufawG@tjzpfESifh E_dif;,SOfqufpyfay;jcif;)

oifwef;ydk@csolu jyxm;aom ±kyfyHkrsm;teuf rdrd&&Sdxm;aom tydk'frsm;ESifh udkufnDaom ±kyfyHkrsm;udk a&G;

cs,f&rnfjzpfa=umif;ajymjy&rnf? oifwef;ydk@csolu vdkufvHI rSerf rSef ulnD=unfhay;Edkifonf?

tm;vHk;rSef+yDqdkygu tkyfpki,frsm;cJGI rdrd&&Sdxm;aom tykd'frsm;udk (1) rdrdb,fvdkem;vnfonf (2) xdkt

csufrsm; cHpm;&r_ (odk@r[kwf) csKd;azmufcH&r_ tawG@tóuH Oyrmrsm;udk tkyfpki,fxJwGif wa,mufcsif;
aqG;aEG;aponf? tkyfpkwGif;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefulnDay;Edkifonf?

tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;+yD;ygu tkyfpk}uD;wGif wa,mufcsif; jyefvnfwifjycdkif;yg? oifwef;ydk@csolu wOD;csif;wif

jycsufrsm;udk oifykef;ay:wGif Z,m;uGufjzifh rSwfwrf;wifyg? vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGufyg? tjcm;olrsm;.
oabmxm;rsm;/ wifjycsufrsm;udk awmif;cHyg?

UDHR tydk'frsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvmjcif;

tykd'f t"dy`g,f jcGif;csuf

1 vlwdkif;arG;zGm;uwnf;u
wef;wljzpf
2 usm;/ r/ vlrsdK;/ tom;ta&mif/
bmomcGJjcm;r__r&Sd&
3 touf&SifcGihf/ vHkòcHcGihf/
Oyrm
- tom;ta&mifcJGjcm;r_ - jcGif;csufr&Sd
- ZmwfedrfhZmwfjrifhcJGjcm;r_
- trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; cJGjcm;r_
- vHkavmufaompm;0wfaea&;r&Sdr_ - ao'%fudk tpdk;&uusifhoHk;jcif;

