^sss?

THE KYMRY:
THEIR

ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

BY THE

REV.
Sometime
Fellcnu

ROBERT OWEN,
College,

B.D.
Examiner
in

of Jesus

Oxford ;

Senior Puhlic

Law and

Modern History.

Author of 'Treatise of Dogmatic Theology,' 'Sanctorale j Catholkum, 'Essay on the Communion of Saints,' 'Institi'tes of Canon Law,' The Pilgrimage to Rome, a Poem,' &c.
'

''

Proximi oceano Kimbri

parva nunc civitas, sed gloria inpens."

mania,
c.

Tacitus,

Ger-

37.

CARMARTHEN

W.

SPURRELL AND SON.

1891.
[All Rights reserved.]

THE KYMRY
ORIGIN, HISTORY,

AND INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS.

CONTENTS.
PAGE

Chapter Chapter Chapter

I.

II.

The Kymry on The Kymry in

the Continent of Europe

Pre-historic Britain
...

...

25
...

III.

Character and Manners of the early

Kymry

49
63

Chapter IV.

Chapter V. Chapter VI.

Chapter VII.

The Kymry under the Roman Empire ... The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry

...

75

The

later

Welsh Princes
the Continent

...

...

88
...

Welshmen on

...

96
103

Chapter VIII.

Ecclesiastical Sketches

...

...

Chapter IX.
Chapter X.

Mediaeval Literature of the

Later Literature of Wales

Kymry
...

...

...

117

...

124
...

Appendix.
Appendix.

No. No.
No.

I.

Greek-Kymric Vocables

...

133
15c

II.

Appendix.

III.

... ... Latin-Kymric Vocables Ancient Gallic Vocables, preserved by the ...

Classic Writers

...

...

...

...

206

Appendix.

No. IV.
...

Kymric
...

Affinities with
...
...

the

Basque
...

or
...

Euskara
Appendix.
Appendix.

209
212

No. V. No. VI.

Kymric Greek Proper Names

Affinities with the Sanskrit

retained in or ex...

... pounded by the Kymric or Gadhelic (Erse) and British No. VII. Gallic Appendix. Proper Names ... pounded through the Kymric Appendix. No. VIII. Geographical Traces ...

215

ex...

218

of

the

Westward
...

Migrations of the

Kymry
Latin

from their Asiatic Cradle

of Persons retained

221

Appendix.

No. IX.

Names

Kymry, Greek Names

Appendix.

including those of the later

therein occurring
Griffith Roberts's

Roman
...

by the Empire, and

...
...

276
218

No. X.

Prologue
...

...

Appendix.
Appendix.

No.

XL

French-Kymric Vocables
English-Kymric Vocables

...

283
292

No. XII.

...

THE PREFACE.
The
subject

of the antiquities and

foreign relations of the

it

Kymry
in

seems to admit of a more interesting treatment than

received.

has hitherto
fail

The few

scholars

who have handled

literature
in
;

it

generally

acquaintance with
often
led

foreign

and their ambition has too and a barren

them

to

acquiesce

dreary isolation

nationality.

The very term

attack

nationality

now

serves as a pretence for a fierce

on

institutions,

and

corresponding

defence

not
for

always
truth.

conducted

with

temper

nor with
in

an absolute
is

regard

The temper now roused

neglect
exiled

Wales

the
a

Nemesis pursuing

the
self-

of later

times.

Time was when

could
of

Roman

Catholic
to

from

Cambria
Earl

dedicate

a
as

Grammar
to

the

noble

William
Welsh.

Herbert,

Pembroke,

one who spoke pure

Of

late,

how

rarely find

we one
it
!

of the landed gentry

who

even attempts a barbarous utterance of

of the

Some

of the ornaments
it.

Church, Welshmen

by blood, have studiously slighted

:

Yet Griffith Roberts, Vicar-General of Milan, could say

" I

beseech
;

every native
so

Kymro
may

to

pay due

regard

to

the
it

Welsh language
was a
sin

that none

say of any of them,

of a

that

ever to breed

them on the milk

Kymraes's

breast,

for that

they wished no better to the Welsh tongue."

their

Most Welsh scholars have employed

duction of grammars and dictionaries.

time on

the

pro-

The Hebrew

learning of Dr.

John Davies of Mallwyd seems

to

have influenced his countrymen

vi.

The Preface.
accept

to
of

the

Puritan atavism of referring Welsh to the language

I

Moses

as its fountain.

cannot admit even the plausibility of a

theory which derives clearly Latin words, such as prcseb {praesepe)

and ysgcler
pears
to

{sceleratus)

from Ebus and Sakal.

Edward Lluyd
Welshmen.

ap-

be the most candid and reasonable of

few

hints in his Archaeologia Britannica suggested the present

Work.

Dr.
Taliesin,
will

Owen Pughe expounded

the archaic

Welsh

of

Aneurin and

which otherwise would have remained

unintelligible.

He

even resolve terms of Greek origin, proper to Christianity, into

Welsh elements.
John Williams,

But he wisely contents himself with suggesting.

late

Archdeacon of Cardigan, perceived

in

traces

of

Kymric settlements
more extensively
triotism which
I

Italy
his

had sought

to

develop

the

idea

before

essays

came

to

my

hand.

The

paled this

share with most of

it

my

countrymen may have

course.
I

me

into

error, but

must take

its

own

may
;

in

Work

have given the reins too freely to

invited the indulgence.

my

imagination
I

perhaps
to

the subject
trace

For have
bounds
of

not

presumed
land,"

the

Kymry

"

through

all

the

Doric

and

" over Adria to the Hesperian fields,

and
/".,

o'er the Keltic

lines

roam'd the

utmost isles"?

{Paradise Lost,

Bk.

51Q

21.)

May
the

hope the candid reader will respect a venture of patriotic sentiment,

which seeks to construct

pense of others, nor to

national memorial, but

selfish

not

at

ex-

promote

ends

THE KYMRY:
THEIR ORIGIN. HISTORY, ANT) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.

CHAPTER
In tracing the
origin,
1.

I.

THE KYMRY ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE.

Kymry and
a cheap

their Keltic

kinsmen the Gael to their and thereby gain sound judgment. ReI

some would

confess the problem insoluble,

The original home of the European or Western

reputation

for

garding such discretion as unfruitful,

would

run the risk of

being

treated

as a

visionary.

Aryan family
mankind.

of

And

so I

avow

that

Mons^ Sylvain

Bailly's theory

finds favour with civilization

me; namely, that the

in

original

of

mankind was antediluvian

whence
it

the

high

plateau

of

central Asia,

extended to India, Persia, and China; and

that

was a favoured climate before the transposition of the polar axis of the earth. His [Lettres sur VAtlantide de Platan, I77Q.]
it

argument
years

is

supported by the
to

fact

of the cycles of iq and of 600

in

being known
is

the

ancients

those

parts,

the

latter

of

which cycles

attributed

by Josephus to the antediluvians.

[See

Count Carti, Lettres Americaines, 1788.]

tenance this hypothesis.
Sir Robert
in

Modern

discoveries counin Arctic lands

McClure found

an abundance of wood

places

where now the willow and birch

have

to struggle for existence;

and

Webb

had seen flourishing

fields

of corn at altitudes far exceeding the height of

Mont Blanc*

Justin (lib.

ii.

c.

1) sensibly infers the prior antiquity of the Scythians over the

Egyptians, because the higher regions of the world would be sooner habitable after a
general deluge; and, in
fact,

the great rivers sprang from the highlands of Asia.

Origin,

&c, of

the

Kymry.
life

The most homely

looked

incidents of a people's

will

not be overrelations

by a

philosopher,

who would judge

the
original

of

the
of

or

perhaps
I.

identity

nations

now

Itoois rrom

widely separated by language, polity,

and

locality.

Thus, when we find a farm-house in Turkestan

presenting the well-to-do features of a comfortable English homestead,

down

to the shelves of clean earthenware

and ornamented wardrobes;

the village boys, in their hob-nailed boots, cutting out slides on the
frozen roadside pond; the extremely fair
tions of

women,

recalling the crea-

Rubens;

it

is

indeed

difficult to treat all this as accidental.

[Mr. Robert Shaiv^s Travels,

i86g.~\

Sir Joseph

Hooker noticed
:

in

Tibet a child playing with a popgun of

in India for

bamboo

he had seen men from Tibet.

a

hours flying

kites,

and had got Athenaeus

(c.

a jew's-harp

[Himalayan Journal, 1849.]

23) notices the pipes

shrill

span long used by the Phoenicians, and their

It
is

mournful sound.
their bag-

uncertain whether the Keltic Highlanders brought

pipes from

the East in

the

dawn

of

history or derived

them from

the Phoenician intercourse with Britain.

The
ampler
3.

multiplication

of

families,

and the

necessity

of

finding
is

provision for

them, leading to separation and emigration,

familiar
to
all

from the example of Abraham

rels

How

they came

and Lo ^ and the

of

their

herdsmen.

to emigrate.

These causes would operate before the ambition

filled

of the earliest princely dynasties

destruction.

the world

with rapine and

mankind
part than

in

their

But these more obvious reasons did not always actuate Imagination played a more important infancy.

moderns are apt to admit; although even now the pendu-

lum has swung widely from the prosaic motives of the eighteenth
century.
Full faith in the destinies of the Slav race works power-

fully to their fulfilment;

and the present condition of Europe

a

belies
fitting

the

flattering

dreams that made

Palace
I

of

Crystal

the

exponent
"

of

the unity of mankind.

think we

may
set

trace

the

motive which impelled the Hindu-Aryas eastward to the sunrising.

Our

great

and ancient

sires,"

says Vama-deva,

"

out to

seek

the light in its source."

[Rig-Veda, translated by Langlois, p. 2J7.]

Origin,

&c, of
we

the

Kymry.

Two

centuries

before

Christ,

are told, a

Chinese explored the

eastern seas to find the elixir of immortality.

[Michel Chevalier,
an impostor per-

Mexico Ancient and Modern,

/.

143

49.]

And

suaded an emperor that he possessed ingredients (he unkindly forgot

to

name them

!)

mingled with

vermilion,

which would produce a

isle

drink whereby Ngan-ki-seng,

already lived

who

dwelt in an

of the sea, had

more than

1000 years.

[Annals of China, translated

its

by Moyrt'a dc Mai/lac.}
as the

Our age

of Progress hath

knaves as well

Juventus mundi; but they are by no

means

so picturesque.

M. Viollet-le-Duc contends

that the possession of the horse

and

the employment of timber in building are marks distinctive of the

4.

Westwards.

Aryan family

of

mankind.

The Aryan

cherishes

timber as having served

tive heroes, as a

for the

abode of primi-

memento

of a race that issued out of the northern

mountains and
pressed

forests

of Asia.

This

will

apply to those

who
built

first

on westwards from Balkh or Bactra, which was

the founder
of the

by
to

Kayamurs

Persian

monarchy,

still

believed

be one of the earliest peopled portions of the earth.

Aryana, the
1

home

of the Aryas,

'

the
is

honourable or pure

race,

was

in

Bac-

triana; and their name

connected with Iran or Persia in the east

in

and with Erin or Ireland

the west, with the Persians' ancient

name

of Artaioi [Herodotus, VII. 61]

and the Hebrew Elam or Air-

yama, with Plato's Er the Armenian and the

German Ehren.

The

noble Persians of old were the most chivalrous people of antiquity,

the finest horsemen, and the most dignified and refined in manners.
It
is

a pleasure to think of the near relation their language bore to

our own Teutonic as well as Keltic.

The
its

elder Cyrus

is

smiled on

by Heaven
younger
still

in

Holy Scripture
in

as

chosen instrument;
speech of Xenophon.

and the
Carte

lives

the pure Attic

the historian assigns the fruitful lands of Hyrcania and Bactriana to

Gomer

the son of Japhet; and Pomponius Mela places the Chomari

and Cimmerii

above

the Caspian

Sea.

Travellers

vie

with

each

other in extolling the glorious fertility of Hyrcania or Mazanderan. [See Jean Straws. A.D. 16/O; Jean Chardin: Fraser : Sir Alex.

Barnes.]

"The

high and hard brown

features

of

the

peasantry

4
often

Origin,

&c, of

the Kytnry.

reminded"

Mr.

Fraser

"of those

of

Scotland."

{Travels,

When the early emigrants reached the Caspian Sea, A.D. 1822.] we may imagine how, as they marked the line of light playing on
the

waves towards the burning west, they longed " to tread that
't

golden path of rays, and thought

of rest."

would lead to some bright

in

isle

Certainly the term

'

UywenyddJ which

Welsh

desig-

nates the glowing western horizon, suggests the sound and

of
'

meaning

llawenydd] or joy.

The
designates

traditional

lore

of

the

Kymry, embodied

in

the

Triads,
first

Hu

Gadarn, or Hesus the Mighty, as the hero who

conducted

them from the

Land

of

Summer
and

Antiquity of such emigration.

5.

/Qw/ad yr Hav) to the isle taught them to plough land.

(I

of Britain,

We

are not told

where that summer land was

venture to treat as an unauthorized

" where Constantinople gloss the parenthetic addition of

now

is "),

nor where the lesson was conveyed.

terious terms applied to their

But bearing

in

mind the mysWelsh

poets, I

demigod by the later

am

led to think
if

they allude to some primoeval benefactor of remote

to

antiquity,

not

the

Pater

Ipse
left

co/endi,

the

Parent

of

all

culture, the

good God who never

His wandering children withof

out manifold tokens of His care.

The land

summer denoted
It

more

genial clime, which the

it

Kymry

had quitted.

might be the
"

South of France;
Constantinople

might even be that ancient Thrace,

the land of Keltic
it

where

now

is,"

princes, of

Rhesus and
to

Medocus (Rhys a Madoc); but

cradle of their forefathers.
Iolo

ever

pointed

eastward

the

Goch

styles the hero "emperor of

after the

land and sea, and

life

of the world,
to

who

deluge held the

strong-beamed plough, showing

singular
art

man
"

that

it

was the best and

with the faithful Father;"

while

another resolves the our lord and myster-

myth
ious

into a parable of God, saying,

a particle of lucid sunshine

He
is

is

God;

His chariot;

He

is

greater

than the worlds."

We

are carried back to Asia, to days of Eld,

when the

later

Aryas of the East and West were yet one family.

in

Hear how Sobhari addresses the Twilights

to those of the

words closely akin

Kymric

bards:

"Ye

erst

gave to

Man

the light of

Origin, &c.

of the Kymry. with

the

heaven; ye taught him

" u

to

labour

plough

and to sow
us depart "
!

barley

Come

not from the far-off country to

life

make
us

from the paternal

Veda, pp.
antiquity
4/6,
of

which Manou has traced

Diodorus
of
Siculus,

for

[A'ig-

422.]

to

mark the extreme

they
M were

the

inhabitants

Atlantis,

says

unrest

acquainted
of

with cereals, because they had

before those fruits were

separated from
to mortals."

the

mankind

shown

[Book F.]

Now

barley was the only cereal

with

which

the

Guanches were
it is

acquainted [Humboldt, Aspects of Nature, p. i"Ji\\ and

"

called
xiiii.

by Pliny
c.

the most ancient kind of food."

[Nat. Hist. L.

7.]

consequently infer that

the invention of the plough and the

Kelts,
first

of

barley-food
of

was antecedent
(Basques)

to

emigration they

westward

whether
thereof in

Iberians

or

as

had

knowledge
In

common

with the eastern Aryas and the Turanians.

I

connexion with this

art

must remark how

"

this

best

and singular

" of ploughing was held in

Marquis De Beauvoir lately and the sacred harrow with which the Emperor of China yearly traces the furrow to call down the blessings of Heaven upon the
seed-time and harvest."
I

honour by the Incas of Peru. The (March 25, 1867) saw "the gilt plough

[Voyage round the World.]

have hinted that the Summerland of the

It is

Kymry

ever retreats

eastward to Asia.

connected with the strange name of DeffroScholars have striven to detect

it

bani.
6.

under

Analogy of

the Hindu-Aryas and thp "Kelts

some Greek guise on the shores of the Euxine. , , an un P romisin g locality tor a land of summer.
,

It

must

have

been

Kymric

rendering

of

Taprobane, or Ceylon, the golden land of Parvaim. [2 Chronicles, Hi. 6.] Many points of connexion exist between the Kymry and
the

Hindii-Aryas.
recall

Not only does the

pantheistic
see
is

language
Indra
in
;

applied

to

Hu

Gadarn
" This

the

hymn

to

the
"

Rig-Veda,

world

ye

he

"

[Langlois, p. Jji]

the

thousand

magic appearances" of Indra, the

gods,
are preserved in

illusive apparitions of the

;

Braminic
is

the Triads

the Manou of the Hindus

the original of the

Menw, son

of the

Three

Cries,

in

the Mabin-

of the Alpine ogion; the Alpeii-gluh, that most lovely rose-red flush

Origin,
after

&c, of

the

Kymry.
described

summits long
least

the

valley

sunsets,

by Kalidasa,

at

50 B.C., was known to the

Kymry
the

of Cornwall

by the truly

poetic

name
of

of

Haul y meirw,

Sun
in

of the dead;'' the Indian

cairns
in

Malabar are simply identical

shape with those found

Britain

and Armorica; the doctrine of the Transmigration of

sacrifices

souls
in

and the practice of human

prevailed in Britain

as

and a passage in the Appeasing of Lludd by Taliesin might tempt us to assume (with Mr. Godfrey Higgins) the relation of the Druids with Arya priests from the north of India, were it
India;

not

that

the

Phoenicians

and

cognate

Hivites

offer

nearer

analogue.
of the

The

passage runs thus:

a prudent
perfect

"Men
folk

of the land of Asia of

and

Hivites,
their

an unknown country,
"

ample

robes;

who

is

equal

to

them?"

Gwyr gwlad

yr

Asia, a gwlad Gavis, Pobl pwyllad enwir, eu tir ni wys, " peisiau, pwy eu hevelys ?

Amlaes eu

Before proceeding further,

served by the

Kymry
f

must glance at the traditions preof the Deluge and other fearful cataclysms
I

that have changed the face of the globe.

7.

One
_
,

Traditions

^e

Triads mentions,
.

as
c
,

one of three awful

of the Deluge and of 7** . events, 4.x. other cataclysms.

the
"

eruption v
of

of

the

Ocean

or

Llyn y

L/ion,
of all lands,
so that
all

The Lake

Floods," and
save

immersion

men were drowned,

Dwyvan and

Dwyvach, who
was repeopled.

escaped in a bare ship; adding that

I

by them Britain

conceive this to be a later form of the legend,

original
in
it

and that

its

simpler

refers

to

the

ship

Neivion, which bore

male and female,

of Nevydd Nav when the Lake of

Floods broke out.

taken
in

It

looks like a tradition

of Noah's

Ark

and

connexion

with
tale

legends

of

most

remote

climes,

which

reproduce the
(as

Hebrew

with variations suggested by

localities,

when

the Mexican Tezpi sends out the humming-bird instead of

little

the dove), leaves

room

for

doubt.

But the
fire.

Kymry
its

bore in
of " the

remembrance a

secular

catastrophe

by

They spoke

terror of the torrent

fire,

when the

earth split up to

depth, and

most things living were destroyed."

is

The

terror of such a cataclysm

brought home to us in a lively manner by the Codex Chimal-

Origin,

frV.,

of the Kymry.
"

popoca of Guatemala, saying

that,

While

a rain of sand

fell,

they

saw the

tetzoutii boil

and form rocks of a red colour."

[Brassrur

de Bourbourg, Histoire des

the

Mcxh ains,
? I

crV.,

/.

427.]

Whence

did

Kymry
action

derive these traditions

think, from Egypt.

While

pro?layas or cycles of mundane catastrophes caused by the destructive

of

the four

elements

occur

among

the

Hindus,
1'<jI.

the
I.

Mexicans, and the ancient Etrurians [Humboldt, Researches,

pp. /6, jo, 245], in the Egyptian and

Kymric
s

tradition the deluges

alternate

with
while

conflagrations.

\Plato

Ttmaeus.]

Strabo

says

the
held

Druids,
that
fire

maintaining that the

world

was

imperishable,

and water would prevail

are
rich
in

at last.

The Hindus
They
8.
tell

traditions

of

submerged continents.

of

Lanca,

a continent
ves,

embracing Madagascar, the Maldi-

Ceylon, and southern India, and separated

Traditions of the by a sea from the Himalayas; of Suxda, whose

other submerged continents
A,
.

fragments exist
tne
de

in

Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and

Moluccas

[Janus Bircherode,

Schediasma
Tifuuov,
visited
'

Novo Orbe non

in

nwo
of

or

Ttfj-rj

cap.

I2~\\

and of Atai.a sunk

strait

the the

ocean,

which Krishna

by

cutting a
silver.'

and went
appears
to

to

land

Maha-Sweta or
the
Atlantis
of
of

great
Plato.
silver

Atala

me

to

mean

the

subject

of so

many
If
(as

beautiful

dreams; and the

holds)

land

may

be

Spain.

Buffon
the

the

Arctic

Ocean
Seas;

of old
if
if

communicated

with

both

Euxine

and

Caspian

the
the

Aegean Sea was formed by the submersion of Lvktonia;

great

African

desert

of

Sahara was once an

if

inland

sea,

perhaps

the Tritonian lake described by Diodorus;

the Mediterranean once

reached
bursting

the
of

volcanic rocks of Auvergne,

and was drained by the

what was the Isthmus of Gibraltar [Albert Gaudry\\

vast waters effected

we may imagine how the displacement of these

the
ruin
of Atlantis.
as
'

Some have
lie.'

treated the account

Plato gives

us of Atlantis
investigators,

a noble

But the concurrence of patient

ancient

and modern, convinces

kings answering to the
like

me

of

its

substantial

correctness.

The

ten

the

midnight

deliberations

the

Sujfetes of Carthage; American custom " before a

Origin,

&c, of

the

Kymry.
the
blue

large
still

common
affected
in

fire

"

[John

Halhett]

robes

(a

colour

the Azores)

[Henriques, Bullar];

the

description

given of the capital, recalling that of the African Lixos in

the appreciation of copper, "fine copper, precious as
viii.

Pliny;

gold" [Ezra

2J\ a metal which

now

produces

magnificent

show

in

lances that

shine with the glow of flaming torches

II. 4j]
all
;

[Schweinfurth,

Heart of Africa,

are touches

which would hardly have

occurred to an Athenian bent on framing a romance.

soldier-historian

That honest

Ammianus
in

Marcellinus not only accepts the account

the Atlantic
"

of Atlantis, " an island

Sea larger
7,

than
also

Europe,

torn

away

into
as

the dark

deep

[xvii.

ij],

but

seems

to

allude to

it

a source of migration into Gaul, speaking of

isles,

some

"from the outermost

tion of the fervid
islands
tribes,

driven from their seats by the inundap,

sea

"
[xv.
/].
If,

as

think probable, the

not

Atlantic

are
as

remains
well

of

Atlantis,

may

some of the
mountaineers,

American
called

as the

Cambolectri, Alpine

Atlantic
4),

Hist. III.

cognominantur'," Nat. by Pliny (" qui and the Guanches, have been refugees from the vast
Atlantici

cataclysm, for the South of France and northern Africa must have

previously been under water

Many

considerations

point

to

possible

connexion

of

the

Guanches or primitive inhabitants of the Canary Isles with the Iberians and Kelts. Aluise Da Ca' da Mosto,
9. The Guanches and their possible

in

the

15th

century,

found
bodies

them with
stained
herbs,

fair

flaxen
rec^>

h
ye

and

their

relations with the

green
as

Kelts

&c
their

anc*

^w

with juice
themselves

of
blue.

the

Britons

painted
coloured

In
violet.

Gomera
Mrs.
the

they

wore

goatskins

with

red

or

Murray
was

lately

reports

mummies
hair

with

red-brown

hair;

and

sacred reliquary of Camaxtli, the deified hero of Tlascala in Mexico,

found

to

contain fair

[Brasseur

de

Bourbourg],

not

black like that of the Aztecs.

In Fuerteventura, their stone temple was a circle of stones like

those of Karnac and Stonehenge.

Their singing was plaintive

like

the

Welsh.

Their speed in climbing steep rocks, as seen by Sir

Origin,

&c, of

the

Kymry.

Richard Hawkins, A.D.

picture of the bare-footed

1593,

reminds us of Giraldus Cambrensis'

king
that

of Gaidar

The Kymric prince Kyneuric ap Rhys. was crowned, seated on a consecrated stone, like
Scotland.

of

Scone

in

Briton

would

fain

translate

as

GtoaUog the
his

name

of the hero of

Gomera Gualhegueya, who saved

back

companions by leaping on a shark's

of

and
"
!

stifling
[

him.

They sang
Bcrt/iclot,
I.

him,

"

He was
in

brave
small

that

day

Webb
in

and
every

114.}

They had
found
old

clay pipes, similar

in

respect

to

those

kistvaens
it

Ireland,

and

were

acquainted with

smoking, though

may

not

have

been

tobacco.

Their skulls are of a well-formed Caucasian

Wilde,

race.

A.D. 18J7.]
of
as

The custom
brothers
in

of polyandry or a
rotation

[Sir W. Wilis woman's being

the

wife

several

obtained

among

the

Guanches
V. 5]

among

the ancient Britons [Caesar,

De

Bella Gallico,

and the modern Tibetans;

antiquity
of

a circumstance which, taken with

the

extreme

the

Kymry, may imply some

Moreover,
I

relation

between those primitive

following
Aemon,

races.*

invite attention to the

Guanche terms with

'

their British equivalents:

water '=Avon, 'river.'

'

Ahof and Achemen,

letters.]

'

milk

= Huven,

'cream.'

[M and V

being commutable

A /to,

'the sun '=Haul.

Ben-tayca, a mountain in Ferro

deemed sacred= Pen-teg,

'

'fair head."

Luna and Aguyan,

'

dog '=Cwn,

dogs.'

Enac, 'evening '=Heno, 'to-night.'

'

Gantgo,

a milk pail

'=Can.
same
root as

Gomera, the island so called =from the

Guanar-teme,
'
'

Kymry.

the prince

'=Gwanar,
white.'

'

lord.'

Guanche,

fair

'=Gwyn,

'fair,

Guang, 'a boy'=Ieuanc, 'young.'

Hara, 'a sheep '=Hwrdd, 'a ram."

custom obtained in Sparta. Fragmenta Polybius informs us that the same induced doubtless was It by the peculiar circumstances of that Va/icana, it'. 384.
military state.

io

Origin,
I

&c, of
the

the

Kymry.
traditions

Nor may
Hudi,
the

forget

to

notice

Irish

concerning

Tir

land of

illusion,

and O'Breasail, turned by the Greeks

into Basileia, the royal island of the Gods, a

Ireland, often
rising to

submerged portion of
dreamers;

the

sight

of enthusiastic

which

lured S. Brandan from the cloister, and tempted learned inquirers

to

connect

it

with

Plato's

'

noble

lie.'

[Vallancey,
p.

Introd.

to

Vindication

of Ancient Hist,

of Ireland,

52;

and Whitehurst,
the Earth, p. 258.
fires

Inquiry

into the

Original State

and Formation of
existence

The

latter

specially

dwells on the

of subterraneous

under the Atlantic Ocean.]

The
Isle

institution of religious

women
with

living in

community

in the

privilege sanctuary, called Canary and endowed Magadas, whose long white ^ robes and amber ornaments connect
of

of

them with the Druids, may have been akin

the coast of Britanny, of
of enchantment, though

to the
tells

Gallicenac off

whom Pomponius
the

Mela

such fairy tales

than that of the Keltic race.

the

Guanches entertained a simpler faith I think these remnants of Atlantis,

Hellenes,

Elysian

Fields
in

of

the the

the

Fortunate
the

Islands
Isles

of

Horace, were
the

truth

Gwerddonau
peopled
quest

Llion,

Green

of

Ocean,

which the

Kymry
in

with the Fairies (Tylwyth

Teg)

and departed heroes,

whereof Gavran

ab

Aeddan

with his faithful followers disappeared for ever, and where Havgan
{summer-shine) king of Fairyland
still

lavishes his superb laurels

and

Hesperian

fruit

on the land of Doramas the brave.*

conceive the
yet
in

Justly to

wild

when Man

was

his

enjoyment of physical existence, springtime, and Nature warm with

divine breath overflowed with life, we must The Kelts' protransport ourselves into the primitive world, as cress from the East ., n s* , * r Maunce De Guenn has done in hls " onderful
10.

,.,.
We

traced in Caucasia.

work, called the Centaur.

of history a wide dissemination

trace in the

dawn

of various races of

men, who must and

the

originally

have

obeyed
life,

the

wild

impulse

of

curiosity
child
'

transport
*

of animal

which

constitutes

the

the father

The orange and

the laurel attain to perfection in the Atlantic islands.

Origin,
of the

&c, of
earliest

the

Kymry.
Centaurs

1 1

man.'

Among

the

of those roving

we

already distinguish

the Kimmerioi,

whom

will

presume to read

Kymry,
into
a

placed in the

imagination of the Greeks of

west beyond the river Ocean, that cloudy west,

Homer's age far which they converted

long a time
after

land
as

of

perpetual

darkness.
since

About
the

as

Homer

has

now

elapsed

history Herodotus,
Pillars of Hercules,

B.C.

places beyond the on the who dwelt farthest bordering Kynetae,

450, say,

Reformation, the the Kelts "

father

of

westward of Europeans."

[//. JJ.]

In the language of later times

these would be the Veneti of Armorica

Gallia
it

who

dwelt furthest west of

Keltica,

in

their

own tongue Gwyndyd and Gwyddyl.

tribe

But

must be noticed that a kindred

of these
calls

Gwyndyd

were in

Homer's age settled in Paphlagonia (he II. 852], whence they emigrated into
founded the
state,
still

Italy

them Henetoi) [Iliad under Antenor and

a living

name,

Venice.

The vanguard

of

who long preceded the march of brother Kymry, whose movements are related by Herodotus.
the race were Gael, or Galli,
their

their

But

presence
is,

in

the various countries which they traversed west-

wards

submit,
to
us;

amply

testified

by
of

the

geographical

names
exhibit

transmitted
elsewhere.

particularly
far

those
east,

rivers,

which

In

leaving the

they must have

occupied a

country south of the Caucasus, extending from the river Araxes to

the Palus the

Maeotis or Sea of Azof, where

places yet bearing the

Herodotus

remarks
in

on

many

name

of

Kimmerian
Aryan
in

his time.

In that land they must have practiced the

constructions.

fashion of timber
1

An

old

English

traveller
built

Armenia, A.D.
like

58 1,

observes:

"

Here the houses are

[Pure has,

of

fir-trees,

unto the
left

houses in

the Alpes."

II.

1417}

They had

far

behind them the stupendous Roof of the World, the Indian Koosh,

whose ancient name of Hemodus retains their speech denoting

Y-man-dd,
river
the

it

place
or

of

snow.*

Iaxartes
ice

Sihoon,

which

to

They them

had

crossed

the

great

perhaps

was

Ia-sarth,
castle

" the

serpent,"

and Seiont, which now laves the

regal

Man-oii

is

still

a fine mountain overlooking the charming vale of Festiniog.

12 of

Origin,

&c, of

the

Kymry.
Quaris,
a
city

Caernarvon.

They
them
land

possibly

occupied

on

the

Oxus,

which seems purely Kymric, Caerwys-ar-Wysc.

conduct
the
'

The Oxus
they

would
traverse

to

the

Caspian

Sea,

when
the

would
or

rich

of

Hyrcania

and

cross

Socanda

Sychan,
the

the dry river.'

Arrived in Armenia, they

again behold
nives,

snows on

mount Niphates, derived from nyv,

the

snows.

There was Balisbiga, Bal-ysbig,

spiked summit.
still

They would

advance to Albania and Iberia, countries

retaining in the west

their primitive names of Albany and Iberione, Alban ac Iwerddon, In the Scottish Highlands and Ireland. as the Kymry term

Albania

the

river

Auxan reproduces
'

the

name
'

of the
retains

Oxus
its

or

Usk; and the Udon, Ud-on,

in the

resounding water

own

Odon

in

Normandy.
'

Involved in the Caucasus they cross

of the

the black

summit (Gor-ddu)
Dandari
dwellers

Gordyaean mountains, where we

oaks
'

find

the

under the
refrain

(Dan-dar)
i deri

a
do,

name
which
the

which retains the Druidical

the
oaks.

of

Hob

dan

swineherd sang to invite

his

charge

to

shelter

beneath

Let us descend the water-shed (Parth-e-dwr) of Partedorus

Colchis,

into

and

cross

the

rivers
fine,

Dyriodorus,

Dur-dwr,
or

the

iron

water,

the

Adienus,
of letters

Addien,

and the
as

Isis

Usk,

dear to

the

lovers

and romance,
fort of

the

cradle

of learning

and

chivalry.

The rude
of Teutons.

Kelts

or
its

The Kimmerian chersonese

Borgys might be the bwrch or burg of or Crimea prois

claims

former indwellers; but the famous name of Bala-klava

not so well

known

as the ally of the

Balas and Ballys of Ireland,

visited
"

Wales, and the

village of

Isle

of

Man.

Gemelli-Carreri
5,

the

big

Bala"

in

Turkey, January

1694.
is

We

then come to
Maietis by
lake,

the

Palus Maeotis or Sea of Azof,

which
the

written
tedious
If,

Herodotus,
deserves the
its its

and

so

the

Pwll-Maith,
its

long

fully

name from

muddy

shallows.

as

Pliny

tells us,

Scythian or Gothic

name Temerinda

signified

Mother of

the sea,

meaning to a Kelt would be Tem-mer, the stagnant expanse. There in Sarmatia we have the hoarse river Corax (Croch)
xxii.
is

and the loud Totordanes [Ammiauus Marcellinus, a Kelt would derive from Dwrdan, noise. There

2Q\,

which

yet a

Durdan

Origin,
in

&c, of
in

the

Kymry.
would
in

13
Irish

Normandy.

The Alani

the

vicinity

be

termed Alain, white or fair.

But, wherever the Kelts

wandered,

three or four root-terms denoting rivers are sure to occur.

are

They
in

Ab

or,

as

it

would

be

sounded,

Av, and

Aw

(meaning

Welsh flmving motion), which the Latin developes into Amnis, the Welsh into Avon, a river.' Perhaps, its primitive form would be
'

Aa, an imitation of the flow of water, retained

and Holland.

in the

Aa
five

of France

The

next form

Ab we
in

find

in

the

vaunted Abana
rivers of

of Damascus, the
India,

Abas

of Armenia, the

Punj-ab

or

and the Abus or Humber

England.

The Amnias

of

Bithynia and the

Amana

or

Ohm

of Hesse in

Germany

belong to

the Latin amnis; while the Evenus of the the Anio of Latium, the

Troad and of Aetolia.

Oanus

of Sicily, the

Aenus
or

or Inn of the
of France,

Tyrol, the Gaves of the Pyrenees, the

Auvona
preserve

Yonne

and the numerous Avons of Britain

the

Kymric Avon.
East or Uisck,
in

[Tacitus couples Auvona, the Bristol Avon, with the Severn.]

The

next class group under the Irish root-word

meaning water.

This

is

numerous, as

is

shown by the Axon

Aroscia
in

Lycia, the Oscios in Thrace, the Axios

in

Macedonia, the Oescus

Italy,

and Escamus

in

Moesia, the Oxula (Ossola) and

the Oaxes in Crete, the

Axona

in

France, and the Isca in Britain,

now
the
that
their

expressed as

Exe, Axe, Usk, and Esk.

Perhaps

may
refer

add

Osca and Escua of ancient Spain, though towns; and opine,

Euscaldunac
settlement
(as

the

Basques term themselves)

'

may
race

to

on the

Sea,

Wysc-al-dun-awc,

the

dwelling
Isis

by the water.'
of Colchis, the

softened

form prevailed,

as

we

see

by the

Aous
Isis

of Macedonia, the Aesis of Italy, the Oise of

France, and the

notice the

and Ouse of England.

at

present omit

to

compound names

relating to the root Easg.

The

third class of derivatives belong to the root-word,

Irish,
its

Dwr

in

Welsh, Dobhar in
take the Irish to be
river

Hydok

earliest

I meaning water. form, preserved by the Macedonian

in

Greek,

all

Doberus and the torrent Doveria on the Simplon.

Closer to

the

Greek are the Dora

of Piedmont,

the

Dore of France (an

affluent

of the Allier),

Doron of Savoy, the and our Herefordshire

14 Dore.

Origin,

&c, of

the

Kymry.

Kymric

in

sound are the Tyras of Bessarabia, the Atyras

of Thrace, the Turias of Arragon

["Ad
the

CeltiberosT

Plin. Hi. 4],

the

Autura or Eure

of

France,

Duranius or Dordogne, the

Durius of Portugal and England, now the Douro and the Dart, and
the
or

Adour
Tevere

of Gascony,

in

Sussex the Adur.

class.
'

Possibly the

Tiber

belongs
to

to

this

With
is,'

which answers
'

an

emphatic
wafer), and

It
is

Kymric prefix Ys, the grand Danube becomes

to

the

Ister,

Ysdwr

'

(// is

allied

the Italian

Stura and

the

many

English Stours.

Lastly,

we have the

Irish

root-word

Ach, wafer,

in

Latin

Aqua.

Few
in

rivers, comparatively, are related to this

term: but we

have Acis
a

Sicily; the

Akesines in India and Sarmatia, which to

Welsh

ear proclaims itself Ach-iesin, fair water/ and the

'

Medua-

cus of Venetia, Byron's

'

deep-dyed Brenta,' in Welsh Mawdd-ach,

the expanding water,' a

name

expressed by the Kentish

Medway,

and by

my own
this root

native stream, the

Mawddach

of Merioneth.

To

we

refer

the Achaei, the

men
all

of Achaia, the seafacts I

environed Peloponnese.
to think that
as

On

a review of

these

am

led

the

ancestors of the Gael and the Latin nations

west, so, as
is

are found geographically further

seen,

in

priority of

nomenclature,

did

they

also

precede

the

Kimmerian

and

Greek

kinsmen
I

in their

westward migration.
in

have sought
for

the

nomenclature of rivers and mountains

occupation
of the

some grounds

inferring the

country east of
at

the Euxine
'.
.

Sea by Kelts or
find

Kymry

a very

Asia Minor.
in
for

,_.

earlv period; because I

their

abundant traces of

later

times

will

presence, which any temporary irruption never suffice to explain. That that region was
of the

long the

home

Kymry

is

certain

from Herodotus's
is

clear

words:

"The

land the Scythians

now
[L.

dwell in

said to

have been

of old that

of the Kimmerioi."

IV.

c.

//.]

He

then proceeds
in

to

tell

of one of those tribal displacements, so

common

barbaric
in

Asia;

how

the Massagetae pushed

on the Scythians, and they

chose to avoid
the
inveterate

turn

threatened the
conflict.

Kimmerioi.
early

who

by
duel

flight

an

unequal

Thus

began

between

Origin,

&c, of

the

Kymry.
the

15

the

Kelt

and the Teuton, the

Kymry and

Saxons.

This

established historic event occurred B. Christ 635;

ian chief

when the KimmerI

Lygdamis,

whom by
told

help of the Irish

would

call
it

Luchd-

amusadh,
years.
1

the archer (Callimachus), took Sardis,

and held

eighteen
that

may

be

by

'the

philosophy

of history'

our

association

Kimmerioi were not Kymry, nor even a nation, but a temporary of warlike tribes like the much later Franks in Gaul:

but

we

find

Homer
of

about B.C. 962

places

his

Kimmerioi

in

the

extreme

west

Europe.

Their

migration

westward

must then
follow
in

have taken place long before historic memorials.

westward,
flight

To
"

them
their

we must imitate the

later

Kimmerioi,
c.

who

ever pursued the seaboard."

assigns
to

[Herod. IV.
of

12.]
I

M. Adolph
myself have
follow

Pictet

the
sole

Kelts

the line
that

migration

traced,

with

the

exception

he

makes them

the

shores of the Euxine north instead of southwards.

[Origines Indo-

Europcens, p. 5/.]
Sid {circling); the

We
Iris,

meet with the

ir,

Pontic rivers Sidenus, or

still

or

fresh

(it

is

called in the

Turkish 'the

green river');

and

the

Halys, perhaps

Heli,

briny.

We

pass

Blaena {Straho) or Blaenau, the frontier, into

the

Paphlagonia,

where

Henetoi or
the

Gwyndyd had
rivers

settled

before the Trojan

the

war; and
indented,

traverse

Bithynian

Rhyndacus, Rhintach,

Rhebas, Rhev, the

big, Sangarius, Sain-gar, of pleasant sound, and

the lake Ascanius, whose

name

is

clearly the Irish Easgann,

an

eel.

Eryannos

in

Mysia

will

be Eirian. the bright river.

We

come

to

the world-wide renown of the Granicus, Granig, the lustrous river.

and the Scamander

in

the Troad; the latter Ysgavn-dwr, truly a

scanty water, seeing Xerxes'

army drank

it

dry.

That

lofty head-

land Sigeum

is

in

Irish Suighe,

a seat or coign of vantage, whence

we
in

discern the sacred towers of

the

Italian

Bergamo,
hill.

the

Troy or Pergama, a name retained Welsh Brig, a sum/nit, and the

is

German
gods.
a

Berg, a

There

Mount

Ida, the

haunt of fabled
a

Coelius Rhodiginus says the

view.
It
its
still,

name means

mountain with
the

wide

as

Y Wyddva,
the
Idaei

designates
Daktyli,

peak

of

Snowdon.

At

foot

dwelt

the

Gwyddyl

Dathyl or famous woodmen.

Hereby were the mountains Gargarus,

Origin,
the

&c, of

the

Kymry.
the

Gaer-garw,

rude

fort,

and Pindasus, Pen-das,

head of

the

massive range.

Further south in Lydia, again to be occupied by

Kymry, we meet with

avon, echoing river,
Paith-61,

Cogamus, CogHalesus, Hallt-wysc, briny water, and Pactolus,

Perhaps the

rivers

of Keltic sound, the

Lydian king Ardys B.C. 678, and of Ardiaeus the Pamphylian tyrant of remote
straight

track.

name

of the

antiquity

[Plato,

De

Republic A. \
In Caria

may

be interpreted by the Irish

rivers Glaucus, Glas, the
it

Arddwy, governor.
blue,

we have the
(if

Cludrus, Llwyd-dwr, gray water

British

be not

identical

with

the

Lleder and Lodore), and the Telmedius, Telmydd, the

Besides,
'

running stream.
remain to
'

us,

Labrys

some words of the old Carian tongue signified a hatchet \Plutarch\ and Llabir is
'

an old Kymric word for a sword.

is

Alam

'

was a horse, and Llam

the

Welsh

for

leap.

Pass we into Lycia;

we

are in the land

identify with the

of Olen the most ancient of poets,

whom we may
Ulamos,
an
Sir

Keltic Alon, the author of musical cultivation.

Here, too, a word

in the

has escaped the ruins of Time.

in

It is

Magyar alma,
Lycian

the

Erse

ubhal,

in

Welsh

aval,

apple.

In the

remains of Tlos (W.

tlos,

beautiful?)

Charles Fellows saw a

Dr.

resemblance to the mullioned windows of old England;

noticed in the Troad the raised
latticed

Clarke

dais,

panelled wainscot, and high

(Lieut. Spratt)

windows of an English manor-house; another

wedding pronounced the dance to be
air

at a village
reel,

like

Highland

and the

like a

Scotch strathspey on a bagpipe.

The

steep

bluff of Cragus could only be the

Kymric Myra and Limyra, Llim-myr, the smooth sea; the mount Amanus in Cilicia is the
the

Craig, the rock, eminently;

sea,

were towns by the

Keltic Avan, high; Crug,

in

mound, would

be

the

mount Corycus
the reduction

Ionia,

Cilicia,

and

Crete; Pindenissus in

Cilicia,

of

which nattered the

the

vanity of

M. Tullius

Cicero,
St.

may

be Pendinas,

head

fortress,

the British

name
I

of

Ives in Cornwall, and of Pendennis of Galatia,

so

castle

by Falmouth.
that
420),
it

reserve the Keltic province

its

Keltic

retained

own tongue

in

S.

Jerome's time (A.D. 340

in

and so brings our modern Kelts

contact

with

S.

Paul's

disciples, to be dealt with separately.

Origin, &"c, of the

Kymry.

17

The

traces of the Kelts multiply as

we

follow

them westwards.

Some, who have not examined the matter, may be sceptical when told of their close connexion with the primitive
'

central Europe.

Greeks, and even shocked by their pretended influence on the most beautiful language

and the

most

intellectual race in the world.

But the

earliest Pelasgians

not attained to the perfect speech of Sophokles and

is

had M it and Plato,

very probable that the ancient Greek aspiration was

in after-times.
/>.

much

coarser

and rougher" than that preserved

[H. N. Coleridge,

On

the

Study of the Greek classic /hets,

Tiryns
in

224.]
in

The Cyclopean
present
as
state

ruins

of

Argolis

have

remained
arches

their

above

3000

years,

and exhibit

lancet

almost

ancient

as

the time of Abraham.

origin
<(//>/>.

Dr. Clarke inclines to believe

them

of Keltic
\'<>l.

from their resemblance to Stonehenge.

7,

[Travels,

I'/.

8.]

My

vocabulary of

Greek and Welsh words

I

will

amply

vindicate
vestiges

my

contention;

and

can at present notice only a few

Apia, from
'

of the

Kymry
'

in

Greece.
is,

the

Kymric
land,'

root

Aw,
the

or

Av, Ap,
of the
is

water,' that

the water-environed
to the
arrival

was

name
it

Peloponnese

prior

of the Achaei.

Perhaps
as

the

land

meant by Taliesin's gwlad Gavis, coupled with Asia, The broad whence came the long-robed Druids.
aig,

Aegean they would term Mor-aig from

of

the sen.

