A SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT ON 765/400/220 KV TRAMSMISSION SUB-STATION OF POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED MEERUT, UTTAR PRADESH

SUBMITTED BY: SHUBHAM SAINI B.TECH, 3RD YEAR IIMT ENGINEERING COLLEGE MEERUT 1

PREFACE

It is a matter of great pleasure for me to present the following report on my INDUSTRIAL INPLANT TRAINING at POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED, MEERUT, otherwise one seldom gets a chance to go through any industry after on the job training / placement. It outlines the course of project work during my training in a specific & oriented manner over a period of one month B.Tech., 6 th Semester, Electrical Engineering. I am grateful to Sh. Y. P. Singh (Chief Manager, S/S) for his valuable guidance and support, without which it was not possible to understand the subject theoretically as well as practically in such a short time. I am also thankful to Sh. R. K. Agarwal, Dy.Manager, S/S, Sh. A. K. Saxena, Sh. K. K. Purwar for their continuous friendly support without which the completion of this report would have been a thought only.

( SHUBHAM SAINI )

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We cannot achieve anything worthwhile in the field of technical education unless or until the theoretical education acquired in the classroom is effectively wedded to its practical approach that is taking place in the modern industries and research institutes. It gives me a great pleasure to have an opportunity to acknowledge and to express gratitude to those who were associated with my training at POWERGRID.

CONTENTS

PARTICULARS

PAGE NO

COMPANY PROFILE

MEERUT SUBSTATION DETAILS

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM MEERUT SUBSTATION TECHNICAL DETAILS MEERUT SUBSTATION SPECIALITIES SUBSTATION OF

OF

OF

MEERUT

INTRODUCTION TO EQUIPMENTS REACTIVE COMPENSATION TRANSMISSION LINES

BAY POWER OF

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COMPANY PROFILE
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID),is an Indian Central TransmissionUtility(A Navratna Company) headquartered at Gurgaon, India. Power Grid wheels about 51% of the total power generated in India on its transmission network. Power Grid has a pan India presence with around 95,330 Circuit-km of Transmission network and 156 nos. of EHVAC & HVDC substations with a total transformation capacity of 91,945 MVA. The Inter-regional capacity is enhanced to 28000 MW. Power Grid has also diversified into Telecom business and established a telecom network of more than 25,000 km across the country. Power Grid has consistently maintained the transmission system availability over 99.90% which is at par with the International Utilities. In 1980 the Rajadhyaksha Committee on Power Sector Reforms submitted its report to the Government of India suggesting extensive reforms in the Indian power sector. Based on the recommendations of the Rajadhyaksha Committee, in 1981 the Government of India took the policy decision to form a national power grid which would pave the way for the integrated operation of the central and regional transmission systems. Pursuant to this decision to form a national power grid, PowerGrid was incorporated on October 23, 1989 under the companies Act, 1956 as the National Power Transmission Corporation Limited (NPTC), with the responsibility of planning, executing, owning, operating and maintaining the high voltage transmission systems in the country. The Company received a certificate for commencement of business on November 8, 1990. Subsequently, the name of the Company was changed to Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) with effect from October 23, 1992. POWERGRID has enhanced the inter-regional capacity of National Grid to 28,000 MW.India is divided into 5 Regions - Northern Region(NR), Eastern Region(ER), Western Region(WR), Southern Region(SR) and North-East Region(NER). Out of all these Regions the NR,ER,WR and NER are synchronized which is known as NEW Grid. Whereas SR is not synchronized with the rest of the regions with AC lines and hence runs on a slightly different Frequency. SR is connected with WR and ER with HVDC links only. When PGCIL was formed then the responsibility of Regional Load Dispatch Centres(RLDCs) was handed over to POWERGRID by Central Electricity Authority(CEA). On 25th February,2009 the National Load Dispatch Center(NLDC) was inaugurated. Now these Regional Load DispatchCentres(RLDCs) and National Load Dispatch Center(NLDC) is a separate organisation named POSOCO (Power system Operation Corporation), a wholly owned subsidiary of POWERGRID.