4
 (pm;0wfaea&;/
a=umuf&G@Hjcif;rSuif;a0;jcif;/
awmifhwjcif;rSuif;a0;jcif;)
4 u|eftjzpfapcdkif;jcif;rðy&/
- vcwef&mwefa=u;r&jcif;/
- qENrygbJ t"rRapcdkif;jcif;/
- apcdkif;r_a=umifh&kyfydkif;§pdwfydkif;
xdcdkufepfemr_jzpfapjcif;/
- apcdkif;olu tjrwfxkwf&ef
&nf&G,fcsufjzifhcdkif;jcif;
5 rw&m; ESdyfpufjcif;/
- &kyfydkif;/ pdwfydkif; jyif;xefpGm
emusifr_jzpfap&rnf?
- &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifhvkyfaqmif
jcif;jzpf&rnf?
- usL;vGefolonfwm0ef&Sdol
jzpf&rnf/
(Oya'0efxrf;/ tpdk;&wm0ef&Sd
ol/ &J/ ppfom;/ axmufvSrf;a&;)
6 Oya'a&S›wGifvlom;uJhodk@qufqH
cGifh/
- a&S›aeiSm;cGifh/
- usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufcHcGifh/
- oufaot,lcH&&SdcGifh/
- av#mufvJcGifh/
- trsm;=um;emcGifh/ jiif;qdkydkifcGifh/
- rdom;pkESifhqufoG,fcGifh/
- tmrcHcsuf&ydkifcGifh/
- tusOf;om;vrf;!Gefr_/
- tjreffqHk;w&m;pD&ifcGifh/
7 Oya'a&S›wef;wl&SdcGifh
- vdif/ tqifhtwef;/ &mxl;
- rsKd;&dk;/ bmom rcGJjcm;bJ
Oya'a&S›wGif wef;wl&SdcGifh
8 Oya'tultnD,lcGifh
- csKd;azmufcH&ygu wdkif=um;/
ta&;,l/ avsmfa=u;awmif;
Edkifjcif;/
- w&m; Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;r&Sdjcif;/ (toufrjynfhol/ udkf,f0efaqmifESifh
pdwfa&m*gonfudk ao'%fray;Edkif)a
udk,f0efzsufcscGifh jyXmef;xm;jcif;
- ay:wmqGJjcif;/ - Slavery convention
- vkyftm;ay;apcdkif;jcif;/ u|efðyjcif;wm;qD;a&;qdkif&m
- ppfokH@yrf; (ac|;wyf)/ pmcsKyfwGif tao;pddwf=unfh
- aqmif=umòrdif (Zdrfr,f)/ Edkifonf?
- t"rRjynfhwefqmvkyfapjcif; /
- uav;vkyfom;apcdkif;jcif;/
- uav;ppfom;apcdkif;jcif;/
- tusOf;om;tm; &dkufESufjcif;/ - Convention Against
- wdkufydwfjcif; Torture (CAT)
- tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufjcif;/ ESdyfpufr_wm;qD;a&;pmcsKyfwGif
- vdifapmfum;jcif;/ tao;pdwf=unfhEdkifonf?
- *k%foduQmxdcdkufatmif qufqHI
jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;/
- ppfcHk±kH;jzifh pD&ifjcif;
- vmbfay;r_ -jcGif;csufr&Sd /
- &mxl;t& rsufESmvdkufjcif; w&m;a&;0efxrf; usifhxHk;rsm;wGif
- bufvdkufI qHk;jzwfjcif; tr_rsm;udk trSeftwdkif;pD&if&ef
vrf;!Gefxm;onf?
- wdkif=um;aomfvnf;ta&;r,ljcif; - jcGif;csufr&Sdyg?
- EdkifiHwumyef=um;csufrsm;udk
rvdkufemjcif;/
5
 9 Oya'rJhzrf;qD;jcif;
- 0&rf;yg&jcif;/
- zrf;qD;&efwm0ef&Sdoluom
zrf;qD;jcif;
- rzrf;qD;rD bma=umifhzrf;&
a=umif;udk a=unm&jcif;/
- csKyfxm;rnfhae&mtoday;jcif;/
- zrf;qD;pm&if;rSwfyHkwifjcif;/
- rdom;pk/ a&S@aeESifhqufoG,fcGifh
ay;jcif;/
- tjrefqHk;w&m;pD&ifjcif;
- rusL;vGefyJrouFmr_jzifhzrf;jcif;/
- tcsdefrawmf bmta=umif;jycsufrS
ray;bJ ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;/
- v_d@0Sufae&mrsm;wGif csKyfaESmifjcif;/
jcGif;csufrsm;rSm -
EdkifiHawmfykefuefr/_ t=urf;zufr_
v#yfwjyuf&mZ0wfr_rsm;wGif
&SdEdkifonf?
tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif ta&;ay:
Oya'rsm;jyXmef;xm;+yD;
xdkvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;twdkif;t
vkyfbJ zrf;qD;cGifhjyKxm;onf?

10 r#waomw&m;pD&ifcHydkifcGifh/ - ppfcHk&Hk;jzifh pD&ifjcif;/ jcGif;csufrsm;rSm-

vltrsm;=um;emcGifh - axmifAl;wGif w&m;&Hk;jzifh pD&ifjcif; - toufrjynfhao;aom
- w&m;vdk/ w&m;cHrsm;&Sdjcif;/ - oufaorcdkifvHkbJ pD&ifjcif; uav;rsm;yg0ifaeaomtr_rsm;
- oufao/ a&S@aersm;&Sdjcif;/ - EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ESifh EdkifiH.
- Oya'u|rf;usifolrsm;u v#dK@0Sufcsufrsm; ayguf=um;apEdkif
avhvmEdkifjcif;/ aomtr_rsm;
11 taxmuftxm;r&Sdv#if - oufaocHr&SdbJ axmif'%fcsjcif;/ jcGif;csufr&Sdyg?
tjypfr&Sd? - xifa=u; oHo,jzifh trdef@csjcif;/
- trdef@rcsrcsif; pGyfpGJcH&aom - pD&ifcsufrcscif owif;wGif
olomjzpf/ w&m;cHr[kwf/ w&m;cHtjzpfa&;om;jcif;/
- trdef@rcsrcsif; tjypf&Sdonf[k
owif;a=unmIr&/
12 raumif;aom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh - tifwmeuf/ pmrsm;/ cdk;zwfjcif;/ jcGif;csufrsm;rSm
tdrftwGif; 0ifa&mufjcif;/ - zkef;toHoGif;jcif;/ - trsm;jynfoltusdK;udk um
zkef;ckd;em;axmifjcif;rðy&/ - Oya't&xuf yk+dyD; EkdufEkduf uG,f&ef/ t=urf;zufr_udkwm;qD;
-yk*~vdu vGwfvyfcGifh/ c|wfc|wf ppfaq;ar;jref;&SmazGjcif;/ &efta=umif;jyI tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;
ykdifqdkifcGifhudk xdcdkufjcif; wGifOya't&cGifhjyKxm;onf?
13 vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifh - *dwfrsm;xm;¶SdI ppfaq;jcif;/ jcGif;csufrsm;rSm
-wdkif;jynftwGif; oGm;vmcGifh - ta=umif;trsKd;rsdK;jyI oGm;vm - rdrdwdkif;jynfwGif;omjzpfonf?
ydwfyifr_rðyoifh/ cGifhydwfyifjcif;/ - ta&;ay:tajctaersdK;
- EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrsm;udk - EdkifiHul;vufrSwfrsm;rxkwfay;jcif;/ - tEW&m,f&Sdaomae&mrsdK;/
vG,fulpGmxkwfay;&rnf? - trsm;vHk+cHKr_/ tusdK;pD;yGm;
xdcdkufapaomae&mrsdK;
14 rw&m;tjypfay;cH&ygu (tjcm; - 'kuQonftjzpftodtrSwfrjyKjcif;/ 'kuQonfpmcsKyfwGif
EkdifiHwGif) cdkv_HcGifh awmif;cHydkifcGifh - twif;t=uyfae&yfodk@jyefydk@jcif; tao;pdwf=unfhEdkifonf?
- qENrygyJ twif;t=uyff
jyefykd@cGifhr&Sd?