Byron sings
"

the

isles

of

Greece.

"

Eternal summer gilds them

the
Irish
'

yet

and

Samos
summer.

seems

derived
the

from

Samh,'

in

Welsh

'

Haw'

Among
isle

Cyclades, Oliaros
in France) the

would share with Uliaros

(now the
humidity.

of Oleron

parent-word Uliar, denoting

Bri/o,

At Delos the goddess of dreams was

Breuddwyd,

a dream.
the
of

Sailing between Attica and Laconia they would encounter

the

Myrtoum mare. Mor-mwrth.

hammering

sea.

The

island

Aegina denotes in Irish Aighe. a hill; and if immortal Athens was named from Athene the goddess of wisdom, the Irish Aithne

again denotes knowledge.

ryd,
the

The

Attic headland Skiradium

to

is

Ysgyr-

rough,
to

and

answers
I

the

Skirrid

in

Monmouthshire.

Now we come

what

regard as a sure proof of the presence of

Kelts in Greece.

The

gulf between Athens and Corinth was called

Origin, cfc, of the

ancient

Kymry.
oak,

from Saron, the

name

of

an

because

it

was beset
oaks
only.

with groves of oak.

in

{Pliny IV. 5)
'

Dar

or

Daron
in

signifies

Welsh,

as

does

zero

'

in

Breton,

but

composition

Saronidai was an old Greek term

the

for the

Druids,

meaning men of

oak; and Sarron a Keltic king, Daron, oaken, was, probably, a

(Diodorus.)
is

Druid.
tiias)

Cnacadium

mountain of Laconia

(Pausa-

the Irish Cnagaidh, protuberant ;

the

we

find

yet

in

Radnor-

shire

Cn wee-las,

green

knoll.

Skillus, the picturesque retreat of

the historian
the cliff:

Xenophon
as

in

the

Peloponnese,
'

is

the

Irish

Scealp,
'

and perhaps,
'

Laconia and
'

the

isles
7),

of Elishah

were
violet

famous

for

blue

aud purple

(Ezekiel xxvii.

and those

seas could be lavish of their treasure, as the false

queen suggests to

Agamemnon
from the

(Aeschylus),

may
I

not greatly err in deriving Corcyra

Irish

Corcor, purple*

Advancing
and

northward

through

Macedonia into Thrace, which

passing

regard as a Keltic settlement, and

Oskios,

the

rivers
in

Hebrus,

Tibesis,

which
the

are

yet

represented

Wales by the Hyver

(by Nevern),

Teivi,

and

the Usk, we arrive at the snowy

drift,

Mount Haemus,
interest.

the Haiv or snow-

under

its

Turkish name Bal-cann, equally Welsh, meaning

the object
of

the white peak,

European
and

Its

offshoots are
the
cold.

the

Ismarus,
it

Beneath

is

Ysmawr, the town

the

great,

Orbelus,
(if

Oervel,

of

Uscudama

not

too

bold

guess),

Wysc-ud-avon,
(Pliny),

the river of loud water.

We

meet with the Drugeri

Drwg-wyr, evil men; the Odrysae, Godrewys or borderers (from Godre a border, and the plural termination wys'); and the
l

Odomantes, to do them no
projecting
lip.

injustice,

Odd-mant-wys,

men of

the

The Skordiskoi were

confessedly of late Gallic origin,

remnants of Brennus's invading host.

was
Bendis
(Strabo),
in

The Diana
the

of the Thracians

Irish

Baindia,

goddess.

Beside

the
the the

Rhys and Madoc already noticed, we have Scuthes, Saethydd, archer, the name of many Thracian princes; Sadales, Sadiawl,
firm ally of

Pompey

the Great (Caesar); and Rhescuporis (Tacitus,

Annates, II. 64), perhaps Rhys-cu-por, Rhesus the beloved lord; and

Ek

ttovtov

tociScos.

Homer, Odyss.

V.

I.

56.

See Appendix No.

I.

Origin, &c.

of the A'vmry.
shattering
ruler.

19

Rhoemetalkes,

Rhwyv-e-talch.
Dar-dan,
the

the

We

proceed

by Dardania,
height
of

oak-land of Moesia,

and the towering

mount
the

Skomios
waters

(Ysgwn)
of

mentioned
Hal-///vr/.v

by

Thucydides.

Reaching

briny

Lake

(Hallt-myr)

we

embark on the mighty Danube, and fall in with the Sygynnai, a people whose name signified 'merchants' (Herodotus); perhaps from You may hear the busy folk in a Sygannu, to mutter, to chaffer.'
'

French
the

market-town,
behold

buzzing
its

like

myriads of
the

insects.

Mounting
Teyss,

Danube,

fine

tributaries,

Hungarian

Tibiscus or Teivi-w ysc, and the Marissus, Maros or Mawr-wysc, the

great water; on the other hand the Carinthian Save, allied to the

Sow

of India and of Stafford, in (Cymric Saw, the obstructing river,

"

and the Draw,

'

violentior ainnis

"

Pliny terms
of

it

(iVat.

Hist.

IfI.

25),

Trews,

the

sharp

river'

The name
still

Solva,

Romano-

Keltic
city of
fortress

town above the Drave,

lives

in

Pembrokeshire.

The

Gran has two

Keltic

on a high rock,
later,

names Bregetium (Molemy), an ancient which would be Bre-ceth, the dark mount;
Ystry-gwvn.
the

and a

Strigoniuni,

white or

fair

dwelling.

In Austria

we have the Roman town

of Scarabantia (Pliny), Esgair-

pant, the bend or depression in the hill range.

Mount

Ketius, the

Kahlenberg by Vienna,
river

is

Mynydd-ceth,
Iou-avon,
the

'the

dark mountain'; the

of Joie.

Juvavus or

Salza,

river

Southward

beyond the Terglou, the Tri-gledd, three swords or peaks of the Julian Alps we encounter the Carni, so called from Cam, a stone
heap,

the

dwellers
the

in

the

stony

Karst; and

descend
Trieste

to

Tergeste,
in

Ter-gest,

fair

round expanse, the modern

hemmed

by the Karst and open only to the Adriatic* We have now pursued the Centaur's course, and traced our
Kelts to the land of the evening star, to

Hesperia, the West.

is

At

the head of the Adriatic

Yenetia, or

Gwynfrom

The Kelts in Western Europe.

13.

cJd
Troy,

sett i e(j

ater

ages

by fugitives
the

as

they say.

Perhaps

Vennonetes

AV.</

means

in

Welsh
,

plate

among mountains
in

with but one outlet.

Sa,

(iCst

near Portmado*

and Hergest

Herefordshire.

20

Origin,

&c, of

the

Kymry.

of the Vintzgau in southern Tyrol

were

Gwyndyd
But

like

the Veneti.

Re-inforced long after by the

Galli
Italy.

Senones of France, the Kelts

in a pre-historic period

became masters of two thirds of

they seem to have been throughout the Peninsula.

Volsci
say:

Whether the
I

were related to the Belgae of Gaul and Britain,

called
for

cannot
to

but the Osci, so

their

broad speech, seem

that which opens.
!

get
well

their

name from

the

Welsh

root

Wsg,

How

do the chief

cities of Italy

harmonize with Keltic roots

Imperial

Rome
first

Greek Rhome, the Welsh Grym, strength. Milan or Mediolanum, built by the Gauls {Pliny III. iy), was at
derives from the

Mai-Ian,

the

clearing or
If

place
a

in the plain.

It

is

still

in
its

German

Mailand.

we

sought

Keltic

name

suited

to

modern splendour, it might be Meddv-lan, admirably does Genoa express its position
two Riviere trend
east
is

the delicate town. at

How

the bend where the

like

and west

For Genoa,

Geneva and
head of
nature,
the

Genabum
river,

(Orleans),

but the Irish

Cean-abhan,
features

the

the

Welsh Pen-avon.

The grand

of

the

Alps and the Apennines, express to the Kelt their

eminence.

snowy height and

(lava) in

Vesuvius would be Gwes-wv, moisture

motion.

The
[J5.

vocable

Wysc

abounds

in

Piedmont

in

the

form of Asca.
I

G. Anzasca, Calasca,

Verzasca, Biasca, Novasca.]

venture

to interpret the

Lacus Verbanus, Lago Maggiore, as Llwch Gwerddgreen

hills; that

van,

the lake of the

of

Lugano,

as

Llwch Llug-

gain, lacus lucis candidae, the bright lake; that of

Como, the Lacus

Mincio.
!

Larius, as

Llwch

Llariaidd, the gentle lake;

and that of Garda, the

Lacus Benacus, as Llwch

Ben-aig, the

head-water of the

How
P6

characteristic

the names of the Keltic rivers in Italy

so

The

or

Padus

was

called

from the pades,

in

Welsh

ffawydd,

beeches growing near

its

its
its

source.

The

Ticinus, a river grievous

by

inundations, with

tributary the Blenio, as also the Athesis,

were called Dygyn, Blin, Aethwysc, words denoting the trouble they
occasioned.

from

its

The foaming Mincio must have been Mynych, frequent] The torrent Quirna on the Simplon is impetuosity.
the

identical

with

Guirna
in

of

Hindostan

and

the Chwernwy,

a
its

tributary of the Irvon

South Wales; but the Welsh reveals

Origin,

cfr.,

of the Kvmrv.

21

meaning
names

of

Chwyrn,

rapid.

If

we wont seawards to the

west,

we

should be led to pursue the Ligurian Kelts,

to

who have given

along that
or

their

Lloegyr

(England)

and

Liguria,

hones-path.

which might express Int-e-mel-ium

(Hynt y mel)

Vintimiglia;
of the

but in approaching Gallia, y Ore Gal, the chief settlement

Kelts,

we meet with
and

their traces

everywhere; and having touched

close
this

Switzerland

Spain

we

will

long

excursion.

At

Geneva, which was Cean-abhan,

the

head of

the lake, as

Pennilucus,

Pen-llwch, the head of the loch, was the

Roman

port at the upper

the lake of

end of
Hoods,

it,

we

are on the Lacus

Lemanus, Llwch Llivon

so

called

The

Italians

from "the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone."' must have been preoccupied by the Arthurian romance,
the city Ginevra after Arthur's queen Guenevere

when they
snows

called

(Gwen-hwyvar).
its

So have

seen

Castello

di Mcrlino

mirroring

in a

green Alpine tarn at the head of the Val d' Antrona;

and a pass traversed by Hannibal became the Mont du Chat Artus,

the

mountain of Arthur's Cat.

(Paradin, Savote.)

Let us indulge
leave

our fancy in a Keltic tour round Mont Blanc.

right the

We

on the

Mount

Saleve.

It is justly

termed
its

in Irish Sal, in

Welsh
the

Sawdyl, the heel or extremity,

Brezon, which
is

from

precipices; on the

left,

synonymous with the Welsh Breiddyn.

Nant-Brwnt.

Onwards

we come
wys,
the

to

Nant-arpenaz and Nant-Bourant; the one Nant-ar-penthe

toil-

hollow by the water-fail; the other,

it

some hollow, which

certainlv
the

is.

Attendant on the Monarch of

it

mountains are the Brevent,

windy summit (Bre-wynt); unless

be Pen-vre, the head summit; and the Buet, Bu, the bull.
of the
glaciers
the
is

Proudest
to

Brenva, which

would
too
is

willingly believe
Tal-efre,

be
the

Brenn-va,

royal place.

There

Tal-geivr,
the
its

jutting rock

of the

chamois; and
is

Mont

Tacul,
called

Taccl,
so

arrow.
rocks
(the

East

of

Mont

Blanc
lake

the

Cramont,

from
of

(creigiau).

The

Combal towards the Mount

Jupiter

Great S. Bernard)
worship
sanne.
is

may

have been Cwm-Beli. Bclinus' combe, whose

Belini,

indicated

by the Sylva

Belitfs wood, near Lau-

We

descend to the valley of the

is

Rhone by

the Forclaz, a
pass under

verdant pass, which

the

green fork (Fforch-las).

We

22

Origin,

crV.,

of the Kymrv.
Dant-mor-cledd, the tooth
is

the Dent de Morcles in

the

Valais, the

of the great sword.

Lliaws-on,
Chillon,
for
its its

Under

the

Dent du Midi
on

Lake Lioson,
are
at

abundant water.
the pleasant

Again
recess;
to

Lake

Leman we
is

Cil-llon,

opposite
the

Meillerie,

which
for

beautiful

name

deserves

have

lark (Meilierydd)

sponsor.
wysc.

At

Vibiscum,
Clarens'

Cwm-wysc,
is

we

again

detect

the

Keltic

'Sweet
Irish

Claer-wen, bright.
the the

Lausanne or

Losanna
with
fair

the

renders

L6s-an,

water's

end.
the

We

close

Montbenon,

Mwnt-benn-on,

mount at

head of

the ivater.

The

Kelts

advanced along the

shores

of the

Mediterranean,
intrepid

and were known by the name of Ligurians.

They were

seamen, worthy of being the progenitors of Christopher Columbus.

They
spirit

will

again appear

in

Britain,

and bequeath their name and

to England, the Keltic

Logres {Milton, Paradise Regained)

or

Lloegyr.

From
its

Aquitania, the
rivers
'

modern Gascony and Guienne,

the

called

from
cross

many
'

Ach-tan,
or

spread of water, they

beneath
or, as

would

the

Bryniau

Pyrenees

the

towering
Bullet has

Canigou, Cann-ig-wy, the white terrible place,

it,

M.

Cann-gwddwv,

the ivhite or

snowy neck or ridge.

To

the South

they would find a race more ancient than themselves, the unsub-

dued Iberians or Basques; they,

but

too,I

had come from the Caucasus,

suggest,

were

now
reach

Cantabri,

called,

from

Caint-tavar,

the

spreading

of land;

for

cannot believe

Biscay

was their
races

Cvnta-vro or aboriginal land, as

Lluyd
as

holds.

Here the two

combined, or
the Latin

were

so
It

mixed up
is

to

be

called

Kelt-iberians

by
the

writers.

perilous to advance

Keltic

claims in

land
their

of the

Euscaldunac;

but

will
I

observe that
regard

some names of
E-belauc,
the

princes
a.

seem

Keltic.

Such
Scipio

Abelux,
with

warlike,

chief opposed

to

(Livy),

Albutius

and his

betrothed Indibilis, the. objects of Scipio's generosity, {Arrian)

who

might be Elwyddan and Tudvil

of Idubeda
(in
is

Y
is

Castille)

in Kymric. The mountain range birch Talavera dark du-bedw, {Pliny III. J). pure Welsh, Tal-aber, the head of the confluence of the

the

Tagus and the Alberche;

and

Cape

Finisterre

is

Artabrum

Origin,

crY.,

of the Kymry,

ix

promontorium,

The

British

familiar

Pcnrhyn Aberarth or Arthvar, the fell headland. names of the Avon, Tamar, Monnow, Towy.
and

Teivi,

Llugwy,

Dee
of

already

distinguished
arc

rivers
'

in

the
'

Peninsula.

The
they

tribe

Praesamarci

marked
Pres-march

Keltic

by Pliny;
steeds.

got

their

name from

their

or

fleet

The

people of the province of Alemtejo in

as

Portugal were

also
brig,

known
waters
was

Kcltici;

one

of

their
in

towns was Turobrica,

Baetica
stvled

Dwrbv
sea

end.

Another

tribe

'Keltic'

Plinv
dunes.

the

Mirobrigenses,

Myr-brig.
in

dwellers
forests

on
of

the

Bordering
or

on

the
chief]

Kelticoi,

the

Tartessus

Gargoris

Gorgwr,
first

the
th-

oldest

king
gather

of

the

Kynetae
{Justin,

(Gwyndvd)

discovered
I

way

to

honey

XLIV.
won

4)\

and

would
a

imagine

that
fifty

Arganthonius
years
(Pliny,

king

of

Tartessus,

who
his
.

lived

hundred and
hair

Strabo),
the

from

silvery

the

name

of

Argann-tonn,

glistering zcai e
It

may seem

needless to discuss the notion of the Kelts having

passed through North Africa.

will
14.

But Nennius and the

Irish

scholars

derive their Scottish ancestors from

of Spain;

Were

the Kelts

in Africa?

bv J

Egvpt and the authoritv of Tacitus

persuades
least,

me
few

to accept the Iberian origin of, at

the
as

Silures

of

South

Wales.

Baron

Bunsen

favours

the

notion,
derives

supported

by

etymons.
Erse

An

ingenious

inquirer
blue.

the river Nile from the

iMoeris

Neimeamuil. hcarenly,
sea.

The Lake

seems to be
industry,
to

W.

Mor, the
is

The Egyptian
with
the

goddess of art and

net/io.

Neith.
spin.'

connected

Greek

the

Welsh nvddu,

Thermuthis the daughter of

silent
;

Pharaoh, who protected the infant Moses, might be Termud,

an epithet suited to that mysterious land.
rians
If

the Iberians or Ligu-

reached Spain by

way

of Libya, they might have termed the

Libyans so
Irish

from

lleb,

pale yellow, the

Moorish complexion.

The

would interpret the Gaetuli

le

as Gaoidheal, dwellers in the bush.

(M.

Baron De
loud outcry,

Bclloguet.)

The Garamantes may imply Garm(E.

maint,

or

Garmwynion, horsemen.

Lhuyd.)

In

Mauritania we have the river Mulucha, moloch, tumultuous, and the

24

Origin,

of the Kviurv

Lixus or Llugwy, bright water.

a portion

of

mount

Atlas,

if

Dyrys or Diryn was the name of not the Peak of Teneriffe; otherwise

Duryn, a beak or snout, as we speak of the Naze and the Cap du

Gris-Nez.

Abyla opposite Gibraltar implies an Alp or highland.

or

The Phoenicians gave to Cadiz the name of Gaddir meaning like the Welsh Cader a fort or castle.
'

Gadeira,

'

CHAPTER
THE KYMRY

II.

IN PRE-HISTORIC BRITAIN.

We
the

have now
Celtic

"

fled

over Adria and the Hesperian

fields,

And
Book

o'er
/.)

roam'd

the

utmost

isles."

[Paradise

Lost,

Gallia, so called

from Gal, the open dis-afforested

. . tribes more , plain, was reduced to cultivation by ' Britain; probable survival of Saurians. advanced in civilization than the ruder Kelts
.

'

who
men.
lands.

dwelt

in

the

hash as trappers and

life

fisher-

The
I
is

latter

were called Gwyddyl from their

dwelling on

in

the woodits

avoid

France or Gallia, because

Keltic
is

origin

incontestable; the proofs are abundant; and

my

aim

to

illustrate
call

only a portion of the race, the

Kymry,
are

as the

Welsh
still

still

themselves.

To them

their

Armorican brethren

are

Britons
their

(Brython); their Gaelic

or Irish cousins

Gwyddyl, Kelts;

English supplanters, Saxons (Saeson,) but England remains Lignria

(Lloegyr).
as tribes,

To
some

believe their traditions, the

hostile,

Gwyddyl

or Gael appear

some

friendly, but ever subordinated to the

primary claim of possession advanced by the

that

Kymry.

must think
rather
that

the

westerly

position

of the

Irish

Kelts

implies

they, and not the Kymry, have the best

title to

priority of settleso

ment.

Weird

traditions

exist

of aboriginal

dwellers

barbarous

that the foxes

were their dogs and rude stone heaps their cabins.

this

But

judge

must

refer

to

dark

consciousness
Britain,

of

some

Turanian stragglers who preceded the Kelts.

in

we

are told

the

Triads,

was known to the Gauls of the continent (Y Gal

of Clas

Gre)
before

by the
the
I

name

Meiddyn,
;

the

Green

spot of the cliffs

the the

island.

Kymric settlement afterwards Y Vel Ynys, suppose the name really was Y Wenn Ynys,
It

honey
white

island or Albion.

later

on was called Prydain, Britain,

after

an

2i>

The Kynirv in Pre- historic Britain.

heros eponymos, Prydain ab

a

myth.

Aedd Mawr, a hero whose existence The Kymry found the island, not only the home
bears,

is

of or

wolves

and

but

also

of the ychain bannawc,

forest
;

loild bulls
it

buffaloes like the

Urus of the Hercynian

Gadarn.
in

and

was infested

by the formidable Avanc, whose capture was a principal feat of the

Kymric

chief

Hu

This,

presume, indicates the survival

of gigantic saurians

the ample

swamps
the

of Britain,

and
S.

is

con-

nected with similar legends

in

e.g. of the

Tarasque which

Martha

Provencal

story

drew

out of

Rhone, and of those weird

in

monsters (Gwydd

Ellyll,)

which a Triad describes

terms (banawg,

ednyvedawg

drythyll, a melyn) that

would tinge with horror Mr. De

Quincy's wildest dream.

[Confessions of

an English Opium-eater.)
by the Kymry of Britain same stock, who came
. .

The account
makes them

of themselves rendered of three tribes

consist

of the

_ 2.

over as peaceful settlers, eschewing wrong and ., The original & the Kymrv r ., ,, oppression (in a restricted sense), Kymric tribes; the the Lloegrwys, and the Brython. The two last Kymry. are made to come from Aquitania (Gwasgwyn)
.

and Armorica

(in a large sense,) in

other words, the coast of France

from the Pyrenees to the Rhine.

Though bearing names implying

primitive stock of the

they were seamen (Liguria, Llyr, the sea) and plaided warriors, they
are distinctly said to have issued from the

Kymry,
which
tribe,

and
bore

to

have

coalesced
of their

into

one

nation
ancestors.

with

the

tribe

the

name

common

This leading

they say,
of

came over the hazy sea (Mor Tawch) under the

Gadarn,
or

conduct

Hu

Hesus the
as. the

Gallic

war-god,

from

an

undefined country designated

the tradition as
it

summer-land.

Caesar confirms
calls

relates to their Gallic origin,

and

the people
to

Britanni.
the

Not
of

single

Roman
was
it

or

Greek writer seems by the

;

know

name

Kymry, nor

emploved

Saxons.

To

them the Britons were

Welsh,

(Gallici,

Wylysce)

an offshoot of

the continental Gauls, whose likeness they shunned and whose lack
of energy they despised.*

With

the Irish and Gael, the

Welsh

are

" Inertia Gat/orum."

Tacitus,

Germama

c.

28.

The

Kymry

in

Pie- historic Britain

27

always Rrcathnach.
'

Britons.'

We

The Armoricans always call themselves Bre'zon, know not how the Britons called themselves in
while

their

own

tongue,

the

Roman empire
more

stood:

their

earliest

monuments

date a century or

after the fall of the

empire; but

from that period they have down to the present persistently called
themselves Kymry.

M. Aurelien De Courson ingeniously supposes

in the sense of Aboriginal

they adopted the

of protest against
set

name

Britons, as a sort

Anglo-Saxon intruders.

But

this savours of a plea

up

in a law-court to estop

encroachments.

The debate between

I

the two nations was maintained in a ruder fashion, and

think

it

their

more probable that the name which the Britons inherited from Kimmerian ancestors was never forgotten during the past, and
it

that

asserted

itself

vigorously
of the

when the framework

latest

of

Roman

polity disappeared.
offers

One

French Keltic scholars M.

no explanation of the term Kymry, (as De Courson Valroger does,) nor notices the remains of Keltic speech in northern Europe
(as

given by Pliny,) nor explains

are found in the extreme west

why the Kimmerioi (if German) I bow by Homer and Herodotus.

with the Romans, he says
it

to the authoritv of Tacitus, when, recalling the former splendour of

the Kimbri (of

Denmark)

in

conflict

took over two centuries to

c
-

set

about conquering Germany; [Germ.

37) thereby implying

I

that

he took the
in

Kimbri

for

Germans.

Yet when

read in

Pliny

that

the

language of these
the

Kimbri

the Northern Ocean

was called Morimarusa,

I

sea

of the dead,

and
that

find

it

pure

Welsh (Mor-marwys.)
Goth

cannot

resist

concluding

either the

Kimbri were Kymry, or

agreed.

else

that in remote times

is

the tongues of Kelt and

This conclusion

fortified

by the
and
is

fact

that,

according to

Hecataeus, the

name the Scythians

mass.
It

(Goths) gave the same Ocean was Amalchium, signifying congealed;

in

Welsh

Mwlwch

means

concrete

(P/inv.)

not

impossible that
Asiatic

some of the Kimmerioi. who

the
onset
of

retired

from
a

their

home

before

the

Scythians,

took

northern course, which the

pursuers afterwards followed under the

conduct of Odin from the Sea of Azof to the shores of the Baltic.
Preciselv on

the

Baltic

we

find

the Aestvi

(or

Esthonins.)

whose

28

The Kymry
approached
the

in Pre- historic

Britain.
their
c.

language

British,

and

who termed
{Germ.

valued

amber Glesum (Glwys,

the beautiful thing)

45)

Their

adventurous neighbours the Goths seem to derive their name from

the Erse Gaoth, the sea; they were pirates.

Treva (pure Welsh)

In the North, a promontory was termed by Pliny Lytarmis, perhaps Llwyd-armes, the of weather. Indeed Tacitus himself points out how hoary presage
'

was the Kimbric name of Hamburg.

Keltic
'

slight

barrier

the

Rhine

proved

to

prevent

the

Gauls

and

Germans from mutual encroachment, and how the Helvetii and the
Boii were confessedly Kelts.

{Germ.

c.

28.)

Perhaps the Catti

(or

Hessians) might be mixed Kelts.

Their name seems to be Cad-wyr,

warriors.

One

of their

princes

was

Catumerus, or

Cadvor,

the

great warrior.

bishop of Metz was Caddroe, or Cadwr, warrior.

The

ancient tribe of Condroz near Liege were the Catuaci, or Cadthe

gwawch,

war-cry men.

The Hainaulters were

Nervii, or Ner-

wyr, the strong men.

the

Those of Brabant were the Levaci, Llevawc,

Louvain were Grudii, from Gryd, a warnames clearly Kymric princes occur with
of
(Tacitus,

shouters.

They
Belgic

hoop.

Two
or

Catualda,

Kadwal

Annates II.

62.)

and Boduognatus,

Buddug-nawdd,
with a statue.

victorious auspices (Caesar,)

The
of
old

lake that afterwards

whom Antwerp honours became the Zuyderzee in

Lliv,
the
flood.

Holland

was
in

known

as

Flevum,

At

Domburg
Keltic

Zealand an

inscription

was found to Nehalenia, the

goddess of the briny

sea

(Nyv-halen.)

The coastmen
dwelling on

of
the

ancient Belgium

were called Menapii from their This array of

facts

waters edge

(Min-av).

may, perhaps,

justify

a conjecture that the

Kymry
among
came

were meant by the Gambrivii,

the
true

whom
of the

Tacitus
nation

mentions

as

and ancient
(Germ.

factors
c.

more
the

recently

termed
to

'German.'
Britain

2.)

But,
I

assuming

Kymry

from

the

north,

am

persuaded they came thus gradually and by the narrowest

not from the Kimbric peninsula.
II.
2Q~\

passage,

When

Caesar [De Bello

continental
so,
is,

Gallico
of

makes

the

Atuatici

among

the

Belgae

Kimbric

origin, he would hardly have done

had

all

the Gallic

Belgae been equally of Kimbric descent, that

Kimbric of Jutland.

The

Kymry

in

Pre-kistortc Britain.
priority of settlement

2q
or

Next

to

the

Kymry, whether from

of territory
I

larger occupation

cannot

tell,

but certainly in order,

come the
3.

Lloegrwys

or

Ligurian

Kelts,

who

The original
r
'

came over from Aquitania and appear

admitted foreign elements
therefore,
t<>

to have

\ Lloegrwys and
Brython.

some extent; and

the

perhaps,

were

on

whole

less

other
lustre

two

tribes.

homogeneous and loyal to While the Kymry glory

their stock than

in

the

the

untarnished

and the Brython bred the heroes of Gododin and of the Strath-clyde, the Lloegrwys have to bear the infamy
of Caractacus,

of Vortigern.

They

were

less
;

successful

than

the

Kymry

in

maintaining their independence

and

their last foothold of liberty,

Cornwall, was wrested from them centuries before the extinction of

Kymric autonomy.
enviable
difference

The Cornish knight

the

Sir Tristram

occupies no

position

in

legends

of

chivalry.

The

cause of this

may

be the completer subjection to

Rome

of the southern

Britons.

The rude mountains,

to liberty

the inhospitable sea, have ever been

more kindly

than the affluent ease of the lowlands.

But

the Lloegrwys had long been inured to the citizenship of the world.

They had
the

acquired the
Solis

elegant tastes of the

cultured

Romans,

as

Bath and the hypocausts of Uriconium still Aquae Claudia Rufina had wedded the senator Pudens, and was witness.
of

complimented by
in their blood
I

Roman

poets.
less

But,

imagine, a foreign

strain

rendered them

sternly patriotic than the Kymry.

conjecture that that foreign strain proceeded from intermixture in

Aquitaine with the Basques: but the consideration of this must be

reserved for the following section.

Third of the Kymric

tribes

were the Brython,

who came from

Armorica or
that

Llydaw

not the Armorica restricted to the peninsula

(Britanny,) but the Ar-e-mor or seacoast

yet bears the

name

of north-western

France, Gallia Belgica.

They seem
and
in

to

have been
times

more

closely

identified

with
in

the

Kymry,

later

reproduced

Kymric

features

their continental settlement.

This

view accords with Caesar's account.

of religion, their speech
'

Bearing regard to the identity

not very different,' and their behaviour in

;o

The

Kymry

in

Pre- historic Britain.

'

courting,

and

presently

shrinking from

danger,'

he believed the

Southern
'

Britons

were Gauls,

who

still

bore
to

the

names
for

of those

cities

'

or

ciwdawd whence they came

Parisii settled

Britain

plunder.
;

Such were the

on the Seine and the Humber

;

the

Atrebates of Artois and Berkshire

and the Belgae of the north of

Pliny notices a tribe of Britanni
It

France and the west of England.

along with the

Ambiani.

(Nat. Hist. IV. 1 6.)

"
;

may

be that

Taliesin alludes to

them
heon

in these lines

Morini Brython rhyddaro-

ganon,

A
:.

medi

am Havren

avon."

But

more
Rhine.

remains

Dionysius

Periegetes
6.)

notes

Britanni south of the

Pliny

{XXV.
hills

remarks with astonishment a medicinal plant of Frieshis

land that was in

there
is

time called Herba Britannica.

chain of
called

Brettenberg.

Near
old

Ems
of

are

vast
in

heaths

Bretansche
Bretten.

Heide.

The

name

Mons

Hainault

was

At the mouth

of the

the Britons, Brettenburg.

inscription
halon.
to the

Rhine by Katwijk was the fort of At Domburg in Zealand was found an

Keltic goddess of the briny sea, Nehalenia,

Nyvwas

Ecbert of Holland,

archbishop of Treves (ioth

cent.)

styled E. de Britannia.

{De Belloguet.)

To
of the

conclude; the result of

my

inquiries implies the relation

2.

i.

Lloegrwys with the Ligurians of Italy and Gaul.

with the Iberians or Basques of Spain.
3.

of the

Silures

of the

Kymry

or Britons with the Gauls of the continent, but especially with the

Belgae and Britanni of the lower Rhineland.

The

red

hair

and

large

limbs of the

Caledonians convinced

Tacitus they were of Germanic origin; a Triad classes the 'ciwdawd

Kelyddon'

in the

North,
to

first

of three protected

As reported by the Romans: The non-Kymric tribes.

4.

tribes

that

came

Britain

without

arms or

assault

by consent of the

R
al

The second
Wyddyl,) and
in

was " the Gael stock (Yr

The third was the men of Galedin, who Albany they remain." came in bare ships to the isle of Wight, when their country sank beneath the sea. Lluyd suggests they were from Holland; but
their

landing in

Wight

points

to

catastrophe
'

in

the

Pays de

Caux on the opposite

coast; they were

viri

Caletini.'

The whole

77//'

Kymry

in

frc-kistoric

Britain.

31

subject

is

involved in

difficulties.
it

If

we accept the account given

by the

later

Kymry,

offers

no explanation of the origin of the

Gwyddyl

or Gael,

who

certainly occupied South Britain long before

I

the Brython,

whom
the
of

Caesar encountered.
place

venture to suggest that

they occupied

assigned
in

by the
the

Brython

to

themselves

under the

name
1.

'Kymry'

Triads; and that the three

at a

tribes relate to
2. 3.

Kimmerians who arrived

very early period;

Kimmerians who arrived from the shores

Kimmerians who came from
the
Picts
in

of the

Mediterranean;
It
is

(iaul

and the

Baltic.

said

that
called

Scotland

were

from
or

Scandinavia.
dwellers in
the

They
bush,

are
to
is

Gwyddyl Ffichti, painted distinguish them from the true Gaelic

to
say,
is

(rael

stock from

Ireland, that

Yr al

Wyddel.

But

Lluyd has
or

given

Pictish

poem,
princes

which

simply very

barbaric

archaic

Welsh.

Their
736

Ougen
Coritani

(Owain)

and

Talargan

(Tal-arian),

A.D.
the

750,

have

Kymric names.
dwelling

Another foreign
by
the

race

were
are

Korannyeid or
with

Humber, who

charged

being

ready traitors of the

Kymry, and with uniting with the Romans

help to explain
If

and Saxons.

This

will

how

the

Angles so

easily

overran eastern England.

the Korannyeid be derived from corr,

a (hvarf, they were probably dark squat people of Ligurian origin,

regarded with aversion

says they

by the Kymry.

Mr.

Price (Carnhuanawc)
fell

were so clever as to ken every speech the wind

in

with, and their mintage was arian corr: a tradition of the superior
intelligence of the

Ligurian
in Italy;

race

The Triads make them come

in

from Pwyl, Apulia

Italy

and Pliny curiously notices

orti."
(TV.

South
5.)
first

the

"

Corani,

Dardano Trojano
cites

H. III.

De

Belloguet
to

erroneously
Coritani
"

Owen Pughe
the
settlers
in

as

assigning the

place

the

among
of

Britain,

according to
after
is

an

old

tradition,

which

only
the

admits

the

Britons
truth

them,
the

making
tradition

no

mention
to

Kymry."
'

The

that

relates

seven

hostile

occupations,

beginning with the

'

Coraniaid, then Draig Prydain,

that was!), and ending with the
faces

the Dragon of Britain

(whatever

Romans and

Saxons.

The painted
as well

and black curly locks of the Silurians of South Wales

32
as

The
their situation

Kymry

in Pre-histortc Britain.

over against

Spain,

made Tacitus
Kourmi

believe
facts

they
point

were Iberians, who had emigrated into Wales.

to the

Other

same conclusion.

Dioscorides refers to

or cwrw, as

a drink

made

of barley, of
I

Britons.

The Welsh
whitewash.

used by the Western Iberians and the South Wales seem to have much affected

lime

or

cannot but

think the taste

and practice

came from the Basques

Silures.

or Iberians, from

whom

Tacitus derives the

imitated
the

May

it

not

be that they in turn

humbly

superb stucco of the Phoenicians, whose richly ornamented palaces

in

Malta so impressed Diodorus

(Lib.

V.)

Davydd ab Gwilym
"

calls

on the summer to gild the

castles

of

Glamorgan
German.

white with

lime."

The Germans

too sometimes applied a plaster so pure and

(Tacitus,

16.) Henry Huntingdon avers that there came people from Spain into Ireland, and that some of them remained who in his time still

resplendent as to resemble painting.

of

used

the

same speech and were

(Lib. T.)

called
It
is

Navarri.

He means
of

the

Iberians or Basques.

remarkable that the Achau'r

of
as

Saint

affirm

that

some
Kelt)

of

the

sons

Brychan

Brecknock

(himself an Irish
of jurisprudence;*
in

went into Spain

S.

Penrheithiau or chiefs

and when

Vincent Ferrer (A.D. 1400) preached

Britanny, he was struck by the resemblance of the Breton charac-

ter

and that of the Keltiberians of Spain.

(Sanctorale Catholicum.

Aurelien

De
a

Courson.)

Nennius confesses that the origin of the Scots was uncertain.

He

relates

strange

tale

of

their
in

encountering
the

in

mid-ocean
investigate

a
it.

tower

of glass,

and

perishing

attempt

to

They may
S.

have been deceived by a mirage.

is

visionary Island of

Brandan

sometimes seen in the latitude of the Canaries.

Or

the tale

may
of

relate to a Druidical

myth

of the Isles of the Blessed,

which
of

is

preserved

among

the American Zuni, presumed descendants

Madoc

went

Wales; and the Triads say that Merlin and his bards to sea in a house of glass. We tread on firmer ground,

Their names were Pascen, Neffai, and Pabiali, born of a Spanish

mother.-

Wm. Owen,

Kambrian Biography.

The

Kymry
that

in

Pre- historic Britain.

sons
of

33

when we

are

told

the

Liethan

occupied

Menevia,

and his

Gower, and Kidwelly, till they were expelled by Kunedda Wledig This is confirmed by a poem of Howel ab Owain sons.
as

Gwynedd, who mentions Rheged and Caer-liwelydd

South Wales.

being
as

in

He

had ridden thither from Kerry.

But

Caer-

liwelydd certainly was Carlisle, and Rheged in the north of England

or in Galloway, the

Kunedda

to

their

new
in

names must have been applied by the men of settlements in Wales; as so many Welsh
Britannv,

names were revived

or Carlisle.

among them Kerdluel

tribe

or Liywel

Tacitus agrees with

the

Caesar as to the Gallic origin of

of the

the
tells

Belgae,

most

numerous

Brython.

Plutarch

how Cato
Gauls.

the elder and Sulla had red hair and blue eyes, like
still

the

The type
little

survives in

Wales.

The

Irish,

thought
better.

Plutarch, differed
(Agricola,
ii,

from the Britons, and not for the

his
all

24)

of information imperfect, pronounces

The geographer Mela, who confesses them " ignorant of

means
virtues,

and void of piety to a degree;" a charge which may turn to the

honour of the
Holies
at

Gwyddyl,

seeing

Pompey's

finding

the

Holy
infer

of

Jerusalem

void of images

made the Romans

that

the Jews were next door to atheists.

that
in

Diodorus, before Mela, notes

Scythia,

the

northern

Britons towards

and those that dwelt

Erin,

some

of them,

were cannibals.
should

Scythian

custom;

and

thence

infer

Anthropophagy was a that some of the

northern tribes (such as the Attacotti) were from Scandinavia.

Before the Britons reached their island-home, they had inherited
or invented the essentials of primitive civilization.
traditions
5.
,

Some
of

of their

resemble
,

Semitic
v,
,

records
.

antedi.

Traditions of
,*:
,

.,.

luvian patriarchs.
ship saved

primitive
a

civilizers.

XT nav Neivion, whose Nevydd J

the survivors

of a

deluge,

may
the

be

memory
the

of

Noah,

unless

the

Triad

intends

Heavenly
in

One, the

Lord of
all

lords.

Gwyddon Ganhebon,

indefinitely "

The
first

world that composed vocal song," and " whose stones had

written

upon them

the arts and sciences of the world," must,

surely, be intended for Seth, whose inscribed tablets in Egypt are

mentioned by Josephus, and whose name was borne by Sethos the

E

34

The Kymry in Pre- historic Britain.

If a portion of the Kelts traversed Egypt, they Egyptian king. would have been impressed by such monuments.

In

Idris

the astronomer I discern a

Orientals
as

known

to

the

Edris.

myth of Enoch, who is Under astronomy are veiled

stars,

the pretences of astrology.

their

Such was the knowledge of the

nature

that

he

foretold

and conditions, possessed by Idris, says the Triad, what men desired to learn. Such astronomy,
little

perhaps, Pliny was entitled to treat with

respect.

{Nat. Hist.

XVIII. 25)
of

Not
" "

so,

the simple music that soothed

ancient
to

the infancy

mankind.

The

wisdom
been

of

the

Greeks,"
to

remarks
music."
the

Athenaeus,

appears

have

chiefly

devoted

Such musical wisdom was the

Father of song,
or

endowment

of Tydain-tad-awen,

whom Owen Pughe

of Alon,

regards as the Egyptian Taaut

Hermes Trismegistus;
of

who

think was the Olen of

Lycia; and

Blegrwyd the ancient

king,

whom

Geoffry of

Mon-

mouth pronounces 'incomparable' and 'the God of music,' and whom Thomas Walsingham oddly classes with Orpheus and Nero of

Rome

in respect of voice

and

skill

in

singing.*

The connexion

of

Hu

Gadarn with the invention

it

of ploughing land has been already

noticed: but

is

difficult

to imagine

any Aryan race ignorant of

the art in the forests of the

ploughing, unless the

Kymry

had

lost

North and been barbarized into mere trappers and fishers, and Hu The Armorican S. Iltutus before had succeeded in recovering it.

A.D. 480 introduced an improved

less

method
to

of

ploughing.
continental

Many
Kelts.

important
art

inventions

were

owing
silver,

the

The
of

of inlaying

brass with

especially for the

adorning

horse-trappings was

the

invention

of

the
casks

Bituriges.
to

Others
wine,

invented

ploughs

with
ale

wheels,
to

hooped

preserve
use
in

barm produced from

enrich
land.

ferment

bread,

the
called

of

marl to
Triads

{Pliny, Nat.

Hist.)

Morddal,

the

Gwrgweilgi, the seaman, clearly a foreigner, perhaps a Phoenician,

taught the
bard of
tall

Kymry

to

work with stone and

first

lime.

Corvinwr, the
with
sails

Keri of the white lake,

made

a ship

He

calls

him Bledgabred the

Briton.

The

Kymry

in Pre- historic Britain.

35
first

and

rudder

for

the

Kymry.
Britain.

Coll

mab Collvrewy
a

brought

wheat and barley into

introduced
a mill

Coel,

grandson
mill,

of Caractacus,

with

wheels.

A
to

curious

with

wheel

partly of iron, apparently

to be seen

made

work by magnetic

action,

was
in

A.D. 1574; and the remains of such an one was found

Dr. John Davies the lexicographer.*
civilization,

Edeyrnion, says

In a higher
law,

department

of

that

of

government and
His

Menw

appears to belong to remote antiquity.

name connects him

Minos king
Prydain

with the Hindu Menu, Menes the

of Crete,

first

king of Egypt,
Persian

the Teutonic Mannus, and the

Mani.
is

ab Aedd mawr, Britannns son of Aednus the great,

said to

have

ordained an elective monarchy, answering to the Greek Hegemonia

and very much resembling the Imperial constitution

in

lately

set

up
this

Germany, where the Emperor

corresponds
if

is

Kaiser in Deutsch-land;
adopted
in

certainly

with the

rule

Keltic

Gaul;

but

Prydain,

he represents the Britanni of Gaul, as M. De Belloguet

should
not

maintains,

be

son

of

the

Aedui,

for

the

Britanni,

Ambiani, &c, were under the leadership of the Treviri. Dyvnwal Moelmud, about B.C. 400, and Bran ab Llyr, are said to have
completed the work of their predecessor.
fully

Had

the

Kymry
itself.

faith-

adhered to the

spirit

of this

constitution,

they would have

Tacitus
of

fared better.

But the

restless Keltic

nature asserted

observes that
chieftains;

the government of kings had given

result

way

to that

the

was

faction,

so

that

two or three
off a
12.)

'states'

(ciwdawd, civitates)
peril;

would rarely combine to ward

all

common
Pom-

fighting

singly,

were overcome.

(Agrico/a,

ponius Mela also notices, that, although the British chiefs were rich
in

land and flocks only, as was afterwards the case in Wales, yet

the lust of dominion and desire to extend their possessions caused

them

often to molest one another.

{III. 6.)
earliest period of their

The Kymry from the

6 The Druids, their hist religion, gods, and
J

to

have

^^
a

dominated by a
striking

mythic personages,

priestly

caste,

which

offers

resem-

See

Owen

Pughe's Dictionary under Breuan.

^6
blance to the

The

Kymry
of

in Pre- historic Britain.

Brahmins

India.

In Gaul they
less

appear to have
rule

superseded
chiefs

the
clans.

more
This
Irish

primitive

and

organized

of

the

of

sacerdotal

order
the

was

called

Derwyddon
deru\
their

or

Druids,
tree,
It

in

Draoith,

after

oak

or

sacred
rite.

without

whose

leaves

they

performed

no

religious

procured them the name

as

of Saronidae
their

with the Greeks.

as

They used the vervain

"
sings,

well

in

incantations;
"

Taliesin
sprig of

A'n maglas blaenderw

ensnared
as

warchan Maelderw,"
incantation."

oak

has

us

by

Maelderw's

They were

regarded

Augustan
Dioclesian,

the Romans, as seems clear from the a where Gallic Druias or Druidess predicts to History,

enchanters by

then

private

soldier,
tells

his

future

elevation

to

the

purple;

and from Mela, who

of

how

a college of Druid

virgins

in the isle

Sena assumed the forms of animals and procured

favourable winds to the mariners.

We

here perceive the origin of

All are familiar with their

the mediaeval fairies and enchanters.

devotion

to

the

mistletoe, and the

it.

ceremonious employment of a
sacred
isle

golden falchion to gather

Mona, then dark with umbrageous oaks, and called Ynys Dywyll, the dark isle, was the Druids' favourite residence, such must have been that famous
of

The

forest

of

Darnant

in the to

romances of Perceforest and of Lancelot,

sea

which
(Scilly).*

extended

the
tf

of

Cornwall

and

of

Sorelloys

Their place

solemn assembly in Britain was Abury in

Wiltshire, called Gorsedd-bryn-gwyddon,

hill;

in

the throne of the wizards' France "the ancient famous religious Druids" had their
at

chief

abode

Dreux

in

the

territory

of

the

Carnutes.

(Sir
Series,

Nicholas Throckmorton.

Calendar of State Papers, Foreign

in Galatia, the Gallic

June

24, 1560.)

