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Bharat Rao Associate Professor of Management 5 Metrotech Center Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York, 11201 USA brao@poly.edu
Bojan Angelov Doctoral Student in Technology Management 5 Metrotech Center Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York, 11201 USA a_bojan@yahoo.com Last updated: July 4, 2005
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ANI0312376. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.
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Bandwidth Intensive Applications: Demand Trends, Usage Forecasts, and Comparative Costs 1. Introduction
The rollout of high speed bandwidth infrastructure supports several new and interesting applications and services that would otherwise be impossible to support and deliver. In this paper, we describe key current and emerging applications relevant to a high speed bandwidth context. We describe the major types of connectivity currently available in the market, and possible applications that they support. We describe how some of these applications and services are more suited for a dynamic bandwidth-on-demand type of provisioning.
WAN or backbone networks that are generally owned by service providers. The Metro Ethernet Networks provide connectivity services across Metro geography utilizing Ethernet as the core protocol and enabling broadband applications. The ethernet is a widely deployed cost-effective and well-known technology, and Ethernet interfaces are available on a plethora of data communication/telecommunication devices. Standardscomplaint interfaces are available for 10/100/1000 Mbps and the standard of 10Gbps Ethernet was ratified in the IEEE in 2002. In Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), Ethernet has the potential to cost-effective increase network capability and offer a wide range of service offering in a scalable, simple and flexible manner. An Ethernet based MAN is generally termed a Metro Ethernet Network (MEN). Some services providers have extended the MEN- like technology for the Wide Area Network (WAN) as well [1].
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OC-192 = 9.952 Gbps OC-255 = 13.21 Gbps Typical pricing for dedicated line broadband provisioning is detailed below [2]: T-1 - 1.544 megabits per second (24 DS0 lines) Ave. cost $400.-$650./mo. T-3 - 43.232 megabits per second (28 T1s) Ave. cost $6,000.-$16,000./mo. OC-3 - 155 megabits per second (100 T1s) Ave. cost $20,000.-$45,000./mo. OC-12 - 622 megabits per second (4 OC3s) no estimated price available OC-48 - 2.5 gigabits per seconds (4 OC12s) no estimated price available OC-192 - 9.6 gigabits per second (4 OC48s) no estimated price available
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With improvement in various wired and wireless services the customers will be able to get the benefits of high quality real time communication. Analysts are boldly predicting that the market for mobile video telephony will reach a volume of US $1.8 billion by 2007 [10].
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Source: Korea Mobile Market Trends for Convergence & Ubiquitous Communication [11]
High mobility and high bandwidth is the key the improvement in video telephony market. Mobile technology plays an important part in the progress of video telephony. Constant progress is made in the field of mobile technology since last decade by improving the instruments and the bandwidth of communication.
Video Conferencing
Video conferencing has in the past been relatively expensive, but with the improvement in the technology the cost had been dropped considerably. With high broadband used today, it is possible for anyone to operate a videoconference. Sometimes the conferencing takes place over a private network or VPN, which guarantees better performance, but there will be a trend towards running videoconferences over the public internet as technology improves. Development in technologies like three-tiered architecture, advance Viewer and Encoder and Enterprise Server will provide better quality of service. A video conferencing market forecast is provided below.
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Year
Revenues ($ Millions)
Growth Rate
Video Conferencing Services Market: Revenue Forecasts (Worldwide) 2002-2008. Source: Video Telephony Services on Intel Processor based Modular Communications Platforms [13].
VOD Worldwide
Video-on-Demand, an umbrella term for a wide set of technologies and companies whose common goal is to enable individuals to select videos from a central server for viewing on a television or computer screen. VoD can be used for entertainment (ordering movies
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transmitted digitally), education (viewing training videos), and videoconferencing (enhancing presentations with video clips) [14]. Although VoD is being used somewhat in all these areas, it is not yet widely implemented. VoD's biggest obstacle is the lack of a network infrastructure that can handle the large amounts of data required by video. VOD may be categorized as follows: Interactive Video On Demand, Near Video On Demand, Subscription Video on Demand, True Video on Demand and Quasi Video on Demand.
True Video On Demand (TVOD) The ideal VOD service where individual users would get immediate responses when
interacting with the VOD system. With TVOD, the user can not only order the program, but be able to do any VCR-like commands on the VOD system with the same quick
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response time as it is when working a VCR. This increased speed of the response time can significantly increase the cost of operating the VOD system. An alternative is NVOD as it reduces the cost by increasing the waiting time. TVOD is however currently being offered and costs associated with it continue to go down. More than 100 million homes worldwide now buy on-demand films, according to a new report from Informa Media Group. On-Demand TV? Third Edition forecasts that this number will triple to 327 million homes by 2010, or about a third of the worlds total TV households [15]. More than 100 million homes worldwide now buy on-demand films, according to a new report from Informa Media Group. On-Demand TV forecasts that this number will triple to 327 million homes by 2010, or about a third of the world's total TV households. These homes will generate revenues of $12 billion. This compares with 91 million homes and $3.7 billion movie revenues for 2003 or 109 million homes and $4.4 billion in 2004. Simon Murray, editor of the report, said: "We are now experiencing the second wave of on-demand TV enthusiasm, following the hyperbole created in 2000/01 that ended abruptly with the recession. Given that cautionary tale, our on-demand forecasts are muted, especially in the true VOD sectors. Despite this caution, many operators have upgraded their networks, consumers are readily embracing digital TV and high-speed internet access and telcos are entering the entertainment arena via VDSL and FTTH.