6
15 vlwdkif;EdkifiHwEdkifiH. EdkifiHom;
jzpfcGif/h
- rnfol@udkrS EdkifiHom;tjzpfrS
ta=umif;usKd;rJh ypfy,fcGifhr&Sd/
- ajymif;vJcGifhudk jiif;y,fcGifhr&Sd/
16 t&G,fa&muf+yD;olwdkif; rdrdqEN
jzifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGifh/
- vufxyftdrfaxmifðycGifh/
vufrxyfcGifh/
- t&G,fa&muf+yD; ESpfOD;qENwl
17 vlwdkif;udk,fydkifypPnf;ydkifqdkifcGifh
- a&$@ajymif;I&aomypPnf;
- a&$@ajymif;Ir&aomypPnf;
- ynm(rlydkifcGifh)
- owif;/ "gwfyHk/ toH
18 vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh/
- bmomul;ajymif;cGifh/ 0wfjyK
cGifh/ taqmuftOD aqmufcGifh/
bmoma&;yGJusif;ycGifh/ bmom
a&;pmayxkwfa0cGifh/ a[majym
cGifh/ &HyHkaiG&SmcGifh?
19 vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh/
owif;&,lcGifh/
20 +idrf;csrf;pGmzJG@xm;aom
aomtzGJ@rsm;odk@
qENjzifh0ifcGifh/ qEQrygygu
r0ifcGifh)
- EdkifiHjcm;om;ESifhvufxyfI EdkifiH
om;jzpfcGifh z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;/
- wdkif;&if;om;tcsdK@udk EdkifiHom;
tjzpf todtrSwfrjyKjcif;/
- t&G,fra&mufyJ tdrfaxmifcsjcif;/
- bmom/ vlrsKd;rwlI cJGjcif;/
- qENrwlbJ t"rRvufxyfr_/
- ypPnf;rsm; vk,ufzsufqD;jcif;/
- &Gma&G@ajymif;apjcif;/
- cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ "mwfyHk/ toHrsm;udk
oHk;jcif;/
- bmoma&;vlenf;pkrsm;tay:
cGJjcm;zdESdyfjcif;/
- bmoma&;taqmuftODrsm;
zsufjcif;/ pmayrsm;xkwfcGifhr&Sd/
a[majymcGifhr&Sd/
- EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk pnf;&kH;cGifhrjyKjcif;/
- pmaypDppfa&;vkyfjcif;/
- owif;rsm;em;axmifcGifhrjyKjcif;/
- tpdk;&tay: a0zefolrsm;tm;
zrf;qD;jcif;/
- tzGJ@rsm; 0ifcGifhudk wm;qD;jcif;/
- tzGJ@0ifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ydwfyifjcif;/
- tzJG@rSxGufatmif aESmuf,Sufjcif;/
- twif;t=uyfr0ifrae& 0if&jcif;/
7
EdkifiHwEdkifiHcsif;pD. EdkifiHom;jzpfr_
Oya'wckESifh wckrwlnDay?
oufqdkif&m&dk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;
rsm;t& t&G,fa&mufaom
touf owfrSwfcsufuJGjym;avh
&Sdonf?
jcGif;csufr&Sdyg?
- ¹cGif;csufr&Sd/
- odk@aomf
rdrdbmomudka[majym&if;
tjcm;bmomrsm;udk ykwfcwfI
r&ay?
jcGif;csufrsm;rSm
- wjcm;olrsm;tay: *k%foduQm
xdcdkufatmif ykwfcwfajymqdkr_/
- +idrf;csrf;a&;ysuf/ t=urf;zufr_
udk v_H@aqmfapaom / bmoma&;
ESifhvlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;r_jzpfapaom
a[majymr_rsm;/
- trsm;jynfol pdwf"mwfysuf
jym;atmif v_H@aqmfajymqdkr_/
- aumv[vrsm; cGifhrjyKyg?
jcGif;csufrSm
- vl@tcGifhta&;/+idrf;csrf;a&; vkyf
aqmifaomtzJG@rsm;jzpf&rnf?
- t=urf;zuf/ &mZ0wfr_
tzJG@rsm;rjzpf&yg?
21 vlwdkif;tpdk;&wGif yg0ifcGifh/
- qENrJay;cGifh/
- udk,fwdkifyg0ifa&G;cGifh/
- vGwfvyfw&m;r#w/oef@&Sif;/
tcsdefrSefrSefusif;yonfh
a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;&ef
- &vm'fudkav;pm;&ef/
22 vlwdkif;vlr_b0 zlvHka&;cHpm;cGifh/
- usef;rma&;apmihfa&Smufr_
- yifpif/ avsmfa=u;&cGifh/
- touftmrcH&cGifh/ aq;cGifh/
rD;zGm;cGifh/