Even

emigrants met under

Guernica.

an oak, as the

Basques
of

did

under that
assembly

of

termed

their

place

national

Dru-nemeton,

For they or Derwlore

nyvedon,

the sacred oak.

According to Taliesin, the

fresh

Druids'

must
"
says,

have

resented

the

influence

of their

forest-life.

He

Pan yw dien

gwlith,

govwy hinon,

mel a meillion,

The name

is

pure Welsh, Dar-nanl, ihe brook or glen of the oaks

The

Kymry

in

Pte-historic

Britain,

37

meddgyrn
"

meddvvon,

Addwyn

ddragon

Ddawn y Derwyddon."
and the honey and
is

When

the

dew

lies still,

and summer
full,

visits us,

trefoils,

and the mead-horns are

Druids."
all

pleasing to the prince

the

lore

of the

Caesar

tells

us that their teaching was oral

and embraced and physical

verses,

knowledge available to them, but chiefly astronomy

science.

They taught

their adepts a great

number
M. De

of
la

so

that
in

some remained
his
in

learners

twenty

years.

Villemarque

Popular
a

Songs of Britanny
in

has

preserved
scraps

a
of

Druid
matter

song
are

sung

place

Finisterre,
as
in

in

which

strung on

numbers,

the

Welsh

Triads.

The

Druid teaches the mab gwenn or

child, there are "three

beginnings

and endings to man and an oak, three realms of Merlin, yellow

fruit,

bright

flowers,

laughing infants."
ivez;

" Tri

derou ha

tri

divez,

D'ann den ha d'ann derv

melen,

Tri rouantelez-barr Varzin; Frouez o

c'hoarzin."
T.
I.

ha

bleun

lirzin,

Bugaligou

{Aurelien
57.)

De
all

Courson,

Histoire

des

Peuples Bretons,

p.

Above

the Druids taught the immortality and transmigration of souls; but

whether
psychosis

it

ended

in

Pantheism,

cannot

resolve.

The MetemTrees)
of

is

taught in the
in

Kad Goddeu
between
If

(Battle

of the

Taliesin; and

the

Discourse

Arthur

and his

nephew

Eliwlod transformed into an eagle.

the truth, a
practice
of
it

they on

this side

approached

human

sacrifices

and cannibalism was so

{Pliny

revolting, that in

Gaul

was forbidden by Tiberius Caesar.

XXX.
and
in

I.)

The motive

of such atrocity must be sought in magic

in a

supreme

effort to

procure Divine

aid, as

we

find exemplified

Mesha king of Moab sacrificing his son in his utter distress. The same motive is assigned in the Popol Vuh to the elders of
Quiche nation,
after

the

their

sufferings

in

icy
in

regions

ere

they
;

reached America.

Cannibalism

was practised
the

Erin

{Diodorus)

and

we

have

already

met

with

formidable

Attacotti

near

Glasgow.

{Gibbon, Decline

and

Fall,

&c,

Vol.
is

III. p. Jl6.)
us

gruesome example of incongruous religion

Triad, which speaks of

afforded

by the
united

Gwrgi Garw-lwyd,
against

a Caledonian

who

with

Aethelfrid

of

Northumbria

the

Kymry,
in

and

who
of

practised

anthropophagy with a singular reservation

favour

38 the

The
Sunday.
golden

Kymry

in Pre- historic Britain.

The birds of the

collars

ivhite

lake

(Adar y Uwch gwyn),

designate
all

with

about with

their

necks,

may
If

Attacottian
existed,

cannibals

decorated

the torques.

such at

we

can understand
of deformed

how

Druidic sanctuaries presented portentous images

lineaments and frightful aspect within deserted walls,

which with rugged mountains and destructive rivers were objects of

veneration to the Britons.
(Gildas.)

The

religion

of

the

Druids

in

its

primitive

aspect

closely

resembles that
itants

of the

earliest

races
us,

of

men.

The
the

ancient
all

inhab-

of

Ceylon,

Diodorus

tells

venerated

embracing

Heaven and the Sun, and generally all the host of heaven. At the feast of the Sun in May the Peruvian Yncas invoked the
Creator, the Sun, the

Thunder, to multiply the people and grant

them

peace.

[Rites of the Incas by Chris toval

De

Molina, trans-

lated by Clements
the Father- God,

Markham.)

So,

we

are told, Teutates, Duw-tat,

was the chief divinity adored by the Gauls.

Then

we have Belenus

or Belin, the sun-god, derived from the Phoenician

Belus or Baal, whose river, Avon-Beli, was a

of the
also

name

of the estuary
Gallic

Mersey, anciently Belisama,

Beli-ys-avon;

his

name

was Grannus, in Irish Grian, the Sun.

also
as

He

seems to have been

Belt
is

worshipped
God.

Belatucadrus,

Bel-y-duw-cadr,
thunder, and

the

mighty

Taranis

was the divinified

mentioned by

Lucan along with Hesus or

the
of

Hu

Gadarn, the special national god of

emigration and the author
with
the
'

Kymry,

venerated as their leader in

agriculture.

He

was

sometimes
as

identified

Supreme

Being, and

figures in

romance

Huon

of

Bordeaux

emperor of

Constantinople.'

Kama, the brave), was the Gallic Mars. In Welsh, Campus means the dexterous. Ogmios (from the Welsh Og-Hogyn, a youth, the strong was the Gallic
Irish
'

Camulus (from the

')

Hercules.

The magic
it

caldron of Keridwen denoted the renovating

Taliesin imputes his inspiration in the lines,
bair

power of Nature; to
"

Mi

a gevais
in

awen

Keridwen."

Olwen,

too,

was a Naturetrefoils,

goddess,
hair

whose footsteps sprang up four white

whose
flesh

was yellower than the flowers of the broom, and her

The

Kymry

in Pre-historic Britain.

39

whiter than the foam of the

Alvina,

wave.
Alfar

Her name,
or
elves.
(

like the

German

seems

allied

to

the

Ystori

Kwllwch.)

Gwenidw was

the

Kymric Leukothca, who

Margan was
Lake.
Or,

daily drove ashore her

white flock of waves.

a goddess of the deep

("dwywes

o annwvn;") which perhaps accounts for

called the

Morgaine

la

Faye being

Lady
of

of the

Perhaps she
possibly,

may
in

be identified with
the day-star,
as

the Persian

Peri

Merjdn.

Gwenddydd,
the

the sister
sister

Merlin,

may have
rendered
la

been adopted

romances

the

of

Arthur,
into

and

through

German

Morgen,

morning,

Morgaine

Faye, the enchantress and mistress of

Sir Lancelot.

In Italian, the Fata

Morgana gave
so

celebrity to that

lovely

phenomenon
Two

of

the

Mirage,

well
15,

described

by Father
(Sivinburnc,

Angelucci in the Straits of Messina, Aug.

Travels in the
of Evil
as

1643.

The Kymry conceived of the Power Sicilies.) female whose magic steed March Malaen conveyed
the
air,

witches through

as

the
read

Canon Law intimates

in

of

Hecate

and

Herodias,

and

as

we

the

romance

of

Cleomades.

Possibly Malaen
goddess,

came from the Latin Maligna.

wheel*

Arianrod, a starstars

was the mystic name given to the seven

Britons.
It

of Bootes

by the

signified

the

silver

Gwyn

ab Nudd,
to

Fair

son

of the

Mist,

was

the

happy

name

assigned

the

illusion of the

king of Faery {Buchedd Collcnn. Sanct. Catholicum);

rendered,
in

conceive, by the romance-writers, in

as Alberon,

German

as Elberich,

French

Auberon, or Oberon, being a translation of

Gwyn, The

the fair

or white.
as

He

is

classed

by the Triads with

Idris

and Gwdion ab Don

latter

one of the three astronomers of Britain.

seems to be Odin, borrowed from the Teutons.

is

The

milky way

his
if

burg or

caer,

Caer-gwdion, the Valhalla of the

Norsemen.

But

borrowed, he was invested with a more pleasing

imagination, and
is

character by the Keltic

found associated

with

Math ab Mathonwy
the
oak,

in

conjuring by magic out of the blossoms of

the

broom,

and

the

meadow-sweet
treats

the
as

fairest

damsel
in

ever seen.

(Mabinogion.)

Taliesin

them

enchanters,

Caer-Arianrod castrum argenteae

rotae.

-|.o

The Kymry

in Pre-historic

Britain.

company with Eurwys and Eurion, and Euron and Medron, who
perhaps were Druids living in tradition.
Galiant, "the most skilled

armourer of his time," was meant

of the Edda.
(

for

Wayland

smith, the Volundr

Ystoryau Chyarlymaen.)
minstrels and composers of poetic eulogies

The

fact that

came

next the priesthood in the Druidic hierarchy marks the antiquity

of their system,
7.

and

carries us

back to the age

si

The Bards:

their

of

Homer
science
of

He

tells

us

the
all

met with
(Odyssea,
that
of

ideal of civilization.

honour and respect among

VIII.
early
4,

men.
like

So.)

The
in

the old

Kymry,

the
that

Greeks, lay

music.

Diodorus

Siculus, B.C.

50, says
call

the composers

of lays

among
the

the Gauls,

whom

they

Bardoi,

sing praises or invectives along with instruments resembling lyres.

Robed

in

skyblue togas,

emblem

of peace

and heaven, they

also acted the

part of the Hellenic

keryx,

and sought to reconcile

Greeks,

contending
respected,

warriors.

As

among
richly

the

early

they

were

Llywarch Hen could boast of a cantrev and a hundred oxen, the gift of Rhun. Kynand
sometimes
rewarded.

ddelw

says,

Rhiryd gave him a

gift

of ruddy gold,

nothing
lai."

less.

''Kelenig rudd aur a roddai

later

Riryd,

Nym

rhoddai a vai

bard boasts, that Rhys Gryg shed his gold into the bards' lap
ripe
fruit,

like full

But the expenditure of the West was

"

neces-

sarily

mean, compared with that of ancient India.

lived
in

The Hindu-

Aryas

the

golden age.
Vasa,
"

The

gifts

of Prithousravas are

magnificent,"

says

that

generous

master has given

me

golden car."
boasts

{Rig-Veda, p. 434, translation by Langlois.)

of three

Another

of a gift

hundred horses and ten thousand cows;

style.

he was a master of hyperbolic

wealth

But mere material ease and

do not necessarily connote true civilization.

The

spiritual

must control the material.

The

most ferocious nation of America,

the Aztecs, whose imperial palace stank with

human

sacrifices,

had

the most refined taste in goldsmith's work; and their speech possessed
inflexions
'

expressing

the

respectful

style.

The Basques, Horace's

untamed Cantabrians,' have besides, a style to address children with and one suited to women. {Baudrimont, Histoire des Basques

The

Kymry

in

Pre- historic Britain.

41

primitifs, p.

195)

On

the contrary, the gentle Guanches of the

fire,

Canaries, unacquainted with wheat and the use of

were obliged

by

law

to

make way

for

every

woman

they

met.

The

Keltic

bards, too,

rose superior to

mercenary motives.

They

stigmatized

the

man who

loved his appetite, wealth, and ease as one

who was

no

patriot; they reckoned learning of equal dignity with the noblest

descent;

they declared there were three persons,

whom
little

everybody

should look upon with respect, namely, he that looks lovingly on

the face of the earth, on the exertion of art, and on
children;

and they professed their delight

in

the increase of knowledge, the

improvement of morals, and the triumph of peace over devastation and anarchy.
I

have ahead)' indicated the motives of

that

fear,

of curiosity, or of

interest

impelled

the

barbarian

nations

of

antiquity to

quit

their precarious settlements;

8.

how Lygdamis
pmverfu
'

the

Keltic migrations to the East.

K'
poured

to
his

avoid

the

more

G oths,
a

horde on the rich plains of Lydia

Palus Maeotis.

from the Kymric settlement on the

century
later,

More than

Elico or Helig, a Helvetian merchant, was employed

by an injured Etruscan to tempt an invasion of Italy by the Gallic

Kelts with
oil

the luscious bribe of

figs

and grapes, of the wine and

children of Nature eagerly

of that favoured land.

offer;

{Pliny.)

The

embraced the
the

and under the conduct of Sigovesus (Sig-was,

Bellovesus
(Bel-gwas,
in

smasher)

and

the
fertile

warlike),

Arvernian
of

princes,

established

themselves

the

plain

the

P6,

founded the grand city of Milan, and were known as the Isambra
(in

Irish

noble),

name corrupted

into

Insubres.
led

They were

followed by Gauls of

Maine and Chartres,

by Elitovius (E-llid-

wv, the hurricane),

of the

who founded
Lastly,
(a

Brescia and Verona at the expense

Boii
(in

Etruscans.

the

Irish

Buidhe,

the yellow-

haired) and the Senones

the

name

derived from Sen or Hen, the old,

honoured) pushed forward and drove the Etruscans from their

{Livy.)

settlements on the Adriatic.

Observe,

how

their princes'

names
the

still

live
is

in

existing Keltic speech.

Britomarus, a chief of

Isambra,

in

Welsh Brith-mawr,

the

great painted warrior.

42
(Livy.)

The

Kymry

in Pre-historic Britain.

And
or

Moritasgus,

king

of

the
I

Senones

(Caesar),

is

Mortagh
similarity

Murdoch, an
in

Irish

name.

know

not
of the

whether the
Bulgarians,

of sound

that

of

Omortag king
not.

A.D. 824 (Eginhard), be accidental or

A
in

portion of these Gauls, following the auguries of the flight

Adriatic,

of birds, doubled the

and scaling the Carnic Alps

settled

4.) (Justin Hungary. under their whose title captain, Italy

XXIV.

B.C. 389 the Kelts of northern

(not

name) was Brennus

anticipating

(the

brenhin

or

king)

took and
of Alaric
terror

burnt

Rome,

the

equally

transient success

and Genseric.

Meanwhile the Kelts of

princes

the

Danube
name.

inspired

among neighbouring
the

by

their

very

Belgius

(Bel-gwas,

warrior)

defeated

the

Macenot,

donian king, B.C. 278.

The

brenhin, whose name we know

followed up this success, and proceeded to attack the sacred shrine

of Delphi
in

hope of plunder; with true Gallic levity he jestingly

remarked how the rich gods should bestow on men what they had no need of. Unlike the austere Iberians of Spain, who would not
violate
ingots,
J.)

their

rich

soil,

unless
it

the

lightning
gift

tore

out

its

golden

and gave them

severe

as

were a

from God.

(Justin

XLIV.
from

hailstorm,

aided

bv

terrors of

the supernatural, the

multiplied echoes and

violation.

visions of the
fled,

gods, saved the temple

to Asia,

The

defeated Gauls

some

some

to Thrace,

seeking their Pannonian home.

of

One detachment under

strangers)

the
at

name
the

Skordiskoi

(in

Welsh,

Ysgorddion,

settled

confluence of the

Danube and the Save.

to

Another, the Tectosages,*

settlement
at

found

their

way back

their

western

Toulouse.

They were induced by a pestilence to

coveted treasures.
proverbial,
as

cast their sacrilegious store of

Grecian plunder into a lake; as the Yncas of Peru did with their
(Justin

XXXII. J.)
its

The

gold of Toulouse became

bringing ruin on

possessors.

The

defeat
it.

of the

Romans by
scholars

the

Kymry
to

in

B.C.
the

101

was attributed to
allied

Some
Teutons,

refuse

identify
defeated,

Kimbri
the

with

the

whom

C.

Marius

with

Kymry

and

Kimmerioi of

Teith-sach, from their use of the plaid or over-all, journey-sack ?

The

Kymry

in

J 're- historic Britain.

43

remote antiquity. Pliny (IV. c. 14) expressly classes them with " the Teutons as inland Germans; Ingaevones (Innwohners) quorum
pars Cimbri, Teutones," &c.

Suidas gives 'brigands' as the meanit

ing
yd,

nt
t<>

the word Kimbri, and

take or spoil; but
if

may

be of the

Welsh

root

CymmerBesides,
I

they were Germans,

why
?

are they not

included under the generic

name

of Teutons- Deutsch

have shown from Tacitus that some Kelts were intermingled with

Teutons
are

Germany; some words of their speech, preserved to us, simply Welsh yet intelligible; and it is difficult to understand
in

how

Tacitus could write that the Kimbri were in his day

'

a small

estate,

but their renown mighty,'*

if

they only formed an item in

the Teutonic nationality.

[See Appendix No. VII.]

Kelts,

Few

of

the

modern
S.

Kymry, Brezonet, and

Gael,

are

aware that the Apostle

9.

Paul addressed an Epistle to a people of

c tact.
.

their blood

The Galatian
,

settlement.

iU ably the
,

and kindred. Yet such is indubito So great an opinion was enter-

tained in the East of the dash and prowess of

the

Kymry-Galls

that

no prince engaged

in

war without Gallic

valour in his pay.

(Justin

XXV.

2.)

And

so

Nicomedes king

of

Bithynia gained their support by the cession of a province called

after

them

the

Gallic

Greece or Galatia.

The

settlers

were from

the South of France, the Tectosages, the Trocmi (Trwch-wyr, truces

'

riri,

desperadoes
array).

'),

band or

and the Tolistoboii (Tolws-tov-wyr, uproarious The leader of the first tribe was Leonorios, in

Welsh

Lluniwr,

the

marshal or

disposer.

(Strabo L.

12.)

The
most
the

name was
interesting

afterwards borne by a
traditions

Breton
with
this

saint.

One
is

of the

connected

colony

found

in

Triads of the Isle of Britain, which relate that

the

Ur Luyddawg, Ur
so

layer of
of

hosts,

Scandinavian
for

chief, doubtless of the kindred

Kvmry

Jutland,

stranger

would

not

easily

have

succeeded,

came

to Britain in the time of Gadial ab Erin (when

artifice

we

are not told), and

to go

by on one of those marauding expeditions so dear to the Keltic

" Parva nunc

procured succours of

men and

treasure

li

vitas >ed gloria ingens."

Gam.

,-,-.

44
spirit.

The Kymry

in

Pre- historic Britain.

They never

returned, but went as far as the sea of Greece,

and

settling in the land of Galas

and Avena became Greeks.

The

learned

Lhuyd

guessed Galas was Corfu; he could give no account

and he has been followed by later scholars. But the names, surely, indicate Galatia and Armenia the lesser; and the
of Avena,

adventurers went to re-inforce their Keltic congeners.

of of

Many names
One

men and
its

places

in

Galatia

support

its

Kymric
in

character.

kings, Deiotarus (Duw-tarw, the divine bull), was the subject

of

an

oration

of

Cicero.

His

treasure-castle

Bithynia

was
the

Blukion (Blwch, a box or treasury).

Brogitarus
priest

(Broch-tarw,

angry

bull)

was

the

Gallo-Greek

of

Pessinus.

{Cicero.)

Donilaus (Dyvnwal
side;

or Donald) was a Galatian prince

on Pompey's

Orgiagontis or Gwrgant, a Galatian king

(Florus); Adiatorix

was, perhaps, Aedd-twrch,

the loud boar (Strabo);

Centaretus,

Kyn-

drud, the chief brave, or

a

Kyn-dardd,

the first shot (Pliny); Poredorax,

Gaul

slain

by

Mithridates,

P6r-e-dorch, the lord of the chain or

(the crooked)

torques.

(Plutarch)
Sinetus

Camma

avenged the murder of

his
slayer

her

(Henydd ?) by poisoning Then there Hein-rhi, chief of the swarm.

husband

Sinorix, of

are

the

districts

Cammanene

or

Cam-maenan,
I

the crooked slate rock,

and Morimene

bordering on Galatia, which

would

fain connect with

Morven the

realm of Fingal.
find

(Morben or Penmawr,
Gorbeus,

the great

headland)

We

the

mountains
steep.

Gor-van,

high place,
seat

and

Lithrus,

Llethr,

the

We

have Gangra the

of king

Deiotarus,

Gann-gra, the white gravel, perhaps white- washed in Iberian fashion;

and

ask indulgence for

the

my

fancy in rendering Rosologiacum

the

by

Cwm-rh6s-g\vylla\vc,
of these

combe of

gloomy moor.

The manners

Gallo-Greeks were those of the parent

nation.

One

of

their tetrarchs kept

travellers to stay
till

open house

for a

whole year, and even caused

table.
It

they had dined at his

to

was a Gallic

custom,

says

Caesar,
to

constrain

travellers

to

tarry

and answer
towns.

questions,

and

crowd

about

pedlars

in

small

The

language of Galatia was that of the country about

fourth century, says S. Jerome.

Treves in the

Kenones was a term used by the

Montanist sectaries

in

Phrygia to denote the second rank in their

The

Kymry

in

Pre-historic Britain.

45

hierarchy, below Patriarchs but above Bishops.

Perhaps the Phry-

gians borrowed

it
I

from the Keltic Galatians.

observe that

Kynon
native

in

Welsh

is

'a chief;

and

Conon was the

name

of the

Isaurian emperor

Leo IV.

Cynon and Cynan were

'

common Welsh
a
in

names.
Galatia
nose.'

Tasgodroungitai was the name given in the vernacular of

to
(S.

certain

heretics,

signifying

men

with
snuffled

peg
like

their

Epiphanius)

Probably,

they

our

old

Puritans.

Not content with

Britain,
after

their

indigenous traditions,

the

Kymry

of

the

Roman

conquest, greedily affected

kinship

with

the Masters of the World, to solace the

10.

wounded
and posof

lne fabulous

Trojan origin of the

susceptibility of a vanquished people,

sibly

Kvmrv
They
soon

to

secure

the

favourable
this

regard

the
?

Romans.
perceived
that

How
all

was

object to be effected

the

Roman

culture

flowed

from
of

Hellenic sources; and that by the irony of events the fountain

Hellenic inspiration, the immortal Iliad, derived through the silver

tube of Virgil's melodious verse the praise of

as of its captors.

'

Troy divine

'

as well

Rome had
but

adopted the

myth

of a Trojan descent
all

through that correct

insipid

hero, the pious Aeneas;

were

ambitious of securing a fashionable ancestry; Padua adopted Antenor

the
Trojan, Lisbon the

ingenious Ulysses, for their founders; the

of Aeneas,

Kymry
the
blue

invented
shield,'

descendant
sailed

Brutus Darian/as,

'

of

who

of Albion.

How
his

from Italy and vanquished the giants deeply and how long this fable influenced the

Kymric
Hectcr

imagination

may

be

judged

and

victor

Achilles,

by the fact, that Priam, Paris, and Helena, Aeneas and

as Periv,

lulus, long lived in

Kymric speech
of

Echdor ac Achelarwy,

Peris ac Elen, Einion ac Iolo.

illion

Taliesin terms the

Kymry Gweddof

Troia,

'

relics

Troy.'

When

the

Chronicler

Strata

Florida would scatter wild flowers on the grave of the Lord

of
his

Rhys
for

South Wales, A.D. 1197, he surpassed himself, when he made

hero a match to Achilles for strength of chest,
a a

Hector

prudence,

Paris

for

beauty,

an

Ulysses

for

eloquence, and an
later,

Ajax

for

spirit.

{Brut y

Tywysogton.)

century

Arch-

46

The

Kymrv

in

Pre- historic Britain.

the

bishop

Peckham

laments,

that

Welsh wore

"

too

intent

on

dreams and
advised
bids

fanciful

visions, following

the footsteps of Brutus,

who

by Diana's whisper entered Britain by dreaming;" and them in future boast, not of the vanquished Trojans, but of

the Cross of the Lord Jesus,

Who

hath made

all

mankind one
[See

in

His

Blood.

[A.D.

1284.

Wilkins,

Concilia.]

Appendix

No. VI.]

On
known
11.

this
as

sandy foundation did Gruffydd ab Arthur, commonly

Geoffrey of

Monmouth,
to
.

erect

stately

gallery of kings

anterior

the

subjugation
the
pious

of

Britain

by the
of

The British kings

before the

R omans
critical

From
ages

credulity

un-

Roman
History,

conauest

we
Like

have

fallen

back
the

on

blank
of

scepticism.

Herodotus
as

Father

Geoffrey has
travel
is

been

branded

utterly

mendacious.

But

modern
and
it

and research have vindicated the credit of Herodotus;

that
after
all

possible

the

chronicler

of

British

kings

was not entirely fabulous.

"

Tacitus

says

expressly of the Britons,

to

Formerly they obeyed Kings; now owing

Princes they are

to

distracted

by
that

factions,

nor
not

is

any circumstance more favourable

in

us
c.

than

they do

plan

concert."

(Tacitus,

Agricola

shown that Geoffrey was possessed of 12.) Armorican monuments procured by his philo-Kymric patron Walter
Mr. Stephens has

De
4

Mapes.

It
'

is

hard

to

relinquish
so

to

the

iconoclast

those

radiant

shapes

that

have

for

long tenanted
of mediaeval

our island, that

have preceded the gorgeous

have
inspired some
of the
I

series

romance, and that

of

sweetest
will

creations

Shakespeare,

of

Spenser, and of Milton.

ious

not insist that Abaris, the myster-

Hyperborean

who

visited

Greece

in

the mythic
I

age,

was a
to

Keltic
notice

Druid, an Ivor or Avarwy.

the

But

may
with

be

permitted
history

names

that

are

interwoven

our

and

literature.

The
of

reader of Milton's
(Lloegrin),

Comus

is

familiar with Locrine

the

son
"

Brutus
her

whose

daughter

Sabrina

fled

the

pursuit
Estrildis

of

enraged

step-dame

Guendolene."

Her

mother

or

Esyllt borrowed her name from Hersilia the wife of

it

Romulus, and transmitted

to the

Yseulte or Isolda of romance.

The

Kymry

in

Pre -historic Britain.

47
writer,

Mombricius or

Mymbyr
shaft,

gave his name to an old Italian

city of Oxford.

Boninus Mombricius, and to the

bras,

Rhun
true

Baladyr-

of the

stout

was the original Sir Hudibras.

beautiful
tale

Spenser
brothers

and

Wordsworth derived the

of

the

Artegal and Elidure from the

wallo Molmutius or

Brut

of Arthal
is

and Elidyr.

Dun-

Dyvnwal Moelmud
legislation.

always acknowledged as
in

the source of

Kymric

His name lingered

Cumber1127.

land

as

Dunmail.

Donoual bishop of Alet occurs A.D.

In

(Cartn/airr de
city
'

Redon.)

Scotland

it

is

Donald.
son
Llyr,
of

Bath was the

Shakespeare*-

of

king
Lear,'

Bladud,
has

or

Bleiddyd.
a
text

His
for

King

supplied

one

the

profoundest
still

expositions

of

human
men
in

nature.

Belin and

his son

Lludd

live

on the lips of
Belin,

Billingsgate and Ludgatc.

Another son of
is

Caswallawn or Cassivellaunus king of the Cassii

recorded

in the narrative of Julius Caesar.

That wonderful man must have

Britons,
;

deeply

impressed
as

the

minds of the

for

they
in

know

the

Romans simply
style of Kelts

Kessarieid, Caesar's-men

and

the

romantic

they termed his sword Yr Angeu Coch,

assign
a

Red

Death.
far

The

Triads

cause

for

the

invasion

of Britain,

very

removed from the

It

politic

motives that dwelt in the mind of Caesar.

off

appears that
the

Caswallawn 's mistress Fflur (Flora) was carried

thief,

by Mwrchan
view
to

chief of the

Gauls of Aquitaine, with a

the
sea
to

present
her,

her

to

Caesar.

Caswallawn crossed
his

recover

accompanied
a

bv
host.

Gwanar with
but
settled

numerous
the

nephews Gwenwynwyn Most of them never returned,

"
in

and

"

among

Caesarians

Gascony,

which

retains

traces

of

their

settlement, according

to

Lhuyd

quoting Goudelin.

Goyrans, Ganelu, Guitrad, Mouric, Goudelin, are the Gascon forms

of Geraint,

Kynddelw, Gwerthydd, Meurig, and Gwythelin: among

places

names
backs;
the

of

we have

Chabanos or

in

Kymric Kevnau,
Garrigue
or
or

the

Carabodas or Kae'rbedw,

Birch-field;

Kerrig,

stones;

Vinnez or

Gwynedd; Mont-audran

Mwnt-Aeddren
the

{Mom

Adriani); and Mont-esquieu or Mwnt-yscaw,

It

mount

of

elder trees.
that the

was

in

revenge for this expedition, say the

Britain.

Kymry,
it

Romans invaded

Caesar himself

tells

us,

was

4^

The

Kvmry

in Pre-historic Britain.

in consequence of the naval aid the islanders afforded their brethren

of

Gwenet

(Vannes)

in

Armorica.

His

expedition,

though

it

stopped

short

of subjugation, yet proved to

be the

first

sweep of

the tide, which laid Britain open to future conquest.

princes,

The Kymric
before

before

the

final

success

of

Agricola,

bowed

the

Roman

Caesar, and paid a light tribute on the exports from Gaul,

"

ivory necklaces, amber, glass vessels,

and such rubbish."

(Strabo.)

Such a prince was Kunobelinus of the coins and of Roman history, the Cymbeline of Shakespeare. His name is still preserved by
Llan-gynvelin in Cardiganshire and by Plou-gonvelin near Ouimper
in

Britanny.

It

is

semi-Gaelic form of the

Welsh Pen-velyn,

and

means

yclloiv-head.

His

son

Adminius

may

be

the

later

Welsh Ednyved, though

was, the

W.

Baxter renders the name by Adhvinlips.

man

with the projecting

{Etymologicon Britannicum.)

Far better known are his other children; the maidenly grace of
Imogen, the ingenuous freedom of Arviragus and Guiderius
sylvan solitude,
in their
is

who can

forget

Enogent, perhaps from the Latin Innocentia.

The Kymric form Her

to

of

Imogen

brothers were
is

Gweirydd and Gwydyr.

the

Their

refusal

pay tribute

said

to

have occasioned the invasion under the emperor Claudius.

thought
possible
fall

Juvenal
a

of

Arviragus

from

his

war-chariot

He is said by Polydore (Satira TV.) compliment to Domitian. Vergil to have granted land at Glastonbury to S. Joseph of Arimathea. His son Meirig was the Bericus of Roman history.

CHAPTER

TIL

CHARACTER AND MANNERS OF THE EARLY KYMRY.

I

no

not

attempt

to

write
in

formal

history

of

the

Kelts

in

general, or of the

Kymry
exhibit
|.|

particular:

my
as
'

object

rather being to
to

HUM er o
Kelts

such

points

may
in

serve

interpret

ie| r character

and place
report

the

commonwealth

of

nations.

The

of

Diodorus, B.C. 50,

far

concerning the Britons was, that thev were simple, and

removed
far

from

the

guile

and

wickedness

of

modern
is,

times.

So

from

regarding the custom of polyandry, that

wife to

of a

woman

serving as

a family of brothers
as
it

(if

such custom really existed

the

among
should

them
infer

?),

proof of special

depravity in

Kymry,

that

was a survival from some remote period and a conseit

quence of some special pressure; seeing

existed

among

the most

primitive and innocent race of men, the Guanches of the Canaries.

But the custom probably obtained only among non-Keltic tribes in our island; and is the parent of the Pictish institution of succession

by the mother's
did

side.

think
of

it

must be conceded that the Kelts

to

not possess the

the

virtue

purity
a

the

extent

that

Tacitus

credits

Teutons with.
wife of

When

Roman

empress ventured to
silver),

reproach

the

Argentocoxus

(Ariant-goch, bright

Caledonian

chief,

with the immorality of her countrywomen, the

lady replied that the British

noble and

women bestowed
strangers
to

their favour on

the

the brave, and were

{Xipliilin.)

the

filthy excesses of

the Italians.

When
the

the queen of the Brigantes Cartis(Venutius) in favour of his

mandua

forsook her husband

(Vellocatus),

Gwyddno
public

esquire Kadwal G

sympathy was

enlisted

in

50

Character and Manners of the early Kymry.

spouse.*

favour of the injured

Britons'
distinctive

Nennius marks hospitality

fault.

as

the
their

virtue,

anger as their special

allied

To

simplicity and

passion

were

silly,

vainglorious
chiefs

ostentation

and excessive love of ornament.

gold
chains,
brilliant

Their
stuffs,

were

loaded

with
gold.

with
of

dyed

and plastered
was
studded
filigree

with

(Strabo)
Fairies'

The
Hill

skeleton

Benlli
a

Gawr

found
over

under
with

the

near

Mold,

with

corslet

some

hundreds of beautiful amber beads and a

based on pure
is

work

of fine gold
It

gold.

(Robert Williams, Eminent

describes a Phoenician

Welshmen)

remarkable that
gold

Homer

merchant wearing

chain

strung

with

amber.

(Odyss.

XV. 460)

When

Bituitus king of the Arverni (Bytheiad, the hound) fought against

the Romans,

it

was in a

silver car;

he had his pack of bloodhounds

with him, and boasted the foe could scarce serve them for a meal.

His envoy was escorted by gasindi glittering with gold and purple,

and beside him a bard sang to his crtvth the glory of the Arvernian
king.

[Morns.

Panlns

Orosins.)

This

levity

of

temper some-

times led to tragical results.

The Triads

notice the battles of the

Scrubs and of Arderydd in Scotland, arising from disputes about a

doe

with

young,

lap-wing,

and
"

even

lark's

nest.

"

Vetus

Britannia jugi

cruore madescit,"

Ancient Britain drips with con-

tinual bloodshed,"

became an adage.
Milton

The saying
as

applied most truly

to

the period, which

stigmatized

offering

(among the
This Keltic

Saxons) nothing but battles between kites and crows.

recklessness mingled with their notions of grandeur.

A
and

prince of
fill

Auvergne would rain his gold pieces on the

vat

public,

huge

{Posidonins, apud Athenaeum.) liquors guests. Such a scene was exaggerated by the Provencal nobles before the Albigensian crusade, when they out of ostentation sowed a furrow

with

for

his

with silver and slew their chargers.

as

Ebriety was a natural result;

when

"

men went

to

Cattraeth, a freespoken throng, the green

mead

and their poison; three hundred combatting with weapons; and after the war-shout there was the silence" of death.
their dainty
"

Pro

man to

stadia civitatis."

Tacitus, Hist. III.

c.

45.

Character and Manners of the early Kymry.

a aeth Gattraeth, oedtl ffraeth y llu, Glas-vedd eu hancwyn, a'u fjwenwyn vu;

Gwyr

Trichant trwy beiriant yn catau,

gwedi elwch tawelwch vu.

(Aneurin, Godtxini.)

When
it

Rein the Scot

(i.e.

of Ireland), a pretender to the throne of

led

South Wales, A.D. 1020,

was
" after the

on his forces to

battle,

we

are told

manner
;

of the Scots, proudly

'

and ostentatiously "

'

(yn

valch syberw)

he was

fearless,'

but

an arrogant

challenger.'
is

{Brut y Tywysogion.)
in the Triads; but

Sawyl Ben-uchel, Saul

lofty-head,

noticed

we

are also told that his arrogance led to faction

and

conspiracy

with
says,
air,

the

Saxons

against

the

Kymry.
Keltic
the

As Mr.
nature;

Matthew Arnold
the

"Just the expansive, eager

snuffing and snorting."
lively sketch

head

in

the

(On

Study of

Keltic Literature.)

of the bold, buoyant spirit of

the

Gael and their

race subdued

French descendants, rather than that of the by a

strain of melancholy.

Kymric

shrewd and honest observer in the reign of Julian, A.D.

361, describes the Gauls in a that occur even

way

that brings before the eye scenes

now

in

Keltic lands.

He

notes their

tall

stature,

red hair, and threatening eyes;

how greedy they were

of quarrels;

how

foreigners could not abide a domestic encounter,

when

a lady

with inflated neck and ponderous white arms administered kicks as

well
as
cuffs

to

her

less

adroit

spouse, quick

as

the strokes of a

catapult.
not,

Even the

voices

of

many

of them,
at

whether angry or
their fondness for

seemed to menace the hearer.

Glancing

various drinks

resembling wine, he notes with disgust the reeling

class,

motion of some of the lower

continual ebriety.
as

whose senses were dulled by

neatness of attire, where, seen
in

But he
the
all,

praises

their

in

Aquitaine,

poorest

female

was never

rags,

as
old,

elsewhere.
fortified

Above

he commends the bravery of young and

by labour and a bracing climate;

as in
Italy,

among whom
off

was never
to
I

found,

coward

who

cut

his

thumb
12.
I.)

escape
regret

military

service.

(Ammianus

Afarcellinus,

XV.

to say, that the

relating to

Roman

officer's

account

is

confirmed by the Triad

But, in

Rhore Yawr and her

sister-viragos in Britain.

52

Character and Manners of the early Kxmrv.

the
leading feature in the Keltic character appears to

fine,

me
in

to

be their indomitable love of freedom and a spirit of independence

sometimes

leading

to

deplorable

excess.
I

We

see

it

the

conduct of Seuthes the Thracian (whom

a

Kymro); banished from

his

his

would almost pronounce home, he chose the life of a marauder

another's

rather than exist a pensioner on

tively to
it

bounty,

"

looking fur-

table

like

dog."

{Xenophon,

Anabasis,

VII
fell

2.)

We
easy

see

in the long resistance the

Britons offered their Teutonic

of the of

invaders,

when the other provinces

Roman

empire

an
his

prey to the barbarians.

Giraldus

Wales notes how

kings

Kymric countrymen would speak boldly

ashamed.
the

before

and not be

This feeling goes

far

towards solving the problem,

the

why
the

Anglican

Church

(too

often

obsequious

waiter

on

providence of Kings) has to such a serious extent

of the people.

lost the

sympathy
of

Nor

is

it

absent from the mental

Abailard,

development of

such

as

Scottus

Erigena,

and

Renan.
the
the

The heresy
bardic
constraint
of

Morgan
which

(Pelagius)

proceeded

mainly
escape

from
from

influence,

Titan-like

would

fain

supernatural Power, which overruns the purposes of

Man.

M. De

Belloguet sums up the

characteristics

of the

Gallic
in

and Ligurian
the

elements

in

masterly

French and

in a lesser

They blend degree the Welsh nature.

manner.

modern

The Gauls had

a wild temper, wanted judgment, loved display, were proud of race,

frank, hospitable, simple.
raillery

The Ligurians had quick

loved

wit, eloquence,

{Tesprit

Gau/ois), cunning,

music and dancing, were

boastful (the

Gascon humour) and avaricious.

We
had

have already seen that Britain before the

governed by
Kings, rich

Roman

conquest

been

only

in

flocks

and extent of

territory.*

That form of government had given

tne
presidence
III.
6.

J1 Kelts.
xii.)

wa y

to

of

petty
Tacitus,

chieftains.

{Pomponius

Mela
its

Agricola

A
*

kingship, so precarious in

origin,

was bound to yield

Consult

for

the Welsh,
Tacitus

Giraldus;

for

the

Ligurians,

Florus

IT.

j; for the

Iberians and Silurians,

Ann.

xii.

j2.

Character and Manners of the early Kymry.

to the fluctuations of popular feeling.
'

53

The

nation of the
'

Kymry,
voice

the

voice

of country and
is

people,'

was paramount,
in

The
as

of

Triads, forming joined 'monarchy' gwernment; and the monarchy thus limited is declared in accordance with the regulation of Prydain ab Aedd Mawr, that is. the primaeval genius of the Kymric race. Not a trace is discovered of

the country'

to

the

the

Divine

right,

which

was

later

on

developed

from

Hebrew
perhaps,

sources by the Catholic clergy, not altogether unnaturally,

yet with a singular oblivion of the sinister origin of the Israelitish

monarchy under
jurisprudence of

Saul.

The
"

pernicious

refinements of the Imperial

Rome
be

were, of course,

unknown.
of

Kymric royalty
voice
of

was

declared

to

under the
'

protection

the

the

country;" and the old proverb,

Trech gwlad nac arglwydd,' 'The

is

country

is

stronger than the prince,'

cited

in

confirmation.

It

would seem indeed, that the Unbennaeth Prydain, The Monarchy

of Britain,

which was the subject of their national

the
battle,

air

which urged

them

to

was

nothing

more than the

Hegemonia of

Agamemnon
of Caractacus

before Troy; for a Triad derives the right to

command
universal

himself from

national convention

distributed into

the fragments of
suffrage.

commote and
traditions

cantrev, in a word, from

sure

Such

were

some day

to

wake up

and

disturb the creation of priests and jurisconsults.

But, although the king's right to govern proceeded

will

from the

of his free people, his

divinity

was guarded from

violation

by

minute and whimsical

rates the fine
for

penalties.

Thus the laws

of
at

Howel
a

Dda

insulting the

Prince of Aberffraw
to

hundred
with red

kine

for

every cantrev belonging

him;

a
as

white bull

ears to every

equal in
a

hundred kine; and a gold rod roundness to his little finger, and
for

long as himself and

thick as the nail of

as

husbandman who has served

were called

nine years.

The

local

primary
before

chieftains
his

Penhynaiv, chief of
or

elders.

Arthur,

elevation as

Emperor
in

Penteyrnedd, was Penhynaiv at Pen-

In Wales a chief was called Cawr, rhyn Rhionydd in North Britain Piiodawr, in Loegria Gwledig. The Pencenedyl
the North.
or chief of a clan was

bound to support one of

his clansmen; nor

54

Character
fit

and Manners of

the early

Kymry.

was he
as
will

for the
fulfill

position,

unless he possessed the power as well

to

his duty.
to

vast system of fines

and payments
to

prevailed,
state
its

invented

check eternal feuds and to secure

able to do
it

the

interest in

men

service.

Even homicide was

condoned on the principle of not crying over spilt milk, and of As Mr. Barnes well observes, " If exactness securing compensation.
of laws be a token of civilization, then

the Britons of the ninth

(Notes on Ancient

century were more civilized than the Saxons."

Britain

and

the

Britons, by Rev.

Wm.

Barnes, B.D.)

Land was
after the

held of the king, and mortuaries paid to him, pretty

feudal fashion of later times.
"

much

The mountains and

the forests the

king reserved to himself as waste, so that he might receive exiles

from beyond sea

priate the

for his

liegemen, and grant free

as

gifts,
(

and appro-

same to monasteries

eleemosynary land."

Welsh Laws.)

In Caesar's time there were

fight

men among
called

the Gauls pledged to

in

their

chieftains'
'

cause,

Soldnrii.

(Sawdwyr, from
Gallico,

Sawd,'
3.

war, battle)
are

(De Bello

VI.

Their military
system.

Th

termed b J

p J yb
i

us

Qaessatae,

probably from Gwastrawd, equerry, and denote

the semi-feudal associations of the ancient Gauls, answering to the

Gasindi under
bychain
or

the

Lombard kings
of

of

Italy,

and
of

the

Gweision

retainers

the

later

Princes

Wales.

On

the

conquest of

monk,
dislike

Wales the Archbishop of Canterbury, a Saxon and a viewing the unfamiliar and unknown with true English
distrust,

and

begged Edward

I.

"

for

God's sake to do away

with the manner of living of Wysshan bighanP

his
side

A.D. 1284.

"On

he had ordered the with-holding the sacraments of Holy

idle;

Church from the

for

that

no one

is

in

a state of salvation

who doth nobody any good."

fashion, and their
chiefs

(Registrnm Peckham)
Gallic

In the time of Caesar the Britons were armed in the

mounted on

a cowain

(covinus)

or

war-

chariot like the Hellenic heroes in the Trojan war.

Homer
arms of
!

notices

the war-chariot of
it

Rhys the Thracian king and

gold

ally of

Priam,

how
a

was

adorned
see,

with

and
for

silver,

and

his

gold,

wonder to

meet only

the immortal gods

(Iliad,

I. X.,

Chraractc and Manners of the early Kytnry.

lines

*,*.

438

441.)

Bituitus of

Auvergne fought
TIT.
2.)

in

coloured armour

on a car of
the three

silver.

(Morns

Cassivellaunus
(Triads.)

was one of

princes

with golden cars.

coral.

Their arms were

inlaid with gold

and

Boadicea, as well as the Gaul slain by

their

Manlius

Torquatus,

wore

golden

linked

chain

or

torques.

Poor Llywarch could boast of having had twenty-four sons, leading " Pedwar meib ar ugeint chiefs invested with the golden chain:
a'm
buvn'.

Eurdorchawg

tywyssawg

unbyn."

Such

must

have

been the chain Joseph wore in Egypt.

the Tyrian dye,
as
it is

As the Gauls could

furnish

likely they painted themselves with vermilion

Camillus

did

in

triumph
brave
in

(Pliny
his

xxxii.

2,

xxxiii.

/,

7),

and
says

resembled an

Indian

war-paint.

The

Britons,

Mela, stain their

other reason
says
is

bodies with glass, whether for ornament or uncertain.

(III. 6.)

some

The

better

informed Pliny

they did

it

with glastum
cavalry of the
behold,

or

woad producing a blue dye.

opposed to Marius, B.C.
covered

(Nat. Hist.)
10
1,

The

Kymry

was

fearful

to

with their helmets

with

the

grinning jaws
(Plutarch.)

of

wild

beasts

and
was

surmounted with

birds' wings.

Gallic

chief

named Athenomarus
Ben-asgell,

or

Adain-

mawr,

The great wing; and Keindrech

of the

winged

head, occurs in the Triads.

to add to their martial

This monstrous head-gear was adopted

effect.

Sometimes, a chief

like

the Kelt-

Iberian Salondicus (Alawn-dig,

as

angry music

?)

shook his

silver spear

one inspired by Heaven, and so won confidence.

(Kwllwch)
they
loved

(Florus).
inlaid

In

the Mabinogion Kulloch

waves his
loud

silver

spear.
terror.

Like

Queen
the

Elizabeth

music,

inspiring
225,

When
such
a

Kelts advanced

towards Rome, B.C.

we
all

are
at

told

that besides unceasing horns

and trumpets,
that

"

there rose

once
roar

concert

of

bellowings,
I.

the

earth

seemed
ages

to

emulously."