MEERUT SUB-STATION DETAILS

765/400/220 KV Meerut substation was conceptualized for evacuation of power generated from Tehri hydro electric power project (8x250 MW) from Tehri and (4x100 MW) from koteshwar. The 2400 MW power generated by THDC has to be transferred to northern grid through Meerut substation. To accompalish this task, POWERGRID has constructed 02 nos. single circuit 765 KV transmission lines from Tehri to Meerut, For onward feeding of power evacuated from TEHRI HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PROJECT to NORTHERN GRID through connections in Uttar Pradesh Power Corporaion (UPPCL) 220 KV substations. Meerut substation is connected to 400/220 KV Mandola substation of POWERGRID by one 400 KV double circuit Meerut-Mandola line. Also it is connected to 400 KV Muzaffarnagar substation of UPPCL by one single circuit 400 KV Meerut-Muzaffarnagar line. All these interconnections are constructed under the head GANGA VALLEY TRANSMISSION PROJECT(G.V.T.P). Meerut S/S connected to Kaithal S/S by one 400KV D/C Low impedance Line of high capacity in the year of 2010. Further, in the year of 2012-13, the capacity of Meerut S/s has enhanced by adding 400KV, one D/C Bareilly & one D/C Mandola Lines after LILO of BareillyMandola Line at Meerut. In the year of 2013, the Meerut S/S is upgraded to 765KV Sub-Station by adding / commissioning of 2x1500MW 765/400KV ICTs, one 240MVAR 765KV Bus Reactor & one 765KV S/C Meerut- Agra Line alongwith one 240MVAR, 765KV Line Reactor. 765KV Meerut- Bhiwani Line is under advance stage of construction and will be commissioned shortly.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF MEERUT SUB-STATION

TECHNICAL DETAILS OF MEERUT SUB-STATION

Total Transformation Capacity : 945 MVA for 400/200 kV 3000 MVA for 765/400 kV Nos. of Transmission Lines : 765 KV 400 KV 220 KV Nos. of Bays : 765 KV 400 KV 220 KV Nos. of ICTs : 01 Nos. : 11 Nos. : 07 Nos. : 10 Nos. : 28 Nos. : 12 Nos.

: 07 Nos, 1 Phase, 500 MVA each, 765/400/33 KV, OFAF, BTW China Make 03 Nos., 3 Phase, 315 MVA each, 400/220/33 KV OFAF Type BHEL Make.

Nos. of Reactors

08 Nos, 1 Phase, 80 MVAR each, 765 KV, TBEA China Make 02 Nos. 3 Phase, 420 KV, 50 MVAR each, BHEL Make

Bus Bar Scheme

: 765 KV : One & Half Breaker Scheme. 400 KV : One & Half Breaker Scheme. 220 KV : Two Main & Transfer Bus Scheme

FSC

: 02 Nos, 50%, 765KV on Koteshwar Lines

SPECIALITIES OF MEERUT SUB-STATION

1. A, 400KV D/C Low Impedance line is constructed between Kaithal and Meerut. This line is characterized by increased spacing between the bundled conductors which results in less flux linkages and hence, less impedance. 2. Worlds second and Indias first FIXED SERIES COMPENSATION (FSC) for 765 KV LINES is done in this Sub-station. FSC results in the increased capacity of lines to carry more power. At present, Meerut Sub-station is having three Nos. 3 Phase, 315 MVA,400/220 KV Auto Transformers with provisions of one No. future Transformerof 500MVA which will be installed in 2013-14 F.Yr. Both 765KV Meerut-Tehri single circuit1 & 2 are charged at 400KV, although both single circuits are designed & constructed for 765 KV level.1000MW Power generation at Tehri Hydro Electric Project has already started through Unit No. 1, 2, 3 and 4 and generated power is transmitted from Tehri to Meerut Substation through 400 KV Meerut - Tehri Circuit 1 & 2 via 400KV GIS at Koteshwar S/S. GIS Koteshwar S/S is also connected to Koteshwar HEP of 400MW Generation capacity.