23 vlwdkif; tvkyfvkyfcGifh/ tvkyf
orm;or*~0ifcGifh/
- xdkufoifhaomvpm&&Sdjcif;/
- tvkyfcGifvHkòcHa&;/ oifhawmf
aomtvkyfcsdef&Sdjcif;/
- tvkyfa&G;cs,fEdkifjcif;/ wef;wl
tvkyftwGuf vkyfcwlwl&jcif;/
24 tyrf;ajztem;,lcGifh/
- tvkyfcsdef owfrSwfay;jcif;/
- em;&ufowfrSwfay;jcif;/
- tcsdefydktwGuf tcsdefydka=u;
cHpm;&jcif;/
25 vHkavmufaomvlaer_ tqifh
twef;ESifh aq;ukor_cHpm;cGifh/
- aetdrf/ aq;0g;/ tpm;tpm/
vlwdkif; &&SdEdkif&rnf/
- tpm;tpmrsm;onf t[m&
jynfh/ ab;uif;/ zlvHkr_/ ,Ofaus;
r_ESifhudkufnDr_&Sd&rnf?
- aetdrfonf usef;rma&;ESifh
udkufnD/ qufoG,fa&;aumif;/
vlwdkif;&&SdEdkif/ w&m;0ifvHkòcHr_&Sd/
,Ofaus;r_ESifhudkufnD/ aiGa=u;
wwfEdkifr_&Sd/
26 vlwdkif;ynmoifcGifh/
- vlwdkif;oifEdkif&rnf?
- tedrfhqHk; rlvwef;ynmudk
tcrJh roifrae&/
txufwef;udk wufEdkifatmif
- a&G;aumufyGJrusif;yjcif;/
&vm'frav;pm;jcif;/
- EdkifiHjcm;om;/ &mZ0wfom;rsm;
- ppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;cHpm;cGifhr&Sdjcif;/
-vkyfief;cGifwGif xdcdkuf'%f&m&ygu
epfema=u;r&jcif;/
- bdk;bGm;&dyfomrsm; rvHkavmufjcif;
- tvkyfcGifrsm; usef;rma&;ESifh
rnDnGwfjcif;/
- xdkufoifhaomvpmr&jcif;/
- usm;r vkyfcrwlnDjcif;/
- toufrjynfhao;aom
uav;vkyfom;rsm; apcdkif;jcif;/
- vpmrJh tcsdefydkcdkif;jcif;/
- tm;vyf&ufrsm;wGif vkyftm;ay;
apjcif;/
- tpm;tpmvHkavmufr_r&Sd/
- aq;±kHwGif aq;0g;r&Sd/ rjynfhpHk/
- ukefaps;E_ef;rw&m;jrifhrm;jcif;/
- aiGa=u;azmif;yGjcif;
- ausmif;p&dwfjrifhvGef;jcif;/
- tqifhjrifhbmom&yfrsm;Y trsKd;
orD;rsm;wufa&mufcGifhrðy/
- aus;vufa'orsm;wGif pmoif
ausmif; r&Sdjcif;/
8
jcGif;csufrsm;rSm
- pdwfrESH@/ toufrjynfhol/
rJray;Edkif/ ta&G;rcHEdkifaom
owfrSwfcsufrsm; &Sdonf?
TtcGifhta&;rsm;onf tpdk;&.
pdwfapwemESifh EdkifiH. zHG@+zdK;
wdk;wufr_/ aiGa=u;wdk@tay:wGif
txl; rSDwnfaewwfonf?
jcGif;csufrSm
- vlwdkif;tvkyfvkyfEdkifaomf
vnf; toufrjynfhao;aom
uav;rsm;ryg0ifyg? EdkifiHawmfu
tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfh tedrfhqHk;
toufudk owfrSwfay;&ygonf?
TtcGifhta&;rsm;onf tpdk;&.
pdwfapwemESifh EdkifiH. zHG@+zdK;
wdk;wufr_/ aiGa=u;wdk@tay:wGif
txl; rSDwnfaewwfonf?
TtcGifhta&;rsm;onf tpdk;&.
pdwfapwemESifh EdkifiH. zHG@+zdK;
wdk;wufr_/ aiGa=u;wdk@tay:wGif
txl; rSDwnfaewwfonf?
TtcGifhta&;rsm;onf tpdk;&.
pdwfapwemESifh EdkifiH. zHG@+zdK;
wdk;wufr_/ aiGa=u;wdk@tay:wGif
txl; rSDwnfaewwfonf?
 vrf;zGifhay;&rnf?
- oif=um;aomynma&;onf
toHk;csEdkifaom/ tcGifhta&;/
wef;wlnDr#r_wdk@udk wefzdk;xm;
aomynma&;jzpf&rnf?
27 ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif yg0ifcGifh/
- t0wftpm;/ yGJawmf/ *Dw
tqdktu/ ta&;twD;/ bmom
pum;/ pmay/ tpm;tpm/
,Ofaus;r_oauFw
- ynma&;tmrcHcsufr&Sdjcif;/
- tprf;oyfcHynma&;jzpfaejcif;/
- wdkif;&if;om;pmayudkausmif;Y
oif=um;cGifhrjyKjcif;
- ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpfzsufpD;jcif;
- ordkif;udk azsmufzsuf/ jyifqifjcif;/
- &dk;&mxHk;pHrsm;udk usifhoHk;cGifhrjyKjcif;/