2003 VOD/NVOD Households (000) Asia Pacific Europe North America Latin America Total Revenues ($ million) Asia Pacific Europe North America Latin America Total 267 1,507 1,837 107 3,717 362 1,751 2,122 125 4,359 470 2,080 2,495 150 5,195 1,290 4,935 4,942 385 11,552 10,141 27,918 48,737 3,880 90,677 17,202 32,804 54,642 4,458 109,106 28,720 38,615 64,659 5,262 137,256 115,899 89,276 110,201 11,444 326,821 2004 2005 2010
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North America and Europe will each account for about 43% of global on-demand revenues by 2010. In 2004, North America will take half the revenues and account for half the VOD/NVOD households. Asia Pacific will have 116 million on-demand homes by 2010 (as market leader having overtaken North America in 2010), or 35% of the total, but will account for only 11% of the global movie revenues. The U.S. alone will have 100 million on-demand homes by 2010, up from 44 million at end-2003.
Source: Informa Media Group [15] An important issue is how people will receive these signals. The more traditional methods of delivery, pay-per-view for sports and near-video-on-demand for staggered movie screenings, via digital cable and DTH are set to dominate the on-demand sector for the next five years. From then, true VOD, whereby subscribers can purchase movies or events when they want, will come into the fore. True VOD will be delivered via cable, DSL and even newer systems such as fibre-to-the-home and powerline TV. NVOD cable homes will still constitute 66% of total on-demand homes by 2010, and 53% of total revenues. NVOD digital DTH will bring in 25% of homes and 34% of revenues. VOD cable subscriptions will reach 20.8 million homes, or 6.4% of the total, and these homes will account for 6.5% of revenues. There will be 17 million DSL entertainment homes, or only 5% of the global total, with DSL VOD movie revenues at $737 million [16].
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performance, availability, and fault-tolerance. A number of vendors, including Cisco, Nortel, and Lucent have introduced FCIP-based products (such as switches and routers). A hybrid technology called Internet Fibre Channel Protocol (iFCP) is an adaptation of FCIP that is used to move Fibre Channel data over IP networks using the iSCSI protocols. FCIP and iSCSI (Rates) The use of data storage is increasing in various businesses, with time as more advance applications are used, requiring more data storage space. Information growth is so intense, in fact, that spending on data storage is expected to outstrip server spending by 2005. And, according to a study by Merrill Lynch and McKinsey & Company 1, annual growth of data storage capacity will average a startling 76% over the next five years. To optimize data storage IT managers are working on new data storage techniques to get the most out of available resources, For years, adding storage meant purchasing additional servers, tape libraries, and disk enclosures to attach to the server - a costly and inefficient approach that left large amounts of storage capacity and computing power unused. Today, storage area networks (SAN) - high-speed networks that connects multiple storage devices so that they may be accessed on all servers in a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN) - have been proven to reduce management costs as a percentage of overall storage costs. Some other benefits of SANs are Increased disk utilization, Reduced data center/rack floor space, Improved data availability, Improved LAN/WAN performance, Reduced storage maintenance costs, Improved protection of critical data, Reduced CPU loads on servers to free up more computing power. The iSCSI (Internet SCSI) protocol extends the cost benefits of SANs by allowing users to create storage networks using existing Ethernet technology, eliminating the need for costly proprietary alternatives such as fibre channel (FC). With iSCSI, expanding storage to keep pace with data growth is as simple and economical as purchasing a disk array or adding drives to an existing disk array. One-way is to determine total cost of ownership (TCO) for the iSCSI approach and compare it to the two alternatives: a fibre channel SAN or traditional direct-attached storage (DAS). Finance and IT would estimate TCO for each technology to determine its relative value. To complete the evaluation, IT would itemize the following hardware and software costs to deploy an iSCSI SAN, a fibre channel SAN, and a traditional SCSI DAS solution:
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The Cost Benefits of an iSCSI SAN by Adaptec DAS HBA / RAID Controllers Switches Cables RAID Box / JBOD HDD Tape Library TP Drives Media Cleaning TP FC-SCSI RTR Software HW & SW Cost Total $ 2431 $ 418 $ 12787 $ 18357 $ 15039 $ 10438 $ 1519 $ 317 $ 4080 $ 65386 DAS 2,000 $ 0.03 $ 65,386 2000 1.0 $ 95,000 $ 95,000 50 % 1,400 $ 0.04 $ 45,770 $ 206,156 $ 0.10 ISCSI $ 5280 $ 5398 $ 483 $ 23947 $ 18357 $ 13889 $ 5129 $ 1519 $ 158 $ 2790 $ 77040 iSCSI SAN 2,000 $ 0.04 $ 77,040 4800 0.4 $ 95,000 $ 39,583 FC $ 7200 $ 39400 $ 809 $ 60778 $ 18870 $ 13889 $ 5129 $ 1519 $ 158 $ 4149 $ 28555 $ 180546 FC SAN 2,000 $ 0.09 $ 180,546 4800 0.4 $ 110,000 $ 45,833
Enterprise Storage Cost Comparison Direct (Hard) Cost: Storage Acquisition Planned Capacity (12 Months) GB $/MB Total Acquisition Cost Storage Administration Capacity per Administrator (GB) Number of Administrators Burdened Salary per Administration Total Annual Administrator Cost Installation Installation Cost Capacity Utilization Increased Storage to match SAN (GB) $/MB Utilization Cost without SAN Total Cost of Ownership Based on Direct Cost Total Cost of Ownership Based on Direct Cost ($/MB)
$ 800 85 %
$ 5.000 85 %
$ 117,423 $ 0.06
$ 231,379 $ 0.12
A thorough calculation of all hard costs has shown that, while a traditional SCSI DAS deployment has the lowest acquisition cost, it bears a much higher total cost of ownership (TCO) than either a fibre channel SAN or an iSCSI SAN. Additionally, the TCO of a fibre channel SAN is more than 1.6 times that of an iSCSI SAN [17].
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References
[1] The Metro Ethernet Forum Metro Ethernet Network A Technical Review 2004 URL: http://www.metroethernetforum.org/PDFs/WhitePapers/metro-ethernet-networks.pdf last accessed June 14th, 2005. [2] Infobahn, Inc. Research Information 2004 [3] Cisco Systems Inc. "Learn More About IPSec Tunnels 2000, URL: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/ismg/policy/ver22/ipsec/ch01.htm#xtocid2563 41 last accessed June 15th, 2005. [4] Jean-Francois Nadeau Ipsec practical configurations for Linux Freeswan 1.x09 May 2001 URL: http://jixen.tripod.com last accessed June 20th, 2005. [5] Tom Eastep IPSEC Tunnels 2004, URL: http://www.shorewall.net/IPSEC.htm last accessed June 1st, 2005. [6] Cisco IOS Release 12.0(5)T MPLS Virtual Private Networks? 03 September 2004, URL: http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios120/120newft/120t/120t5/vpn.htm last accessed June 1st, 2005. [7] Tech Target (2005), URL: http://searchenterprisevoice.techtarget.com last accessed June 1, 2005. [8] JB Fowler, Xiangdong Fu, Pradeep Bardia Texas instruments How to Create IP Videophone Systems February 2005, URL: www.ti.com/dmedianewsmar05vdpwhtp last accessed June 1, 2005. [9] Giancarlo Prati National Consortium Interuniversitario for the Rome Telecommunications 25 January 2002, URL: http://www.isoc.it/tavolarotonda/prati/tsld005.htm last accessed June 1, 2005. [10] Swisscom The One - Global Communication Services for Carriers, Network and Service Providers URL: http://www.swisscom.com/FxRes/NR/rdonlyres/C713A700-D298-4931-B41769E031235322/0/OneWorld_0304_e.pdf last accessed June 1, 2005. [11] SK Telecom Korea Mobile Market Trend for Convergence & Ubiquitous Communication 4 March 2004, URL: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/futuremobile/presentations/sktelecompresentation.pdf last accessed June 1, 2005. [12] Raymond James Future Developments in Electronic Conferencing URL: http://www.ideafocus.com/news&events/Future%20Developments%20in%20Electronic%20Conf erencing.pdf last accessed June 1, 2005. [13] Intel Communication Alliance Video Telephony Services on Intel Processorbased Modular Communications Platforms 2004, URL: http://www.intel.com/netcomms/serviceproviders/downloads/30271001.pdf last accessed June 1, 2005.
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[14] Newtons Dictionary, What is Video on Demand?, URL: http://www.usfca.edu/facstaff/morriss/651/tech_projects/VOD/full.html last accessed June 1, 2005. [15] Informa Media Group. On-Demand TV? Third Edition [16] Informa Media On-demand movies taken by 100 million homes, 8th June, 2004. [17] Adaptec, Inc. The Cost Benefits of an iSCSI SAN 2003, URL: http://www.adaptec.com/worldwide/product/markeditorial.html?sess=no&language=English+US &cat=%2FTechnology%2FiSCSI&prodkey=wp_tco_iscsi_san last accessed June 1, 2005. Other References http://www.itfacts.biz/ http://www.webopedia.com/
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