INTRODUCTION TO BAY EQUIPMENTS

CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT) : Current Transformer is similar in construction to single phase power transformer and obeys the same fundamental laws but primary current of CT is not controlled by the connected load in secondary circuit, in fact it is governed by the current in the main circuit viz. line/transformer to which it is connected. A typical 400/220KV CT has five cores which are used for following functions: Core 1-Busbar 1 protection Core 2-Busbar 2 protection Core 3-Metering Core 4-Main 1 Protection Core 5-Main 2 Protection Knee-point voltage is that sinusoidal voltage of rated frequency applied to secondary winding of CT which when increased by 10% causes the exciting current to increase by 50%. Metering core of CT is required to maintain its accuracy up to 150% of the rated primary current and it is desirable that this core gets saturated beyond this current to prevent damage of the connected meters. Protection core of CT is required to maintain its accuracy at fault current level which is very high compared to rated current. As such this core is not required to maintain accuracy at normal line/ICT currents. However this core must not saturate up to maximum short circuit level of the station which is 40 kA for 400/220 KV substation otherwise this will cause mal operation of the protection schemes employed.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT) : It is used for providing small representative voltage of Primary system for metering and protection applications.CVT consists of coupling capacitors, intermediate voltage transformer, high frequency coupling terminal. The HF terminal is used for PLCC purpose. The CVT has three cores which are utilized as follows:

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Core 1-Main 1 Protection Core 2-Main 2 Protection Core 3-Metering

CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB) : It is major substation equipment which is used to control(switch on/switch off) the line / transformer/reactor. It is ON LOAD device, which can isolate the circuit in normal/ fault condition manually / automatically through protection system. It can carry rated line / transformer current continuously and can easily handle tripping operation during heavy fault currents. Now-a-days SF6 type CB is used in 765/400/220 KV systems.

POWER TRANSFORMER (INTER CONNECTING TRANSFORMER, ICT) : This is the costliest equipment of substation. ICT is used to step down the EHV transmission voltage(400 KV) to HV transmission voltage (220 KV). Normally 315 MVA, OFAF type auto transformer having 2 secondary windings is being used. The first secondary winding provides 220 KV voltage and the other 33 KV voltage (Tertiary winding). Usually tertiary winding is connected in closed delta formation and can be used for auxiliary station supply purpose. In practice, it is preferred to install three phase ICT as far as possible, however in case of hilly terrain where due to transportation limitations, three single phase ICT units are installed.

REACTOR : It is similar to transformer in appearance and used for absorbing the reactive power from the system when system voltage is high. It has air core, oil filled, ONAN type. Generally 50 & 63 MVAR shunt reactors are used with line/bus. Both switchable and non switchable type shunt reactors are in use.

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ISOLATOR : It is a OFF load switch to disconnect the circuit visibly. This can be operated only when associated CB and earth switch is in open condition. Normally horizontal centre break type isolator is used.

LIGHTINING/ SURGE ARRESTER : It provides protection against high voltage switching/lightning surges, which can enter in substation and can damage the costly equipments.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION Power line communication (PLC) is a system for carrying data on a conductor that is also used for electric power transmission. It is also known as power line carrier, power line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom(PLT), power line networking (PLN), and broadband over power lines (BPL), Utility companies use special coupling capacitors to connect radio transmitters to the power-frequency AC conductors. Frequencies used are in the range of 24 to 500 kHz, with transmitter power levels up to hundreds of watts. These signals may be impressed on one conductor, on two conductors or on all three conductors of a high-voltage AC transmission line. Several PLC channels may be coupled onto one HV line. Filtering devices are applied at substations to prevent the carrier frequency current from being bypassed through the station apparatus and to ensure that distant faults do not affect the isolated segments of the PLC system. These circuits are used for control of switchgear, and for protection of transmission lines. For example, a protective relay can use a PLC channel to trip a line if a fault is detected between its two terminals, but to leave the line in operation if the fault is elsewhere on the system. Power line carrier communication (PLCC) is mainly used for telecommunication, tele-protection and tele-monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at high voltages, such as 110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV. The major benefit is the union of two applications in a single system, which is particularly useful for monitoring electric equipment and advanced energy management techniques To sectionalize the transmission network and protect against failures, a "wave trap" is connected in series with the power (transmission) line. They consist of one or more sections of resonant circuits, which block the high frequency carrier waves (24 kHz to 500 kHz) and let power frequency current (50 Hz - 60 Hz) pass

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through. Wave traps are used in switchyard of most power stations to prevent carrier from entering the station equipment. Each wave trap has a lightning arrester to protect it from surge voltages. A coupling capacitor is used to connect the transmitters and receivers to the high voltage line. This provides low impedance path for carrier energy to HV line but blocks the power frequency circuit by being a high impedance path. The coupling capacitor may be part of a capacitor voltage transformer used for voltage measurement. Line trap It is also called wave trap. It is connected in series with the power (transmission) line. It blocks the high frequency carrier waves (24 KHz to 500 KHz) and let power waves (50Hz-60Hz) to pass through. It is basically an inductor of rating in 0.5 or 01milli Henry.