Synthesis (rnfuJhodk@vkyfaqmif/ umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifonfudk tajz&Smvkyfaqmifapjcif;)

oifwef;om;rsm; puf0dkif;yHkrwfwyf&yfum vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;ESifhywfoufI rdrd,cifu

rodao;aomta=umif;t&mwckudk twdkcsKyfajymjyapyg?

vdktyfaom ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;
- tydk'frsm;a&;xm;aom pm&Gufrsm;/
- tydk'fo±kyfazmfyHkrsm;/ ydkpwm/ Z,m;uGuf

avhvm&ef
- vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;ordkif;a=umif;/ ukvor*~ordkif;a=umif;/ (vl@tcGifhta&;vufpJG tcef;-4)
- wydk'fcsif;pD. t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm; ( vl@tcGifhta&;ar;cGef;ESifhtajzrsm;- vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;)
- qufpyfI ay;Ekdifaom Oyrmrsm;?

rSwfcsuf
- v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfpOf oifwef;om;rsm; ðyrlaomtðytrlrsm;udk teD;uyfrSwfxm;I aqG;aEG;&mwGif
axmufjyaqG;aEG;ygu tusKd;&SdEdkifonf?
- oifwef;om;rsm;tm; pm&Gufrsm;0Sufaomtcg jyef&Sm,lIr&Edkifavmufatmif cufcJaomae&m
rsm;wGif r0Suf&eftxl;owday;yg?
- pm&Gufrsm;ESifh yHkwJG&mwGif oifwef;ydk@csoludk,fwdkif trSeftwdkif;wJGwwf&ef avhusifhxm;yg?
- ,ckoifcef;pmwGif vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;yg tydk'frsm;udk &Sif;jy&mwGif
tcsdef=umjrifhwwfonf? vdktyfygu =um;tcsdefwGiftem;csdefay;jcif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_wckvkyfjcif;/
xdktydkif;udk eHeufydkif;tcsdfefwGif a&G;cs,fvkyfjcif; wdk@vkyfoifhonf?