(Polybius

II.)

Froissart,

long

afterwards,

says, their kindred Scots

at

made such
hell

a noise in playing their horns

loose.*

night,

it

seemed

as

if

were

let

* "II
fius,
I.
c.

sembloit, que
iq.

tous les grans

diables d'enfer fussent

la-venus."

Chroni-

56
It

Character

and Manners
if

of the early

Kymry.
(as

would be strange,

an insular nation, holding relations

least

we have

seen) with the Scandinavians, at

with the

Kymry

of

Jutland,
"

was not possessed of ships whether of

war or

commerce.

Caesar

was astonished at

the

powerful navy of two hundred and twenty vessels, which the

Veneti of Armorica opposed to the Romans.

to aid them,

Caswallawn was sent

Gaul.

and his nephews chose to

settle in

The Triads
as

mention Geraint and March (both Devonian or Cornish princes)

owners
evident
of
fleets

of

120
in

ships, with

120

men

in

each
!

ship;

an

exaggeration

view of that of the Veneti

And

Dolor

son of the king of Man, with two others, appears as owner of a

pirate
fleet

(Llynges

cynniwair).

The

British

intercourse

with

Ireland and Armorica seems never interrupted.

Strabo says the

huts protected
5.

cities

of the

Britons were 'the

bush;'

mere
Kaer-

bv palisades or earth-works.
life.

Such
,.

was the

verlam of Kaswallawn; such the hendrev of the

Their rural

Kymry,
drove their flocks to the
this

their winter

.,,

, , home, distinguished from

..

the havotty occupied only during the

summer months, when they The Irish still kept up upland pastures.
century.

practice

in

the

seventeenth

They

"

removed, with
is

their tenants

and

cattle,

from one place to another, where there

conveniency of

grass,

water, and wood; and there

having built a
till

house, which they do

completely in

an hour or two, they stay

thev want grass, and then dislodge to another station."

the

Such are
and

mayens of the

Swiss
of the

Alps
Irish

even

now.

The

sweetness

nourishing quality
rocks
is

grass growing between

as

limestone

noticed by
6.

Pomponius Mela

well

as

General Ludlow.

(Me/a, III.

Ludlow, Memoirs,

I. pp.

327, 365)

The Triads mention

herdsmen
in
Siluria,

three national shepherds and three national

to the

Mona, and Tegeingyl, who, according

primitive custom of the

Kymry, looked
and

after

as

many
each,

flocks of a

whole

tribe,

120,000

sheep,

20,000

herds

with

the

assistance of

300

slaves,

under the protection of the nation.

life,

This

was their ancient pastoral

herds

made

their owners princes.

coming from times when flocks and Such was Abraham in the eyes

Character and Manners of the early Kymry.

of the Hittites;

57

and Mesha the king of Moab was

still

'

a sheep-master.'

Something of
to pasture
in

it

survives in

those vast flocks that are driven

the high Alps,

the snowfields into

when the magic of summer converts sweet pastures of emerald verdure. The Britons
no corn, according to Caesar, but fed on
1

dwelling

inland
flesh.

raised

milk and
to

But

doubt the accuracy of his information as

the corn.

The

strange
before

myth

of Coll

map

Collvrewi seems to

belong to times

long

waran Dal ben crosses the sea

in

Caesar, where a mystic sow of Dalland deposits wheat in Gwent, barley

Dyved,
to

rye

in

Lleyn.
to
a

which

Dr.

Owen

Pughe

ingeniously
ship,

supposes

point

foreign,

probably Phoenician,

which

imported these things into Britain.

reared poultrv and hares
for their

{Cambrian Biography.)
pleasure,

They

but ate them not; the

reason

in
is

the latter case being the polluted fecundity of the hare,

mystically expounded in the Epistle of S. Barnabas as the

which

reason for the

Mosaic prohibition of

it.

The
of their

women, though they were much at the mercy husbands, and had to perform labour more suited to men,
condition of

was yet superior to that of proud Rome.

shared with their husbands in a

They
stock,
If
to.

women.
which the survivor was
they

common
as
in

finally entitled

were

not

the

objects

of

a
as

sacred

esteem,

among
Gaul,

the

Teutons,

some

among
oracles

them,
of the

the

priestesses

were

consulted as the
were,

gods:

Boadicea and
invested

Cartismandua
the

among

the

Loegrian

Britons,

with
of

supreme
died in

authority: and

when Conan Tindaethwy prince

to

Gwynedd
of

A.D. 817
secure

without male heirs, his daughter Esyllt was entitled to

sceptre

the

her

husband

Mervyn king

the

isle

of

Man.

The
clay with

domiciles
a

of the

Kymry

were mere huts of timber and

pointed roof.

Late in the ninth century, Howel Dda

in

convened a national council

7.

his

Ty Gwyn
.

Domestic ar Dav, the white timbered house on the Taff. manners: domiciles; _ . _. r Even in the fifteenth, the advance is only trom home-life
,
,

wattles to whitewash; a Lancastrian bard sings,

58

Character and Manners of the carlv Kymry.

" Iddo vo

mae neuadd

valch,

Ac yn wengaer gan wyn-galch; Ac o gylch og)-lch hon

i

Naw
"

o arddau yn wyrddion."

To him
nine

belongs a gay
.

hall,

white-walled

with

fair

lime

(\cvkoI

(ltto(tti\/3ovt<; a\ci<f>a.To<s
it

Homer:
are
23,

Odyss. III. 408), and round about

gardens

that

green."
1

(Lewys

Glyn

Cothi)

The

account given,
home-life in
"

January

3,

by a Venetian attache, of the

London

quite corresponds with that of the old

" the houses are all of

Kymry.
Aloft, at

In England," he reports,

wood.

the

window-sills, they put rosemary, sage, and other herbs.

Over

the planked floors they strew rushes, every ten days a fresh layer."

{Calendar of State Papers, Venetian Series)

of vegetable matter was only

This pestilential heap

I learn

removed on Easter Eve,

from

Caxton.

Llywarch Hen lamenting

"

over the ruined hearth covered

with

ants sighs,

saying,

Mwy

gorddyvnasai babir gloew

chy-

veddach cywir;" "More congenial were the shining rushes with a

true banquet."

They

sate

on rushes; "a youth was seen

sitting

on a seat of green rushes."

("Yn

eistedd ar
slept

demyl

o ir-vrwyn."
for

Mabinogion)
" the told, that

Even the Kymric king

groom
of the chamber's

on rushes;

we

are

nawdd

or right of affording

protection from arrest was from the time they go to gather rushes,
until they

have finished spreading the king's bed with rushes, and

(

have covered him with clothes."

step

Welsh Laws)

It

was a long

from
the

this

rude simplicity to the luxury of the Normans, from

learnt to bestow on
'

whom
Urien)

Kymry
The

the emperor
linen.

'

Arthur a bed

of scarlet, and fur,

and
of

velvet,

and

fine

(Ystori

Owain ab

court

Howel

Dda united

the

Saxon coarseness

with some strange reminiscences of the

court

Roman

empire.
of

While the
banquet,
into the

blacksmith

was

entitled

to
first

the

delicacies

the

which are
hall;"
in

specified to be "the

liquor that shall

to

come

and the troediatvg or footman was

from the time he
sits

hold the
till

king's feet

his lap

at

banquet

bed-time
Scott
in

(a

circumstance
'

which
;

has

not

escaped
sit

Sir

Walter
hall,

his
his

Betrothed

')

the

porter

was not to

in the

but upon

Character and Manners of the early Kymry.

knees to perform his business with the

59

king; and the torch-bearer

was

to

hold
It

the

torch

before

the

king

when
bells,

at

meat.

{Welsh
servants

Laws)
sat

was the custom to strike seven

royal
table.
(for
it

when the
called

at

the

S.
is

Paul

Aurelian's

bell,
is

by the
at

Bretons Hir-glas

long and green),

S.

still

preserved
bell

the cathedral of S. Pol de Leon.

called

David's

miraculous
"

was

that beautiful Ban-gu; S. Iltutus even coveted a brass bell, tor ale than Ca more (Sane gold." thallium, pp. lJJ precious thing At a court of Llewelyn ab Iorwerth were golden bells, 43"J.)
unless the bard deceives us:
"

Mae Mae

llys

yn RhAs

Yair,

BUM

llyn,

eur-gluch,

mae Arglwydd Llewelyn."

perceive in Xenophon's amusing account of the dinner given

to

him and other Greek

music.

captains by the Thracian prince Seuthes,

the earliest narrative of a Keltic entertainment.

8. Festivities,

Tu

Ihey

sate

/;/

, a circle; tripods

of

carved meat

and loaves skewered together were brought, which vSeuthes tossed

to his
guests,

saving

that

one

Arystas

an

Arcadian,

dreadful

hand
and

at eating, dispensed with the

distribution and helped himself,

of the

ate

off his

knees
full

to the

amusement

company.

The
their

servitors

bore horns

of wine to the guests

who pledged

host

and made him presents.

Lastly

came music with horns and

in

trumpets,
buffoons.

and military vaulting or dancing, and there came

The

Hir-las

horn of mead

inspired

the

princely bard
fools

Owain Kyveiliawg; the amusement

buffoons long lingered in England.

afforded

by privileged

or

'My
John

lord of Canterbury's fool'

in

formed part of the

century.

state

of
vii.

Archbishop Abbot
c.

the seventeenth
s

{Anabasis
to a

L.

j.

Chamberlain

Letters.)

We
sat,

owe

Greek philosopher the

table

earliest

description of a Gallic

dinner.

The

was round,

like

king Arthur's.

All the guests

first

arranged according to their personal distinction;

the

the chiefs,
their

next

ambacti or feudal retainers behind them

If

bearing

lances.

these

were of bright

steel

or

brass,

they must

have

made

grand show, such as Dr. Schweinfurth witnessed in Africa,

60

Character and Manners of the early Kvnirx.

of

when rows
magnificent

dazzling

lances,

'

all

of

pure

copper,'

formed

background to a royal throne. {Heart of Africa, II and a quantity of roast and 4J.) The boiled meat on plates of wood or earthen ware or silver.

They were served with bread

a

attendants

frequently

plied

goblet

of

wine

or

beer

or

mead.

After meat they indulged in a sham-fight,

which, as

soon as their
,

blood was up, grew terribly earnest.

(Posidonius

apud Athenaeum

L. IV.

c.

ij.)

Enough has been

in

said to show, that the Kelts were

art

more

advanced
diet,

the

culinary

than

the

Teutons,
fresh

whose

ordinary

says

Tacitus,

was

wild

fruits,

game,

and

curded milk, and a drink of barley "corrupted into a resemblance

to
as

wine."
well as

(Germania
Germans,
to

c.

2j.)

know

not,

whether, with Gauls

keep on drinking day and night brought

flood of liquors

no disgrace (Ibid c. 22); but the Welsh festivity was marked by a and tuneful song ("lliv gwirodau a llavar gerddau.")
(D. ab Ieuan Ddu.)

Well, a

full

table,

good wine, and song made

up Ulysses'

ideal
refer

of
to

happiness.
a

[Odyssey,

IX.

7.)

The laws
Ebestyl,

of a

Howel Dda

ceremonious cup,

Givirawd yr

draught in honour of the Apostles;

which we may presume

'

was
of

something
S.

analogous to the
in the south of "

wine drank formerly

for

the love

John

'

Germany.
sings

The

potations, however, were

"

excessive.
it

Owain's
!

liquor,"
clear

goes

round

Of

how incessantly Kynddelw, wine without stint, and of sparkling

mead;

all

out of the buffalo's horn."

Gwirawd Ovvain
.

mor vynych
cyvrgoll,
oil."

ei

harvoll

O O

win cyvrgain, nid

vedd: o vuelin

That intoxication was a matter of course

surprise
liquor."
at

is

clear

from Xenophon's
like

Seuthes'

rising

from table

"

no

ways

man

in

(Anabasis, ubi supra.)

arrant

And
the

the Triads consign to infamy

Geraint,

the

three

drunkards,

Silurian

Seithenyn

of

Demetia, and the Loegrian Vortigern, whose misfortune deepened

into crime.

But

the music favourably distinguishes the Kelts

from

the Teutons.

The barbarian harp and

the British

chrotta, crivth.

Chm mtrr
or guitar are natus,
lib. 7.

unit

Minimis of

the early

Kymry.

t>\

mentioned
carm.
8,

in

the sixth century by Venantius

Fortu-

in

Gaul;* and as the Saxon pirates had no

humanizing tastes, when they settled in Britain, we may safely conclude they acquired some skill in music from their Kymric foes
in

the

intervals

of

peace:

for
in

Bede

says
it

that

all

guests

were

expected to sing to the

harp
S.

turn, as

was passed
skilled

round the

company.

{L. IF.

24.)

Dunstan

was

on the harp as

well as in designing patterns for embroidery.

For the outward aspect of the Kymry, Caesar says they wore skins (surely, not necessarily undrest, perhaps furs), and shaved all
but
Q
T^fPQQ *L
ft
1

the head

and

lip.

Transalpine Gaul had

t"n

learnt to produce the Tyrian dye

and

all

other

Kymry.
L. xxii.
c.

hues to adorn their clothing.

{Pliny, Nat. Hist.

2.)

The

British

nobles rejoiced in their gorgeous plaid

and

solid

torques of gold.

'The

coat of

many
for

colours' gladdened

Jacob's eyes

on

his favourite son;

and divers colours of needle work

the necks of them
primitive
nations.

on both sides Sisera's mother deemed meet

that take the spoil.

This taste

is

universal

in

The
of

Spaniards, says Peter Martyr of Anghiera, found the natives Yucatan in vestures made of cotton of divers colours. {Decade
Sir Richard

III. p. 149.)
of Araucania

Hawkins, A.D.

1594, says, the Indians

in colours,

wore "cassockes most curiously woven, and

sides

and on both
Hall in
in

alike."

{Observations,
in the

&c,

/>.

98.)

Capt. Basil

181 b

saw many dresses

Loo-choo islands resembling

every

respect

Highland
'

tartans.

A
'

passage

in

the

Brut

Tywysogion, citing
with
jewels,

purple
a

vestures

(porfforolyon
for

wiscoed)
or

along
red

may imply

predilection

crimson

deep

clothing.
stripes in

Tacitus remarks
their linen.

how the German women Red is still the garb of the

affected purple

British soldier.
yellowin

In the
velvet
dress

Dream

lined

Rhonabwy, a knight's mantle is of with green silk; "and that which was green
of
steed's

his

and his

trappings was as green as the leaves of the

* "

Romanusque

lyra

plaudat

tibi,

Barbarus harpa, Graecus Achilliaca, chrotta

Britanna canat."

62

Charaiter and Marniers of

the early

Kymry.

pine tree, and the yellow such as that of the flowers of the broom:"
while
in

the

tale
set

of

Gereint,

though

his

surcoat

of
of

velvet

and
are

cordovan

shoes

with

amethysts

and

pommels
is

gold

borrowed from the

as

later

gorgeousness of chivalry, he
Kelts.

yet described

bare-limbed

like

the

The
"

Dream

of

Macsen

Wledig
his

(Prince

Maximus) describes
gold
rings

a hero

with bracelets of gold on

a

arms,

many
a

on his hands,

chain

of gold

round his

neck, and

diadem of gold on

his head supporting his hair,

and

lordly state was his."

this

Centuries of privation and poverty reduced

magnificence.

Giraldus

Kambrensis

describes

Kenewric

ab

Rhys, son of the Prince of South Wales, as he met the Archbishop

in

the

wilds of Elennith,

"clad in his country fashion

in

a thin

cloak and

tunic only, his bare legs

and

feet regardless of thorns

and

briars;" but he

"was

fair

and

tall

and had yellow curly hair," and

he possessed what was better than gold, a "great natural dignity,

with
little

aid of art."

Later on

the

Kymry

in

Wales seem

to

have conformed to the fashions prevalent in the powerful English

court.

An
or

old

englyn

describes

Prince
in
ei

men'

Gweision

bychain

dressed
tal

Llywelyn with his tall green and white: "Mae

Mil myrdd

'

arglwydd Llywelyn,

gwyr

yn
'

ganlyn,

mewn

This livery of green and white recalls Philip gwyrdd a gwyn." De Commines' mention of troops vestus en verd.' Green was the
colour

by the young; afterwards by the commons, who For example, we read could not assume the chivalrous scarlet.
affected

that

"

the Maior of
in greene,

London with the aldermen

in

scarlet,

and the

commons
Tower
It

brought K. Edward IV. from Lambeth to the

of
is

London."

{A.D. 1461.

Stowe.)

very remarkable

how

the
all

Britons,

like

the

Etruscans,

Hindus, and old Siberians, burnt

that was dear to the departed,

down
"
'

to animals, in one holocaust.

Sometimes

survivors would willingly share the funeral pile

of those they loved, to partake

with them of another

life.

(A/e/a,

III.

2.)

Carneddau

or

large

heaps

of stones

marked the

spot

where the ashes, or sometimes the inhumed remains, were deposited;

a

custom which grew into disrepute, when Christianity prevailed.

CHAPTER
Although

IV.
KMI'IRK

THE KYMRY UNDER THE ROMAN

about a century elapsed from the imperfect attempt on

all

Britain by Caius Julius, the ablest of

ful
1.

the Caesars, to

its

success-

reduction under Claudius the most stupid of

i

Supposed
kings.

succession of British

them the comp

ky every
tie

ete subjugation

of Gaul,

bound

of religion

and of race with the

islanders, could not but seriously affect their

hope

of maintaining their freedom.

interval the

Accordingly we find that during that

at
least

Kymric

chiefs,

in

the

south, tried

to escape

the

ruthless
its

maw
the

of the

monstrous Empire by paying voluntary

is

tribute to
or

Prince.

Such

the tradition respecting Cunobelinus

Cynvelyn,

yellow-head
as
'

',

about

A.D.

40,

whom

Shakespeare
of

has

immortalized

Cymbeline.'

And

the

discontinuance

tribute

by

his

son
to

Arviragus

or

pretext

afforded

Rome

for

her

Gweirydd may final attack on

have

been

the

Britain.

The

testament of Prasutagus or Brasydog king of the Iceni, by which

he vainly sought to ensure protection

Boadicea
at

for
is

his

more famous widow

the hands of the Emperor,

another example of that

feeble policy

which afterwards became proverbial, the Saxons' policy

Danes.
Tacitus remarks that the Britons cheer-

of

buying

off the

fully

underwent the taxation and duties imposed by the Empire,

injuries
for

"

if

were

absent

"

an

important
English
in

proviso,

so

painfully

neglected
Kelts.

centuries

by the

their

treatment of the

{Agricola.)

A
the

succession of native
of their

Kymric

princes, maintaining a claim

on

allegiance

countrymen during the four centuries of

Roman
I

dominion, has been conjured up by enthusiastic Cambrians. should deem it impossible, looking to the stern and jealous

64
character
regal

The
of the

Kvmry under

the

Roman

Etnfire.

Roman Emperors
supplied
us

throughout.
of.

Any
in the

pretender to
instances of
are
of

rights was speedily disposed

Besides,

imperial
military

pretenders,
adventvirers

by

History,

they

always
foreign

unconnected

with

the

Kymry,
True

extraction, bearing of Gessoriacum;

their

names equally

foreign.

Carausius was a Belgian

it
is,

Maximus, an Iberian of Spain.

as

that

names were cherished

successful

rebels

against

hated

domination; and that the

later

Welsh
Even

princes ambitiously claimed

so,

descent from the great Iberian.

the imperial dynasties of

Habsburg and of Hohenzollern

Swabian
foreigners.

trace their descent

princes,
as

from Swiss and

under
the

Such

British

occur

Empire, appear to have been only petty chieftains allowed, perhaps,

some precarious sway, where the military communications

of the

Empire were yet imperfect.

ianity

Lies ab Coel,

who
his

introduced Christvassalage
if

from
he

Rome,
was

betrays

by
of
to

his

name

to

the

Empire;

Lucius

son

Coelius.
his

And
in

the

glorious
is

Caractacus

(Caradog) returned

hut

Britain, there
is

no
as

record of his kingly pretensions; while his grandsire

'

marked

Llyr Llediaith,

of barbarous speech.' of

The Imperial government

of

Rome
to

pursued a logical policy in

cliffs,

reducing the mvsterious island of white

corps
2.

which had formed

provincials
of

reserve

the

Gaul.

Roman

occupation of Britain

ike the

Samnites and Gaul

in

the Briton5 had

alone

no endurance
was
ians,
terrible.

battle.

Their charge

What

in fact

could be expected from naked barbar-

headed by a few gold-bedizened chiefs

against

mounted on
troops,
?

obsolete

chariots,

the steady discipline of

Roman
south

who had
In thirty

not yet forgotten the traditions of Rome's palmy days

five

years

(A.D.

43

78)

the

whole

of

Britain

had

been

reduced by a series of able generals.

Aulus Plautius subdued the

Britons in the south-east, Vespasian the Belgae in the south-west, Ostorius

Scapula

the

Silures

of

South

Wales under the noble

Caradawg; Anglesey was reduced by Suetonius Paulinus, the Brigantes or

able
hill tribes of

Yorkshire by Petilius Cerealis, the indomitJulius Frontinus and Cneius Julius Agricola.

men

of

Wales by

The Kymry under

the

Roman

Empire.

65

Their resistance and the energy of Agricola have been immortalized

by

his son-in-law Tacitus, the

I

first

among Roman

historians.

am engaged in tracing which preserve the unity of the Kymric race, as it Let me here point out how emerges from the waves of Time. It took the Saxons they had profited by the Roman domination.
not composing historic annals; but the features

am

one hundred

and

fifty

six years

(that

is,

A.D. 457

613, from
fell

the

battle of Crayford,

when the Britons abandoned Kent and

back

on

action
off

London [Saxon Chronicle], to the Gweith Cair Legion, the of Chester, when Aethelfrid took Chester and thereby cut
communication
to of

the

the

Kymry
east

of

Wales and those

of

Cumbria)

win and hold England

of the

Dee and Severn.

Even two

centuries passed, ere the West- Welsh were driven out of

Devonshire.

The

principal events that

mark

the period before the

reign of Constantine appear to

a vallum of turf

be th? construction by Hadrian of between the Frith of Solway and the river Tyne, A.D. 120, afterwards rendered in stone by Severus, A.D. 208; and

that of the

Wall
A.D.

of

Antoninus between Kinnoul and the mouth of

the Clyde,
afforded,

146.

How

feeble a defence

such primitive
declined,

walls

when
proved

military

courage

and discipline

was too
of

painfully

by the event.

But upwards of

forty cohorts
districts,

Barbarian auxiliaries were settled in the northern

pally near the

princi-

Roman

walls: e.g.

Tungrians brought

in

by Agricola

to carry

on the war against Galgacus or Gwallawc the Caledonian,

Castle

whose descendants continue stationed near

&c.

Cary, Cramond,

{Palgrave, History of the English Commonwealth, pp.

354

6.)

In the early period of the

Britain were governed

Roman

occupation the five provinces of

by Praetors. The cities were nine colonies, governed on the exact model of Rome; two Municipal cities, Verulam and York, possessing the Roman citizenship and the right
of self-government;

and
In

ten

Latian
decline

cities

who

could

choose

their
all

own

magistrates.

the

of

the

Empire

they

were

invested with equal privileges; and Nennius has transmitted to us a

list

of

twenty

eight

cities,

whose

British

names

prove

the

tradition of their former

importance.

The Kymry, who gradually

66
retired

The
to

Kymry under
of of

the

Roman
by

Empire.
of

the

mountains
if

Wales,

force

circumstances,
of

retained
ancestral

little,

aught,

the

internal

economy

those

their

cities.

preserved

in

But we may be sure that the main idea was those corporations that fell under the Saxon yoke.
of

The Mayor and Aldermen

origin

modern English
of

cities

derive their
creations,
as

from the

Senate
their

or

Curia

those

Roman
styled

presided over by

Principal,

afterwards

Count.

And

the

various

Guilds of the

City of

London came down from the

Colleges or incorporations of artificers, which, possessing a

common

property and a

common

fund, were empowered to regulate their

These corporations were by the enactment of bye-laws. For the Decurions or members of not without serious drawbacks.
affairs

own

a city Curia

were personally and individually

in the quota of taxation

liable

to

make good
city;

any deficiency
the

assessed

upon the

and

the Colleges of operatives were linked to their avocations by caste,

so

that

employment
his

of

handicraftsman
suitor

descended
obtain

to

his

children,

and

daughter's

could

only

her

by
that

wedding the trade of her family.

times attached to
land
as
villani,

Besides caste, they were

in
fact,

some-

as

serfs.

find

James

I.

granted manumission to John Williamson, miller, a bondvillein,

man and
releasing
State

regardant to the
his

manor
as
late

of

Gymingham
A.D.
Sir

in Norfolk,

him and

children,

as

1604.

(Cal. of

Papers)
the

The incomparably
position
villages.

learned

Francis
Irish

Palgrave

illustrates

by the practice of the

(Palgr. pp.

Kelts
last

and of
instance

certain

Hindu

jjj,

4.)

The

exhibits the unity of the

it

Arya

race under the most distant climes;

would seem by S. Paul's taking up his residence with though Aquila and Priscilla "because they were tent-makers," that this
system obtained in other parts of the East.

Under Constantine the government

to
the

of the island
at

was committed

Vicar of the Britains, residing

York; while under him

the three southern provinces of Britannia Prima, Britannia Secunda,

and Flavia Caesariensis were administered by Presidents, and the two northern, Maxima Caesariensis and Valentia by Consulars.

The importance

attached to the possession of Britain

is

shown, not

The Kymry under

the

Roman

Empire.

67

only by the presence and death at York of two emperors Severus and Constantius Chlorus, but also by the glowing eulogy pro-

nounced on
ch.

it

by the orator Eumenius (Gibbon, Dec/, and Fall,

XIII.) and the splendid remains of vanished luxury that distinguished Caerleon in the time of Henry the Second. (Giraldus

Cambrensis)
(by Wroxeter,
of public
their

Not only the

cities,

but even towns like Uriconium

Salop) could boast of the special

Roman
in

indulgence

baths.

The

British

provincials

adopted the religion of

masters;

glory of a

Latin

the legendary Trojan origin; they incorporated a large proportion of terms in their stubborn Keltic speech, especially terms
participate
objects

they were anxious to

denoting

(such

as

bridges,

military

walls,

&c.)

borrowed
all

from the Romans;

and the

Catholic

Church introduced

the

words that denote the new ideas rendered necessary by the adoption
of the Faith. of the strong
in

Traces of classic lore are

still

discernible.

Gwgon
to

hand emulated the

of

exploit of Sisyphus;

Culhwch trod
May-leaves
British

the

steps
his

Hercules;
like

Mel was
Pluto;

lurked

in

the the

abduct

mistress

March

was

Midas;

everything he touched he turned into gold, but his ears were those
of a horse;
of the
later

Nynniaw and Peibiaw were the Neptune and Phoebus The names of persons prevalent under the classic poets.
are abundantly represented in the British history long of the
to

Empire
the

after

retirement

Romans,

however strange and even

chiefly

uncouth they
earlier

may seem
history.

moderns acquainted
after
fair

with

the

Roman

Yet

deductions, the fact

remains

that the Imperial

izing

government never succeeded thoroughly in Latinas

it

the Britons,
its

did the
as

Gauls.

When
sole

the hour of

trial

came,

system

vanished
in

by

magic;
as the

Ambrosius Aurelius

or

Emrys Wledig

appears

Nennius

remaining teyrn of
his father

Roman
the

origin;

according to his
of the

own

statement,

was a

consul (or Count)

Romanic

nation: and I suspect that, where

Romanized

natives escaped the sword of the

Saxons, they, like

their

Gallic brethren,

were soon merged

in

the

denomination of

the conquerors.

But greater

vitality

lingered in the military

traditions

of the

68

The Kymry under

the

Roman

Empire.
of three

Empire.
3.

The

Military constituted a distinct estate

vinces,

pro-

governed
.

respectively by the

Count of

The Roman

military administration

Britain, the Count of the Saxon shore through.

(jU *

Britain,

and the

Duke

of the

Bntai/is,

who were
manders of the
the second from
soldiery.

the magistrates as well as the comfirst

The

bore sway in
in

South Britain;
to the Portus

Branodunum (Brandon
The

Suffolk)

Adurni (Shoreham in Sussex); the third had charge of the

Walls in the north.
held lands

Roman

soldiers of the Borders, called Limitanei,

upon

condition

of

military

service,

which approached

the feudal tenures of the Middle Ages, and appear to have been

adopted as the basis of the defensive system of the Empire.

The

duty of bearing

arms was inseparably connected with the property,

Again, territories were ceded
Vandals,
find Thrac-

and descended from father to son.

to the barbarian Laeti (Lueti-leod) on similar conditions.

Marcomanni, and Quadi were

ians
at

settled

in

Britain.
at

We

Maglona (Machynlleth) and Moors

Batavians,
"

Aballaba

(Appleby);

elsewhere
Taifalic

Dalmatians,
'

Spaniards, and
of the

even Syrian and

lived apart

cavalry,

The

Guests

'

Romans

from

the
their

other

inhabitants in distinct communities, owing obedience to

chieftains, themselves subordinate to the general military

own
Thus

administration of the Empire."

{Palgrave, p. JSS-)
in

was

the

island

held

subjection,

in

the

districts

traversed by the great roads constructed by the soldiery, the strata

viarum,

still

denominated
the

'

Ystrad
of

'

in

Wales; and the Sarnau or

wife

causeways,
in

bearing

name

Helena,

of

Maximus,

who

Welsh tradition becomes the daughter of Euddav or Octavius of

On the other hand, the flower of the Segontium (Caernarvon). Kymric youth was drafted abroad to serve in foreign countries,
according to the
the English
wise plan
of

which avoided blunders analogous

to

employment

Hindu sepoys

in

their

native country.

The

Notitia Dignitatum utriusque Imperii, the official blue-book of

the Empire, marks

regiments of Britons serving in

Arabia.

Illyricum,

in

Thebais, and
the

(if

I mistake not) at Petra in

Laetic

infeoffment

remained

Something of among the Kymry; for we are

The Kymry under

told

the

Roman

Empire.
the

69

by Howel

Dda, that the

lands, that

king

reserved

mountains

and

forests as waste

he might be enabled to receive foreign

exiles as his liegemen.

The

Britons long retained traces of

left

Roman

discipline.
left

When
samplers

the Imperial troops finally

of
4.

Britain,

A.D. 418, they

,

Roman
.

tactics
.

managing arms to guide the wretched proA r r vincials, as they bade them farewell for ever.
,

...

[Gildas,
esora,
4

Hut. XIV.)
leaders

At the

battle of Cerdic-

A.D. 514, the British

marshalled their troops finely

according to the rules of war/ says Huntingdon; they displayed

skill

and caution; and

shields

as the rays of the

relic

rising sun

smote on their
they
struck

golden

(another

of

Gallic

ostentation),

terror into the Saxons.

Again, A.D. 556, this writer,

who

appears

possessed of authentic
in nine
lines,

information, notices the array of the Britons

'

Roman
Britons

and the archers, pikemen, and cavalry disposed by ordinance;' again, A.D. 577, at Derham; again in 591 the

won

a battle
battle
itself;

At the
Kelts betrays
of the

by their Roman tactics. of Pen, A.D. 658, the inherent

fault

of the

they lacked the persistency, the bulldog courage

and their energy melted away like snow." It Angles, had been remarked in the old Gauls, how their bodies and weapons
were
huge, their charge beyond men,
their

"

endurance

less

than

that of

women; how
II.

that their Alpine frames had something akin

to the snows, they melted in the heat of an

I.

engagement.
remarks

(Mortis

ij,

4.)

The Anglo-Saxon

Chronicle

how

the

Welsh, their twelve divisions notwithstanding, fled

'like
fire.'

from the Angles

In A.D. 617 Redwald king of the East Angles obtained

of tactics pro-

the victory over Aethelfrid of Northumbria by aid

bably derived from the Romano-British.

In the time of Giraldus

we may
up
in

still

detect the threefold order of combatants, thus

summed
of

single

luminous

sentence

of Gibbon;

"The

cavalry

Armorica, the spearmen of Gwent, and

the

archers of Merioneth

were equally formidable; but their poverty could seldom

either shields or helmets."

procure

{Bed. and
confessed

Fall, ch.

XXXVIII)

The

orator

Eumenius

that the

province of Britain

"jo

The
deserved
to

Kymry under
become the

the

Roman
of an
V.
six

Empire.
independent
12);

well

seat

monarchy
successful
justify

{Panegyrici Veteres
0.

and the

The British
tra-

rebellion

of at
s

least

Emperors; faint
ditions of

pretenders

may

them

Nennius

reference to the

purpura Britanniae.
97)

During ten years (A.D. 287

Carausius the
of

Menapian and his minister Allectus

former

defied the

power

Rome;

the

was

even

reluctantly

acknowledged

by

Dioclesian.

The

Flavian dynasty was intimately connected with Britain.

of

tradition

Pagan Rome

lingered in the legend, that Constantius (A.D. 306)

in

sowed three seeds

the pavement of Kair Segeint (Silchester) to

charm away poverty. wedded to a British

the
great.

{Nennius)
princess,

He

passes

with the Welsh as

Helena the

mother of Constantine
weighs in favour of

But the balance of

probabilities

Naissus in Dacia as his birthplace, and degrades her into an innkeeper's

daughter of Drepanum in Bithynia.

Her merits

as

the

zealous patroness of the Catholic faith

and inventress of the Holy

of her

Cross

would

naturally enlist

warm

advocates

noble

birth;

anyhow, her son assumed the purple in Britain, and his name was
long
'

cherished

by the

Kymry,
'

as

proverbial

ideal

of

worth.
ev),
to

Constantine was not his equal

(Ni ryvu gystal Gwstennin ac

a late

Welsh bard would say

of his patron.

[Davydd Benvras

Llywelyn ab lorwerth)
of Wales, occurs in
title

Custennhin,
979; and
in
I

grandson of Idwal prince

A.D.

am

tempted to regard the

as

of

Gw/edig,
of of

so

common
of

British

history,

the

Kymric

rendering

the

grade

Spectabilis

established

by

Constantine.
of Breck-

The

title

Augustus was retained by Awst a

chieftain

nockshire.

The Pendragon
and
was
gold and
silk

represented to the

Kymry
the
later

the

title

of

Impcrator,

probably

connected
the

with

dragons

that

waved

in

about
is

throne

of the

emperors.
it

The golden dragon

and
Irish.

of Eryri

sung of by Kynddelw; and

would

appear that red and yellow were the colours affected by the
(Iolo

Welsh

Goch.)

golden dragon was the ensign of the

kings of Wessex

from the partly Romanized Britons;

the white horse.

{Henry of Huntingdon), borrowed, I doubt not, for the true Saxon ensign was

Who

knows not the White Horse

of

Wantage

The

Kymry under
figure
in

the

Roman

Empire.
history
of

71

But the principal

the

imperial

Britain

is

Maximus, an Iberian by

birth, called

by the Welsh Macsen Wledig,

in

who assumed
successful

the

purple, A.D.

385,

emulation

of his

more

countryman Theodosius the

great.

Orosius says of him,

in

he was worthy of being Augustus, had

violation of his military oath.

he not been elevated

g.)

(Beda
claimed

I.

Many Welsh
his

princes

and

Saints
his

long

afterwards
it

to

be

descendants.

To

establish

position,

was necessary to secure the adhesion of

Gaul and Spain, which with Britain then formed the Praetorian
Praefecture
disgraced
of the Gauls.

He

fixed

his seat

at

Treves, where he

his

fame by sentencing

heretics

to

death

against

the

reclamations of Pope Simplicius and of SS.

Ambrose and Martin.

His withdrawal of troops from Britain (according to the practice

before alluded to) was the direct cause of the disasters that ensued.
If

he granted them beneficiary lands from the Mount of Jupiter

Great
St.
(c.

(the

Bernard)
2j)
}

to

Cantguic

(Etaples

in

Picardy),
of

as

Nennius

says

we

may
S.

understand

why none
first

them

returned home.
the

Among
spouse
in

their chiefs

was Conan Meriadec of Wales,

legendary

of

Ursula.

He

commenced the
sepulchre
still

Kymric
exists

settlement

Armorica,

and his granite

S.

in

the

grand cathedral of

Pol-de-Leon.

In

A.D. 388

Maximus

tried conclusions

with Theodosius, when his invasion of

consort Helena was a daughter of a

Italy proved his ruin.

If his

Kymric
if

chief

Euddav

or Octavius of
in

Segontium (Caernarvon), and

his

line

was prolonged

the princes of Strathclyde,

we need

not be surprized at the absence, in

features of treachery

Welsh

tradition, of the sinister

and

craft assigned

him by

the Romans, which

yet accord with his Iberian origin.

In less than twenty years his

soldiery
in

example was

followed

by the
then
of

British

the the
11)

election

of

Marcus

as

Emperor;
u
(

Gratianus,

one
I.

of
c.

municipal
lastly,

magistrates

municeps

tyrannus."

Beda

of

Constantine;

who,

drawn from the lowest grade of

soldiers

and

unsupported by merit, owed his elevation to the hope inspired by his name. Like Maximus, he ruled over Gaul and Spain, was

acknowledged by the legitimate emperors, and

finally

perished as a

72
rebel.

The
If

Kymry under
is

the

Roman
in

Empire.
identifying

Dr.

Owen Pughe

correct

him with

dedicated

Cystennin the Blessed, the son of Cynvor, to whom a church is near Conway, it may teach us caution in accepting

traditions coloured

by national

prejudices.

His own name,

as well

as those of his sons the Caesars

Constans and Julian, point to his

foreign

origin

or

Latinized

stock;

and

it

is

singular

that

the

countrymen of Carausius the Menapian and Maximus the Iberian, mean the Flemings of Gower and Pembroke and the Basque
auxiliaries of

Edward the

First,

were precisely the people employed

to harass the

Kymry, with whom they were unconsciously connected.

[See Appendix No. IX.]

In the year 411 a revolution, unparalleled in the annals of the

Empire, took place

6.

in Britain

and Armorica.
the

It

appears accurately

stated

in

words

of

the

Greek
above

historian

Revolution

Zosimus:
(

"The

barbarians

the

Rhine

of Britain

and Armorica

t ^Le

Saxons) forced the dwellers in the British

isle

and certain of the Keltic

the

tribes

to

revolt

from the
setting

Roman

empire, expelling

Roman commanders, and

as

up a government of their own, emperor Honorius wrote to the British

provide
for

they were

able.

The

themselves."

{Lib.

VI. pp.

cities, charging them to The Welsh 376, 381.)

Triads supply some

valuable
it

help

towards
of

explaining this event.

the

One

of

them

calls

resumption
to

the sovereignty from

right
of

Roman emperor
Another
('

according
it it

the

natural
to

the

Kymry.

connects
'

with
!)

their

refusal

pay

their

assessment

tribute

they

call

in consequence

of the

Roman government
service
to
"

drafting off the

men

best

capable

of military

Arabia
This

and other distant countries, whence they never

was
strictly in

returned."

accord with their practice in former times; but the

Triads insinuate that the

lieu

Roman
to

authorities accepted the levies in

of

arrears

of

assessments.

The

merit

of this

revolution

is

attributed

by the
is,

Kymry

Owain

or Eugenius the son of Macsen

the emperor Maximus; who is, with Prydain and of the three Conventional Monarchs of Britain, one Caradoc, styled

Wledig, that

because

their

authority

was

conferred

on

them

by

national

The

Kymry

tinder the

Roman
also
is

Empire.
in

j$

convention of the Kymry.

picture supplied to us
a

This

fact

harmony with the

of an

by the pen of Tacitus; and clearly indicates

tradition

conscious

return

to the old Keltic

oligarchy of

petty chieftains, controlled in time of peril by an elected Pendragon

But when the Kymry pretend that the Roman conscription was so drastic, that " only women and little children were left behind," we must regret a spirit of exaggeration,
or
military

Imperator.

which only tends to discredit the noble resistance offered by their Nennius states that countrymen to the Saxon invaders of Britain.
after

Maximus "began
is

Consuls, and never after were there Caesars;"

by which
ties,

meant that the magistrates of the poleis or communiwhich Honorius urged to fight for themselves, thenceforth bore
But he takes no notice of

sway independently of the Emperor.

Constantine the Blessed (the lucky private soldier elected Emperor),

because,
figure

perhaps,

his

memory was merged

is,

in

the

more

striking

of

Maximus; and he
as

moreover, classed

with

Gwrddyled
on

and Morien

one of the three foreign sovereigns of Britain.

nations,

The
the
feeble

principal

who poured down from

had

the north

Roman

empire,
relations

many
their

of

them held commercial

or

with the

Romans

even served as

nvasi

no

aux jii ar i es
tribes

armies.

Barbarians.

German Many J
as a

had received Luetic feuds

gage

for

their military service.

The Burgundians and

Visigoths in particular

were so reasonable in their exactions, that the

oppressed by
fiscal

Roman

provincials,

rapine, eagerly welcomed a change of masters. They were long accustomed to the presence of the barbarians on
soil.

their

But the natives of

from the

Britain,

while they derived precar-

ious

benefit

as cruel pirates, to

Roman government, knew the Saxons only whom it was a pastime to cleave the blue sea
barks.

with

their

hide-bound

[Sidonius
so

Apollinaris;

Gibbon

c.

XXV.)
that

Their

depredations

were
chief

continuous
officer

and
was

formidable,
in

we have seen

how

military

charge
five

of the Saxon shore or frontier.

years,

During one hundred and sixty

from the time of Carausius to the settlement of Hengist

(A.D.

284
J

449), the

ravages of these pirates were unceasing; nor

74

The Kymry under

the

Roman

Empire.

were they mitigated by any conversions to Christianity.

Although

the Britons were courageous enough to assert their independence of

the tottering Empire, they were fain to invoke succour from the

masters they despised.

illustrious

About A.D. 400, they were

even
five

relieved

by the
the

Stilicho;

and
in

years

after

their

revolt

Romans
usual

aided

them

repairing
left

the

Wall

of

Severus after the

mode

of construction,
last farewell.

them plans
c.

of military tactics, and

bade them a

(Gildas,

14.)

The Saxon Chronicle

naively

expresses

the

vexation
all

of

the

pirates in missing their loot:

"The Romans
it."

amassed

the goldthat

hoard that was

sithence

in

Britain;

and some they hid

in the earth,

might effected between estrangement

well as the weakness of the
later

no man

find

We

may
her

justly
late

estimate

the

Rome and

provincials, as

former, by the fact that

thirty years

(A.D. 446) the Britons, pressed by the onset of the Picts of

Britain, applied in vain for succour to the Patrician Aetius. Their land " was left as a tree in the wilderness to lose her leaves

North

by the continual
Chronicle, p. i8g.)

blasts

of these

sharp

northern winds."

(Speed,

CHAPTER
The
A.D.

V.
KY.MRY.
fatal

THE HEROIC AGE AND DECLINE OF THE

year
following,
of the

449,
for

proved
it

the

most
the

to of
a

the

independence

Kymry; Rhuothim

witnessed
Isle

grant
as

Ynys
feudal

(the

of

Thanet)

tenure to Hengist the pirate, the Ealdorman of the Jutes, by Vortigern (Gwrtheym) the Loegrian

Pendragon or Imperator
of

of
to

the

Britons.

This was done

strangers

in

pursuance
auxiliaries

Roman
the

policy
Picts.

engage
Vortigern

the valorous
has

as

against

been

consigned

to

eternal infamy

by his countrymen

as their betrayer;

and

his conduct

attributed to his passion for

Rowena

the fair-haired daughter of the

for the

Teuton.

But

find
fatal

no just ground

severest censure.

He

was guilty of a

blunder rather than of treachery.

fell

His sons

Vortimer and Catigern

likely that

in

defence of their country.

Nor
c.

is

it

he invited the Saxons over from Germany {Gildas

the

2J;

Bcda
calls

I.

15; and

Saxon

Chronicle);

for
6.)

Sidonius

long

before
to

them

'arch-pirates.'
(keels,

{fyp-

L.

VIII.

Nennius points
home,
say,

three

chiulac
of

ships)

exiled

from their
to

on an
re-

expedition
inforced

plunder.

They came not

return; and

were

by Jutes from Jutland, Angles from Sleswick,

Danes,
g.)

Frisians,

Rugians,

Huns, old Saxons,

These
barbarians

Prussians.

(/ithelwcrd,
their

L.

I.

Bede,

V.

their employer;

and

in

arms against A.D. 457 forced the Britons to abandon

soon
turned
In further mitigation

Kent and

fall

back on the city of London.

I

of the wretched Vortigern's conduct,

must remark that " he was.

while he reigned, urged by fear of the Picts and Scots, by

attacks
"

Romanic

Britain),

(an obscure hint of the existence of an Imperial party in " " and of Ambrosius

by apprehension

(Emrys Wledig),

76

The heroic Age and Decline of

sole
c.

tlie

Kymry.
origin.

the

remaining Count or Teyrn

25,

of

Roman

Gildas

and Nennius
regards

cc.

28,

45)

We

hear

{Compare no more of

Hengist:

but Gibbon
his

the

invasion

of Scotland
silence

by Saxon
English

hordes at

instigation

and the

subsequent

of

history about them, as a proof that the Saxons were not always
successful.

But Nennius

land beyond
If so,

distinctly says that they occupied much the Frisic sea, " between us and the Scots." (c. j8.)

may we
district

not fairly conjecture that they rendered the Lothians

find
later

Teutonic, as we
that

on that Cunedda (Kenneth) came from

British

called

by the

Manaii
from

Gnotodin,

and expelled
with
It

the

Scots

or

Gael

(Gwyddelod)

North

Wales
?

vast

slaughter,

so that they never returned

to dwell there

argues
as

great

vitality

and courage in the Loegrian Britons, that

of fierce

each

successive
offered

wave

barbarians

burst

on their

shores,

they

gallant, if hopeless,
as to Aella's

resistance.