Line matching unit LMU is a composite unit consisting of Drain Coil, Isolation transformer with Lightning Arrester on its both the sides, a tuning device and an earth switch. Tuning device is the combination of R-L-C circuits which act as filter circuit. LMU is also known as coupling device. Together with coupling capacitor, LMU serves the purpose of connecting effectively the audio/ radio frequency signals to either transmission line or PLC terminal and protection of the PLCC unit from the over voltages caused due to transients on power system.

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REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES:

GENERAL INTRODUCTION : During the past two decades, the increase in electrical energy demand has presented higher requirements from the power industry. More power plants, substations, and transmission lines need to be constructed. However, the most commonly used devices in present power grid are the mechanically-controlled circuit breakers. The long switching periods and discrete operation make them difficult to handle the frequently changed loads smoothly and damp out the transient oscillations quickly. In order to compensate these drawbacks, large operational margins and redundancies are maintained to protect the system from dynamic variation and recover from faults. This not only increases the cost and lowers the efficiency, but also increases the complexity of the system and augments the difficulty of operation and control. Severe black-outs happened recently in power grids worldwide and these have revealed that conventional transmission systems are unable to manage the control requirements of the complicated interconnections and variable power flow. Therefore, investment is necessary for the studies into the security and stability of the power grid, as well as the improved control schemes of the transmission system. Different approaches such as reactive power compensation and phase shifting have been applied to increase the stability and the security of the power systems. The demands of lower power losses, faster response to system parameter change, and higher stability of system have stimulated the development of the Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS). Based on the success of research in power electronics switching devices and advanced control technology, FACTS has become the technology of choice in voltage control, reactive/active power flow control, transient and steady-state stabilization that improves the operation and functionality of existing power transmission and distribution system . The achievement of these studies enlarge the efficiency of the existing generator units, reduce the overall generation capacity and fuel consumption, and minimize the operation cost.

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SHUNT COMPANSATION Shunt compensation, especially shunt reactive compensation has been widely used in transmission system to regulate the voltage magnitude, improve the voltage quality, and enhance the system stability. Shunt-connected reactors are used to reduce the line over-voltages by consuming the reactive power, while shuntconnected capacitors are used to maintain the voltage levels by compensating the reactive power to transmission line.

SERIES COMPENSATION Series compensation aims to directly control the overall series line impedance of the transmission line. the AC power transmission is primarily limited by the series reactive impedance of the transmission line. A series-connected can add a voltage in opposition to the transmission line voltage drop, therefore reducing the series line impedance.

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FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS)

The history of FACTS controllers can be traced back to 1970s when Hingorani presented the idea of power electronic applications in power system compensation. From then on, various researches were conducted on the application of high power semiconductors in transmission systems. The shunt-connected Static VAR compensator (SVC) using solid-state switches and the series-connected controllers

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were proposed in AC transmission system application. In 1988, Hingorani defined the FACTS concept and described the wide prospects of the application. Nowadays, FACTS technology has shown strong potential. Many examples of FACTS devices and controllers are in operation As presented in , FACTS and FACTS controllers are defined in IEEE Terms and Definitions as: Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS): Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. FACTS CONTROLLER: A power electronic-based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters. As new technology for power transmission system, FACTS and FACTS controllers not only provide the same benefits as conventional compensators with mechanically-controlled switches in steady state but also improve the dynamic and transient performance of the power system. The power electronics-based switches in the functional blocks of FACTS can usually be operated repeatedly and the switching time is a portion of a periodic cycle, which is much shorter than the conventional mechanical switches. The advance of semiconductors increases the switching frequency and voltageampere ratings of the solid switches and facilitates the applications. For example, the switching frequencies of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are from 3 kHz to 10 kHz which is several hundred times the utility frequency of power system (50~60Hz). Gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs) have a switching frequency lower than 1 kHz, but the voltage and current rating can reach 5-8 kV and 6 kA respectively. FACTS controllers have many configurations. In general, they can be categorized into shunt-connected controllers, series-connected controllers and their combinations.