(rnfuJhodk@vkyfaqmif/ umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifonfudk tajz&Smvkyfaqmifap&mwGif enf;vrf;opf

Human Rights Charade [kac:aom enf;udkoHk;Ekdifonf? vlrsm;udk ESpfwef;tnDtr#cJGwef;pDap+yD;

tydk'frsm;ygaompm&Gufrsm;udk oifwef;ydk@csoluudkifxm;yg? vdkif;ESpfvdkif;wGifa&S›qHk;rS&yfaeolwOD;udk yxrOD;

9
qHk;ac:I tydk'fygaompm&Gufw&Gufudkay;yg? xdkolu pm&GufwGifygaom tydk'fudkzwfI xdktydk'fudkpum;
rajymbJ trlt,mjzifh o±kyfazmfjyyg? xdko±kyfazmfcsufudk xdkolygaomvdkif;rSvlrsm;u (1)rdepftwGif;
cef@rSef;I tajz&SmEdkifvsif xdkvdkif;trSwf (1) rSwf&rnf? xdkyxrvdkif;utajz&SmcsdefwGif 'kwd,vdkif;rS 0if
ajymIr&yg? tu,fI yxrvdkif;u owfrSwfxm;aom (1)rdepftwGif;tajzray;Edkifygu 'kwd,vdkif;u
rdepf0uftcsdeftwGif; tajzajymEdkifonf? tu,fI ajymEdkifygu 'kwd,vdkif;u trSwf (1) rSwf&rnfjzpf
onf? ESpfvdkif;pvHk;rajymEdkifygu oa&jzpfrnf? xdkenf;twdkif; pm&Gufrsm;ukefonfhtxd wa,muf+yD; w
a,muf vkyfaqmifoGm;Edkifonf? owdðy&efrSm oifwef;om;rsm; tcsif;csif;&if;ESD;rSom tqifajyEdkifrnf?

tu,fI rdrdoifwef;om;rsm;onf Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk toHk;ðy&efroifhawmf[k,lqygu atmufygenf;udk oHk;

Ekdifonf?

Module (4)
Human Righs History
vl@tcGifhta&;ordkif;a=umif;

Objective (&nf&G,fcsuf)

• vl@tcGifhta&;ordkif;a=umif;ay:aygufvmyHktqifhqifhudk avhvmod&Sdvmap&ef?

Activity (v_yf&Sm;r_)
v_yf&Sm;r_tpm; 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u emZDwdk@. &ufpufr_rsm;ukd ±kdufjyxm;aom ±kyf&Sifrsm;/
rSwfwrf;wiftacGrsm;/ ordkif;0if"mwfykHrsm;udk jyoEdkifonf? Oyrm- EsL&ifbwfckH±kH; AD'D,dktacG/ Anne
Frank's Diary, Pianist, Shindler’s list, Life is Beautiful, Holocaust ±kyfykHrsm;?

Discussion (tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;jcif;)
=unfh&_+yD;ygu
- bmawGawG@&ovJ/
- b,fvdkcHpm;&vJ/
- b,folawGtay: b,folawGu bmvkyfovJ/
- bma=umifh tckvdkjzpfwmvJ/
- aemufwcg tckvdkrjzpfatmif b,fawGvkyfoifhovJ?

Input (ta=umif;t&mESifhqufpyfonfh A[kokway;jcif;)

,cifu tcsufrsm;xnfhEdkifonf? xdk@Jyif vl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;tqifhqifhwkd;wufvmyHkudk
atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyEdkifonf?
1945 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;qHk;jcif; - +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&;udkav;pm;&efvdka=umif; oa
1945 ukvor*~ xlaxmifvdkufjcif; - urBmhjynforl sm;tm;vHk;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fay;&e