From
infers

the silence of the

Saxon chronicle

victory at the battle of Mearcredes-

burn in Sussex, A.D. 485, Langhorne

the signal success

of

the Pendragon Ambrosius Aurelius; who, perhaps more truly than

Arthur, was
45),

the

pride

of the

Britons

{Gildas

c.

25.

Nennius

c.

and who (Cardinal Baronius imagines) continued

in his person

the legitimate succession of the Empire of the West.

But Aella

soon (A.D. 490) repaired his defeat by the capture of Caer-andred

(Anderida) and the ruthless extermination of
its

inhabitants; which

Huntingdon admits
had
{p.

to have been

owing

to the losses of

the

Saxons
city.

suffered
710.)

at

the

hands

of

the

defenders

that

noble

In opposing the landing of a fresh horde at Llongborth

(Portsmouth),

A.D.

501,

was

slain

the

Duke

of

the
loss

Province,

Gerontius son of Urbinus (Geraint ab Erbin), whose

the poet
'

Llywarch deplored, and whom the invaders themselves record as a Seven years later, A.D. 508, Cerdic young and very noble man.'
the West-Saxon
king,' as
logical

slew in battle the British Pendragon or

'

chiefest

risks
pass,

Huntingdon terms him, Natan-leod, whom some at chronosuppose to have been Ambrosius Aurelius. Eight
and
Cerdic

years

meets
his

with a more
success
in

puissant

foe

in

the

illustrious

Arthur,

who by

the

battle

of

Mount

The heroic Age and Decline of

the

Kymry.

77

Badon (Bath) delayed the westward advance

years.

of the Saxons for sixty

Yet the
of the

battle of

Chardford (A.D. 519) marks the establish-

ment

traditions

Wessex (Saxon Chron.); and the Welsh kingdom concerning Arthur invariably represent him as exercising
of
'

authority in Wales, Cornwall, and Cumbria, with Maelgwn, Caradoc,

and Gwrthmwl
gern as
or
' '

as

chief elders,' and

Dewy, Bedwini, and KentiArthur, the

primates,' in

Church and

State.

Map

Uthyr

the terrible,' was in fact the son of

prince of the
Silures.

Meuruc son
traditions

of Theodoric

of Tintern,

The

of the

Empire

converted the British Pendragon into 'the Emperor Arthur;' and

the fact of Riothamus (Rhi-tavwys,
sailed
'

prince of the

Thames

')

having
or

12,000 up Armorica and been quartered at Bourges

the

Loire

with

Britons

of

either

Britain

in the

pay of the Emperor

Anthemius
III.
Italy.
p),

to oppose the

Visigoths (Sidonius Apollinaris, Epp. L.

fiction

may
But

have helped the

the
judicious

of his warlike

advance
allows

in

William

of

Malmesbury

that

Arthur

clearly deserved to be celebrated by veracious History rather

fictions,

than by dreamy

seeing he had long

supported

his

falling

country and animated the unbroken courage of his people.

(Gail.

Malmes.
in

f.

4.)

We

may, perhaps,

accept as

authentic his success

twelve battles

fought against the Saxons in the

west and the

Angles in the north, and his death in that of Camlann (Camelford)

in

Cornwall against his treacherous nephew Medrawd or Mordred,

A.D. 537.

Some

of the

localities

of these

engagements, such as

the banks of the Duglas and the Ribble in Lancashire, the bank of the
Bassas

and the

forest

of Galtres

(Coit

Celidon) in
learn
so

Yorkshire,

mark

the advance of the Angles, of

whom we
of

much

less

than of the
historian

Saxons.

Between the death

537
570)

Arthur and of the

were mis-ruled by

Gildas

(A.D.

the

Kymry

sundry petty princes, consigned to execration in the invectives of

Gildas,

with

what

amount

of justice of

we cannot

ascertain.

He

enumerates
Conanus,

Constantine
Vortipor
of

teym
Demetia,

Dumnonia

(Devon),

Aurelius

Cunoglasus,
in the

and

North Wales.
glas,
in

Cunoglasus would

Pictish speech be

Maglocunus of KondCon-

the

Welsh Pen-glas,

'

the

gray head.'

(Baxter.)

78

The heroic Age and Decline of

was,

the

Kymry.
was the
described
sleep
at

stantine

probably,

Cystennin Gornau.

Maglocunus

Maelgwn Gwynedd, who perished by the yellow plague

by
his

contemporary

Procopius,

and

whose
'

last

long

Llanrhos by
lis

Conway became

proverbial, as

Hir hun Wailgun en

preserved in Britanny
years after Arthur's

Ros.'

{Annates Kambriae.)

His name

is

by the Chateau Tremelgon near Vannes.

death the Britons of the north were
against
still

Ten

waging internecine war

Flame-bearer
of

Ida the

Angle,

called

by them

the

(Fflama

ddwyn).

The

fortifying of his

stronghold
'

Bamborough was

reproach to them, Din-gwarth Berneich,

the reproach of Bernicia.'

They fought
and Llywarch.

under Urien

and

his

sons

Owain,

Gwallawc,

and

Morcant; and their struggle was ennobled by the song of Taliesin

The long continued resistance offered by the Kymry barbarians awoke in them the heroic spirit, which had
sustained
&.

to

the
old

of

their

efforts

against

the

Romans.
on
the

xtevival oi

Unlike

the

more

civilized

invaders
offered
first

heroism: the Arthurcontinent, ian legend

the

Saxon
or

pirates

no terms

but
invited a thither

serfdom

death.

At

Armorica

multitude of fugitives from Britain; the greatest Exodus

occurred

perhaps about A.D.

sea.

458,
c.

when the Saxons

24.)

over-

ran

Loegria from sea to

to

(Gildas

Afterwards

the

Kymry seem
territory.

have with varying success contested every foot of

As
effort

a consequence of the exalted in

supreme
burst

defence of
the

life

temper wrought by a and freedom, we notice an outnation;

it

of poetry in

imperilled

is

now we

are

told

flourished at the

same time Talhaearn, Aneurin,

last

Taliesin, Blegrwyd,

and Cian Gueinthguaut; the

retain his

now unknown,

unless the Bretons

memory

as Guench'lan.

Now

too began that marvellous

his

legend

which gathered around Arthur

and

knights,

and was

improved by Norman ingenuity into a very Iliad of Keltic heroism. Foremost of them is Sir Lancelot; his name L'ancelot or the
servant of the king seems a translation of Mael-gwn, and he sometimes figures as

Melwas king of Somerset, who abducted Queen

the
Seint

Guenevere.

In

Greal

his

Norman name remains

as

The heroic

Age and Decline of

the

Kymry.

79

Lawmlot Dy
of a fabulous
11

lac.

His son Sir Galahad or Galaath was the grandson

Pellenor, ennobled

King

knights

of

by Milton where he sings of and of Logres Lyonness, Lancelot and Peleas and
Regained)
If

Pellenore."

{Paradise

Lancelot

is

intended

for

Maelgwn, an historic son of the

latter existed in

Romanus
in

the Fair

(Rhuvon
buried

Bevr), noted for his beauty,

who

fell

battle

and was

on

the

brink

of

the

sea;

of
a

whom Howel
orwlych
bedd,

ab

Owain

Gwynedd sang, Rhuvon Bevr ben-teyrnedd

the
grave,
is

Tonn

wen
;

orewyn

Gwyddva
moistens
princes."

"The
of

white foaming
the
Fair,

wave
of

the
the

barrow
fabled

of

Romanus

chief

Mannot

realm
still

Lancelot's

father

King Bann;

mountain, in Merioneth

bears the name.

the

Caradawg Vreichvras, of
was
Arthur's
chief

brawny arm, prince of Cornwall,

he
is

cavalry

officer:

the

'Sir

Caradec'

of

romance, and claimed by the Bretons as their own Guaroch count

of Vannes.

Trystan ab Tallwch figures in romance as

'

Sir Tris-

tram,' the lover of Esyllt (Yseult);

in

but enjoys a fairer reputation

the

Welsh

traditions.
'

Kei

ap
'

Kynyr

ferred to

Bedwyr ab Pedrog or Sir Bedivere Maine and Anjou. (Villcmarquc, Les Romans de
Ronde.)
herald:

Kaye were by the Normans

or

'

Sir

'

and

trans-

la Table

Gwalchmai
he
is

the golden-tongued

was Arthur's nephew and

the

'Sir
of

Walwayne,' whose gigantic skeleton drew

a
later

forth

the
'

admiration
justified

age.

Owain ab Urien

or

'

Sir

Gawayn

the fictions of romance by his brave defence of

poetic merit of Llywarch surpasses the interest

his country.
'

The
Sir

inspired

by

Lamorack.'

Garwy

son

of Geraint

ab Erbin

is

the courteous knight 'Sir Gareth;' Llew ab Kynvarch, the 'King

Lot' of romance; Merddin Emrys, the

is

'

barz Marzin

'

of Britanny,

the powerful
is

enchanter Merlin.

But the most congenial char-

acter
'

the knight of the

red tabard, Peredur

Gymro ab Evrawg,
'

Marchog he met with

If,

y cwnsallt coch,' the genuine

a church, his

Kymro

Sir Perceval.'

If

mother enjoined him to say his prayers. where he found meat and drink, no one invited him to partake,
If If

he was to help himself. was to give heed to

it.

he heard a voice of one in he found a

fine

distress,

he

diamond, he was to

So
take

The heroic Age and Decline of and make a present of

it.

the

Kymry.

If

he saw a pretty woman, he

was to address her without waiting permission.

The

fall

of

Arthur

by domestic treachery and the lack of heroic

centuries

men

in the following

caused

the

Britons

to

deplore
to

the

breaking up of his
for

noble fellowship or
hero's

Round

Table, and
a

hope

their
his

national
successors

return

on earth to secure

victory which

could not achieve.

We
ancient

have

already

noticed

the gradual process by which the

land.
I

Loegria became Engla-land, the Angles'

the subject, as
it

resume

helps to invalidate the notion

3.

Long- resistance of the Kymry and

its effects

that

the

g axon or English occupation of the

was speedy or complete. It was over a century and twenty years after the conquest of
island
lost

Kent,

when the Britons

lost

Aylesbury and Eynsham.

In A.D.

577 they

Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, when three kings,

Conmail,

Condidan,

and Farinmail

fell,

supposed to be

Maelgwn

But Gwynedd, Cynddylan, and Caranmael, sung of by Llywarch. of the two last died A.D. the and 547 Maelgwn yellow plague;
must have
have fought
fallen at

when

the Angles

won Shrewsbury.

They may

Derham.

In 607 Ethelfrith took Chester, defeating

Selyv ab Kynan, when the massacre of the* monks of Bangor-Iscoed

took

place.
in

In

614,

2065

Wala

or

Welshmen were
still

slain

at

Bampton
In 72
t

Somerset; a proof that there they were

numerous.
at Heilin

Rhodri Malwynawc won a battle against the Saxons

or Hayle in Cornwall.

Probably he was regarded by the Loegrian

as the Imperator.

Britons

of

West Wales
In

In

760 they fought

at

Hereford.

777 the princes of Powis were finally driven from

Shrewsbury,

which
and

they

must

have

recovered

after

the

fall

of
last

Cynddylan:
attempt
land

Offa

thereupon

constructed

his

dike,

the

at the

Roman
the

system of fortified boundaries,

It

and won the

the

east

of

Wye.

was only
Eryri.

in

816,

that

Saxons

ravaged

the

mountains

of

Caer

Ebrauc
till
till"

(York)

was

not

taken
prince
of

till

866; Strathclyde in Scotland, not

still

946; but a Keltic

974.

Dwnwallawn (Donald)
prolonged
struggle

ruled there
a
feeling

The

result

this

was

of

mutually

intense

The heroic Age and Decline of

animosity, which even Saints could not
the
fell

the

Kymry.

81

overcome.

When Beuno
'

Saxon on the Severn-side, he quickly Kymro withdrew from the neighbourhood of the man of uncouth speech
in

with

(Y gwr anghyvieith); and Guthlac the Angle's fears were allayed

when he discovered
Crowland were
cnm.)

that

the

British

brigands

in

the

marshes of

after all

only

devils, not

men. A.D.
of
S.

(Sanctora/e Catholi-

And

regret

to

notice

that

in

959

Owain son
because

of

Howel the Good broke up the choir

It
is

Iltute's,

he

found therein certain scholars of the Saxon nobility.

generally supposed that
of

the

Saxon invaders blotted out

in

the

very outlines

the

Keltic

settlement

Loegria,
to

leaving
Past.

material
4. Permanence of the Keltic " race *~ in

ruins

alone

to

witness

the

But not to dwell on the purely British nomenclature

1

England and
land.

~j

of

Scot-

many '

!*
localities,
.

n
especially

of

rivers

an d

mountains,

and the
it

impossibility

of

the

strangers' adopting

without long intervals of

it

peaceful intercourse with the dispossessed race,

must be borne

in in

mind

that
as

the

Saxons

were

Germans,

and

must have acted

foes.

Loegria,
serfs

they did in Germany, towards vanquished

not

The
as

were
the

reduced

to

perform
civilized

their

lords'

menial

work,

among
serf

ostensibly

more

Romans.

But the masters

enjoined a certain quantity of corn or cattle or clothing; and the

to

that

extent
serfs.

obeyed.

It

was

rarely

that

they

beat

or

imprisoned

the

When

they slew

them, the act proceeded

from a sudden impulse of anger, not from designed severity: but

the death of a serf went unpunished.
{Tacitus,

Germania,

c.

25.)

To

exterminate
it

the
is

Britons

would

not

have

profited

their

con-

querors; and

reasonable to believe that the miserable remnant

which

failed to escape
illustrate

from Loegria was spared.

position
of
calls

To
gives

the

in

detail:

the

Life

of

S.

Collenn

the

Kymric name
and
Asser
Saints

Rhysffa

Cadvarch
Forest

to

the

Torr

of

Glastonbury;

Selwood

Coet-maur.

The

Cambrian

came the patrons

land.

Kynngar, Keinwen, Tangwn, and Nwython beof Congresbury, Keynsham, Taunton, and Hartas a pilgrim

King Alfred

invoked S. Guerir of Cornwall to

Si

The heroic Age and Decline of the Kymry.

cure his headache; King Athelstane enriched the abbey of Middleton

in

Dorset with the

relics

of S.

Branwalator (Bran-gwaladr,

'

royal

chief), an ancient Loegrian bishop, invoked as a Saint in the old

Litany of Exeter.
perhaps Morial

British
off

bandits
fifteen

infested the

Fen-country; and
of
cattle

carried

hundred

head

from

before Lincoln:

"Y

rhag Caer-lwydcoed neu's

"
?

dug Morial pymthecremarked

in

cant

biiyn a phen Gwrial

Professor

Phillips has

mid-England and south-Yorkshire populations of short slim size, with round head, dark eyes and hair. {Massy, Analyt. Ethnology, S. Rhawin was buried at to Owen Pughe, According p. 45.)
Lincoln; SS. Samson and Dirynnig had churches dedicated to them
at

York.

S.

Eoglodius

(Hy-glod)

was

abbat

of

Iona,

A.D. 606

{Ferrari)-,

and Eadwin king of Northumbria was baptized by Rhun

in

map Urbgen
at

626, say the Annales Kambriae.

S.

Evan

occurs

Irvine

in

Scotland, A.D.

839 {Memorials of Ancient British

{Ms.
Cotton.
Vitellius

Piety)-, later on,

8.)

Iwen abbat of Furness.

Griffin

A.

A.D.
in

199,

the

Welshman and
Fitz

Matilda

his

wife
in

engage

plea

with

Robert

Ywenn
Finibns.)

about
In

some land
the

Warwickshire.

{Hardy,

Rotnli de
in

same year

Robert Oein sues

Regis.)

Gumbaud
sons

Essex.

{Palgrave, Rotnli Curiae

Next year Iorverd,

Philipp,
that

Ithel,

Osbert and Arkeim, Madoc and

Morgan
marks,
{Hardy))
in

of /ago the presbyter,

trouble

pay King John

the
is

10

no

one

them but

in

King's

presence.

This was done in Lancashire, and

very remarkable,
in

that

we

see

here a British married

priest

settled

England

and protected by the King against the rigour of the Canon Law.

A.D.

2 14,

Angereta

daughter

of

Res

(Angharad

verch

Rhys)

agreed with King John for 60 marks and two palfreys for leave to

marry
{Ibid).

whom

she

pleased.

This

was

in

Dorset

or

Somerset.

A.D. 1250, Seysil Gogh and Perewera

his wife

pay Henry

the Third a

mark

for an' assize of

novel disseizin in Herefordshire.

{Roberts, Fines)
in Suffolk
brief.

Four years
(Esyllt)

later

Uctred (Uchdryd) De Depedene

and Esilia

his wife

pay the King a mark

for a

{Ibid.)

A.D.

1255,

Robert

Yweyn

and

others
{Ibid.)

pay

shillings

in a suit

touching land in Worcestershire.

40 Four

The heroic Age and Decline of

years later
shire

the

Kymry.

83

pay

John De Sainct Oweyn and Jane his wife in Oxfordmark for a brief. (Ibid.) These facts form but a

slender induction to ground a theory upon; but, in connexion with

other considerations already supplied, they deserve attention.

The Kymry
of the Keltic race,

acted

in

accordance
split

with the universal tendency

a petty clan-organization,

when they
incapable

up into
This

of development

into
for

a durable a

com-

monwealth.
pakties.

passion r

mischievous
liable

Home

Rule
foe.

rendered

them

more

to

absorption by an encroaching

The

tradition of a

lord para-

mount

or generalissimo was preserved in Kambria, and the powers

were exercised in general by the princes of Venedotia, Gwynedd,

or

North Wales.
to

append the succession of these

vitality

rulers

as

tribute

the

permanent

of

the

Kymry.

The

figures

denote the death of each prince.

A.D. 560, Maelgwn Gwynedd. 586, Rhun. 599, Beli. 603, 630, Cadvan. 660, Cadwallon. 686, Cadwaladyr. Iago. 698, Ivor
son of Alan of Armorica.
720, Idwal Iwrch.
755, Rhodri

Mael-

wynog.

817,

the Isle of
of

Kynon Tindaethwy. 843, Mervyn Vrych king of Man, who acceded in right of his wife Esyllt daughter
877, Rhodri

Kynon.

Mawr.
Iago.

913,

Anarawd.

944, Idwal Voel.

950,

Hywel Dda. 967, Maredudd ap Ywein.

elyn vab
Seisyll.

973, Hywel.

984, Cadwallon.

985,

999,

Kynan.

1015, Aeddan.

1020, Llyw1137,

1031, Iago.

1061. Gruffydd ab Llywelyn.

Gruffydd

ab

Kynan.

1169,

Owain Gwynedd.
1240,

11 72,

Hywel ab

Owain.

1192,

Davydd ab Owain.
in

Llywelyn ab Iorwerth.

1246, Davydd ab Llywelyn.

1282, Llywelyn ab Gruffydd.

The next

importance of these principalities would seem to

be Deheubarth or South Wales,

when

its

chief the Lord of Dinevor

was able to maintain his paramount authority over the chieftains

of

Keredigiawn (Cardiganshire), Brycheiniawg, Elvael, and Glamor-

gan.

But the
for

last

long prospered under a succession of Morgans,

liberality,

renowned

their

prudence, and longevity.

The most

eminent of the South Wallian princes was Rhys ab Tewdwr, A.D.

1090, who, called

upon

to

occupy the throne

after a

long period of

84
exile

The heroic Age and Decline of

in

the

Kymry.
into

Armorica,

is

said

to

have

introduced

Wales

the

romantic literature then rising into notice on the continent.

grandson,
to

His

commonly
II.

called the

Lord Rhys, though he did homage

as

Henry

and even

acted

his Justiciary,

did

not

by

his

policy secure for his sons

immunity from the encroachments

of the

Normans and the

rapacity of the Suzerain.

For, independently of

the conquest of the rich district of

we

find

Henry

III.

granting to a
the lands

Kemmeys by Martin De Tours, Norman his castles of Caermarfilz

then and Cardigan and

which were Meilgon

Meilgon's,
chief of

grandson

of Rhys.

{Roberts,

Fines; A.D. 1250)

The

Demetia (Dyved) anciently bore the singular but euphonious title the thunder chief of Demetia.' In A.D. 808 of Pendaran Dyved
'

an

Irish

prince

Rein

appears

to

have

been

recognized.

Gwent

(now Monmouthshire) is chiefly illustrated by the heroism of Arthur grandson of Theodoric of Tintern and the Roman magnifiIt had its chief Madoc ab Iddon as late as cence of Caerleon.

A.D. 1187.

The men
enjoyed the
to the

of the

principality

of

Powis (now

Central

Wales)

first

rank

in warfare, because of their constant

attacks of the Angles

and of their being

so far

exposure the " van-

guard of liberty."
vassals of the

But

their princes

seem

to

have
is

earlier

become
his

English monarch: Owain Kyveiliog

known by

poem on the Hirlas horn, imitated by Gray; his son

became the feudal subject
86.)

Gwenwynwyn
Ms. Harl.

of

King John.
was
at

{A.D. 1208.

The

seat of these princes

in

the

sixth century,
so

when Kynddylan
deplores.

Caer-Pengwern (Shrewsbury) fell, whose death the aged

the

Llywarch

pathetically

Perhaps

Vale

Royal

of

Cheshire, then called Deyrnllwg, formed a part of their dominion,

where Cadell occurs

dimly
discern

in

the
in

fifth

century.

At the same period we

a
district

Cadrod

Calchvynydd,
retained
a

among

the

Cotswolds;
as well
shire.

who
Elidyr

may have Mwynvawr

little

precarious
the

independence,

as

(Heliodorus
principality

munificent) in

LancaLeeds,
its

The

gallant

of

Elmet

near

encircled
Keretic.

by the Angles, only yielded in A.D. 616, under

chief

The heroic Age and Decline of

Cornwall,
successful
in

the

Kymry.
Wales,
of
its

85

the

most

important
its

state

after

was

less

maintaining

freedom.

One

sovereigns
its

Dwrngarth was drowned, A.D. 875; half

a century later

bishop

Cunan represented
in Herefordshire.

it

at

the court of Athelstane.

Elystan Glod-

rydd, a godson of that able monarch, enjoyed a dependent

domain

The once powerful

save

states

of Bernicia

and Deira

(Bryneich a Deivyr) melted before the Angles; we have no records

of their
well
as

struggles,

the

names

of

three

brothers,

warriors as
of
their

bards,

nation; and the

of Bernicia.

who wreaked vengeance on British name of Bamborough

the

traitors

intimates the disgrace

But the

Britons in Scotland and Cumbria offered a

The state of Strathclyde, whose centre more vigorous resistance. was Dunbarton (Dinbrython) or Caer-Alclwyd, enjoyed a long
existence

from

the

time

of to

Dwnwallawn, who

went

Rhydderch Hael down to that of We cannot now Rome, A.D. 974.

determine the exact position or extent of the states of Rheged and

Mannau Gododin;
and temerity,
his as

but

they

were the scenes

It

of

Kymric prowess
still

we

learn

from Llywarch.
warriors
of the

was

possible in

time for the defeated

last

north

to

fall

back on

Kambria, the

hope

of the Britons: but the conquest of Chester

by the Angles broke up the solidarity of the

Kymry (Cumberland
at Athel-

and Westmoreland).
stane's court
(as (as

Still

we

find

Westmere represented

by its petty king Idwal in A.D. 931, and Galloway detached from Strath-clyde), by Iago. The king of Strathclyde we have seen) was Dwnwallawn, A.D. 974. The last Kymric
(Dyvnwal, Donald.)
its

king of Westirere was Dunmail

The The
I

Isle

of

Man had
acceded

Kymric king Howel, A.D. 825;

the

king Mervyn had

Pictish

to

throne
is

of.

Gwynedd,

A.D.

817.

population in Scotland
tain the opinion that
in

involved in great obscurity: but

enter-

they were the remnant of the ancient tribes

the

North,

who had remained pagans and had never been

Gwendoleu map Keidiau about A.D.
execrated
of

subjugated by the Romans.

573 seems to have been opposed to the Christian king of Strathclyde;

and
as

Aidan
a

map Gavran, A.D.

to

607,

is

by

the

Kymry

traitor

their

cause.

The names

the

Pictish

86
kings,

The heroic Age and Decline of

such as Ougen
(Owain),

the

Kymry.
and Eochod

Talargan

(Tal-arian),

Buidhe, are Kymric and Gaelic.

The Kymry seem

to

have

felt

the prestige that attached to

the possession of London, the principal seat of their more civilized

Loegrian brethren even before the

6.

Roman

conruler
find

Their dependence quest on the appeared Crown of London

t h a t,

whenever

vigorous

among

the Saxon monarchs, we

him

asserting

his

supreme authority over the

Kymry, and that claim admitted when moderately enforced. Thus, in A.D. 926, Athelstane confirms a peace with his subject kings

Huwal
and

of

West Wales (Howel

of

the Good), Constantine of Scotland,

Uwen

Gwent.

{Saxon Chronicle.)

Five years

later,

Huwal

and Eugenius (Owain), together with Juthwal (Idwal) of Cumbria, Morcant of South Wales, and Cunan bishop of Cornwall, witness a
grant
of land

by Athelstane

in

Berkshire,

where they evidently

had been paying court to the Bretwalda, the Saxon successor of the Imperator and Pendragon of old. [Chronicon Abingdon^*
In A.D. 963 Eadgar exacted a tribute of wolves' heads of Iago king
of

North Wales; an admirable expedient,

if

successful

But instead
that

of an extirpation of those ferocious animals,

we read

upon an

engagement of the Normans and Welsh in Gower, A.D. 1136, the bodies were horribly mangled and devoured by wolves in the open And in A.D. (Continnator of Florence of Worcester.) country.
1

28 1

Edward the

First

enjoined

the

taking

of

wolves

in

the

counties bordering on
of Scots and

Wales.

Rhys

prince of

Malcolm king (Rymer, Foedera.) Demetia did homage at Woodstock to

(Matth. Paris.)
district

Henry
1 1

the

Second, A.D. 1163.

Later on, A.D.

79,

Cadwallon prince of Elvael, a

slain

on the upper course of

the

Wye, was

on his return from doing homage to Henry,

who

severely avenged his death as an affront on his safe-conduct.

Gibbon

falls

into a singular error,

.
.

when he

describes these

" four princes as

British lords of Somersetshire

honourably

distinguished in the court of a

Carte;

Saxon
Vol.

monarch."
I.

Dec/,

and

Fall, &c.

C,a/>.

XXXVIII.; quoting

Hist, of Engl.

p. 278.

The heroic Age and Decline of

the

Kymry.

87

Many were hung

compelled
to

for in

the the

cruel

deed,

and others suspected were

hide

woods.

"The Welsh may mutually

comfort one another on the death of one of them receiving funeral

rites,

sad to the English and hateful to the Normans, in the death

of

many

marchers,"

observes

the

sarcastic as

Londoner Radulf De
appears
in

Diceto.
relations,

Henry
seizin

the

Third,

weak

he

his

foreign

showed exceptional vigour

of

in his dealings with the

Welsh.

He

grants

land

Chester

(A.D.

1242.

Merioneth through his Justitiary of Roberts, 1242).); and the Prince of North
in

"

Wales pleads that he had received an outlaw, Fouques De Breaute, " Not that we are bound to only a day," but adds with dignity,
ourselves
in

excuse

receiving

him and

his;

for

we have no

less

liberty than the King of Scotland,

who

receives

English outlaws

with impunity."

(A.D. 1224. of Henry III) The Anglo-Norman monarch not only bore sway from the

Ellis's Letters

Scottish border to the Pyrenees, but was also strong in the physical

appliances
7.

of

warfare,

and

dealt

with

more

The

Castles,

durable engines of subjugation than the

successfu n y
resist
.

Kymry
line

the State engine of could subjugation in

single

dark

Wales.

tne

Chronicle

of

the

Princes

reveals

that

terrible

engine

of

Feudalism,

which

worked

their

downfall:
to

"The Franks"

(for so they

styled the

Normans),
castles."

"

came

Demetia and Ceredigion, and strengthened

the

(A.D. 1091.)
Ystrat

Roger earl of Clare, A.D. 1157, stored the castles of Meuruc, Aber Dyvi, Dinevor, and Rystut (Aberystwyth).
III.

When Henry
Poitevin
of Wales.

was worsted by the Welsh

those criminal

at

Grosmont, he
in

left

routt'ers,

soldiers of fortune,

the castles

(A.D. I2jj.

attacked
"

them
is

near

A little later, he Roger of Wendover.) Gannoc Castle (Dyganwy), near Conway;

observes
Paris.

which

a thorn in the eye of the Welsh," charitably

that

very

English

monk Matthew

(A.D.
of alien

1245.)

These
had

strongholds,

which secured the

infiltration

elements,

nearly done their work, when

I.'s

Edmund
the
castle

Crouchback, King Edward

of Aberystwyth.

brother,

began

to

build

(A.D.

1277.

Brut y Tywysogion.)

CHAPTER
The Annals
little

VI.

THE LATER WELSH PRINCES.

of the

Kymric Princes
heroic

in

the later middle age afford

to

instruct

or

entertain the reader, save the spectacle of an struggle

of a

declining

and antiquated
"

1.

.Notes

on tne

race

ma tched
.

Welsh Princes: the

Llewelvns

with foes of equal bravery and

.

superior military science.

But
only

the Llewelyns

displayed

qualities

which

needed
I

larger

room
notice

to

render their names immortal."

(M. Valroger)
alliances
in

would

that

they

were,

by matrimonial

and

increasing

social affinities,

on the way to be absorbed

the
policy
of

the feudal hierarchy

of

England,

before

Edward

demanded

more

immediate control of his feudatories in Scotland and Wales.

I

And
been

have

little

doubt

that

the

Welsh

princes

would

have

mediatized, after the fashion

we

are familiar with in

they loved inglorious ease more than freedom.

Germany, had While Owain of

of

Gwynedd
Rhys

asserted

his

independence

in

the

mountains

Eryri,

of South
II.,

Wales was proud

to be

nominated the Justitiary of

liegeman of
Irish

Henry

and Gwenwynwyn
united some

of

Powis became the

King John.
lady,

Howel, the gallant eldest son of

skill

Owain by an
a

who

in

military

engineering with

true

poetic feeling and cultivation, soon gave way to the intrigues of his wretched brother David, who seems to have copied his

connexion
prisoners.
illegitimate

King John
For
he

to

the

extent
fain

of blinding

his

unfortunate

had

been

to

marry Dame Emma,

an

daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, by

a
in

woman

of Maine, " with the

hope of

so enjoying

his possessions

peace."

{Benedict.

Petriburgens.
as

Brut y
fief

Tywysogion.)
II.

He
A.D.

held the lordship

of Ellesmere

of

Henry

since

The
1

later

Welsh Princes.

89
difficulty

177; but

it

was only by extreme instance that he with

!

obtained the hand of the haughty Norman's base sister

(Radulf

De

Diceto)

curious

difficulty

occurs

about

the

end of this

states that he unworthy Kymro. successor and his was strangled at Aber by Llewelyn I. in nephew A.D. 1 190: while that of Strata Florida avers that being banished

For the Chronicle of Aberconwy

from Wales he died

mere.
that

in

England, A.D. 1203.

Probably at Elles-

For

regard the latter as the truer version of facts; seeing

King John did not bestow that lordship on his son-in-law It is a (Rymer, Foedera.) Llewelyn till April 16, A.D. 1204.
astonishment
to

matter of just

observe

how minutely

the

great

Popes of that period exercised their right of supervision over the Innocent the Third, who could at the same Western Church.
time regulate the
affairs

of

Iceland
tithes,

and enjoin would

to

Thermopylae and
the
his

Thebes

(A.D.

1208)

to

pay

direct
in

abbat

of

Aberconwy and the

(Sodor and Mann),

prior

of Enlli

confirm

name

the

espousals of Llewelyn to

the

daughter of the

Prince of the Isles

who had

been espoused before nubile years to

her father's brother; an evil incident, lately renewed in Italy under

Papal sanction.

{Epistolae Innocentii,

A.D.

upp

120J.)

It

does

not appear that Llewelyn also 'confirmed' those espousals; for we

soon after find him married to King John's base daughter Joanna,

termed

'

Domina Walliae

'

{Annals of Tewkesbury), probably from

the same motive that swayed his uncle, the hope of greater security

and

the

agreeable

dowry
intrigue

of

the
a

Lordship
prisoner

of

Ellesmere.

The
the

inconstant

dame's

with

of her
to

husband,
take

Lord

William

De

Braus,

provoked
2nd,

Llewelyn
1230,

vengeance.

For on

May

A.D.

summary De Braus was "hung

and that not secretly or by night, but openly and in broad day, before eight hundred men and more, summoned to that
tree,

on a

miserable spectacle."

(Sir

Henry

Ellis,

Royal

Letters,

Henry

III.)

But her
priory

light

conduct did not prevent Llewelyn from founding the

to

of

Pen-mon
in

do honour to her

last

resting-place.

He

died after her

Paris),
after

a successful reign

A.D. 1240, "of long-continued palsy" (Matthew of fifty years. His two daughters

9<D

The

later

Welsh Princes.

connect the Welsh reigning family with some interesting historic

characters.

Helen

the

eldest

married

John

Le

Scot,

Earl

of

Chester, whose three sisters were the mothers of the three claimants of the Scottish crown,

John
A.D.

Balliol,

Robert Bruce, and Henry

not

Hastyng.

On

his

death,

1237,

without

suspicion

of

poison, Helen

married his uncle or cousin

Robert De Quincy, Earl

of Winchester; "at which,"

we

are told,

"Llewelyn was indignant."

of

{Annates

de

Dunstaple)

Whether
of their his

because

the

nearness

of

connexion, or from suspicion

misconduct, or that the lady

I

presumed
younger

to

dispense

with

permission,

know

not.

His

daughter

Gladusa

married

Roger De Mortimer, Earl of

on the whole, the

March, and became the mother of the unhappy paramour of Queen

Isabella.

His grandson Llewelyn ab Gruffydd

is,

most interesting of the Princes of Wales.

monastic hero Simon

His connexion with the

De

Montfort, Earl of Leicester; his romantic

attachment to his affianced bride Eleanor De Montfort (herself a

niece
of

Henry

III.);

his

happy marriage
of
his

to

her at Worcester in

the

presence

of the

kings

England and Scotland, A.D.

1277

(Chromcon Joan.
interest

De

Oxencdes);
in
call

he

inspired

his

people
"

bravery and patriotism; the and even in foreigners (the

Annals of Dunstable
in

him

most handsome man and stout

as
it

war,

who had

all

the

Welsh

were glued to him");

to the
settled

all

make
of

us regret that he at last

First,

fell

a victim

policy
restless
is,

Edward the

aided
It

(it
'

must be granted) by the

temper of the Kymry.

their

was

the malice of the Welsh,' that

of

stubborn resistance to the feudal system

Edward

I.,

that

reduced that able Prince to borrow money to subdue them.

Rotidi Walh'ae.)

{Ayloffe,

What

accelerated the bitter

end was the atrocious

the

conduct of David, the Prince's brother;

castle of

who came suddenly on

all

Pen-harddlech (now Hawarden) and slew

the garrison,

save Roger

De

Clifford the lord of the castle

and another.

(A.D.

1281,

2.

prejudices

Brut y Tywysogion. Annates de Wigom) The just of the Catholic Church and of Feudalism were outraged
in

by

this

act;

that

it

was

perpetrated

on

Palm-Sunday; and

because the King had granted David the earldom of Huntingdon,

The
held
heretofore

later

Welsh Princes.

91

placing

him
for

by the Heir to the crown of Scotland; thereby in the first rank of the English peerage. But,

happily

the

Kymry,

this

foul

fact

is

balanced by the

humane

conduct of two South-Welsh

chiefs,

Gruffydd and Rhys, who the

" year following took and burnt the castle of Aberystwyth, sparing

the

lives

of the garrison,

because of Passion-tide that

gallant

was nigh."

(Brut

Tywysogion.)

The
in

Llewelyn

perished

by

mis-

adventure of a soldier

Brecknockshire on

December the nth,

A.D. 1282.
very day he
their

white

monk
thus

(Cistercian) sang mass before him the

was

slain,

sealing

the

loyalty of that order to

to

native

sovereign.

(Archbishop Peckham

Edward

I.

apud
abbey

A'v/ncr.)

His maimed and lacerated corpse was buried

Cotton)
;

in the

of

Cwmhir (Bartholomew

while

his

comely

head

was

crowned with ivy and exposed to the

jeers

of a

London

rabble.

The King's
1

chief instrument in
its

the conquest of Snowdonia (Llew-

elyn, recognising

strategic
'),

importance, had assumed the style of

seven

Lord of Snawdune

were
the

thousand
!),

Basques

(themselves
of

unconscious kinsmen
Spain,

of

Kymry

sent

him by the King

returned
%

"who

nearly

all

perished in battle."

(Chronicon dc Hagncby;

Vesp. B. XI.) the conduct of Sanchez De

Cotton.

Ms.

Some however
S.

home under
Ayloffe.)

Aubin.

(March II 1283.

"After Llywelyn's death, his brother David, hoping that he himself

would be

de jure
at

Prince

of

Wales, convened

his

parliament

of

Welshmen
Me/sa.)

Kynbergha, and renewed the war."

locality, thus expressed in

(Chronicon de

The
be

Lincolnshire chronicle,

would

Kymmer
A.D.
1284,
as

abbey

in

Merioneth.

For

we
in

find

that
castle

on
of

June
Bere,

17,

David was taken prisoner

place almost
inaccessible

the

described

by reason of woods
Castell-ybyri,

and morasses.
weird

(Annals of Oseiuy.)

This

is

whose
lurk
'

ruins, half of hollowed rock

and half of masonry,

'

still

in the recesses of

Cadair
at

Idris.

The

hapless

Earl of Huntingdon

was drawn and hung

of the

Shrewsbury

as a rebel
2,

against the honour

Church and
of

of Chivalry, October
in

1284.

At
which

that date,
I

the

Chronicle
facts)

Hagneby
"

Lincolnshire

(from

gather

the

observes, that

David's younger son Reginald, grandson

92
of the Lord Reginald

The

later

Welsh Princes.
abides with him."

De Gray,
'

His daughter,
late

whom Edward
(alas

II.

styles

the lady Gladusa daughter of David

Prince of Wales,' was a nun of Sempringham, and received alms

!)

from that king, who (whatever were his

(A.D. IJIJ.
of of

errors)

was kindly

disposed towards the Kymry.

8.)

Ms.
was

Cotton.
also a

Nero
nun

C.

Gwenllian,

the

daughter

Llewelyn,

of

Sempringham, and
of Lincolnshire.

a pensioner

Edward

III.

out of the

revenue

(Oct.

JO,

1327.
died

Rymer.)
before

Her mother Eleanor

the
final

De Montfort had
(June 19, 1282.
son of Llewelyn
of Wales,"

fortunately

catastrophe.

Barth.
(I

Cotton?)

Ten

years later, Madoc, a base

" presume), but

who had made himself Prince

and, to avoid his

was

finally

defeated at Maesmeidoc;
his

uncle

David's

fate,

came with

retinue

into

the

King's peace,

was brought to London, and consigned to perpetual imprisonment,

(Aug. 10, 1295.

Annates de

Wigorn.
his

Nicholas Trivet))

King Edward from Aberconwy thanks

for

Again seamen of good Bayonne

against
their

their

services,

that

is

to say,

of Iberians

Keltic

kinsmen.*

He marked
to

his sense of the

at

importance of his successes

by solemn

a grand

tournament held

the remote hamlet of Nevyn, by a

pilgrimage

Menevia,

and by a harmless

bit

of

ritual

(betraying however his inner mind),

when

at

Baladeulyn he enjoined

the Canons of Llangatauc to wear purple almuces in honour of S.

Maurice and " in

like sheep in " From that

memory

of the departed,

who were

slaughtered

Ystrad Teivi."
time,"
observes

(June 10, 1284.

the

Ms. Harl: 6568)

of

shrewd Annalist

Oseney by
live

Oxford,

"

war long ceased in Wales: the Welsh now and amass treasures, fearing the
loss

almost

like the English,

of property,

what they used not to do before."

care
to

But the

politic

monarch took

secure

his

conquest by ecclesiastical as well as municipal

protected as a dominant

institution by those which now excite admiration by their ruins, as they After two centuries and a half had past, formerly inspired terror.
regal Castles,

colonies of foreigners,

Letttes de Rots.

Pierre
'

De Langtoft

in

his rude

French notices the service

of the

Basques and Gascons

en Snaudouns.')

The later Welsh Princes.

44

93

Lord

Clifford

never saw any place

more princely and pleasant

[Nov.
7,

than Conway, save Windsor Castle."

State

1635.

Calendar of
surpassed

Papers)

After

five

centuries,

Caernarvon Castle

Dr. Johnson's ideas; he did not think there had been such buildings:

he pronounces
{Aug.

44

it

an edifice

of

stupendous magnitude and

in

strength."
inferior

20,

1774.

Diary

North

Wales.)

Little

was the picturesque Castle of Harlech.

it

In

remote times

called Caer-collwyn,

was the scene where Bran sate on the rock

on a summer's evening and descried on the blue horizon the bark

that

brought

evil

tidings

from Erin.

The names
S.

of

its

earliest

Constables,

Hugh De Wlonkeslowe and James De

Aylojfc),

George {A.D.
Its

1284,

I2QD.

betray

its

political

purpose.

greatest

Constable
1332;
it

Manny, Knight of the Garter, A.D. sheltered Queen Margaret of Anjou, and was the last in
was
Sir

Walter

Wales that surrendered

loskc.)

to

the

Parliament,

A.D.

1647,

{Whitc-

The

innate

valour

of the

Kymry

was henceforth

utilised

by

the English
II.

King

against his fojs in

France and Scotland.

Edward
for

orders

contingent of 1400 foot

from

North Wales

his

army

against the Scots; the proportion furnished by Merioneth and

300,

Ardudwy being
A'ymcr, Foedcra)

by Dyffryn Clwyd 200. {A.D. IJ09. Again in A.D. 1325, he orders 7 men at arms
at

and

and 274 footmen from North Wales to assemble

thence conveyed

Bala,

to

be

by way of Salop and Portsmouth to serve the

battle of
in

At the {Ibid) King in Gascony. Welsh and Cornish were employed the fallen knights encumbered by
claimant
court,

Crecy the light-armed

plundering and despatching

their

heavy armour.

Even

of the
as

inheritance

known

of Llewelyn appeared at the French Yvain de Galles, Evan or Owain of Wales, a

last

descendant of the

Prince.

He

was employed by the French

king, but was basely murdered by an English retainer,

who was
Another

rewarded

for

the act by the Black Prince to his eternal disgrace.

{Froissart.

Pymer,

Foedcra.

Sept.

18,

A.D.

Ij8l)

famous Welshman of that period was the Chevalier Rufin (Gruffydd),

who ravaged France between

the Loire and Seine as Captain

94
of

The later Welsh Princes.

a

Free

Company

of

marauders.
of

{Ibid.)

Few,

perhaps,

are

aware that the English

Company

Enguerrand De Coucy, defeated

by the Swiss on January 13, 1376, at Buttisholz, was

1

commanded
styles

by Ieuan ap Einion; whom an old song of the Hertzog Yffo von Callis mit sim guldinen hut,' the
Wales with
in-law of
his

period
chief

Evan
a

of

golden hat.
III.

{Tschudi.)
fiefs

EnguerranI was

son-

Edward
Welsh

and held
I
'

in

Wales, which explains his

another

having
'

lieutenant.

find

Cambrian

Thomas

Ellis,

marshal of the English

in the service

of Venice, signing a
Italians
in

treaty to appease an affray between

them and the

(Cal.

the

harbour of Chioggia, on Feb. 4th, 1380.

Venetian Series).

of State

Papers,

But far beyond the sparse records of these adventurers is the fame of Owain of Glyndwvrdu, known to the world in the pages
of
2.

Shakespeare.

A
-o-

law

student,

attached

to

Owen

Glendonr.

the

.,

person

t 01

u a Richard

n LI.,

u a u was driven he by

England The increasing superstition of the time would worn by a usurper. have it, that the rain, snow, and hail, Henry IV. suffered from in
personal wrongs

to attempt independence of the

Crown

of

Wales

in the

autumn

of

1402, were raised by magic art of

Owen
of S.

of Glendore.

(Thomas Walsingham)
is

But the

ability

and bravery

displayed

by him
wrote
" in

beyond dispute.
lines

While

humble monk
universal

Alban's
hension,

the choir

expressing the
supplico,

appre"

Christe,

Dei

splendor, Tibi

destrue Gleendor
of

(Annates

Henrici IV.

C.C.C.

Cambr); the House

declared
all

Commons
would

long after his death,

A.D.

1431,

that his

success

have been "to the destruction of

English tongue for evermore."

of

When Owen
missioned
"

'

by the

grace

of

God Prince

Wales

'

had com-

at Doleguelli

Master Griffin Yonge, Doctor of Decrees,

treat about

our Chancellor, and John Hanmer, to

the

an alliance with

King
and

of France,

May

10,

1404;" Charles VI. on the 14th of

July ensuing duly concluded a treaty, styling

cent

Owen

"

the magnifi-

powerful Owin

Prince

of

Wales."

(Rymer.)

Troops

were despatched to South Wales; but, owing to Owen's inability

to
afford

them

supplies,

they

were

forced

to

return.

Henry

The later

Welsh Princes.
in

95

Hotspur of Northumberland, who

A.D.
1

1401

had defeated the

Welsh by Cadair Council), became March

and
Knighton, A.D.