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SHUNT-CONNECTED CONTROLLERS FACTS controllers can be impedance type, based on thyristors without gate turnoff capability, which are called Static Var Compensator (SVC) for shunt-connected application. Another type of FACTS controllers is converter-based which is usually in the form of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM).

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC) Static Var Compensator is a shunt-connected static Var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to

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maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage). SVC is based on thyristors without gate turn-off capability. The operating principal and characteristics of thyristors realize SVC variable reactive impedance. SVC includes two main components and their combination: (1) Thyristor-controlled and Thyristor-switched Reactor (TCR and TSR); and (2) Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC). TCR and TSR are both composed of a shunt-connected reactor controlled by two parallel, reverse-connected thyristors. TCR is controlled with proper firing angle input to operate in a continuous manner, while TSR is controlled without firing angle control which results in a step change in reactance. TSC shares similar composition and same operational mode as TSR, but the reactor is replaced by a capacitor. The reactance can only be either fully connected or fully disconnected zero due to the characteristic of capacitor. with different combinations of TCR/TSR, TSC and fixed capacitors, a SVC can meet various requirements to absorb/supply reactive power from/to the transmission line.

CONVERTER-BASED COMPENSATOR Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the key Converter-based Compensators which are usually based on the voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source inverter (CSI Unlike SVC, STATCOM controls the output current independently of the AC system voltage, while the DC side voltage is automatically maintained to serve as a voltage source. Mostly, STATCOM is designed based on the VSI. Compared with SVC, the topology of a STATCOM is more complicated. The switching device of a VSI is usually a gate turn-off device paralleled by a reverse diode; this function endows the VSI advanced controllability. Various combinations of the switching devices and appropriate topology make it possible for a STATCOM to vary the AC output voltage in both magnitude and phase. Also, the combination of STATCOM with a different storage device or power source endows the STATCOM the ability to control the real power output. STATCOM has much better dynamic performance than conventional reactive power compensators like SVC. The gate turn-off ability shortens the dynamic response time from several utility period cycles to a portion of a period cycle. STATCOM is also much faster in improving the transient response than a SVC. This advantage also brings higher reliability and larger operating range.

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SERIES-CONNECTED CONTROLLERS As shunt-connected controllers, series-connected FACTS controllers can also be divided into either impedance type or converter type. The former includes Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC), Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor-Switched Series Reactor, and Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor. The latter, based on VSI, is usually in the form of a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The composition and operation of different types are similar to the operation of the shunt-connected peers.

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) As discussed in the previous section, STATCOM is a very popular FACTS controller application effective in transmission system voltage control. Since 1980 when the first STATCOM (rated at 20 Mvar) using force-commutated thyristor inverters was put into operation in Japan,many examples have been installed and the ratings have been increased considerably. In 1991, KEPCO and Mitsubish Motors installed a 80MVar TATCOM at Inuyama Switching Station. In 1996, TVA,EPRI and Westinghouse installed a 100MVar STATCOM at Sullivan 500 kV Substation. In 2001, EPRI and Siemens developed a 200MVar STATCOM at Marcy 345kV substation. It is expected that more STATCOMs will be installed due to the advances in technology and commercial success. STATCOM could have many topologies, but in most practical applications it employs the DC to AC converter, which can also be called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) in 3-phase configuration as the primary block. The basic theory of VSI is to produce a set of controllable 3-phase output voltages/ currents at the fundamental frequency of the AC bus voltage from a DC input voltage source such as a charged capacitor or a DC energy supply device. By varying the magnitude and phase angle of the output voltage and current, the system can exchange active/reactive power between the DC and AC buses, and regulate the AC bus voltage.

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CONCLUSION

On the whole my training at POWERGRID, 765/400/220KV, MEERUT-S/S was very useful experience which has obviously made a tremendous impact on my quest for further knowledge in the field of Electrical Engineering. It has given me a better understanding and exposure to some of the operational and practical problems that engineers have to grapple in the designing, Installation, Operation & Maintenance of POWER SYSTEM. The pleasant working atmosphere and helpful nature of POWERGRIDIANS made staying there and working a memorable experience.

( Shubham Saini ) B.Tech, 3rd Year IIMT ENGINEERING COLLEGE MEERUT

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