10
atmufwdkbm - vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,f&ef tpdk;&wdkif;wGifvnf; wm0ef&Sda=um
(24)
1946 pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpDuaeI - tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;rl=urf;udk a&;q
vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Siu f dk zJG@pnf;vdkufonf?
1948 vlom;rsm;tm;rsdK;ðzwfowfjzwfaom - vlom;rsm;tm;rsdK;ðzwfowfjzwfr_udk vlom;wrsdK;vHk; tay:u
&mZ0wfr_tm;wm;qDa&;oabmwlpmcsKyfay: owfrSwfvmcJh+yD; usLvGefolrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;u Oya't& ta&
vmjcif;
1948 tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&; - EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh tedrfhqHk;av;pm;vdkufem&efvdktyfaom
'DZifbmv a=unmpmwrf;ay:aygufvmcJhjcif; vl@tcGifhta&;pHcsdefpH!$ef;wckay:aygufvmcJhonf?
(10)&uf
1966 vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_enf;rsdK;pHktm;yaysmufa&; vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_qdkaomt"dy`m,fudk zGifhEdkifcJhonf?
oabmwlpmcsKyfay:aygufvmjcif; usL;vGefaomEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;taejzifh xdkzdESdyfcJGjcm;xm;aom Oya
qHk;jzwfvm=uonf?
1967 'kuQonftqifhtwef;qdkif&maemufqufwJGpm - 1951 ckESpf 'kuQonftqifhtwef;qdkif&mpmcsKyft& owfrSw
csKyfay:vmjcif; tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0efrsm; txl;ojzifh tEW&nmfjzpfaprnfh EdkifiH&
wurBmvHk;u vdkufematmif wm0ef,lEdkifcJhonf? udk
1976 pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh - UDHR wGif azmfjyxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r
,Ofaus;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf twdtusazmfxkwfvmEdkifcJhonf?
touf0ifvmjcif;/ - xdkpD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;pmcsKyfudk
EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udkav;pm;taumiftxnfa
pmcsKyfEdkifiHrsm;.taumiftxnfazmfr_udk avhvmapmifh=uyfapE
zJG@pnf;EdkifcJhonf?
1976 EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyf - UDHR wGifazmfjyxm;aom EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtcGi
touf0ifvmjcif; twdtusazmfxkwfvmEdkifcJhonf?
- xdkEdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;pmcsKyfudk w&m;0ifv
EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udkav;pm;taumiftxnfa
pmcsKyfEdkifiHrsm;.taumiftxnfazmfr_udk avhvmapmifh=uyfapE
OD;ygaomaumfrwDw&yfudk zJG@pnf;EdkifcJhonf?
1976 EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyf - aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfudkw&m;0ifvufrSwfxdk;xm;aomEdkifiHrsm
aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfay:aygufvmjcif; vl@tcGifhta&;aumfrwDodk@ wOD;csif;wdkif=um;EdkifcJhonf?
1979 trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifhcJGjcm;xm;r_ - trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;wdk@t=um; wef;wlnDr_udk EdkifiHwumu
tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;oabmwlpmcsKyf - CEDAW pmcsKyfudk w&m;0ifvufrSwfxdk;xm;aomEdkifiHrsm;t
ay:vmonf? av;pm;taumiftxnfazmfvmaponf?
pmcsKyfEdkifiHrsm;. taumiftxnfazmfr_udk avhvm
apmifh=uyfapEdkifonfh CEDAWaumfrwDudk zJG@pnf;EdkifcJhonf?
1981 bmoma&;ESifh ,Hk=unfr_wdk@udktajccHI - vlwdkif; vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifh/ ,Hk=unfouf0ifcGifh/ udk;uG,cf
onf;rcHr_ESifh cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsdK;pHkyaysmufa&; a=umifhcJGjcm;zdESdyfjcif;r&Sd&[laomtcGifhta&;udk twdtvif;azm
oabmwlpmcsKyf ay:vmjcif; - bmoma&;qdkif&monf;rcHr_rsm;udkwm;wD;ap&eftwGuf tx
cef@tyfEdkifcJhonf?
1984 ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r_qef@usifa&;qdkif&moabmwl - ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;r_tm; EdkifiHwum&mZ0wfr_tjzpfowfrSwfEdkifc