Idris

('/?'

Catlierederys.

Ordinances of Privy
Mortimer,
last

his

ally;

and

Edmund

Earl of

Ulster,

taken

1403,

was

prisoner by Owen at Brynglas by wedded to his daughter. {Annals of

The family of Mortimer was already connected with Wtgmore) the Welsh Princes: Edmund died in 1424, almost twenty years a
prisoner
in

the

castle

of

Trim

in

Ireland.

(Wecver,

Funeral

Monuments.)
far

The English Prince

in

of Wales,

from being a mere boon-companion of a

Harry of Monmouth, Falstaff, was busily

employed over ten years

he
directs

reducing the Welsh insurgents.

Now
he

the

siege

of Harlech
for

and Llanbadarn
of

castles;

now he
again

signs an

indenture

the

surrender
at

Aberystwyth;
at

pays the

wages of sixty

men
7,

arms tarrying

Kymmer
to

abbey

and Bala.
P.C.)
shire,

(A.D. 1402,
the decline

12.

Rymer.
fortune
in

Nicolas,
retired

Ordinances of
Herefordnear
his

On

of his

Owen

where

he

dwelt

obscurely

shepherd's
at

weeds,

daughter Lady Scudamore, and died unmolested

Monnington-on-

Wye,
red

Sept.

20,

141
to

5.

His manor of Glyndouvrdwy was granted

at

by Henry VIII.
rose.

one Thomas Salter

the

yearly rent

of one

(A.D. 1514.
at

Cal. of State Pafiers.)

occurs,

But, although no
the

attempt
with
the

independence again

were

Kymry

content

Government imposed on them by force ? Edward III. " to the in that the Church Wales hath complains Pope, stubborn,
wayward,

and extravagant
(A.D.
1328.

subjects,

as

well

of

English origin as
or

Welsh."

Rymer)

The

Cymmort/ias

Kymric

custom of mutual help and

insurrection of Glendower.

festivity

became obnoxious from the

that
it

Henry IV. ordained

nor minstrels,
(sic)

should not
wasters,

be suffered,

as

heretofore;

bards,

rhymers,
to

and

other

Welsh vagabonds
(A.D. 1401.
in

be

allowed
politic

overcharge
of

the

country.

Rymer.)

The

object
for

Governappre-

ment

is

disclosed

an Order of Privy Council

that
told

the

hension

of a

monk

chronicles

at

Comorthas and open

(A.D. 1443.
Nicolas)

gatherings to the stirring up of the people.

CHAPTER
Having
traced

VII.

WELSHMEN ON THE CONTINENT.

the
vestiges of Keltic migrations

on the continent
of the

of Europe,

we may not omit noticing the presence

Kymry

^
An

abroad in their later and decaying

state.

We
Egypt

abroad.

have seen how under the Empire thev contributed troops to the Imperial service in

...
Free

and
ian

Illyria.

uncertain tradition makes Lucius the

first

Christ-

prince
or

of the

Britons the Apostle of Rhaetia or the Grisons.

the

Pelagius

Morgan,

sturdy champion

of the

Will of

Man

to the detriment of the supernatural as implied

by Revelation,
sixth

became

famous

in

Italy

and

Palestine.

In

the

century

Wales and Armorica interchange their Saints. While SS. Samson of Wise Cadoc the abbat and Dol, archbishop bishop of Bennavenna,
Gildas

the

historian

Paul Aurelian

bishop

of

Leon,
(S.

Maelor

of

Arvon, Machutus (Mechell), Tysilio the chronicler

Cambro-Britons
in in

Suliac),

were

Armorica;

some

of

the

founders

of churches

and monasteries
SS.

Wales came over from Britanny.

abbat
of

Such were
bishop
of

Laudatus

(Llawddad)

Bardsey,

Paternus

Llanbadarn by Aberystwyth, Cadvan of Towyn, Iltutus of Lantwit,

Tudwal
Ghent,

of Lleyn,
"

Mellon of Cardiff.
the

S.

Gudwal, the Patron of

"

who
was

first

Flemings from

taught
or

(Drayton,

Poly-olbion

on Nov. 3rd, A.D. 603, subjects his monastery of Bobbio in North Italy to the See Apostolic, Cunochus (Kynog) a

XXIV.), Columban

Cadwal

Britain

Armorica.

When

S.

monk, Gurgarus (Gwrgar)

subscribe the document.

"

by birth a Briton," Domcialis

I.

Scot,

(Monumenta Historiae Patriae

of Rennes, a writer on

Turin,
(if

1836)

Marbod bishop
"

Gems, was

we

may

trust Pits)

a Cambro-Briton

by

birth,

and surnamed Euanx."

Welshmen on
Cuhclin,
a

the

Continent.
as

97
of Wales,

Cambrian

better

known

Alexander

was

present at the slaughter of S.

Thomas

of Canterbury, and wrote a

Latin account of

it.

Possibly he was the Archdeacon of Anglesea,

who

interpreted

in

Wales

for

Archbishop Baldwin preaching the

crusade,

A.D. 1188.

{Gtraldus Cambrensis.)
of

The

chiefs in

Wales

cut a poor figure at that juncture

supreme
at

interest

to Christen-

dom.
princes

They assumed the cross and stayed

of

home.
for

One

of the

Powis,

Morgan, stung by remorse

deeds of blood,

actually reached

Palestine, but died at Cyprus on his

way home.
in

{Brut

Tywysogi'on .)
if

Wales,
person of

not

the

Kymry, may

boast

of

Cardinal

the

Thomas

Jorze

or George, called Gualensis,

S. Sabina,

Chaplain to

Edward

I.

and Card. Bishop of

at

who

died at Grenoble,

A.D. 1305, and was buried The Welsh take part in

Continent.
the the
1450,

Oxford.

{Cave, Historia Ltttcraria.)

of

the

relations

England
in

with

the

We
of

find

Sir

John
1442.

Trevnant

attendance

on

regent

Gascony, A.D.
surrendered
their

{Bcckington Diary)
to

When
A.D.

English

fortresses

the

French,

John

Edwards
ap
worse

was

captain
of

of

I^a

Roche

Guyon,

and

Gryffyn

Ddu
no

Meredith
than

Regnieville-sur-le-mer.
great
lords

They
the

behaved
Captal
VI.)
at

those

of

Guienne,

De Buch and
Philip

the Souldich

De

l'Estrade.

{Letters of

Henry
of

Morgan
in

bishop of

Ely was Henry Vth's ambassador

141
5.

the

Council

of Constance,

A.D.

Sir

Hugh Johnys

Castle Gower, Knight of the Holy Sepulchre, had further and had served five years " in the werris under afield, gone

Landymor

John Palaeologus Emprowre of Constantinople," and was buried at Nicholas Roberts, a knight of Rhodes, was Swansea, A.D. 1460?
an envoy to 'the Great Turk,' A.D. Brewer.)
Ithel king of

1523.

{Cat. of State Papers.

Sir

Gwent, the

See, refused to

from of Glamorgan, descended Ambassador of England to the Holyreturn home, and died at Rome, A.D. 1561. Mary
last

Edward

Came

the

Catholic

or

the

Sanguinary
far

afforded

him
the

scant supplies; for

he complains he

was so

in

debt

that

Roman merchants
Cal.

would be loth to trust him any further.

{Aug. 2j, 1558.

98

Welshmen on

the

Continent.

of State Papers, Foreign?)

sities

Dr. John David Rhys, of the univerto

of Oxford

and Sienna, appears

have been equally versed

in

Welsh and

Italian,

and wrote on the grammar of both languages.

Though a Roman Recusant, his love of his native land induced He died A.D. 1609. him to accept an invidious position at home.
About the same time
and
graced
'

one Evans

'

was

"

made Rector
State

at

Padua

( Papers; Jan. 26, extraordinarily." of these But the most 1604.) interesting expatriated Kymry is Owen Lewis of Malltraeth in Anglesea, sometime Archdeacon of

Winwood'* s

Douai, Vicar General to S. Carlo Borromeo Archbishop of Milan,

Nuncio
in the

in

Switzerland of Pope Gregory XIV., Bishop of Cassano

of Naples;

kingdom

who

laid the foundations of the

English

colleges at

Rome, Douai, and Rheims, and died A.D. 1595, having

{Ferdinando Ughclli, Italia Sacra)
Cardinal;

lived thirty six years in exile.

He

was

nearly

being

made

but

his

favouring

the
his

succession of the

King

of Scots to the English

Crown marred
I

chance, and the pious Caietan obtained the

Hat.

observe with grievous

"

pain that the

fault

mean
Welsh

jealousy of their
character
!)

in

the
rest

crops

own countrymen (a up even at Rome:

at

Owen

and the

laugh at Cassano's being Cardinal."

of the

This was Thomas

Owen, Head

English

College

Rome.

succeeded as Vicar General at Milan by Griffith Roberts,

Italy
as

The Bishop was known in

an
exile

Griffidio

Rnberio.

This

worthy

man,

though

from Cambria
a

for his attachment to the

Roman
his

Church, cherished
In

warm

affection

for the
as

rude

home

of

forefathers.

the

preface

(beautiful
at

an exordium of Plato) to a Welsh grammar,

1567, he

published
certain

Milan in

complains in limpid Kymraec of

that
" so

unpatriotic

Welshmen,

soon

as

they

see

the

Severn or the steeples of Shrewsbury, or hear an Englishman once

Beautiful Italy had good morrow,' they forget their Welsh." " Fair though this place be," not weaned him from his first love.
'

say

he

"
saith,

and pleasant to

see the
this

green leaves a shelter from the

heat, and agreeable to hear

northerly breeze blowing beneath

all

the vines to cheer us in this excessive heat that oppresses

men

bred and born in so cold a land as Wales

yet

Kymro's heart

Welshmen on

the

Continent.
side or
in

99
the

warms not towards them

low
lying

as

it

would on the Dee

Vale
to

of

Clwyd,

or
in

many

places

could

name from

Maenol Dewi

Holyhead

Mona."

He

" for longs

many

things found in

Wales

to pass

away the
If

time merrily whilst avoiding the heat of a long summer's day.

you would meditate or read alone, you might choose a

fit

place,

however

intense
in

the

heat,

either

in

green

bowers,
in a

or

beside

running brook

a glen

and greenwood, or

blooming

valley,

or in a grove of birch or ash trees, or on a clear breezy mountain,

or elsewhere

away from the weariness bred by the warm weather.

this

But

about

city

(Milan),

there

is

nothing

of

the

sort."

Roberts's

attachment to his country led him to warn one Roger

Smythe not
for. fear of

beyond the Alps ("this side the mountain") imprisonment by the Inquisition, whose locks could not
to set foot "
easily.

be

picked

The Holyhead men

"
I

'

say,

Blacksmith,
Cal.

apply

thy work, or get

Papers.)
heart

thee hence.'

{May
could
of

28,

1596.

of State

Elsewhere he says; "

within

feel a

glow within, and

joy,
in

my
the

bounding

my

body

very

hearing

utterance of the

British tongue."

{Dr.

Owen Pughc,
or

Dictionary,

sub

voce

Cyrchncidiaw.'')

Maurice

Clennock,

of

Clynnog,

Bishop-designate of
the
"

English
for

Bangor under Mary, became the first Rector of College at Rome about A.D. 1560, and was there
great
partiality

noted

his

towards

his

own countrymen
[See
his
in

of

Wales."
No. X.]
noticed;

{Anth.

Wood,

Athcnae

Oxonienses.)

Appendix

Another Roman Catholic of note

John Jones, originally of Llanvaethlu

day must be

in

Anglesea, Archin

bishop
religion

Laud's chamberfellow

at

S.

John's

College
of

Oxford,

in

Father

Leander
died

Sancto
of

Martino
English

the

Order of

S.

Benedict,
1636.

who

President

the

Congregation, A.D.

Another Welshman,

Augustine

Llewelyn

was 'Prefect

of

the Province of Canterbury,' A.D. 1685.

{Gallia Christiana.)

Most

readers

have

been

acquainted
in

by

Southey
of

with

the

legend,
. .

related

the

Triads,
sailed

Madoc ap
in

tion to America.

JP

Owain

Gwynedd's '

having

westward

quest of a

new

land,

whence he never returned.

ioo
It
is

Welshmen on
traced
to

the

Continent.

Cyneuric

ap

Grono
left

and

Gutyn

Owain

in
it;

Edward IVth's
and
is

time,

who
by

yet have

no proofs
of

to establish

maintained

Purchas,

Humphrey Lloyd and strenuously by Sir Thomas

Denbigh,

Hakluyt.
Ist's

Herbert,

Charles

faithful attendant,

ancestor.

He

whose family pride led him to glorify a collateral cites (I know not on what authority) the following

words as used by presumed Cambrians in America:

hearken; Pengwyn, a white head;
bread; Tat, father;

Gwrando,

to

Gwyn-dowr, white water; Bar a,

Mam,

mother; Bryd, time; Bn, a cow; Clugar,

a heathcock; Llwynog,

a fox;

Wy, an egg; Calav, a

quill;

Trwyn,

a nose; Nev, heaven.

"None

save detracting opinionatists," thinks

the gallant knight,

I

"

can justly oppose such worthy proofs of what

of."

wish were generally allowed

{Travels, p.

222)

Now, how-

ever

amusing Sir Thomas's confidence may appear, and although the late Mr. Thomas Stephens has produced a presumption of
Madoc's death in his native land,
it

may

be

well to submit the

following passages which tend to render the legend not absolutely

incredible.
(if

Some
The

nations

of

antiquity undertook

voyages,
are

which
simply
to

we

regard

their

slender

means
the

of
seas

navigation)

marvellous.

Goths

swept

from

Scandinavia

Trebizond.
sailed

The Saxons
French
sailed

in their frail barks braved the ocean

rivers

and
is

up the

in

search

of

plunder.

Gavran

reported to

have

with his faithful liegemen

(teulu,

gasindi,

gweision bychain)

in quest

of the green isles of the ocean

(Gwer-

ddonau

Llion).

The

Icelanders

had

tradition

of a country

called

by them

Hvitramannaland edr Irland ed mykla, White-Man's-land or Great Ireland, placed west of Ireland, somewhat behind Vinland the
Good,
States

which
of

Professor

Raske
and

proves

to

have

been

the

modern
were
white

Massachusetts
to

Rhode

Island.

The
to

people

reported
clothes

Thorfmn

Karlsefne,

A.D.

1007-9,

wear

and carry poles before them. Gudlaugson was driven from Iceland
strange
land,

Later on, A.D. 1029, Gudleif

to

the southwest of

Ireland to
spoke

where

it

seemed to them

that

the

people

Irish.

Lionel Wafer at the close of the sixteenth century describes

Welshmen on
the

the

Continent.

ioi

Indians of Darien

as

wearing long white gowns and bearing

pikes.

Their speech strongly reminded him of Gaelic and Irish.

of

Some
thinks
Keltic
Gaelic,

them wore
Powhatan
In

black

gowns.

The Abbe Emile Domenech

spoken
in

the

language,

once

Virginia,

is

of

origin.

expression

and the Kymric.

and harmony it is equal to Erse, But does (Deserts of North America)

?

the
the

Abbe know
natives

these languages

Further,

Strabo

tells

us

that

of the

Tin-lands (ancient Cornwall) wore black cloaks

feet,

and tunics reaching their

tus an
fashion.
I

and walked with

staves.

S. Indrac-

Irish

pilgrim bore a staff tipped with brass, after the Irish

(Sanctoralc Catholic, p. 77.)

think

we may

fairly

infer

Taking these facts together, some intercourse of Kelts with the

Catlin believes Western continent ages before Madoc or Columbus. the Mandans on the Missouri descended from Madoc and his

adventurers, instancing their fair complexions, hazle eyes, and sweet

expression.

(Prichard, p.
in

400.)

Ten-Broecke
in

says

the

same of

the
as

Moqui
the
"

Colorado, and that they weave

of

the same

manner
says

people

Wales.

"

(Schoolcraft.)

Their

features,"

marked and homely, with an expression generand good-natured. ally bright Many of them have fair hair and blue eyes." Ruxton says that the American (Bancroft, I. p. 530.)
Ives,

are strongly

trappers

call

them

Welsh

Indians.

(Ibid,

p.

528.)
of

The Zuni
descent.
told

Pueblos

of

New
an

Mexico
old

are

thought
with
clear

to

be

Welsh
eyes

Their

cacique,

man

dark-blue

Mr.
in

Cozzens a legend of a young Zuni

canoe
with
brilliant
its

warrior,

who embarked

as

crystal,

and reached the Island of the Blessed

eternal verdure; which certainly recalls the Hellenic golden

Isles

cup of the Sun-god, the Elysian plain of Pindar, the Green

of the floods in the Triads,

and Merlin's house of

Country.)

glass in

Nennius
traces

and Ariosto.
certain
(/.

(Cozzens,

Marvellous
to

Schoolcraft

characters
124.)

common

Keltic

and

Virginian

inscriptions.

/.

And Georg Van

there appears

Hoorne,

accepting

the

legend

of

Madoc, sees him in a Virginian hero called Matec Ziinga.

In
fine,

(III. 2.)

to have been
in the
far

a constant tradition

kept

up among seamen of a land

West, which the legend of

102

Welshmen on
to

the

Continent.

Madoc represented
Irish Kelts.

the

Kymry and

that of S. Brandan to

the

"Thlyde [Lhuyd] the cunning mariner of all England" " isle navigated a Bristol ship, A.D. 1480, in quest of the fabulous
of Brasylle
in

the

West

part

of

Ireland,

sailed

about

for

nine

months, but found no island."

{Itinerarium

Willclmi Wyrcestre.)

Eighteen years
that
"

later,

the Spanish ambassador writes from London,

last

the people of Bristol have for the

seven years sent out

isle

light ships or caravels in

search of the aforesaid

according to

the fancy of a Genoese."

the

(Bergenroth)

This was " Zuan Cabot,

An Italian tells the Duke of Milan, styled " that these English run after him like mad people, so that he can
great admiral."
enlist

as

many

of

them
It

as

he

pleases,

and a number of our own

"

rogues besides."

was reported that Cabot

had discovered

the

Seven Cities on the western passage from England, the territory of

the Grand

Cham

"

or

Khan

of Tartary.

CHAPTER
The
notice

VIII.

ECCLESIASTICAL SKETCHES.
first

we have

of the early Christian

missionaries to the

Kymry
1.

relates that Hid,

the elder

Kyndav, and Arwystli hen (or Aristobulus priest ?) came over about A.D. 70,

The early
Church.

British

wJth the blessed Brkn the father of Caractacus,

who had become

said
isles.

a Christian at
is

Rome,

Hid

is

to

have been an Israelite; and

If S.

the S.

Lide of the Scilly

Paul himself did not

visit Britain, these

Romans must
would belong

have known the great Apostle; and Hid,

to
as

as

a Jew,
later,

the

mission

of

S.

Peter.

century
is

Lleirwg,
to

known

king Lucius, a prince of the Silures,

said

have sought

help from Eleutherus bishop of

Rome

(y

Pab

Elidyr),

who

sent

Damianus and Paganus (Dyvan

a Phagan),

Meduinus and Albanus

isle

(Mydwy
Avallon.
the

ac Elvan),

who taught
It

the faith in Siluria and the

in
later

of

(The

Triads.)

was maintained
of
in

times
of

that
their

foundation

of
is

the

See

Llandav

was

the

fruit

mission.

There

no trace

Welsh

tradition of the connexion

details

of S. Joseph of of

We have no Arimathea with Glastonbury. the government and discipline of the Church in Britain
period; but

in

the

Roman

may

safely infer that

it

was

in

harmony with
endowment
point; not
1

the rest of the Catholic Church, save that the personal discipline

was more stringent, the government

precarious or entirely

less

developed, the
first

wanting.
Lent,

In

proof of the
fasted

content
(Graiiys

with

the

ordinary

they

the

Apostles

Lent

Whitsunday, Mary's Lent (Graiiys Meir) from the first to the fifteenth of August, and Elias his Lent (Graiiys Helias) from Martinmas to Christmas.
yr ebystyl)

from Ascension

Day

to

104

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

(Mus. Britannic. Addit. Mss. 14,912.)

In

proof of the

second,
is,

they appear to
bishops

have been shepherded by rcgionary bishops, that

not

who were
S.

permanently attached to
(Goeslan)
S.

local

sees.

Thus,
a
see
at

we
was

find

Gistlianus
there;

bishop

of

Menevia before
of
S.

established
S.

Maucannus (Meugant) bishop

Kaergwair or
it

or

Silchester;
at

Branwalator (Brangwaladr) in Dorsetshire;

S.

Cadoc

Bennavenna;

Dubricius

(Dyvrig)

at

Warwick.
that

{Leland IV. 169.)

On

the

other

hand,

is

probable

the

more approved system prevailed among the Loegrian had become more thoroughly Latinized. S. Theanus
first

Britons,

who

passes as the

bishop of London; and

it

is

likely that the centres of Imperial

government would receive

settled

episcopal supervision.

Thus,

London, York, and Colchester were represented at the Council of Aries, A.D. 314, by Restitutus, Eborius, and Adelphius, attended

by the
are

priest in

Sacerdos and the deacon Arminius.

The two

first

known
efforts
it

Welsh

as

the

of

Welsh

The third name defies Rhystid and Ivor. I scholars, who would appropriate him.
was already but half Kymric;
to

think
within
that

probable that Colchester, the Colonia Londinensium, being

the
Littns

Saxojiicum,

and
while

the

Latin

names

belonged

Latinized

Loegrians,

Arminius can only be the German Hermann.

Dioclesian
in

The martyrs under

of Britons, such
as

Britain

all

belong to

that class

Augulus bishop of London, Albanus and Amphibalus of Verulam, Vodin and Julius and Aaron, Stephen and Socrates of Caerleon.
Gwythelin
(Vitalianus)

bishops

of

London

were

also,

conceive,
S.

Loegrians; as well as Eldad of Gloucester,

known

at

Oxford as

Aldate, and the hermit Abben of Chilswell by Oxford.

of

In proof

my

third point,

it

may

suffice

to

mention,

how

the poverty of

the British bishops compelled

them

to accept a

subsidy from the

emperor when they attended the Synod

and the account given us of
witness to a
S.

of

Ariminum, A.D. 359;

his

David

and

monastery bears

more than Apostolic poverty.

{Sane torale Catholicnm.

of Wales,

March

J.)

The Triads

refer

to

David

as chief bishop

Bedwini of Cornwall, and Kyndeyrn of British Scotland or Cumberland in the

larger sense; this account

corresponds with the three

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

105
after

principal

fragments
its

of

Kymric dominion,

the

Saxons

had

broken up
It

solidarity.

has

been

too

much

the

fashion
in

to

assume the absolute

independence of the British church

(as
l. Its
all

respect to the See Apostolic

Antiquity styles Rome), because Augusft

gradual

nc

foun(j
.

subjection to the See from of Rome

varied in a few trifling particulars

,

___

the

Western church

on

the
If

continent.

These related to mere

the common view, we
are forced to

discipline.

we accept

condemn the
rights,

great and holy

expressly

Pope Gregory
leaves

as

arrogating

usurped

when he

the

British

bishops to the correction of his emissary.

of universal dominion, as well as his

But

Gregory's

disclaimer

known
West

moderation, forbid the assumption.

forgotten
to
it,

The Welsh

bishops

may have

but the decrees of the Emperors subjected the

of 'the

the

supervision

Bishop of the Eternal

is

City;' and the

nature and extent of that supervision

marked by Gregory's own

all

words, where, while assuming the parity of

bishops in general,

he declares, that, when the decrees of Councils were violated, he

knew not what bishop was not amenable

the
British

to his supervision.

But
had

bishops

would have

risen

above

human

nature,

they readily admitted the claims of a stranger,

the patronage of their country's bitterest foes.

who came under

The Welsh custom

of consecrating bishops on the festival of S. Peter's Chair (February

22nd)

seems to imply a

recognition
If the

of the

Roman
left

Primacy,

at

least in its

moderate form.

bishop of Caerleon-on-Uske was

a succession.

obeyed

as Metropolitan,
title

he does not appear to have

is

The honorary

of Archbishop

a precarious circumstance.

For

find

Elvod

of

Bangor,

who was

instrumental

in

procuring

conformity with Rome, A.D. 808, styled 'Archbishop of Gwynedd;'

and Asser bishop of Sherborne, A.D. 906,

of Britain.'

'

Archbishop of the
the
the
S.

Isle

{Brut y Tywysogion.)

When Howel
by
of

Good went
bishops
of

to

Rome,
of

A.D.

926,

he

was

accompanied
" "

Menevia, Bangor, and Llandav.

The bishop
received
at

David," says
the

Henry
Pope
in

Huntingdon
it

{Lib.

/.),

the pallium from

our time, as

had been

Kairlegion; but he instantly

106
lost
it."

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

Such too was the

were
too

fate of Festinianus

of Dol: the sons of

Zeruiah

strong

for

them.

Ivan

had
due

received
subjection

it

from
the

Pope Gregory, A.D.

church
of

1076,

but

reserving

to

Tours.

The strong Norman

bishop
of

will
at

asserted

itself;

and

Bernard
<(

was hallowed

Menevia

Westminster, A.D.

1 1

15,

without leave or greeting of the clergy of the

Kymry; and
bishop
of

then the bishop

Kent took

it."

Dewy {Brut y
S.

of

lost

his

privilege,

and the

Tywysogion.)
at

David, a venerable
"

monk

of the Scots' of

North Wales Gruffydd, the

also

elected by the Prince and people of Wales," was clergy, consecrated bishop of Bangor, A.D. 11 20, at Westminster by

abbey of

Alban

Mainz,

the the

Norman

archbishop {Continuator of Florence of Worcester); but

indicate

circumstances

King Henry I., Near seventy years later, archbishop Baldwin, in by the Kymry. the preaching crusade, marked his spiritual conquest; for ''he sang
in every cathedral church of

suzerain

some forbearance on the part of the probably induced by a show of firmness

Wales a mass

in pontificals,

and that

was never seen before that time."

the English

(Trevt'sa,

Foly-chroiticon.)

As

archbishop

prevailed over the native clergy of Wales

regret to find

by might rather than

seded by his
a

we may not master the Pope of Rome.

right,

him

super-

For we have on record

few consecrations performed abroad either by the Pope or by his

subaltern.

Thus, Richard De Carew, known by the Welsh as

o

'

yr

Athraw

Risiart

Gaer

Bishop of S. David's at

John Trevor Bishop of

Ryw {Brut y Tywys.), Rome by Pope Alexander IV., A.D. S. Asaph in the Roman Court, A.D.
S.

'

was consecrated
1280. 1353.

Llywelyn ap Madoc, nominated Bishop of

bull,

at

Rome, A.D. 1357.

provision

{Le Neve, Fasti)

of

by

Papal

Bishop

Bangor,

at

Asaph Howel ap Grono, Avignon, A.D. 1371,

and John Trev-

by the Pope's

{Stubbs.)

Edmund
is

Bromfield, Bishop of Llandav,

nant, of Hereford, at

Rome, A.D.
slightest

1389.
indication

There
e

not

the

that

the

Catholics

of
to

Wales ever opposed the tendency, not merely

us &ancti

10nour re ligiously, but to develope largely and to

office

exaggerate the place and

of the Mother-

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

107
of

of-Gon
Earth.

and

of

His

Saints
of

in

the

Communion

Heaven and
zeal

The worship

Mary sprang from

in

the heated

bred

by the early controversies relating to the Incarnation of the Son of

God; and must have been even welcomed

few

an
the

illiterate age,

when

were

inclined of
S.

or

qualified
in

to
his

pursue
epistles.

purely

intellectual

disquisitions

Paul
'

The

pseudo-Aneurin

proclaims Mary

as

the Royal Maiden born to lead us out of our

hard

u
captivity;'

Merch

vrenhinawl

aned

A'ndiig

o'n

dygn
Mr.

gaethiwed."

passage clear to

any one conversant with Catholic

knowledge the
late

Theology, but

which from lack of that

Stephens took to be a prophecy relating to Gwenllian daughter of

the
last

Llewelyn,

who

died a

poem
cold

assigns

Mary

the rule
a

Sempringham. of Purgatory, and sees her

round
her
head,

Nun

of

A
"

popular
over the
a

mountain,

with

halo
hell."

securing

place

between every soul and

Longtnus.)

(Satictorale

Catholicum, sub

voce
'

The
Vair,'

Blessed Mother
the

(Mam
a

wenn) was known as

proof,
I

yr

Arglwyddes

Lady Mary;

take

it,

of great

antiquity of style, seeing the most ancient

Church calendars never

employ the
were
'

titles of

'Saint' or 'Blessed.'
Mair,'

With

the

Kymry, nuns

Morwynion gwynion
the

Taliesin);
4

pure

fountain
well.

Mary's fair maidens (Pscudothat burst from the hill-side was

Even the Immaculate Conception " Our appears to have been admitted, in the sense of Wordsworth's tainted nature's solitary boast," when it was said " Ni chavad
Ffynnon
Vair,'

Mary's

arwydd pechawd

na'i
its

arlwybyr ami;" 'There was not found the

trace

mark

of sin

nor

on

her.'

{Owen Pnghc,

Diet, snb

voce

Arlwybyr?)

Next to Mary, they venerated the archangel Michael and the

apostle
S.

Peter.
in

Their churches

(Llanvair,

Llanvihangel,

Llan-

bedr) abound

Wales; but we never find those of S. Paul or S.

I

John; a
of

fact

deserving notice, as
former's

think
'

it

tells

against the notion

or
of a

either

the

preaching

in

Britain

supposed

connexion
indigenous

of the
Saints,

British church

with

that of Ephesus.

Of

the
as
if,

David and Winifred were the most popular

into
superstition,

Dewi and Gwenvrewi; and Faith hardened

108
indeed,

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

bullocks

were

ever

sacrificed

to

S.

Beuno,

or

offerings
(Cal.

made

at the

wells of Elian

and the venerable Kynvran.

of

State Papers,

May

JO, 158Q.

Owen Pughe, Cambrian Biography)

Saints

The veneration
deep roots
4.

of relics of the

seems to

have struck

among
of

the

Kymry.
in

In the Welsh Laws swearing on

relics

lawsuits

was of constant occurrence.

or

The worship
Relics.

The
Cross

famous

C roiz-neth

Croesnawdd,
to

the

of protection,

supposed

contain

portion of the Lord's Cross,

and adorned with gold and gems, was

Prince
of

solemnly

borne

before

the

Wales,
it

as

palladium
at

of

national salvation.

On

Llewelyn's death,

was offered

West-

minster abbey, April 30,

T285; and Gavaston was made to swear

on
of

it

not to return to England.

S.

{Annals of Waverley, Matthew

handbell
called

Westminster)
at

David's
in

miraculous
11 88

Bangu
Dinevor.

was kept
I. 7); It

Glascwm

Elvael in
S.

(Girald.

Cambrcnsis, Itin.
at

and the golden torques of

pieces,
{Ibid.

Kanaucus (Kynog)

was in four

constructed of rings.
I.
2.)

No
of

one durst swear

falsely

by

it.

The Bretons

Armorica evinced
and the
bell of S.

similar veneration for the hand-mill of S. Gildas

Paul of Leon.

The undecaying hand

'

of S.

the surname of Lamn-guin

solitary

blessed

'

or
for

'

Oswald procured him fair hand {Ncnnins) a

'
;

instance
his
relic,

of

Welsh
not

regard
his

a
as

Saxon
Sir

saint,

procured
Palgrave

him by
imagined.

by

virtues,

Francis

Of
been

all

the customs of the mediaeval Church, none could have

to

more congenial
Pilgrimages.
of

the

Keltic

nature

than

the

institution,

which
5.

gratified their curiosity

under the respectof

all

abJe sanction of Religion.

And

pilgrimIf in

ages, that

Rome
it

promised

the most
it

ample
the

satisfaction.

some
"

respects

was injurious,
at

took

pilgrim

out

of

his

narrow surroundings

home, and ennobled his thoughts, to go

" Is there

wandering and wondering among the ruins of ancient magnifi-

cence."

One bard
road, a

asks,

any season

so spiritual as to be

on the

course

of
"
?

great

estimation,

to

the city of

Rome

teeming with population

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

109

oes hryd

mor ysbrydawl

bod ar ffordd

Tuedd cymmyredd mawr,

Trev Ruvain tyrva ryvawr
?

Meilir styles himself

'

S.

Peter's pilgrim

'
;

Kynddelw dwells on the

wondrous sight of

Rome
Caer Ruvain, ryvedd olygawd, Caer uchav, uchel
ei

devawd.

Howel ab Rhys,

a prince of
after,

Glamorgan went
owing
to the
died,

to

Rome, A.D.

880,

and died three days

years.

heat,

at the

age of 124

Joseph
to

bishop of
S.

Llandav
{Liber

A.D.

1043, at

Aosta on
records
of

pilgrimage
the
in

Peter.
at

Landavcjisis.)

The

English
the
reign

College
of

Rome
VII.;

Henry
to

Welsh pilgrims of all ranks among them, Dom John Conway,

notice
in

abbat of Bardsey, A.D. 1506.

The pilgrimage
popular, that the
S.

S.

James of Compostella

Spain was so

Kymry

gave the Milky

Way

the

name

of //jut
it

/aim,
St.

'

S.

James's Way.'

The Provencals

too called
of the

Camiu

dc

Jacques.
of

Mary
Welsh

Henry VI. granted the owner Pembroke in Wales leave to convey

Galice,
at

good ship
to
S.

passengers

James of

A.D.

1451

(Rymer)\ and
1456.

William

Wey

found

ships

Corunna,

A.D.

(/tiucrary.)

The home
Menevia
(S.

pilgrimages
David's)

were numerous and frequented.

for

Two
pilgrims,
in

to

made up

one to Rome.
boast
of

(Oivcu Pughc, Diet, sub voce

royal

Gordal.)
1 1

Menevia could
I.

Henry
1284.
"

II.

in

73,

and Edward

with his queen

Eleanor

(Brut

y
at

Tywysogiou.

Auualcs

Kambriac.) was
a
late

Leland
to
S.

remarks,
"

Greate

pil-

gremage and offering

Armon
scene

(Germanus)
not
class

Llanarmon
'

in

Yale

(/tiucrary

V.);

the

recently,

of
of

offering,'

but of with-holding tithes.

five

One

of the looting

Reformers notices that

1538,
to

or six

hundred pilgrims
(Elis

offered,

A.D.

the

image

of

Dervel

Gadarn.
This

Price,

apud Sir
near
of the

//airy
Bala.

Ellis's
I

Original Letters.)

was

at

Llanddervel
'

regret to find in an

old Ms.

Kalendar

the

feast

no
living Image,'

Ecclesiustical Sketches.

been a

Gwyl y Ddelw vyw, on Sept. 9th; which must have clumsy replica of some Italian Madonna, at Rhyw in Lleyn.
Willis.)
it

[Browne

Whether
discipline,

proceeded from a national repugnance to a tight

which rendered the clergy more amenable to the Pope and his ally the English monarch, or from cy some cause inherent in the Keltic nature, I

clergy.

know
enforced
of the
in

not; but

the
its

celibacy
sister

of clerks

appears

less

strictly

Wales and

land
of

of

Britanny.

Maredudd son
married,

Lord Rhys, Archdeacon

Cardigan,

was

A.D.

1240.

In the eleventh century Orscand bishop of

Quimper was forced to alienate some of the property of his see to

his

brother

the

Count

of

Cornouailles

for

his

license

to

take

wife.

Again, when
the

his said wife

Onwen
Bishop

disdained to rise in church

before

Countess

Judith,

the

was obliged to give up

detrimental to the Church

Loc-Maria.

\Morice, Lobinean)

How
may
the

such cases proved in a rude age

a

be seen by what

we read
held

of

church

in

Norfolk,

which

"

parsons

had ever

from

father to son to the parson that died last."

{A.D. 1194.

Palgrave,

Rotuli Curiae)

On

no

subject

connected

with

religion

is

the
as
its

feeling

of

moderns so estranged from that of their forefathers

on that of
existence.
.
.

Monachism
7.

and
,

the

reason
...

of

The Welsh monks; .

.
.

..

their patriotism.

^ Enough
,

has been written, u however,

to correct

the fierce intolerance of the disciples of Cranmer

and Calvin.

am

here

the grounds, whereon in

no further concerned than to point out my judgment the ancient monks of Wales
and sympathy of the Kymry.

are entitled to the respect

Though

the faith of the moderns

(I

"

" has been reduced to a very few articles

employ the language of a Swiss Protestant in relation to their present pastors), yet most of the parishes in Wales recall the work
and devotion of those holy men of old. feeling which induced the old Kymry to Far
call
'

different

was the

the Pleiades by the

name

of

'

the

congregation
vigil

of Theodosius
of prayer

(Twrr Tewdws),
in

who

kept up their ceaseless

and praise

Glamorgan.

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

Hi
first

That perpetual
the
act

service

of

God day and

night,

mentioned
in

in

of foundation

of the abbey of S. Maurice

Switzerland
is

about A.D. 603, was called by the

stated
to

Kymry Dyval gyvangan, and

(Glastonbury),

have

been

held

at

Ynys Avallon

Caer-

This Laus {Triads.) Caradawg (Old Sarum), and Bangor-is-coed. Percnnis therefore must have been earlier than the Swiss example,
for the

two

first

places were lost to the Britons at the date above

I

mentioned.
ism.

Next to their devotion,

shall

will

commend

their patriot-

Never

we

find

among them

a vile traitor like

Madoc

Vin bishop of Bangor.

Llewelyn ab Iorwerth escaped the English

by the help of a Cistercian of Cwm-hir.

dearly
for
it

The Abbat had

to

pay

to

{Mattheiv

Paris.)

Henry The same monk even misled the

his

III.

to

save

his

abbey from destruction.

castellain

of

Montgomery
Welsh

and

men

into

morass,

where

the

Welsh

despatched them with their lances.

(Roger

De Wendover)

Two

abbats, commissioned by the Pope in the cause of their David ab Llewelyn, had the audacity to summon Henry III. prince before them at Kerry in Wales (Carte, Hist, of England), A.D.

1245.

And

seven

abbats,

those

of

Whitland,

Strata

Florida,

Cwmhir,

Strata

Marcella,

Aberconway, Kemer, and

Vallis-Crucis,

wrote A.D. 1274, t0

S.

PPe

Asaph,

who

tried

Gregory X. not to trust the Bishop of to defame Lewelyn, Prince of Wales, their
S.

strenuous patron.

(Red Book of
C.

Asaph: Hengwrt Mss.)

gives

The Cotton Ms. Titus

filiation of

X.

the

following order and

the religious houses in Wales; with which I blend brief

notices

from
1.

other

sources.

In

S.

David's

8.

Origin and
,

filia-

diocese,

Blancheland,

Alba

Domus, Whit-

land,

or

Tygwyn-ar-Dav,
S. 11 80,

an abbey in Howel

Dda's time.
its
first

Paulinus or Peulyn

Hen was
Griffin

abbat;
2.

Rhydderch A.D.
Florida
or

Cadwgawn

12 10,

Howel Seys
ap

1352.

Strata

Ystrad Fflur, founded

by

Rhys.

This abbey was in South Wales, what Aberconway was in

North Wales, the burial-place of the Prince and the depositary of State charters. Its abbats were David A.D. 1180, Seisill 1188,
Kedivor 1220, Joab 1260, Phylip Goch 1280, Einawn
Seis, Rhisiart

H2
ap Griffith 1407.

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

The

Cistercian

Menology
(probably

of

Henriquez gives us

on

Feb.

13

"blessed

Wulfrid
with

"
Griffith)
gifts."
4.
3.

"a monk
Cwm-hir
?

of
in

Strata

Florida,

endowed

prophetic
1180.

Radnorshire;
Lleison

Meurug
1

abbat A.D.
513.
6. 7.

Lanheir
la

5.

Neath;

abbat A.D.

Margam; John de
A.D.
Its

Warre abbat
Caermar1239,

A.D.

1253,

David
Its

5 13.

Talley or Tal-y-llychau in

thenshire.

abbats

were
8.

Iorwerth

12 15,

Gruffin

David ap Ieuan 1519.

Caermarthen.
Griffin

priors were

Kadmor

A.D. 1208, John Mathewe 1427,

William 1524.
2.

Landav

diocese:

1.

Caerleon, an offshoot of Strata Florida.

3.

Tintern, a daughter of Eleemosyna in France.

4.

S.

Kymmarch.
a

Ewenny.
a

S.

Asaph
of

diocese:
2.

1.

De

la

Pole

or

Welchpool,

daughter of Strata Florida.

De

Valle Crucis

or

Llanegwestyl
at

yn

Ial,

daughter

Pole,

founded

by

Madawc

Gruffydd

Maelawr, 'an especial founder of monasteries.'

Its

[Brut y Tywysogion)

abbats

were

David ap
Bleddyn

Iorwerth A.D.
15 18.
3.

1500,

David ap
a

Owen
of

1504,

David ap

Basingwerke,
4.

daughter

Buldewas, Salop; founded by Henry

British

II.

Bangor-iscoed, of early
in

foundation.
of

Its

abbats

were

S.

Dunawd
1252,

the

time

of
5.

Augustine
Strata
1 1

Canterbury,

Nenna

A.D.
Its

Owain

1256.

Marcella in Montgomeryshire.

abbats
6.

were Ithel A.D.

80,

Gruffydd

n 90,

John ap Rice
diocese:
in
1.

1529.

Rhuddlan; Anian

prior A.D. 1267.

Bangor

Insula Henlis,

Ynys
Its

Enlli, or

Bardsey
5.

island,

an abbey

king Arthur's time.

abbats were

Laudatus or

Llawddad of Armorica, Gervase ap David

Meredith
1448,

A.D.

1377,

David
1506.

ap

Robert

Meredith

1464,

John

Conway

composition made on July nth,

1252, between

the abbat

Canons of Aberdaron on the other throws

carried out in remote

and convent of Enlli on the one part and the secular light on the Ritual

Wales
'

in the old times.

For

it

appears that

the former had given

missal
'

sacerdotal vestments, a silver chalice,

and a

to the church
'

of Aberdaron,
S.

and engage to give

day.
1

'

pound
6q6.)

of incense
2.

yearly on

John

Baptist's
1st,

{Ms.

Harl.

Aberconwy, founded by Llewelyn

I.

A.D.

198, and translated

last

by Edward

to

Maenan near Llanrwst.

Its

abbat

Hugh

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

1 1

Price was buried at Saffron

Walden

in

Essex, where Mr. William

Cole saw his brass in 1747, vested in orfreyed cope with a pastoral
staff.

{Ms.
in

Cole,

Vol.

2*J.

Weever

Funeral Monuments)

3.

Kemmer
elyn
I.,

Merioneth, a daughter of Cwmhir, founded by Llew1209.

please
Its
first

A.D.
to

abbat

was

Esau.
well
as

Old Testament
the
Puritans.

names seem

the old

Catholics as

Thus we
Ooliba

find

Enos Mac Nessa bishop

!)

of Connor,
in

A.D. 506, and

Its last abbat 892. Angouleme Lewis Thomas was consecrated by Cranmer Suffragan Bishop of

(Aholibah

bishop

of

Shrewsbury; conformed under Mary, and

held

an ordination

for

Bonner

at S.

Paul's cathedral,

March

II,

1542; and died Rector of

1560.

Llandwrog
6955.)
4.

in

Arvon under Elizabeth

?

in
it

{Mss. Harl. 6974,

Arbeln magh

sic.

Does

relate to
5.

Abermawddach

or

Barmouth and mean Egryn abbey?

of blessed
oldest
Saints),

Beddgelert or the Valley

Mary

of

religious

M Snowdon, declared by bishop Anian to be the House of all Wales (except Bardsey the Isle of

and of the best hospitality to English and Welsh travelling

Its [Rymer ad ami. Dom. 1286.) Lewelyn 1322, John de Leyn 1337,

from England and West Wales to North Wales, and from Ireland

and North Wales

Priors were

to

England."
1286,

Madoc A.D.
1380,

Ievan
6.

ap Bledhyn

Mathew

1390, David

Conway
mostly

last

Prior.

Nevyn, whose prior in 1252 was William. There were other religious houses, but
of

alien

and

advanced posts

English domination,

little

connected with the

Kymry.

I will

here cite only three, the priories of Llanvaes and

Isle

Penmon

or S.

Seirioel of the

of

Glannauc
at

(called

Priestholm)

and the collegiate church of

were founded by Llewelyn
I.

S.

Cybi

Holyhead.

The

priories

Llanvaes ruined in the Welsh wars

"

was restored by Henry V.,

considering

that

the

bodies

of the of

daughter of king John, of the son of a king of

Denmark,

Lord

De

Clifford,

and others

slain in the

Welsh

wars, rest there."

Two

out of eight brethren

food for their
support.

were to be Welshmen, in order to procure

English

Priors,

Priestholm had {Rymer ad aim. 1414) Gervase de Bristol A.D. 1309, Thomas Trentham

1413, William

Whalley 1444, William Ardescote 1452, John Ingram

114
1468.
in

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

Among

the

Provosts of Kaerkeby were

Peter

131 2,

Thomas

de

Feriby

1390,
in

Richard

Clifford

De Abyton The 1394.

Cis-

chief religious Orders

known

Wales were

Crevydd du, Black

monks

or

Benedictines;

Crevydd gwyn, White monks or

Crevydd troednoeth, Barefooted freres or Franciscans; Crevydd Ieuan, Knights of S. John or Hospitallers; and Y myneich The Hospitallers had land at cochion, Red monks or Templars.
tercians;

Gwanas
II.

in Merioneth,

A.D. 1285

(Aylqffe,

Rotuli Walliae); Edward

attached Templars in North and West- Wales, A.D. 1307.

steady policy of espionage and a perverse mis-use of Church

Patronage was persistently kept up by the Suzerain

to

Norman Kings
little

subdue the Kymry.

ungodliness and
policy.