11
 pmcsKyfay:vmcJhonf? - ESdyfpuf!‡if;yrf;r_usL;vGefolrsm;udk pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u
tjypfay;&efwm0efay;EdkifcJhonf?
- rnfonfhta=umif;tcsufa=umifhrS ESdyfpufjcif;rðyEdkifa=umif;a
- wurBmvHk;&SdEdkifiHrsm;wGif ESdyfpufjcif;qdkif&mESifhywfoufItpD&
txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&SdwOD;udkcef@tyfEdkifcJh+yD; tpdk;&rsm;xH
xkwfjyefEdkifcJhonf?
1986 zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_qdkif&ma=unmpmwrf; - vlwdkif;twGuf zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr_onfr&SdrjzpfvdktyfaomtcGifht
todtrSwfðyvmEdkifcJh+yD; xdkvkyfief;pOfwGif vlwdkif;yg0if&efvdkty
- EdkifiHrsm;ESifh vlwOD;csif;wa,mufcsif;wdk@twGuf zHG@òzd;wdk;wufr
tcGifhta&;jzpfa=umif;todtrSwfðyvmcJhonf?
- trsm;ESifhoufqdkifaomtcGifhta&; odk@r[kwf vlxktcGifhta&
todtrSwfðyvmcJh=uonf?
1989 uav;rsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mpmcsKyf - uav;rsm;tm; ydkrdk*±kpdkuf&efvdktyfa=umif;ESifh
txl;umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&efvdktyfr_wdk@udk todtrSwfðyv
- pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u uav;rsm;tcGifhta&;ESifhywfo
aumfrwDw&yfzJG@pnf;EdkifcJhonf? -
1990 a±$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh xdkolrsm;. - a±$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh xdkolrsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;. tc
rdom;pkrsm;tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;oabmwl umuG,fay;&efvdktyfa=umif; todtrSwfðyvmcJhonf?
pmcsKyf
1992 EdkifiHom;/ vlrsdK;pk/ bmoma&;ESifh - udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_/ udk,fydkifbmoma&;/ udk,fydkifbmompum;
bmompum;tkyfpk0ifvlrsm;.tcGifhta&;ESifh rdrdtkyfpk0ifrsm;tcsif;csif;qufoG,fEdkifcGifhwdk@udktodtrSwfðyaom
ywfoufaoma=unmpmwrf;
1994 roefrpGrf;aomolrsm;ESifhywfoufonfhurBm - roefrpGrf;aomolrsm;ESifhywfoufI umv=um&Snfuxnf;u
vHk;qdkif&mtpDtpOf wef;wltcGifhta&;qdkaom enf;AsL[mudk csrSwfEdkifcJhonf?
1998 &krf;pmcsKyf - tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfr_rsm;udk ta&;,lEdkifrnfhpmcsKyfudk t
2002 tjynfjynfqdkif&m&mZ0wfr_w&m;&Hk; - tjynfjynfqdkifm&mZ0wfr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;u
t+rJwrf;w&m;&Hk;udk zGifhvSpfEdkifco
Jh nf?
2003 a±$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh xdkolrsm;. - ESpfaygif; 10 ESpfausmf=umjrifhcJhaom a&G@ajymif;tvkyform;
rdom;pkrsm;tcGifhta&;umuG,fa&;oabmwl tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfudk EdkifiH (20) ausmfu vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhI to
pmcsKyf

Deepening (oifwef;om;rsm;. vufawG@tjzpfESifh E_dif;,SOfqufpyfay;jcif;)

“ tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaomtcsufrsm;onf tm&S,Ofaus;r_ESifh
rudkufnD ” [laomt,ltqtay: oifwef;om;rsm; tkyfpkESpfpkcJGIjzpfap / rsufESmcsif;qdkif pum;0dkif;jzifh
jzpfap aqG;aEG;apEdkifonf?

Synthesis (rnfuJhodk@vkyfaqmif/ umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifonfudk tajz&Smvkyfaqmifapjcif;)

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tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;udkrnfodk@jrifovJ (odk@r[kwf) b,fvdk,lqygovJ [lI
ar;+yD; wa,mufcsif;. t,ltqrsm;udk oifykef;wGif a&;om;rSwfwrf;wif&ef/

tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;onf EdkifiHwum. vl@tcGifhta&;pHcsdefpH!Gef;tjzpf

ay:aygufcJhaomfvnf; pnf;aESmifr_tm;r&Sdjcif;a=umifh aemufqufwJGvl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;ay:vmonf?
EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u av;pm;vdkufemrSom armif;ESiftm;aumif;aom
,EWU&m;rsm;jzpfonf? pmcsKyfrsm;tm;aumif;atmif EdkifiHwumu v_H@aqmfzdk@vdktyfovdk EdkifiHwGif;&Sd
jynfolrsm;uvJ todtjrifjrifhrm;zdk@vdktyfa=umif; tESpfcsKyfEdkifonf?

vdktyfaom ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;
- ADG'D,dkacGrsm;ESifh jypufrsm;/

13