They

recked of

"V
Patronage.

the

indifference

bred by this

wicked

The Welsh

princes

seem to

have incautiously helped

find

it

by

their donations to aliens.

For we
in

Haghmon

abbey, for example,

endowed with lands

Wales

by three of them, one being Cadwaladr brother of

(Dug-dale.)

Owen Gwynedd.

Henry
lands

III.

grew from the right of conquest. presents Lawrence de S. Martin to the church of Llanpractice
" in the King's gift,

The bad

badarn-vawr,
of

by reason of

his conquest of the

6gs7)
1328.

Ms. Harl. (A.D. 1246. Maelgwn of South Wales." held the same de Master Eudo church, A.D. Berkeley
1361,

In

William de
of

Wykeham
In

holds two prebends in the

1368,
II.
is

collegiate

church

Abergwili.

William

Goldwin

is

Archdeacon of Caermarthen.
this

Richard

the chief offender in

business,

character.
of

we might expect from his weak and arbitrary In his luckless reign we have Thomas de More parson
as

Tenby; Robert Hallam portionary of Clynnog-vawr; John Sloleye and Samuel de Wyk archdeacons of Merioneth; Thomas More
of

treasurer

Abergwili;

Henry

Chichele

parson

of

Llanvarchell

John Innocent precentor of Abergwili; Robert Boleyne precentor of Landav; William de Hunden parson of Aber; and Thomas de la
Feld parson of Llanrwst.
of Llanrhaiadr,
in

Again, in 141 3, John de Bosco

diocese;
in

is

parson
pre-

Bangor

1447,

Thomas Boleyn

bendary of Abergwili; in 1452, Geoffrey

Kemmer

parson of Llan-

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

1 1

rwst;

till

the

abuse culminates in the appointment of

De Puebla
such

the Spanish envoy

(A/ss.

Harl.)

Henry The Kymry

for

to

VII. to the Archdeaconry of Llandaff.

entertained

little

reverence

for

intruders;

we

find,

example, A.D. 12 10, Robert of Shrewsbury

bishop of

Bangor taken in his church and ransomed for 200 hawks.

stolen
S.

This

worthy had

Winifred's

relics

from

Gwytherin

to

enrich the

The last Welsh princes abbey-church of Shrewsbury. David and to the complained Llewelyn Pope, that the Archbishops
of Canterbury sent

among them English

bishops ignorant of the

customs and language of the Welsh, who could neither preach to the people nor hear their confessions, save through interpreters:
charging

them moreover with

living

luxuriously

in

England on

the plunder of the

Welsh

sees,

and

like

the Parthians discharging

the arrows of excommunication while on flight and at a distance.

The Holy See had no

relief

to

afford

them.

Hildebrand

and

Innocent the third were at

rest;

and Innocent the fourth, of the

after

Genoese banking firm of Cibo, looked

money.

So enthusiastic a race
to behold

as the

Kymry

could hardly be expected

unmoved the

innovations, which swept away the picturreligious

esque
10.

observances

of

more

than
in

The decline of
Catholicism
in

Boman

thousand years.
tne

Nor

again,

bearing

mind
could

Wales

cnurc h
fail

abuses

above
the

enumerated,
downfall

others
alien
pastors.

to rejoice in

of their

Nor

yet,

when once embarked on the dangerous

fail

current of Reformation, could some

to abhor a course,

which,

though prudent, savoured to them of cowardice and time-serving.

Thus we
changes

find,

that,

although

the

Welsh generally accepted the

in
tests

wrought

by the

wire-pullers

London,
imposed

the

party

of

Recusants or Romanists refusing the

by the State,

and that of root-and-branch

found
cruel

Reform headed by John Ap-Henry,

enthusiasm could be evoked by the
as Ferrar of S. David's,

room

in

Wales.

No
lead

end of a Protestant bishop such

sold

who
The

sacrilegiously

the

off

the

roof

of

his

cathedral.

bishops of the
told

Via

Media

by

Sir

William

Cecil, that

or Anglican "

church

were sarcastically

spiritual

things were meetest for

1 1

Ecclesiastical Sketches.

spiritual

men

their preaching

would move the tenants

{A.D. I55Q.
Cal.

to run after

them

to

pay their duties."

of State Papers

Foreign.)

In the diocese of S. David's, the bishop reports, A.D.

1583, there was "little popery, but the people were greatly infected

with

atheism

and

wonderfully

given

over

to

vicious

life."

Six

years before, "there were no

or neglecting to

persons in S.

Asaph

diocese refusing

come

to church."
in

In

1603, there were only four

men and

six

women Recusants

the deanery of Dyffryn Clwyd.

(Ms. Harl. S94)

In the diocese of Bangor the

Roman

party was considerable.

at

A.D. 1570, 'disorderly services' were performed

Beaumaris; the parties had
priests occurs in a
all

an interment in
secret

done penance.

A
In

meeting of

hidden place, a cave by the seaside about three

1594, Mr. Robert
"

fathoms deep, in the county of Caernarvon.

Pughe
rock,

of

Penrhyn,

who

keeps a pinnace,

dwells

on

fortified

and so draws the people to him, that in two parishes near

scarce three
or four

him

go to church."
could take
"

Matters seemed ripe for

castle in

a rebellion.

Twenty men
over
of

Conway

an evening.
a bridge
later,

One Richard Williams spoke

that
passes

of building

two sconces on

a river

into Anglesey."

Thirty one years

I.,

Bishop Bayly

was

audacious,

Bangor and a stranger

reports to

Charles

that the same party

lately surveyed
Isle

the

havens.

One
of the

hundred men

would overrun the

of Anglesey.
(Cal.

One

King's ships would be a great protection.

of State Papers.)
first

Shortly before, Father John Roberts of Merioneth, one of the

Benedictine

monks
for

who came on
his
zeal.

the

Anglo-Roman mission

to

England, suffered
Anth. a

(Reyner, Apostolatus Benedictinus.

I.)

Wood, Athenae Oxonienses,

In 1679, Father David

for

Lewis and other priests were executed at Usk

functions.

exercising

their

To

say

ferring

Roman

Mass privately was hypocritically called 'prepower; and the priest was liable to cruel torture
'

and death.

CHAPTER
Whkn
Kymry

IX.

MEDIAEVAL LITERATURE OF THE KYMRY.

we consider the depressed and precarious condition of the
after

their

severance
centuries

from
their

the

Roman
was

empire,

how
to

for

ambition

confined

the

'

successful

assertion

of their

national independin
in

ence, we may be inclined to admire their retention of literature We might any form rather than condemn their barrenness.

vain

look for such thinkers as

Ockham

or

Duns

Scotus; but the

families of Kelts in Ireland and Britanny supply us with John the Scot of Erin (Erigena), a wonderful genius for the period he lived in, A.D. 874, and with the free thinker Abailard, A.D.

kindred

142.

We
as

know

too

little

of

Morgant

(Pelagius) to fairly estimate

fifth

him; but the interest he excited abroad in the

century marks
the
Catholic

him

great

man,
his

though

the
I

true
find

instinct

of

Church proscribed
save translations.
brevi,

teaching.
is

no

theological

remains

Such

the

Book

of the of

Anchoret of Llanddewithe

Llyvr yr And*, a free rendering

in

Elncidarius

of

S.

Anselm, which

the

manner

of a catechism gives

on the whole
in

an admirable breviate of dogmatic Theology.

teenth century,

Also,

the four-

Davydd Ddu
of

of Hiraddug, a priest, produced a very

poetical version of the Office of the blessed Virgin.

The department
2.

Law

is

fairly

represented
926,

by the Code of
social life of the

Howel
Law, Medicine,
'

Dda,

A.D.

which deals with the and

minutest details of the

civil

..

,"

culture,

Geography,

Medicine Kymry. J '

of
his

is

occupied by r J the Physicians '

History.

Myddvai
three

in Caermarthenshire,

Rhiwallon and

sons,

A.D.

1230;

of

whose work

1 1

Mediaeval Literature of
a correct
called

the

Kymry.

supplied

transcript

for

the latest edition at Llandovery.

treatise

Walter
sketched

Mapes,
in

Kato Kymraeg, 'the Welsh Cato,' probably by relates to Agriculture. Geography is rudely
Byd,
a

Delw'r

translation

of

a popular
friar,

work,

the

Imago Mundi.
as
'

The

eastern travels of a Venetian

Odrigo da

Pordenone, were rendered into Welsh by Sir Davydd Vychan of

Glamorgan
1270,

Taith y brawd Odrig yn yr India,' A.D. 1490.

or

In

Edeyrn Davod Aur

Golden-tongue published a
princes.

Grammar

under the sanction of the

Welsh

History, in the infant

form of chronicles and declamation, was supported in the seventh

century by Gildas, Nennius, and Tysilio.
Later on, A.D. 906, we

have Asser of Menevia, the tutor of king Alfred and bishop of

Sherborne.

The Annales Kambriae occur

in

the twelfth

century.

Then

in

n 52,
of

Brut y Brenhinoedd, the Chronicle of the British

Kings, by Gruffydd ab Arthur, bishop of Llandav, better

Geoffrey

known

as

Monmouth, partly imitated in Norman French by Maistre Wace. In 11 56, the Brut y Tywysogion, the Chronicle
of the

Welsh

Princes, founded on a

work

of Caradoc of Llancarvan,

and continued down to 1280 by the monks of Strata Florida, as I think it evident from the minute notices relating to that monastery.

The Story
vicissitudes
1 1

of Gruffydd ab of

Kynan
Irish

prince of

Gwynedd
and

exhibits

the

sovereign,

by

birth

sympathies.

In

70, we have Walter de Mapes, archdeacon of Oxford, son of Blondel de Mapes and Flora of Llancarvan, Author of Le Roman

des

diverses

Quetes
of

du

Saint

Greal,

versified

by

Chretien
Sir

De

Troyes,

and

La Mort d'Arthur,
1480.

Englished
Gerald
de

by

Thomas

Malory or Maelor, A.D.

Barry or Giraldus Kambrensis, the grandson of Rhys prince of South Wales, A.D. 1 21 Wales possessed a writer whose lively spirit and patriotic 5,
In
feeling proclaim

him one

she should be proud

of.

His Itinerary,
is

written in attendance on the Archbishop preaching the Crusade,

a faithful mirror of the

manners and
of

feelings of his time.

fiction,

In
Keltic

the

department

legend

and

as

of poetry,

the

genius

luxuriates.

The
which

historic

Triads

of

the

Isle

of

Britain

contain

notices

descend

from

primitive

national

Mediaeval Literature of

the

Kymry.

119

tradition, possibly a portion of the oral teaching

,
,

of the Druids.

Diogenes Laertius

(in

Proem.

1)

legendary

lore.

reports a Triad as theirs,

which

is

found in the
2.

Welsh form

also.

It 3.

enjoins

us

1.

to

worship

the Gods;

to

do no wrong; and

to exercise courage.

The Story of Kwllwch and the lovely

and Olwen seems

description of

to belong to a remote antiquity;

Olwen, the goddess of Nature in "whose steps spring

trefoils,

up four white

whose " head was more

yellow than

the

blossoms of the broom, her skin whiter than the foam of the wave,
her hands fairer than the opening buds of the water-lily amid the
small rippling of the fountain," has been pronounced unsurpassable.

{Matthew Arnold,

On

the

Study of Keltic Literature.)

The Mabi-

nogion or Juvenile Tales also belong to remote antiquity; but, like

the tales of Arthurian romance, the adventurous spirit was infused
into

them by the Normans; the Catholic clergy chastened and

tone.

refined their

"Of

the high-toned sentiments which breathe

>

through the Mabinogion,

bards

we have no
of the

traces

in the

works of the

nor

in

the civilization

period."

{Thomas Stephens,

Literattire of the

Kymry, pp. 411,

a

417.)

One

tale,

Kyvranc Lludd
brother

Llevelys,
to

The Reconciliation of
the

Lud and
another,
to the
fall

his

Levelys, belongs

pre-Roman

period;
relates

The

Dream

of Prince

Maximus (Macsen Wledig)

of the empire; a third,

Princes of Powis.
that of

The Dream of Rhonabwy, to the The Story of Owain ab Urien (Sir Gawain),
(Sir Perceval le

Peredur ab Evrog

Gallois),

and of Geraint

ab Erbin, together with the vast repertory of

the basis of the Arthurian

Saint Greal, form

romance, which was the solace of the

dreary hours in

many

a castle

and even monastery; which helped

the conception of Spenser's Faery

Queen and found

reluctant favour

with the majestic

Milton.

Beuno, Collenn,

and

Hagiology offers us the Lives of SS. Winifred, and doubtless others now lost.

We may
writers

regret that

none of the grand creations of the

reached
the

classic

of

Greece

or

Rome

Kymry

in

the

baldest

translation.
4.

Borrowed legends. and Ladn

Greek must have been unknown;

attainable

only in thc debased

120

Mediaeval Literature of
Virgil

the

Kymry.
studied.
as

mintage of theology.

must have been

is

He

was

S.

Cadoc's favourite author, and

I

known

in

Welsh
of

Fferyll.

But

am

persuaded that the

natural

beauties

Homer would have

taste

been felicitously rendered,' when the Kymric speech flowed limpidly

in

unpolluted

channels.

As

the

fact

is,

the

gross

of the

middle ages purveyed congenial nourishment.

the

The Story of Dares

the tale of Troy: that
philosopher
(Idrian

Phrygian

(Ystori Dared) told the

the

Kymry

of

Hadrian

emperor and

Epictetus

the

amherawdwr
the Tales of

ac Ipotis ysbrydol)
the.

served for Ethics; followed

up by

Wise

Men

of Rome.

The
(Ebostol

Gospel

of Nicodemiis,
a

and

the

Gospel

of the

Sunday
the o

Sul),

pretended
traceable
to

letter

from Heaven enjoining Lord's

gratified

Day

observance,

Spain,

the

taste
(Yst.

of

cloister.

The Story of Bevis or Bovo of Hampton

that of Charlemagne (Yst. Siarlymaen), a

Bown

Hamtwn),

work fathered

on Archbishop Turpin or Tilpin of Rheims, and The fellowship of Amelius and

his

friend (Kydymdeithas

Amlyn
From
the

ac

Amig) belong

to

the ages of chivalry.

Mr. Lhuyd

also

mentions the Golden Legend

that ample storehouse
of
a
hell

(Y Llithon Euraidd

Legenda Aurea).
details

they

borrowed

gruesome
over

of

harrowing
who.
of
as

and
tells,

Christ's

triumph
in

the

old

serpent,
full

bard

"boiled

his
ei

jaws

700,000 caldrons'

souls;"

"Y

sarph

avlawen yn
eneidiau."

enau ydd oedd yn berwi Saith can mil peiriad o

{Gruffydd ab yr

Ynad

Coch.)

Another bard

transfers

to Yskolan the penance of Judas Iscariot. a

di

Attached to the pole of

sea- worms:

weir

at
i

poen

Bangor mi gan mor-bryved

his feet

were devoured by
"
!

"

Edrych

Hence the Kymry

also learnt to

call

the Holy Innocents

vil veibion,

The thousand children, and

S. Ursula and her company Gweryddon yr Almaen, The virgins of

Germany. Foremost
of the

of

Kymric

poets stands Aneurin, A.D. 590, a prince

Otodini-Britons in

Scotland,

who

in the

Gododin narrates

the ruin of his clansmen in the fatal battle of

5.

Poetry.

Cattraeth (Cataractonium).

It

is,

perhaps, the

longest sustained poetic effort of the

Kymry, but

singularly devoid

Mediaeval Literature of

the

Kymry.

12

of incident, and, in truth, a string of descriptive panegyrics.

His

contemporary Tai.iksix

is

styled Ben-beirdd,
his

Chief of Bards, which

marks

the

judgment

of

countrymen.

But

his

poems

are

disfigured

by barbarous affectation and scraps of bad Latin; and most moderns would with me strongly prefer the elegiac effusions

of

Llywarch Hkn,
of romance.

prince

of

Cumbria,

A.D.
is

630,

the

Sir

Lamorack
his host

Very true and tender

his

Lament over
his bravest

Kynddylan
"

of Powis;

and his fond regret

for

son slain in battle,

Teg yd gan yr aderyn dan berwydd bren Uch

Llywarch Hen."

pen Gwen;
"

Kyn

ei

olo tan dywarch, briwai galch

Fair

is

the song of the bird on the apple-tree, above the head of

laid

Gwen: Ere he was

old Llywarch."

under the sod, he would bruise the mail of

Mr. Stephens has laboured to show that the poet

of

Myrddin Wyllt
(Martinus
"

Scotland

is

identical

with
a

Myrddin Emrys
at

Ambrosius);
long

but

Giraldus
for

found

copy

Nevyn

of

Merlin

Wyllt,

sought

and desired."

{April p,

1188.

Itiuerar. Kambriae.)

The same

meritorious critic has assigned to

later

period the Stanzas of the Months attributed to Aneurin; I

notice
of the
their

will

only

resemblance

to

those
e.g.

found
Paris,

in

the

old

Editions

Kalendrier des

Bergers,

1499.
of

From
Kymric

the seventh to the twelfth century was the

poetry;
in
its

Dark Age

murky womb
Mr.

was slowly maturing the monster of

Alliteration,

as

Stephens

poetic spirit reposed in

The true humourously puts it. the cloister. Bernard of Morlaix, a Breton
'

and kinsman of the Kymry, wrote his lovely Sequence

vivitur,' the original of the

Hie breve
is

now popular hymns,

'

Brief

life

here

our portion/ and

translation

'

Jerusalem the golden.'

Vent
Creator
Spiritus,
is

And
'

a very free

Welsh
Sanct,

of

the

Tyr'd

Yspryd

Creawdwr byd, bydoedd Eur-nav,'

found in the Llyvyr yr Ancr.

is

From

the twelfth century

till

now

there

an uninterrupted

series

of poets of varying merit,

their pedantic ancestors.

who
It

struggled

in

the bonds imposed by

will suffice to notice

Howel ab Owain

Gwynedd, prince of North Wales, A.D. 1130, Irish on his mother's side, a charming fellow and a genuine unaffected poet; Gwalchmai
ab Meilyr, A.D.
1 1

60,

whose war-song was admired by Bishop

122

Mediaeval Liter attire of

the

Kymry.

Davydd ab Gwilym, A.D. 1370, the amatory poet of and Lewys Glyn Cothi, A.D. 1470, an ardent partisan of Wales;
Percy;
the House of Lancaster.

Although
rough lyre
6.

may

not

be

qualified

to

pass

judgment on

this

of

wild Wales,
respect

for

and have already intimated my small its artificial bonds and excess of
I

Suggestive Alliteration, character of Kymric

.

will
,

not

omit a brief notice of

TTri

poetry-

lts

su ggestlve character.

When

Tahesin

sings,

"

Neud garw

wrth Ian

"

we

are reminded of

hin, Pan yw gorvaran twrv tonau the melodious strength of Homeric

Greek or the poetic vividness

Paradin.
"

of old

French prose-writers, such

in fewest

as

[Cronique de Savoie.)

And

words he suggests

the
'

spring

When
"
'

the

Pan yw dien gwlith, A briallu a briwddail," by dew is fresh, and the primroses and tender leaves.'
is

Alliteration

sometimes happily employed,

goed
rifled

as

by Meredydd ab

Rhys;
mor,"

Treisiaist

am
the

eu trysor, Tymhestyl, a

mawr

gwestyl

Thou

hast

wood

for

its

treasure,

Thou tempest
"

and great whistle of the

sea.'

And by Davydd
'

ab Gwilym,

Thou wind, the instrument of gwynt, ystyrmant yr ystormydd," " Ym mher Aber-Menwenver the storms.' Llewelyn Vardd writes,
ucher echwydd,"
'

In the sweet estuary of Menwenver of tranquil

evening;' a picture in a single line like the cvScieAos 'lOaKrj of the "

Odyssey:

and

Gwalchmai

Addvwyn dyddaw dwvr dychwardd

glides
calls

gwyrdd wrth echwydd,"

water at evening.'

'

Charmingly
ab

the the

dimpling

green
lledrith

Davydd
illusion

Gwilym

snow

'

blawd gwenith,' an
the earth
of the
'

of wheaten flour; and the verdure of

is

casul hav,' the chasuble of

summer.

The ceremonies

In his Song of the Church inspired men's imagination. Blackbird the same bard describes the sweet bird singing at dawn like a silver bell, celebrating Mass (cynnal Aberth) till the hour

when vapours have

Church's
Herrick's
offices,

cleared
strikes

off.

In
note

following
that

the

order

of

the
in

he

the

lingers

tremulously
sees

lovely lines to the

Daffodils.

Another bard
(avrllad).
spirit

in the

primrose an image of the consecrated Hostia

It

has been remarked that the poetic

of the

Kymry

is

Mediaeval Literature of
better

the

Kymry.
the
stiff

123
artificiality

seen in

some prose remains than

the
bards.

in

of

7.

names

Picturesque of the British

Kelts

Matthew Arnold appears to admire the euphonious names of places, such

Mr.
as

"ehndre,
to

Caernarvon,
the

&c.
of

Let
poetic

me draw
surnames

attention

wealth

among
'

the

Kymry
'of the

of the

Middle Ages.

Such are Gwineu Deu

vreuddwyd,
staff;

two dreams;' Kynvas curvagl, 'of the gold

'

Dyvrig beneurog,

golden head

'
;

Davydd
'

'

esgid-aur,

of the

golden buskin;' Gogan g/eddyv-rhudd,

'

of the ruddy sword;' Padr-

ogyl pa/adr-dde//t,
'

Patroclus with
' ;

the shivered shaft;'

'

Rhiwallon
Alexander

ivallt-banhadlcn,
of angelic

broom-head
(Owen,

and Sandde bryd-ange/,

beauty.'

Cambrian Biography.)

The Bretons

have fortunately retained the beautiful names of their fathers: the

Welsh, seeking conformity with the English, have lost them; and by their adoption of Puritanism have taken up many of the mis-

pronounced and misunderstood names of the old Hebrews, as

return to Judaism was the crowning glory of Christianity.

if

CHAPTER

X.

LATER LITERATURE OF WALES.

If

we accept

a certain aptitude for re-producing an exhausted stock

of ideas,

then we must acknowledge some merit in the numerous

bards and poetasters of Wales since the Reformation period.

I

But

prefer

reminding the reader of

men who, now

greatly forgotten

in Wales, are

more

interesting and better merit attention.

Their

writing in English or Latin and for a wider audience should not

deprive Kambria of the merit of her sons.
i.

We

have then
of

Sir

John

Prise,

who wrote
Clerk

'

Description

Kambria,'

A.D. 1553.
2.

William

Thomas,

of

the

Council
letter,

to

Edward

VI.,
rare
in

author of a 'History of Italy' in black

A.D. 1554, a
published

and valuable
England,
3.

work,

and the

first

on that

subject

full

of racy old English.

Griffith

Roberts,

already

mentioned,

Vicar
'

General

of

S.
i

Carlo Borromeo Archbishop of Milan, Author of

Dosbarth byrr

ramadeg Cymraeg,' dedicated to William Herbert, Earl of

and Lord of
Cardiff,

Pembroke
purely;

who

himself spoke the

Welsh tongue

published at Milan,
4.

A.D. 1567.

Maurice
Rector

Clennock or
of

Morys

of

Clynnog,
at

bishop-elect
of

of a
at

Bangor,

the

English

College

Rome, Author
of

manual of Christian
Milan,

doctrine, Athrawiaeth Gristnogawl, printed

It

A.D.

1568.

contains

expositions

the

Creed,

the

Pater, the Ave Maria, the Salve Regina, the Ten Commandments, the Five Commandments of the Church, the Seven Sacraments,

the

Eight Beatitudes, the

Works

of

Mercy,

and the Rosary or

Later Literature of Wales.

Fifteen
glorious.
5.

125
sorrowful, and five

Mysteries of

Our Lord,

five joyful, five

William Salisbury, Translator of the

New Testament
of a

into

Welsh, A.D. 1567.

6.

Humphrey Llwyd
founded

of

Denbigh,
of

Author
of

History

of

Wales,
1568.
7.

on

the

Welsh

Caradoc

Llancarvan,

A.D.

William Morgan bishop of

S.

Asaph, the

first

Translator of

the holy Bible into Welsh, A.D. 1588.

8.

Robert
Llyvr

Gwynne,

Roman

Catholic

priest,

Translator

of

Parsons'

Resolusion into Welsh, " a book

much

used and

valued
9.

among
John

the

Welsh
of

people," A.D.

59

Penry
'

Brecknockshire,

too

well

known

as

the

writer of the Martin Mar-prelate tracts, the spirit of which a single

title

reveals,

Pap with an hatchet

or a

fig

for

my

godson,'

A.D.

1593-

Roger Williams of Penrhos in Monmouthshire, a writer on military science, A.D. 1595. 11. Captain William Middleton of Gwaenynog near Denbigh,
10.

Sir

the

first

Translator of the Psalms into

12.

Thomas

Churchyard
of Wales,'

of

Welsh metre, A.D. 1595. Monmouth, Author of a poem

'The Worthiness
13.

A.D. 1604.

Michael Drayton, the poet of 'the Poly-Olbion,' though

a

English,

warm

Philo-Kambrian;
it

whose

knowledge

of

Welsh

topography was as correct as

14.

is

remarkable, A.D. 1631.

David Rhys, an A.D. 1609. grammarian;

15.

John

accomplished

Italian

and

Welsh

John Owen 'the Epigrammatist,' of Llanarmon

1622.

in

Caer-

narvonshire, A.D.
16.

Sir

John

Wynne
1626.

of

Gwydyr, Author

of highly interesting

Memorials,- A.D.
17.

Lewis Bayley of Caermarthen, bishop of Bangor, Author

of a once popular
18.

Manual, 'The Practice of

Piety,'

A.D. 1632.

John

Philips, bishop of

Man, Translator of the Bible into

Manx, A.D. 1633.

126

Later Literature of Wales.

19.

Doctor John

Davies of Malhvyd, the Latin- Welsh lexico-

grapher, A.D. 1644.

20.

Rhys

Prichard, Vicar of Llandovery,

called

Author

of a popular of

book

in

verse,

Canwyll

y Kymry or the

Candle

the

Welsh, A.D. 1644.

21.

Edward, Lord Herbert of Chirbury, the Philosopher, A.D.

1648.
22.

Thomas Vaughan,

the Rosicrucian, writing under the

name
on

of Eugenius Philalethes,

A.D. 1665, whose Platonic

disquisitions

the soul anticipate some fine passages in Wordsworth's great

Ode

on Intimations of Immortality. 23. James Howell of Jesus College, Oxford, the

first

Historio-

grapher Royal, a lively and agreeable writer, A.D. 1666.

24.

Robert Vaughan of Hengwrt, the learned antiquary and

collector of
25.

Welsh manuscripts, A.D.

of

1667.

Henry Vaughan
the
Si'/uri'st,

Usk,

brother
poet,

of

Thomas Vaughan,
lines

self-styled

an

exquisite

whose

on

the

Pre-existence of the Soul

may
to,

worthily compare with Wordsworth's

grand Ode above referred

26.

A.D. 1695.

Edward Lluyd
Britannica,'

of Chirk, the learned

Author

of

'

Archae-

ologia

and

Wales's

most judicious

antiquary,

A.D.

1709.

Wynne, Author of Bardd Cwsg, popular work in Welsh after the manner of
27. Ellis
'

'

the Bard of Sleep,'

the Visions of

Don

Alonzo de Quevedo, A.D. 1720.

the work incorrectly as
28.

Mr. George Borrow has Englished

the Sleeping Bard.'

in

William Baxter of Llanllugan

Baxter,

Montgomeryshire, nephew
of a Dictionary of British

of the saintly Richard

Author

Antiquities, A.D. 1723. 29. John Gambold of Haverfordwest, a Moravian bishop, Author of some fine sermons, A.D. 1 771 William Gambold, A.D. 1700,
.

was the author of an English- Welsh grammar.

30.

Theophilus Evans of Llangammarch, Author of a popular

abstract of
of the

Welsh

history,

Drych y Priv Oesoedd

or

'

The Mirror

Early Times,' A.D. 1775.

Later Literature of Wales.

31.

127
the happiest

Thomas Pennant

of

Downing

in

Flintshire,

of descriptive tourists,
Lastly,
I

A.D. 1794.

gratefully

commemorate Owen Jones

to

of

Myvyr and

Doctor William
the

Owen Pughe,
as

whom we owe

the preservation of

Kambrian language and

the

antiquities.

Shakespeare,
aspect
of the

Poet

of humanity,

presents

the

multiform

thought of
so
it

Man, not of any special race or family;

is

no arrogance to claim
5]^,^
s0
>

for

the Keltic
sentiment,
position

i.

Keltic

race
*

hj s

influence on

modern

thought
ar, d

and

literature

^ nc ^
of the

tne P rox i

m ity

political

Kymry

indicate

them rather than the

strand
in

Gael or Irish as the source

coloured

of the

Keltic

the

manyrefer

web

of

Shakespearian

thought.

To

enjoy

the
I

exquisite

proofs of the presence of that strand in

Shakespeare,

must

the reader to Matthew Arnold's sympathetic account in his book of

1

Celtic

Literature.'

For the romantic, the unexpected, the

revel-

ation

of tender

sentiment as by a lightning-flash of intuition, the

in

perception

of the beautiful

evanescent forms and dew-drops of

Spenser,

thought

such traits betoken the stirrings of Keltic genius.

for the

having chosen the mould of Middle Age romance

of

production

Faery Queen, thereby adopted the creations of Keltic thought; and in his delineation of King Arthur transports us to
Merioneth, hoar
'

the

where the

silver

Dee springs

under

'

Rauran

mossy

and old Timon reared his famous nursling.

Drayton lingers

delighted

among

the torrents of Cambria, and like the Kelts prein

sents a fairy vignette

a couple

of lines.

We

owe

'

the

Bard

'

of

Gray

to the enthusiasm created at

harper,

who

"

Cambridge by Mr. Parry the scratched out such wild ravishing music as set the

learned academicians dancing."

Whether Macpherson invented Ossian

fragments
matters
little,

or

improved on Gaelic
it

so

it

be

granted

(as

must)

that

he

caught
for

the true ring and

it

inspiration

of Keltic poetry; his

poem,
of

poem

is

and

grand

one,

inflamed

the

imagination

Napoleon; and Oscar became an honoured name in the House of

Bernadotte.

The

learned few, such as Ussher and Stillingfleet, had

128

Later Literature of Wales.

British

long before done justice to the

prejudice slackened,

Church; but the

tide

of

when Wotton
the
of

edited the

Laws
Sir

of

Howel Dda,
Palgrave
of

Sharon

Turner
the

vindicated
records

Bards,

and

Francis

investigated

Wales.

The

conception

Childe

Harold dued
as

is

akin to the wild self-assertion of Llywarch Hen, unsubyet

to the
lines
'

perfect
idle

beauty of sentiment and colouring of

tears,'

Tennyson's
depicting

Tears,

&c.

De

Musset's fine stanzas

Sir

autumn

betray

Keltic

feeling.

Walter

Scott's

imagination

was saturated with Keltic poetry: he

'

was unfamiliar

with

the Betrothed.' Kymry, and failed comparatively in Madoc shows at least his Southey's appreciation of the wild charm of that romantic legend. Wordsworth loved Wales and its

the

'

'

scenery, as a true mountaineer could not

fail

to do.

His glorious

Ode on Immortality, which saith that " trailing clouds of glory do we come From God who is our home," echoes the Platonic strain of Thomas Vaughan, who attributes the waywardness of the soul
to her dissatisfaction with aught but God, from at first she " if she fancies herself in the midst of the descended; sea, presently

Whom

she

is

there,

and hears the rushing of the billows"

finest

this

Words-

worth expands into one of the

Charlotte

passages

in

the Ode.

Lady

Guest opened to the English reader the rich casket of

in the Mabinogion.

gems locked up

William Barnes, the Dorsetfairly

shire poet, has written honestly

and
the

about the Kymry.

of Keltic
philology:

The

German
Courson
field

Zeuss
in

has

established

basis

De
all

his

History of the Bretons

antiquities;

has in part traversed the

is

of

Welsh

De

la

Villemarque

an enthusiast in
left

that appertains to his race; while

fruit of patient

De

Belloguet has

admirable

and

critical research.

In quitting
last

my

subject, I invite the

reader to contemplate the

home and

character of this old

fingers

of

Kymric race, ere the effacing modern Progress have marred its
recall.

and character.
the lines of

**y

lineaments beyond '

will still

The

true

Welshman

applaud the outburst of enthusiasm in

Howel ab Owain Gwynedd:

Later Literature of Wales.

Carav
ei

129
a'i

br/Jedd braint hywredd, A'i diffaith mawr-vaith

maranedd

Carav

ei

morva,
a'i

a'i

mynyddedd,
a'i

A'i chaer ger ei choed, a'i chain diredd,

a'i

A'i dolydil,

dwvyr,

dyffrynedd, A'i gwylain gwynion,

gwymp

wragedd."

'

love her regions with their gift of heroism, her vast solitude and strands: love

her
lawns,

sea-land

and her mountains, her

fort

by

its

wood and her

bright

Her

dales

and water and

valleys, her white seagulls

and her

fair

women.'

No
1

later

guide-book

has

surpassed

in

interest

Leland's

minute
an

gossip concerning the castles and abbeys, whilst there was yet

Abbat of Whitland
'

'

to

welcome the

tourist

and draw his regard

to
1

some praty

pile

longging to ould Syr Rhece.'

631) was quite

at

home

in

Wales, though he

may

Drayton (A.D. have learnt his

lore

from his patron 'Master John Williams, goldsmith, of London,'

to have

who seems

opened the path more boldly pursued by the

Street,

noble furrier of
later

Thames

Owen

Jones of Myvyr.
botanist

little

(A.D.

1639),

Thomas Johnson

the

traversed

North
chemist

Wales, and recorded his impressions in elegant Latinity.

on Snow
in

Hill,

London,
of storms
Mi/viv

his classic taste converted

(so

Mynydd Bychan
naturalist,

the

home

he terms the most westerly point of

Merioneth)

into

fiapeiav.

Another amiable

John

Ray,
'

is

full
'

of

generally

to be

sympathy with the Welsh, whom he pronounces " extremely civil and well bred, very honest and
(A.D. 1658.
1

courteous to strangers."

Itinerary?)
1
,

Two

Venetian

envoys to the English court (A.D.

differently.

53

&c.)

reported

somewhat
boast of

Saith one, they

"

are given to larcenies, and

being the true aboriginal Britons:" saith the other,

"The Welch(conversevole);"

man

is

sturdy,

poor, adapted to
all,

war, and sociable

and "far above

tall

of stature,

and robust."

(Venetian State
of

Papers)
one
of

In

the

eighteenth
'

century

Herring bishop
diffaith,

Bangor,

Myrddin's
visitation,

Esgyb
"

anghyvieith,
intrepidly,

diffydd,'

on

his

primary

rode

but

slowly,

through
frightful

North
solitude

Wales

to Shrewsbury;
?)

and

in a place of the

most

(Beddgelert

harper drew
give
a

about him a group of figures, that

for."

Hogarth

would

any

price

(letters.

Sept.

11,
'

1739.)

The

poet Dyer,

native of the Towy-side,

has

in

his

Grongar

130
Hill
'

Later Literature of Wales.

depicted the milder beauties of Kambria.
in

When
it

Dr. Clarke

reached the summit of Parnassus

Idris in

Greece,

resembled

Kader-

Wales, with

Dec. 76, 1801.)

but

and large pool of water. [Travels. Samuel Johnson was never an admirer of Nature;
its

crater

Caernarvon
that

Castle

surpassed

his

expectations,

and

he

even
in

discovered
pulpit
Idris

the

Welsh language was not inharmonious

Wales.)
in

discourse.

[Diary of a Journey in North

Cadair

and Penmaenmawr find notice

Wordsworth's 'Excursion;'

the

first

discharged lava three feet deep as lately as 1769.

[Annual
'

Register.
sea-sunsets

June

75.)

Wordsworth

records
"

with
the

admiration

the
of

of the

Vale of Clwyd,' and

sublime

estuary

Barmouth, which may compare with the

the advantage of a
IL.
}

finest

of Scotland, having

superior

climate."
Victoria,

[Memoirs of W.

W.

Vol.
all

p. 125)
is

While Queen
as

whose

artistic

judgment

admit,
(in

reported

saying

that

"

the

scenery

surrounding
at

Pale

Merioneth) was brighter than that in Scotland

Balmoral."

The Standard.

August

28, 188Q.)

.31

APPENDICES
w^

APPENDIX.

No.

I.

GREEK-K Y.MRIC VOCABLES.

AaskO) to hurt

= gwascu,

to press.

Ablcchros, incomplete,
Abrotc, night

weak

= avlwyr.
avisha,

Abyssos,

the

= abred, the unseen world. deep = aphwys ; Sanskrit,

the

ocean

Irish,

aibheis.

Ac/ieo, to suffer pain

Ac /mat,

= achwyn, = chaff chwyn, weeds.

to complain.

Achnymai, to complain or be vexed

Achos, grief
Ade/os,

= achwyn.

= ochaiti, to groan. uncertain = annilys.

=y
druan.

Adranes, a wretch
Ael/a, a gale

= awe/.
e.g.,
/'/,

Ageiro, to drive,
Agcli\ a herd

cattle

= gyrru.

= hiliogaeth, seed, posterity. = haig o bysgod, a shoal of fishes. Ag/aoSf fair = glan; aglaon hydor, dwr gldn. Agotu'a, a wrestling = egni, force, intense effort. Agrios. wild = agarw.
Aigi'a/os, aigialon, a sea- beach

=g/aun.

Ailinon, a dirge

= allwynin,

sorrowful.

Aipys, high

= e/>ynt, a slope. Airomat, to carry = arwedd. Akares, a dwarf = korr. Akcomai, to heal = iachan.

134
Akos, healing

Appendix.

No.

I.

t'dck,

sound.
to hear or to be silent.

Akoustikc, hearing

Akroaomat, to hear

= gosteg, bidding = gwrando.

(Hesi'od),

Aktc:

Demeteros akte

a crop

of

com=atgen y

ddaear,

the fruit of the earth. Aktin, a sunbeam

Aleo, to grind

= echtywynnu,

to glitter.

Aleipho, to
Ah'sgeo, to

= main; chwalu, to scatter. besmear = llyvu, to lick; gw/yb,

change colour, to fade
all,

moist.

po\\ute= ha/ogt.

Allochroeo, to
Alios,

= l/ygru,

to corrupt.

another =

second.

Alysco, to avoid; alalco, to

ward off=gochel.

= mallu. = Amblyno, to blunt ambylu. = blunt ambwl. Amblys, Ameter, a husbandman = antaethwr Ametros, immeasurable = anveidrol. Amphi, around = am. Amphibrochos, washed over = amvrochus,
Amaldyno, to corrupt
.

foamy.

Amphilyke nyx, night dawning

clear night.

into

day (Homer)

= nos

amlwg, a

= amwyn. Anagraphe, a copy = anghraifft, a sample. Anangke, necessity = angen. Anchi, near to = wngc and agos. Aner, a man = ener, natural. Anerithmos, countless = aneiriv. Anogo, to urge = annog. Ao, to flow = aw-on, a river. = bygylu. Apeileo, to threaten Apene, a chariot or wain = menu, y venn. Araios, infrequent = arav, slow. Arche, a beginning = dechreu. Archo, to bid = erchi. Arctos, a bear = arth.
Amyno,
to

ward

off

Appendix.

No.

I.

135

= erchyll, Arithmos, number = rhiv. Aronrai, acres = erwri.

Argaleos, difficult
Aspis, a shield

horrible.

Askopera, a scrip =ysgreppan.

= aes.
= swil.
sees or

Asyphelos, injured, hence bashful

Atar and autar, but

= eithr. = athraw, a teacher, one who Athreo, to see Atmetios {Homer), a slave = adyn, a wretch.
Attn and Tetta {endearing terms in Homer)
terrified = dychryn, fright. utter a cry = dywawd, say

who knows.

= tad,
thou.

father.

Atyzo-atychtheis,

Andao,

cud, 1, to

= gwaedd. = gwaedd. Attge, light = awch. Auo, to dry up = gwywo.

Attde, a cry
Atiete, a shout

Aurion, to-morrow

yvoru.

Baios,

little

= bdch.
bambino, a baby.

= baban; Italian, Baptizo, to baptize = bedyddio. Bapto, to dip = boddi, to drown.

Bambaino, to babble
Bart's {Josephus), a king's palace

=prain.

= byw. = bliv. a bolt Belemnos, Belos, a bolt =

Beio, to live
bollt.

Bex, bechos, a cough =peswch:

Bios, K

also, beichio, to

hiccough.

= bwa. Biotos, a living = bywyd, B/aisos, stammering = bloesg. Bombaino, to buzz = bwhwmman. Bora, food = bara, bread. Boreas, the north wind = bhr, violence. Boubalos, a buffalo = bual.
bow
life.

Bottle, counsel

=pwyll, discretion.

136
Bou/esis, will

Appendix.

No.

I.

= etvyllys. Bounos, a hill = bann, bryn. Bous, an ox = bu. Brachion, an arm = braich. Bradys, slow = braidd, scarcely. Bremo, to roar = brevu, to low. Briar strong = breyr, a baron a loud sound = broch. Broche, Brycho, to chafe = brochi. Bryion, moss = bnvyn, rushes. Bythos, depth = bedd, the grave.
os,

or

mighty man.

Kaballes, a horse

= keffyl.

= kachiad, a coward. Kados, a cask = kadw, to keep. Kainos, kainon new = hoen, fine. Kalamos, a reed = kalav. Kaleo, to call = galw kalessa, I called = gelwais. = fair Kalon, gldn. = fair Kalos, glwys. Kalypto, to hide = kelu kelyddon, coverts. = labour keimiad, a wayfarer. Kamatos, Kampto, to bend = kammu. Kanachizo, to knock = knoccio. Kangkanos, dry = kaingc, a branch. Kangchrys, barley = bar a kannrhyg, rye bread. Kantharos, a pitcher = kann. Kapane, the cover of a carriage = kavnu, to hollow. Karanos, the head or skull = karan or garan. Karkinos, a crab = krangc. Kardia, the heart = krai. Karpalimbs, instantly = kyvlym, swiftly.
Kakos,
evil
y

Karteros, strong

= kadarn.
he had the trick of managing
'

Kazo, ekekasto,

'

the spear {Homer)

= Aast,

a trick.

Appendix.
Kutccho, to detain

No.

I.

137

= kadw. Kathairo, to cleanse = karthu. Kathcdra, a chair = kadatr. Kaulos, pot-herbs = kawl, potage. Kedet'os, dear = ku. JCedo, to assail = kydio. Kelainos, black = ke/at'n, a livid object, a corpse. Keleuo, to bid, call on = galw ar. A'ni/iio, kcntiin, to pierce = gwanu. Knitron, a spur = Armoric, qttentr; Welsh, gottoyw. Keraizo, to waste = kcryddu, to chastise. Kercho, to curl = krychu. to scold = keccru. Kerchnos, quarrelsome = keccrus. Kcrdeon {Homer), better = goreu. Kerdon, a cobbler = krydd. Keryx, a crier, a herald = crt\ a cry. Kestos, a girdle = kest, the stomach. Keutho, to hide = kuddio; Sanskrit, Kiid to cover.
,
y

Keyx, a kingfisher

=gwyac/i

waterfowl.

= kribddeiliaw, to extort. = Kichetni, to pursue kychwyn, to start on a journey. = a fox kadnaw. Kinados, Kinco, to move = egi'no, to sprout. Kirkos, a circle = kylch, and kyrch. Kistc, a chest = kist. Kithare, a guitar = krwth.
Kt'bdeleuo, to deprave (coin)

Klados, a branch =ysg/odyn, a chip.

= wylo. Klazo, to cry aloud = llais, a voice. K/eio, to lock up = kloi. Klema, a bough = kloven. K/eoSy glory = glew, brave. Klino, to bend towards = glynu, to adhere. to bend or give way = kilio. Klotnax and Kolone, a knoll = klogwyn.
Klaio, to weep
,

138
Kloneo, to crowd

Appendix.

No.

I.

= glynu, to adhere. Klozo, to sibilate = clock, a bell. Klyo, to hear = klywed. = chwistrell. Klyster, a syringe = glyd, a lord. Klytos, renowned = golchi. Klyzo, to wash = to bite knot; Armoric, naff, Knaio,
famine.

to

gnaw; Welsh, newyn,

= kneivio. Knetho, to rub = knithio. Kokkos, a red dye = koch, red. Kokkyx. a cuckoo = kdg. Koile, a gaol = geol. Koilos, hollow = gwyll, spectres.
Knemi,
to shear
spirits Ghoids.

The

Persians

term

their

evil

Kolone, a

hill

Kolouo, to

maim

= klogwyn. = klwyvo.

= kywain. = kamp, an exploit. Kompos, display = gwymp. Kompsos, elegant = gwyn, white. white dust fine Konie, = cone konyn. Konos, = a raven Korax, kryg, hoarse. Koros, a boy = korr, a dwarf.
Komizo, komizein, to carry
a.
'

Korthyo,

to

lash

'

into

foam

(Homeric with

regard

to

waves

korddi, to churn.

Korymbos, the topmost sprout

= koryn,

the head.

Koryphe, koryphen, the top of the head

,

= koryn.
to finish.

a conclusion

= gorphen,

Kouphon,

light
ale

=ysgavn.
fever.

Kourmi,

= kwrwv.

Kradaino, to shudder

= krynn; and kryd, a = Kradao, to shake kryd, a fever. = krap (olwg), at a glance. Kraipna, quick Kranion, the skull = kreuan.

Appendix.
Kratos, strength

No.

I.

39

= kadr,

strong, valiant.

Krauge, a cry
JCreas,
Krt'os,

= kriccied, a cricket. = knawd. kreatos, flesh a ram = Irish, kaor; preserved

in

the

Welsh

kor-lan,

sheepfold.

Krizo, to cry

= krto. Krige, a creaking = kryg, hoarse. Kroaino, to clatter = krynu, to shake. JCrouo, to knock = kuro. Ktypos, a din = wbwb. = gwinau. Kyaiios dark blue Kykdo, to disturb = gwg, anger. = kylch. KykJos, a circle = bent M/, narrow. Kyllos, Kyma, a wave = cftwyv, a swell. Jfymbe, a bowl = kwmm, a combe or hollow. W. pen. Kynee, a helmet = Gaelic, kean, head = kenau. Kynidion, a whelp = kusanu. to kiss Kyo, kyso, Kyon, a dog = = hwppan. Kypellon, a cup Kyrtos, short or squab = korr, a dwarf.
} ;

hi.

C/iairo, to sport

= chwarae.

Chaite, hair

= kudyn, a lock of hair. C/ialaino, to loose = gollwng. Chalkon, brass = alka?i, tin. Charadre, a waterfall = rhaiadr. Chazo, chade, to allow or permit = gadael. Chei/os, the lip = gwevl. Cheimoiiy winter = gauav. Chele, a pair of tongues = gevel. Chcras, gravel = graian. Cherros, rough, desert = gerwin. Chleuazo, to mock = hellwair.

140
Chliaros,
Cholos,

Appendix.

No.

I.

lukewarm

as klaear.

lame

= kloff.
little

Choiridion, a

pig

= kardydwyn.

= kortyn. Choreuo, to dance = chwarae. Choros, a choir = kor. Chroys, chroyn, skin = krocn. Chthes = echdoe, yesterday.
Chorde, a string

= deivio, to singe diva, to Dakno, to bite = knoi; also dygn, painful. Dakrya, tears = dagrau. Darthano, to fall asleep = dar-hun. Das, dados, a torch = dydd, the day. Dasys, thick = das, a haystack Sanskrit, Deka, ten = deg. Dcesis, a request = deisyv. Deiknyo, deiknyeis, to show = dangos. Deile, evening = tywyll, dark. Deleo, to delude = twyllo. Delo, to bait = da/a, to catch. Demos, fat = tew. Deomai, to beseech = deisyv. Depseo, to bake = toesi.
Dai'o, to

burn

consume.

dhasas, a heap.

Deriao,

deriaasthon

{Homer), to contend

= taeru,

to

aver

conten-

tiously.

= edrych. = Dero, to flay torri, to break or rend. Deron, long ago = hir. Deyro, hither = dyred, come here Diaeta, diet, or Diota, a drinking cup = diawd,
Derko, to behold
! !

diod, drink.

Dikella, a fork or prong,

i.e.,

an irregular weapon

= dichell,

deceit.

Dinai, the eddies of deep water

dwvn, deep.
ty.

Do

(for

doma

Homer), a house

Dodeka, twelve

= deuddeg.

Appendix.
Dolos, deceit

No.

I.

141

= twyll. Drakon, a dragon = draig. Drimys, pungent = trwm, heavy. Dryinos, oaken = derwen, an oak. Drypto, to tear = dry Drys, dryn, an oak = derw. Dyno, to dip = dwvn, deep. Dyo, two = dan.
//to.

Ear, the spring

Ekei,

= ir, = accw there

.

fresh, green.

= ochain. Echetle, a plough-handle = haeddc/. Echos, a scream = aich. Eeldomai, to desire = ewy//ys will. Egeiro, to wake = agor, to open. Eido/on, an image = dclw Eidos, appearance = gwedd. = //aw en, merry. Eilapine, a feast or merry-making Et/eo, to eddy = cnwy/, wheel. Ei mi, I am = wyv. Eimi, I go = mi a &v. Eipe, he said = eb eve. Eirgo, to enclose = argae. Ei/a, after that = wedi. ointment. E/aion, oil = = to chase he/a. E/ao, E/aphos, a stag = e/ain, a doe. E/asson, less = E/auno, to drive = erlyn. Elektor (Homer), the sun = hylathr, dazzling. Elcphantos, an elephant = o/ijfant. E/entheros, liberal = helaeth.
Echeo, echein, to scream
} .

e/t\

//at'.

E/innyo, to tarry
E/itha,

=g/ynnn,

to adhere to.
a load.

copiously = Ihoyth,

142

Appendix.

No.

I.

Emplastron, a plaister =plastr.

Emplen, beside =ymyl.

En

(Doric, em), in

=yn.
englennaff, to stick to; Welsh,

Enkykleo, to surround

Enkylindeo, to

= amgylchu. surround = Armoric,

glynnu.

Endon, within =ynddo. Engys, near = wng and agos.

Enipe, reproach

= enllib,

slander.

Entha, here

entha kai entha, here and there

= yna,

there.

Erannos, amiable = eirian, fair. Eremos, quiet = arav, slow. Ereundn, to search = olrheam. Ergao, eorga, to do = ev a orug, he did. Erike, heath = gryg. Erinnys, a fury = arynnaig, fear. Eris, strife = gwrys. Erizomai, to strive = ymryson. Erbe, eroes, a stoppage = aros, to stay. Erythros, red = rhudd. Ethos, habit = gwedd. Eti, yet = eto. Etor, heart = torr, belly. courage = hyder. Enaldes, effectual = hyull. Euboulos, well advised = hybwyll. Eukelos, quiet = hygel, obscure. Euklees, renowned = hyglod. Enkolos, simple = hygoel. Eukraes, well-tempered = hygrawn. Eukyldos, well-rounded = hygylch. Encharis, pleasing = hygar. = golwch, prayer. Eicchole, a vow Euaelos, conspicuous = hywel. Eudromos, of free course = hydrytn.
,

Appendix.
Eulabcs, dexterous

No.

I.

143

= hylaw. = hylathr. Eu/ampros, splendid = hylithr. Eufytos, fragile = hyvaith. well-nurtured Eumathes, Eumeides, joyous = hyvaidd, bold. Eumenes, amiable = hyvwyn; or, hywcn, smiling. Eutnetros, skilful = hyvedyr. Eunflo, to sleep = httno. Enne, a bed, sleeping-place = sleep. Eunous, indulgent, kind = hynaws. Euphron, pleasant = hyvryd. EuphronZ, night = hyvrwyn. = hyblyg. Eup/ekes, intricate = hyborth. Euporos, well-supplied expert = hyfforddus. Euprepes, handsome = hybryd. Eys, strong = hy, bold. Eufe/es, cheap = hydal. Euteyktog, easy, pliable = hydwyth. Euthales, luxuriant (as to foliage) = hyddail. Eutharses, confident = hyderus. Euthraustos, easily shattered = hydraidd. Eutribes, friable = hydraidd. Eutrocha/os, easily rolling = hydreigyl. EutycheSy lucky = hydwg.
htiti,
,

Galene, a calm after a storm

= goleuni,
a hold.

light.

Gamphelai, the jaws Ganos, joy

= gavae/,

= hoen.
= /leiniv, joyous. = gest; also costre//,
a giant.
a bottle.

Ganymai, to be glad
Gasier, the stomach

Gauros,

fierce

= cawr,

Gegoneo, to speak loud

Genethle, a race or

= keg, the mouth. nation = kencdyl. Genys,

a chin

= gen.

Geranos, a

crane = garan.

144
Geron, an old

Appendix.

No.

I.

= gwr hen. = chwaeth. Geythmos, a taste a Ginglismos, tickling = goglais. Glaukos = glds, gray, as in caseg
man
cae g/ds, a green
Glenea,
field
;

las,

gray mare;

green, as

in

blue, as in

awyr

las, a blue sky.

gems = glain,

ornaments.

Glichomai, to desire voluptuously

Glypho, to scrape

= gwlychn,

to moisten (the lips).

= llyvu,

to lick.

Gnampto, to curry;
Gnotos,

also gnapto, to shear

= hieivio,

to shear.

manifest = honnaid.

Godo, to wail

= gwaeddu. = goer, Goe'ros, lamentable = a corner Gonia, congl.

Gbos,

cold.

woe

= gwae.
write
or

Grapho,

to

scratch

with

metallic

stylus

= hravn,

to

scratch; also argraffu, to print.

Grays, an old

woman

= gwrdch,
a crook.

a hag.

Gripaomai, to
Grypos, bent

scratch = kripio.

= hrwbach,

Gryzo, gryzein, to grunt

grydian.
white.

Gymnos, stript, naked = gwyn, Gyne, a woman = given, fair. Gyros, bent = gwyro, to bend.

Habros, delicate

= arab,

gentle.

Hades, the unseen world

existence.

= hadau,

seeds, atoms, the

lowest state of

Halatos, salty

= hallt.

Halios (Doric Greek), the sun

Halt's,

= haul.

enough

= gwala,

satiety.

Halisho, to drag or catch

= llusgo. = llammu. Hallomai, to leap = to catch Haloo, hela, to hunt. Hals, salt = halen. Hamalos, soft = meddal.

Appendix.

No.

I.

145

= amaclyd or ymavlyd. = haeddti. to touch Hap Hebt (Doric, Habd), bloom = hdv, summer. = chwegr. Hekyros, a father-in-law = to Helko, helkeis, drag kwyso, to turn up Helos, a nail = hoel. Hesperos, evening = gosper. Hesychia, quiet = heddwch. Hex, six = chwech. Hikanos, enough = digawn. Holkos, a furrow = kwys. Ho/os, whole = ho/I. Homalos, alike = haval. Horos, a border = goror. Hyalon, glass = glain, beads. Hye/os, glass = uvel, a sparkle. Hygieia, health = inch, healthy. Hypnos sleep = hint. Hypselos, lofty = uchel. Hys, a sow = hwch.
Hamilla, wrestling
to,
r

clods.

= ochain. = Iallo, to speed hivylio. = to iachau. heal Iaotnai, Ichor, a thin fluid = ichivr.
Iachein, to groan

Ide

(in

Ionic Greek), forest {Herodotus)

= gwydd.

Idia, property

= eiddo.
= iaith.
we know =givyddom.
sediment.
aching.

Idioma, idiomatos, speech

Jdmen

(Doric Greek),

Ilys, dregs,

mud

il,

lues, nerves

= gwyn,

lorkos {Oppian), a roe

Ion,

= iwrch.

= ow! = ehud, rash. Ites, daring = gwtsgt, nimble. Ixys, a leg

oh
!

146
Labros, vehement

Appendix.

No.

I.

= llawer, abundant, multitudinous. Lachne, fine down = gwldn, wool. Laltma, breadth = llydan, broad. = Mat's, a voice. Laleo, elalesa, to speak = to talk babbling, idle talk. = llavar, sonorous. Lamyros, eloquent Laos, a people = lliaws, a throng; and //, a host. Larynx and laukania, the throat = llwngc, swallow. Lasho, to speak = Hat's, a voice. Lathra, secretly = llathrudd, a clandestine abduction. Lathraios, stealthy = lladradaidd. Laura, a broadway = llawr, a floor. Lechomai, to couch = llechu. Lechos, a bed = lloches, a covert and llechu, to lie hid. Lego, to cease = gollwng, to drop. = llyvnhdu. Leianeo, to smooth Leibo, to lick = llyvu. Leinton, a meadow = llyvn, smooth ground. Leirion, a lily = elestr. = lleipr. Lepros, withered Leukos, white = llewych, light. = gweled, gwelsom. Leusso, to look Lilaiomai, to desiie = ewyllys, will. Limne, a lake = llyn.
,

lol,

Lix, an ancient Greek

llwch, dust.

name

of the earth {Clemens Alexandrinus)

Lobetos,

maimed

= llabi,

awkward.
or snare

Lochao, to lay an

ambush

= llechu,

to lurk.

Lochnie, a lurking-place
Loigos,

= llechva. = llwg. pestilence

;

Lophao, to cease
nants.

and

loipos,

what remains

= llqffa,

to glean, rem-

Lygros, wretched

= llwgr;
= klwyv,

llygru, to corrupt.

Lyma,

dirt

= llyvi.
a disease.

Lymd, a pestilence

Appendix.
Lythros, clotted gore
Lyttao, to

o.

I.

147

= l/uttrod,

mire.

madden

= llidio,
in

to be angry.

Ma, an adverb used God = myn Dnw.

Afakar, happy
Alakros, long

swearing

e.g.,

Ala ton Dia, by Zeus or

= mygr, = mawr,

fair.

great.

Ma/a, very = gwala, enough. Afalachos, soft = meddal. Alalatto, to soften = meddalu. Miileros, consuming = malurio, to grind small. Alalthakos. soft = meddal. Alalthao, to soften = meddalu. Mandra, a sheep-fold = mangre, a dwelling-place. Maniake, a necklace = mwnwgl, the throat. Afanos, rare = man, minute and main, thin. Maraino, to wither = merwinaw, to be stupefied. Afarmairo, to glow = marwor, hot cinders. Marnamai, mamasthai, to fight = ymomestu, to combat mutually. Mekedanos, lengthy = maith, long in duration. Aledo, to possess = meddu. Megaron, a house = amogawr, a shelter. Afegas tyrannos, a great prince = mech-dcym, a lord paramount. = meluso. Aleilisso, to sweeten = mis. Afeis, a month = wretched Meleos, gwael. Melinos, apple-coloured = melyn, yellow. Afe/on, a sheep = mil, an animal. Alelpo, to sing = maw/, praise. Menio, to resent = monni, to be sullen. Menoinao, to wish for = mynnu, to will. Menos, mind = mynnu, to will. Menyo, to indicate = mynegi. Merimnao, to care = merwino, to throb. Mermerizo, to reflect = myvyrio.
;

148

Appendix.

No.

I.

Meros, a thigh

= morddwyd.

= gwedi. = mysc. Methiemi, to remit = methu, to Methy, strong drink = medd, mead. = meddw. Methysos, drunken = bychan. Mz'kkos, little Miltos, scarlet dye = mellt, lightning Miskelos, abjectly poor = musgrell. Mokao, to mock = moccio. Monarcha, a sole ruler = mimer Moros, destruction, death = marw, to die. = mwgwd, blindfold. Mychos, a dark covert Mydao, to rot from moisture = mzvydo, to grow = miwail, soft. Myelos, the marrow ten thousand = myrdd. Myrias, myrtados, Myrmex, an ant = myr and mor-gryg. Myrfos, a myrtle-tree = myrtwydden.
Meta,
after

Metaxy, betwixt

fail.

(?).

wet.

IVakos, a fleece

= hm. = kyvanneddu.
hall'.

Naio, naiein, to inhabit

JVaos, a temple

= neuadd, a Necho, to swim = novt'o. = newydd, new. Net'atos, young = nyth. Neottia, a nest = nivwl. Nephele, a cloud = to nyddu. jVetko, spin = moisture tiddd, sap. JVotis,
Obe/os, a

wimble

ebill.

Oka, quick

= tocc. = eigiawn.

Okeanos and ogen, the ocean

= ochrog. = og, active. Okys, quick = aeth. he went Ocketo,

Okrioeis, jagged

Appendix.
Ochlyzo, ochlisseian, to dislodge

No.

I.

149

= lluchio,
to sigh.

to fling.

Ochthco, to repine

= ocheneidio,

= awdl. Odyrmos, wailing = godwrdd, noise. Oida, I know = adwacn, to ken. Oideo, to swell = chwyddo. Oigo, to open = agor. Oima, motion = chwyv. Ottos, sorrow = govid. Olios, wealth = alav. Olene, the elbow = elin. Olisthlros, slippery = llithro. to slip. Ollymi, to lose = Ololygmos, lamentation = gwylovain. Olophyromai, to lament = galaru. Oneidizo, to reproach = dannod. Onyx, a nail = ewin. Ophello, to augment = llwyddo, to prosper. Orchamos, a prince = gorchav. Ornis, a bird = aderyn. Ornymi, to rouse = orti, fear. Oro, to urge = gyrru.
Ode, an ode
colli.

Oros, a mountain

=gor,

high, that which overtops.

Orymagdos, a war-shout = gorwaedd. Otheo, to push = gwthio. Otryno, to urge, to press = godro, to
udder.

milk by pressing the cow's

= gwyllt. Oxys, sharp = awchus. Oyranos, the sky =y wybrcn. Ozos, a branch = osgl.
Oulos, wild

Paio, to beat

=pwyo.

Paipalc, fine dust =paill, farina, meal.

Palton, a javelin =paladr, a spear-shaft.

150
Pas, every one

Appendix.

No.

I.

=pawb.

Patio, to cease =peidio.

Pedon, the ground

= bedd,

the grave.

Peiko, to pick wool =pigo.

Pelagos, the deep sea

Pelekys, a bill or

= gweilgi. hatchet = bilwg.

=pump.
fire

Pempe

(Aeolic Greek), five

kill

Pephno, to

=paffio, to beat.
;

Pepto, to bake

Sanskrit, pdta,

=poethi, to heat.

Pemlmi,

to barter

=prynu,

to buy.

Petalon, a leaf
,

= deilen; page = dalen.

dail, leaves.

Peteinos, a bird or flying thing

= edn,

a wing.

Petroselinon,

rock-parsley = persli.

Phailone, a cloak =ffaling.

Pheidomai, to spare

=pez'dz'o.

P/ierbo, to feed =porthi.

Phlao, to splinter

=J?aw,

a flaw.

Phobos, phobon, fear

Phoiton, they kept

= ovn.
coming and going {Homer} =ffwdan, an
ado.

Phor, a marauder =fforio, to foray.

Phorbe, a pasture =porva.

Phrazo

(Doric, phrasdo), to speak

= ffraeth,
crisp.

eloquent.

Phrix {Homer), a ripple = crych, Phylatto, to guard = gwylied. Pikros, bitter = chwerw.
Plax, a plank
plane.

Plethos, a crowd =plith, the midst; and llwyth, a tribe.

Plinthos, a brick

Plouteo, to be rich

= peithyn, a slate. = llwyddo, to prosper.

conflict.

Polemos, war
Polos, a pole

plymnwyd, a

=pawl,

polyn.

Polos, a foal

<W.

Pompholyx, a bubble =pwmpyl, a knob or rising; bwmbwl, a bubble.

Porphyre, purple

= porphor

Appendix.
Porrho,
Posoi,
Posti's,

No.

I.

151

far

off=pe//.

how many? =py saw/?

a door post =p6st.

Pote, ever

= byth. = haw d,
a

Poterion, a drinking-cup =pot.

Pons, podos, a foot; Sanskrit, pada, a foot

thumb.

Pressomen,

let

us set about

it

=prysurwn.

Priamai, to buy =prynu.

Prinos, an oak -=pren, a tree; Sanskrit, parnin.
Proi, early
Ptai'ro,

Pyrgos,

= boreu, morning. to sneeze = bytheirio. a tower = bwrck, a rampart.

;

= rhdd, cheap rhawdd, Rhaphe, a suture = rhdff, a rope. Rheethron, a stream = r^af, a ford.
Rhadios, easy

easy.

Rhegmin
heli.

halos,

the surf or breaking of the briny sea

= rhwyg-vin

= rhwygo; and rhygnu, to Rhenchein, to snore = chwyrnu. Rhe'o, to flow = rnedeg, to run. Rhetre, a compact = rhaith, an oath. Rhezo, rhexas, to do = gorug. Rhigos, chill = rfow, frost. Rhiknos, wrinkled = rhygn, a notch. Rhimpha, freely = rhwydd, free. Rhin, a nose = trwyn also r^p, headland.
Rhegnyo, to tear
:

saw.

Rh'nes, nostrils =ffroenau.

= kroen. Rhion, a headland = rAp. Rhiza, a root = gwraidd. Rhodon, a rose = rhudd, red. Rnoge, a rent = rhwyg. Rhoma/eos, strong = Rhongchos, a snoring = rhwngc.
Rhinos, skin
rpt>.

152

Appendix.

No.

I.

Rhydon, abundantly

Rhyomai, to

= rhwydd, free. = deliver rhyddhdu.

Sabakos, rotten

Sathroo, to shatter

= swbach, withered. = sathru, to trample. = sadell, a pack-saddle. Satto, to load hand = aswy. Skate, the Skairo, to leap or dance = esgeiriau, legs. = hegyl. Skelos, a leg Skia, a shadow = kysgod. = gwasgaru. Skorpizo, to scatter Skotos, darkness = kysgod, shadow. Skyleno, to strip a prey = ysglyvaethu.
left

Sky Ion, a prey =ysglyv.

Skymnos, a whelp

= kyw,
= hen,

a chicken.

Skythros, difficult =ysgythredd, rough rocks;

and ysgyrryd, rough.

Semnos, venerable
Sibyne,
a.

old.

lance

= saffwy.
=ysmygu
a whirlwind.

Smycho, to smoke or smother

Sphalma, unluck

= ffalm,
-=.ffer.

gwynt ffalm,

Sphyron, the ankle

Sporas, sporades, scattered

Stachys, an ear of corn
Sterxis, natural

=yspred,

refuse.

= tywys. affection = serch.

syllables)

Stonachos,

moaning =ystuchan (transposed

= to

complain.

Stratagema, a stratagem

= ystrange. = to fear Stygeo {Homer), gostegu, to = a seneddr. Synedrion, synod

Tachys, quick

command

silence.

= tocc,

soon.
'

Tagos

(a

Thessalian term for

chief '= tywyssawg.

Talaos, miserable = tlawd, poor. Tanyo, to spread = tanu also tan. Tarasso, to disturb = dyrysu. Tarbeo, to scare = tarvu.
:

Appendix.
Tarbos, a fright

No.

I.

153

= tarv. = tarth,
it

Tartaros, the place of darkness

Tasso, to order

a vapour.

tywyso, to lead.

Te [Homer.

Odyss.), here, take

= hwde.

Tege, a house

ty.

Teino, to stretch
Te/e, far off

= tynnu.
and
telentaios,
final,

=///.
complete

Te/cios, perfect;

= te/ediw,

beautiful.

= ta/u. Te/eo, to pay or discharge = teledt'wrwydd, beauty. Te/eiotes, perfection = custom. Te/os, a tax Teretron, an auger = taradr. heat. Terso, to dry up = Thego, to whet = hogi. Thews, an uncle = ewythr. Theorema, a sight, a view = trem. Theriakc, a medicament = triag/. Thermal, warm baths = ennaint twymyn; Thermaino, to warm = twymno. heat. Thermos, hot = = terwyn, white heat, violent. Thin, a sandy beach = tywyn.
to//,

tes,

i.e.,

unguenta

tcpida.

tes,

Th/ao, to shatter; and tho/eros, violent =s

dii/io,

to knock.

= tw//. Thorax, the breast = torr. Thoresso, to arm = trwsio, to array. Thorybos, a tumult = twrv. Thouros, brave = dewr. Thrasys, harsh = traws, stern. Thrano, to knock = tar aw. Threnos, lamentation = truan, miserable. Thryganao, to rub = rhugno. = trwyth, dissolute. Thrypto, to relax = Thyclla, a storm tywy/l, dark. = tymmer. Thymos, temper
Tho/os, a hole

154
Thyreos, a door

Appendix.

No.

I.

= dribs. = tail. Tilos, manure = to Titaino, pull tynnu. = to treiddio; and trwyddo, through. Titrao, pierce = teth. Titthe, the mother's breast = tidaw, to attach Tityskomai, to make ready
to lead
?

{e.g.,

a team);

tywyso,

Tomos, a cut

= tarn-maid,

a morsel.

Tonos, tension, and tonthrys {Hesiod),

commotion

= tonn,

a wave.

= dwndwr. Tonthorys, a loud noise = torri, to break. Toreo, to perforate Tomeuo, to turn = turnie. Tree ho, to run = rhedeg. Tromeros, trembling = trwm, heavy. = tro. Tropos, a turn = torri, to break; tryw ami, Trypkos, a fragment Tn de (Doric for su de), thou too = tydi. = tommen. Tymbos, tymbon, a tumulus Tynchano, to befall = tyccio, tyceiant, success. = tywyll, dark. Typhlos, blind = deivio. Typho, to singe Tyrannos, a prince = teyrn. Tytthon {Homer), a little = tippy n.
Zeo, to boil

to pierce.

= sio,

to simmer.

Leibniz, Adelung,

Ottfried

Mtiller

thought

it

was the Keltic

of that to
lost

that

supplied

to

the

Latin the non-Hellenic portion

lan-

guage

{De

Belloguet).

Some

primitive

speech

appears

have
sound
in

affected the

Greek

as well; as

may

be inferred from the

known

as the

Digamma, and from the non-Hellenic forms found

presents

geography.
speech.

The Kymric

some reasonable claim

to be that

APPENDIX.

No.

II.

LATIN-KYMRIC VOCABLES.
Ab, from

= mab,

a son, offspring.

Abbas, abbat-is, an abbat

= abaci.

Abrado, to scrape

off = bradw, worn away. = absennol. Abscns, absent Abstrnsus, perplexed = astrus, crabbed. Ac, and = ac. Accentus, accent = accen. Accersior, to fetch = kyrchu. = hebog. Accipiter, a hawk Accresco, to increase = achrwys. Acer, sharp = egr, hagr. Acerbus, bitter = chwcrw. Acernns, a maple-tree = masarn. Acridus bitter = echrydus. Aculeus, a sting = kolyn. Acuo, to sharpen = hogi. Acus, a needle = awch. Addisco, to learn = addysg, learning. Addo, to add = addu, to proceed. Adduco, adduxit = addug, he brought. Adeo, to approach, adii'it = acth, he went. Aditus, a passage = adwy. Admissus equus, a stallion = amws. Admttto, to admit = addewid, a promise. Adnoto, to annotate = adnodi.
x

156

Appendix.

No.

II

Adoleo, to worship (with burning of incense)

= addoli.

Adorior, adortus, to

attempt = adorth,

studious.

= addnrno. Adoro, to worship = addoli; properly Adparo, to prepare = darparu. Adsono, to echo = adseinio. Advena, a stranger = advan. Adventura, an adventure = antur.
Adorno, to adorn
Aedilis,

corresponding with adoleo.

Roman

officer

charged

with

the

reparation

of

public

buildings

Aequor, the

= adeiladu, to build. sea = hoeg, sea-green.

hang things on
;

Aerumna,
'

originally a fork to
'

in a derived sense,

trouble = rhwym, bound. Aes, aer-is. brass = air, brightness. Aetas, an age = oed. Affectio, affection = affaith. = avlwydd, misfortune. Afflictio Ager, a field = acr, an acre. Agnus, a lamb = oen. Alienus, an alien = aliwn. Alius, another = ail, second, a match. Allegoria, an allegory = allcg. Alluvio, an inundation = Alodium, a freehold = anlloedd, wealth. Aloe, aloes = elyw. Altare, an altar = allawr. Alius, high = gallt, a steep. Amarus, bitter = avar, grief. Ambigo, to doubt = ammheu. Ambiguus, doubtful = ammheuus. Ambio, to surround = ambwyaw Amictus, clothing = amdo, a shroud. Amnis, a river = avon; in Sanskrit, avani.
lliv.
.

Amoenus,

pleasant

in

the

Quichua

of

Peru,

munay,

love

in

Sanskrit,

manya

= addvwyn,

agreeable.

Appendix.
Amp/itudo, fulness

No. II.

157

= antledd.

Amp/us, ample

= ami.

Anachorcta, a solitary

= ancr. = Anchora, an anchor angor. = an Angc/us, angel. angel Angor, anguish = angau, death. Angulus, a corner = hong/. Anhelitus, breath = anad/, anciently anhclit. Animal, a living thing = anivail. Annuo, to beckon = amnaid, a nod, beckoning. = ebyr (applied to the opening Aperio, to open
Apex, a point
pig.

of flowers, &c).

Ap/uda

(a

Sabine term), coarse flour (A. Ge/lius)

blawd, fine flour.

AppeUo, to appeal to =ymbil, to entreat.

Apprehendo, to catch the meaning of something

Aposto/us, an apostle
Aprilis, April
fit

= amgyffred.

= aposto/.

= Ebrill, the opening month. = addas. Apius, Aqua, water = ach. Aratrum, a plough = aradr. Area, a chest = arch, an ark, a coffin. Archidiaconus, an archdeacon = archddiagon. Archicpiscopus, an archbishop = archesgob. Arduus, lofty = hardd, comely. Argentnm, silver = ariant, arian. Argumentor, to reason = argymmhennu. Aries, ariet-is, a ram = hwrdd. Arma, arms, instruments = arvan. Armarium, a press or aumbry = almari. Aro, to plough = aru, arcdig. Articu/us, an article = erthygl. Arvum, a field = eriv, an acre. Ascendo, to climb = csgyu. Asinus, an ass = asyn.
Asperitas, sharpness

= aspri,

mischievousness.

158

Appendix.

No.

II

= astyllen. Astutus, politic = astud, studious. Atrox, savage = ethrych-wyllt. Attempero, to season = ardymheru. Attrecto, to touch = adrywedd, the
Assula, a spar

scent

that

hounds follow

in

hunting.

= hebog, a hawk. Auctor, an author = awdwr. Auctoritas, authority = azudurdod. Audeo, to dare = beiddio. Aula, a court of justice = hawl, a Aura, a breeze = awyr, Auratus, golden = euraidd.
Auceps, a fowler
air.

claim at law.

Auriphrygium, orphreys, the ornament of a cope

Aurora, the dawn

= gorffreis.
= aur.

= gwawr.

Aurum
Avidus,
Avis, a

or ausum, from the Sanskrit ush, to burn, gold

Austerus, severe

Autem,
too,

= astrus, crabbed. = awyddus. greedy bird = avais. = hi autem, they yet, beside
minnau; eum autem, him

too,

hwythau; me autem,

me
too,

too,

yntau; haec autem, she

hithau; nos autem,

we

too, ninnau.

= achlus. Axilla, an arm = asgell, a Axis, an axletree = echel.

Auxilium, help

wing.

= bach, small. Baculus, a staff = bagl. Bajulo, to carry = baich, a burthen. Balaena, a whale = balaen, steel. Perhaps Bancus, a bench = maingc. Barba, a beard = barv.
Bacca, a berry

a metaphor.

Baro, a soldier (emphatically, a man)

breyr.

in

Low

Latin,

baron

Basia, kisses

= bus,

gwe-vus, a

lip.

Appendix.

No.

II

159

Batuo, to beat

= baeddu.
wooden clog

Baxea

(Plautus), a

= bacsio,

to tramp.

= morvil, = bendith. Bcncdictio, blessing = blessed Benedictus, bendigaid.

Bclua maris,
a sea beast

a whale.

Beneficium, a loan of land conferred by the emperor on the

veterans;
benefit

Roman
boon or

thence,

feudal

tenure or feoff;
into benthyg.

lastly,

Bestia, a

= benffyc, corrupted beast = bwyst-vil.

}

Bibo, bibit-um

to drink

=yved.

Blatero, to prate

= baldordd. = bonedd,
noble descent.

Bonitas, goodness; hence, nobility

Brassica, cabbage
Brevis,

= bresych. = short byrr. = br6ch,

in a

Brockus, having jagged teeth

a badger.

Bruma, winter
Brusca
Brutus, brutish

= barrug,

a cold mist.

[Pliny), a gnarled

knob

maple

tree

= brysg,

a mark.

= brwnt. Bucca, the cheek = bdch. Bufo, bufon-is, a toad = llyffant.

Bursa, a purse =pwrs.

Buteo, a buzzard

= bdd y

gwerni.

= codwm, a fall; and cwyddo, to Caducus, falling = caddug, darkness attending sunset. Caedes, slaughter = cad, battle; kcd, havock. Coldarium, a caldron = callawr. Calendae, the first day of a month = dydd Calan. Calidus, warm = clyd. Calix, a cup, a chalice = caregl, in the latter sense.
Cado, to
fall
fall.

Calico, to ken, to be

able=gallu.
shrewd, knowing.

Callidus,

= call, crafty

Callus, hardened flesh

= calcd,

hard.

Calx, lime = calch. Camisia, a shirt = casmai.

160

Appendix.
field

No. II.

= campau, games of athletes. Camurus, crooked = cam. Cana/is, a channel = canaw/, cano/, middle. = canghcU, a chancel of a church. Cance/ti, rails Cande/a, a candle = cannwyll. Candeo, to whiten = cannu, to bleach. Candidus, white = cannaid. Cano, to sing = canu.
Campus, a
Canonici, canons of cathedrals, originally
.

men

living

under religious

rules = kynhonwyr Cantilena, a song = cathyl. Cantor, a singer = cantor. Canutus = canwy. Canus, hoary = cann. = caplan. Capellanus, a chaplain = gavr. Caper, a goat = hipio. to snatch Capio, Capistrum, a snaffle = kebystr. = capten not cadben, Capitanctis, a captain
:

a battle chief, a term

of distinct origin.

Capitolavium,
1

head- washing

on

Maundy

Thursday

= dydd

Ian

Cab/yd:

Capihdum, the chapter of a cathedral = cabidwl. Cappa, a cope or mantle worn in quire = cappan

cor.

= caethiwed. Captivitas, captivity = caeth. Captivus, a captive Career, a prison = carchar. Cardo, cardinis, a hinge = corddyn. Caritas, caritat-is, affection = cariad, love. Carpentum, a chariot = carvan, a beam; kerbyd, Carrus, a car = carr. Cams, dear = car, a kinsman. Casens, cheese = caws. Cassns, worthless = eds, odious. Castanea, a chestnut tree = castanwydd. castle = caste//. Castellum,
a.

a chariot.

Appendix.
Castigatio,

No. II.

161

punishment

Castigo, to

Castrum, a

= kystydd. = punish kystwyo. or fort = caer. camp = casul.

= cadwyn.

Casula, a chasuble or priest's vestment at mass

Catena, a chain
Catus, a cat

= cath. Caucus, a bason = cawg. Cauda, a tail = c6d, cwd,

Can/is, pot-herbs

a bag; cwtta, short.

= caw/, broth. = achaws. Caussa, a cause a Cavea, cavella, coop = catvell, a hamper. Cavo, to hollow out = cauo. Cavum, a hollow, a cave = ogoi>: cavn, a trough. Cavus, hollow = can gau-brophwydi, false prophets. Kcdo, to give way = kadw yn Kclla, a cell or pantry = hell: gwin-gell, a wine-store. Kelo, to hide = hehi. Kenttim, hundred = cant. Kenturio, a centurion = canwriad. Kera, wax = cwyr. Kerasus, a cherry tree = keiroes.
' '

61.

Keres, the Latin goddess of corn

hence

'

cereal

'

crops

= keirch,

oats,

the cereal proper to the North.

Kervix, the neck

= gwarr.
plural, keirw.

Kervus, a stag

= kanv;

Kiborium, a cupboard or cabinet

Kibus,

= kib,

a pot.

meat = kibau,

husks.

/Cicatrix, a scar, craith.

= keirch, oats. = Kicur, tame gwdr. = kegid; analogous to cocl, hollow. hemlock Kicuta, Kingulum, a girdle = kengl. Kippus, a stock = kyff. Kircueo, to circle = kyrchu. Kivitas, kivitat-is, a city, a state = h'wdawd, a people.
Kiker, vetches

62

Appendix.

No.

II

Clades, a slaughter

Clamo, clamare,
Clangor, noise

= lladd, to slay. to shout = llavar, loud.

Clams,
Claudo,

= clegyr, to cackle. = claer, llary. br'ght to enclose = clawdd, a fence

= cloff.
close, a

or

wall

claddu, to

hide or

bury.

Clandns, lame

Clanstrnm, a cloister or
Clava, a club

confined place

= elds.

= clwppa. Clavis, clavem, key = allwedd. = clan, secure. Clavns, a nail

a.
-

Clemens, gentle
Clocca, a bell

llyvn,

smooth.

= cldch. Cludo, to shut up = cuddio. Clunis, the hip = ctiin. Coadnno, to unite = hyttuno. Cochleare, a spoon = llwy.
Coctum;
Codex,
e.g.,

aurnm

coctum, refined gold

a
tree,

= coeth,
board,

aur
a

coeth.

the

stump of
of boards

wooden

book originally

made

= coed,
vain.

wood.

Coecns, blind

= coeg,

Coena, a dinner or principal meal

Conors, cohort-is, a

band of

= Tciniaw and soldiers = gosgordd,

cwynos.
a train.

= colommen. Columna, a pillar = colovn. Coins, a distaff = cogail. = kyvladd, Collatio, a setting together
Columba, a dove
,

suitable.

and

collatae pecuniae,

an impost

= kyllid,

income.

Collatro, to

= kyvarth, 'by transposition.' = Collis, a hill col, a projection. to Colloco, arrange = Icyvlen; (in a secondary sense), Collnceo, to shine forth = hyvlwg, luminous. Collnctor, to struggle with = kyvhtdd, to hinder.
bark
feast.

to hire

= kyvlogi.

Comedo, to eat =kyvedd, to

Comedere,
comesse = hyvysn,

to consume.

Appendix.
Comes, coin it-cm, a partner
,

No.

II

163

= kydwcdd. = kymdcithas.
a

companion

= kydymaith. = cwmmwd,

Comitas, courtesy

= kyweithas.
commot.

Comitatns, a train of followers

Comitinm, an assembly

Commeatns, a supply of provisions = menedd, possessions. Commcndo, to bequeathe = hymmynu. Commcnsurattis, suitable = kymmhesnr. Commercium, exchange of wares = kyngwcrthydd. Comminatio, threatening = kymmincdd, battle. Comminno, to break to pieces = kymmynu, to hew or chip. Commisceo, to mingle = kymmyscu. Commoda, advantages = kyvoeth. Commodo, to reconcile = kymmodi. Commodus, advantageous = kymmhwys. Commotio, disturbance = kymmwy. Commovco, commotum, to stir = kyvodi, to rise. Communio, the Holy Communion = Kymmun. Communis, common = kyvnn. wonted = kynnevin. = kyvagos, close. Compages, a setting together Compar, a mate = hymmhar. Comparo, to get up or set in order = kywciriaiv. to compare = kymmharu. = kymmhell. Compello, to compel = cwhlhau. Compleo, to complete = kymmlawdd mdr. Complctio maris, the sea-tide = kymmhlyg. Complcxus, complex = to kyffrcd; whence the term Kyffredin comprize Compono,
, ,

(vulgus),

the

Commons,

all

comprized or reckoned together.

Compono, to arrange

= kymmoni. = kymmhwys, meet. Compositns, set in order = kymmeryd. Comprchendo, to take up = to kymmhrwyaw, to advantage. approve Comprobo, Comedo, to grant = caniattau.

164
Conkentus,

Appendix.

No.

II

= Tcynghanedd. = kynnull. Concilio, to gather together Concilium, a council = cwnsli. Concino, to agree = kynghanu. Concordia, an agreement of minds = kynghor, counsel. Concordo, to agree = kyd-gordio. Concresco, to grow up = kynnyrchu. = kynneddv. Conditio, a disposition Condo, to lay up, to hide = cuddio. Conduco, to bargain = kynnyg. Conducti milites, hired troops = kyndod, a band. = kyffaith, dressing of leather. Confectio, a making up = kynnull. Confero, contul-i, to collect
harmony
Confessio,

confession

= kyffes;

e.g.,

gldn

gyffes,

the

Sacrament of

Confession.

Kyffes Ffydd, a Confession of Faith.

Confinis, a border

= kyffin.
=kyvaddev.

Confiteor, to confess

= kydffurvio. = kymhorth and kynnorthwy. Confortor, to succour = kymmrawd. Confrater, an associate = kyffroi, to wake up. Confremo, to ring again Congeries, a heap = kyngherth, entangled. Congestum, heaped up = kynghest. = kynghreiriaw, to confederate. Congrcdior, to meet in battle = kyhydreg. = kynnyg. Conjicio, to guess = kywedd. Conj'ux, a wife, a partner Connitor, connixus, effort = kynnudd, growth.
Conformo, to conform
Consecro, to hallow

Also, to engage

kyssegru.

Consensus, agreement

= kysswyn. = Consentior, to agree kydsynied. = counsel Consilium, kyssul.

Consolido, to solder or to join together

= kyssylltu.

Consolor, to comfort

Consonus,

= kyssuro. agreeing = kysson.

Appendix.
Constralum, covered

No. II.

165

= kyvystrawd, a saddle. Constringo, to bind tightly = kystrin, secrecy. Constructio, grammatical construction = kystrawen. Contendo, to strive = kyndynn, a man of strife. Contention strife = kynnenn. Couticeo, conticui, to hold one's peace = kynnhewi. Contineo, to hold or contain = kynnwys. Continuus, holding together = kyttnn. Contorquco, to writhe or twist = kynddeiriawg, furious with emotion. Contraho, contractus, a contract = kyvathrach, alliance. Contrarius, adverse = Armoric, contraul ; Kymric, kythraul ; the
Adversary, the Antiquus Hostis or Old Enemy, as S. Gregory
the Great
calls

the Devil.

Contribulo, to vex

= kythryblu. = kynnhreth. Contrudo, to crowd = kythrudd, perturbation. Contundo, to bruise = kystuddio: to kymmhwyo. = disturbance Conturbatio, kynnwrv. = to disturb Conhirbo, kynnhyrvu. Convcntus, a convent = cwveint. Also, kenvaint vocn,
Contribution a grant
afflict,

a herd

of

swine.
Cofiverro, to

sweep clean

Converto, convertit, to

= kyweiriaw. exchange = Icyngwcrthydd,

= kyweit/ias,
society.

what

is

given

in

exchange.
Cojwictus, living in

common

Co-opertura, a cover

= cwvert.
cwvl, an embrace.

Copula, a couple
Copulatio

= cwpl;

= cov/eidio, to embrace. Coquina, a kitchen = kegin. Coquus, a cook = c6g. Cor allium, coral = cwrel. Corium, leather = croen, skin. Cornus, a cornel-tree = cwyros. Cornu, a horn = corn. Corona, a crown = coron.

66

Appendix.

No. II.

Corpus, a body

= corph.

Correctio, a setting right

= kyvraith, law. Also, a rebuke = kerydd. Corrigia, a shoe-latchet = carrai esgid. = collen. Corylus, a hazle-tree = cost, a side, a coast. Costa, a rib Coxa, the hip = coes, the leg. Crassus, heavy = eras, high baked bras, thick. = gradell, a gridiron. Crates, cratella, a grate = Creawdwr. Creator, the Creator = creadur. creature Creatura, Creber, thick, frequent = r/iev. Credo, to believe = credit. = creu. Creo, to create Cribellum, a rake = cribell. Cribrum, a comb = crib. Crinis, hair = rhawn, horse-hair. = crisb and crych. Crispus, curley = creulawn. Crudelis, cruel = cri, raw; croyw, fresh. unseasoned Crudus, unripe, Crumena, a leathern purse = croen, skin. Cruor, gore = crau. Crus, a leg = esgair. Crux, a cross = crvg; in later times, croes. = crisial. Crystal/us, crystal = gwely. Cubile, a bed Cubitus, an elbow = cuvydd. = c6g. Cuculus, a cuckoo Cucullus, a cowl = cwccwll; and cochol, a cloak. Culices, flies = kylion. Culpa, a fault = cwl. Cultellus, a knife = hyllell. Cutter, a coulter or plough-share = cwlltwr. Cultus, cultivation = coledd. Cumulus, a heap; hence in a derived sense, a cloud = cwmmwl. Cuneus, a wedge = cun.
:

a.

Appendix.
Cufiicu/us, a

No. II,

167

cony or rabbit = cwningeu. = cxvppan. Cupa, a cup = kybydd, a miser. covetous Cupidus, Cuprum, copper = copr. = cur, ache. Cttra, care Currens, aqua, a stream = kerhynt. Curro, to run = gyrru, to drive. Currus, a car = carr. Cursus, a course = cwrs. short = cwtta; corr, a dwarf. Cur Curvum, crooked = crwmm. Curvus, bent = gwyr. = cospi, to punish. Cuspis, the point of a spear = cwd, a bag. Cutis, the skin
tots,

Chrismatio, the Sacrament of Chrism or Confirmation

Crysvad.

= gavr danys, through the French dain. Damnum, loss = damwain, hap. Debeo, to owe = dylcu. debet, owing = devawd, custom deddv, law. Debitois, due = dyledus. Decanus, the Dean of a cathedral church = dcon. = digwyddo. Decido, to out, to happen = Declaro, to clear up disgleirio, to shine. = degwm. tenth or tithe the Decuma, Decuplum, the tenth = czvbl, entire.
Dama,
a doe
,

it

is

fall

Decus, grace, comeliness

Defectus, a defect

teg,

fair.

= diffyg. Defcndo, to defend = diffyn. = diffygio. Deficio, to Dcfiuo, to flow forth = dylivo, to proceed = dcilliaw.
fail
,

to drip.

Defodio, to bury

diffodd, to

quench.

Deinde, thence
Deitas, the

= oddi yna. Godhead =y Duwdod.

68

Appendix.

No. II.

= dileu. Deletum, blotted out = dylaith, death. Deligo, to chuse = dethol. Delineo, to mark out = dilyn, to follow. = llewyg, llwgva. Deliquium, a fainting Delubrum, a shrine = delw, an image. Demando, to require = dytnuno. Demeto, to cut down corn = diweddu, to finish. Demo, to take away = diddymmu, to abolish. Demoneo, to summon = dyvynnu.
Deleo, to blot out
fit

Dens,

dent-is,

a tooth

dant.

= dwys. Denude, to strip = dynoethi. Denuo, again = dyna. Dependeo, to hang down = dibyn, a precipice. to hang on = dibynnu. = dyborthu. to Deporto, carry Depravatio, a spoiling = divrawd, a laying waste. Depreteor, to under-rate = dibris, worthless. Descendo, to descend = disgyn. Describe, to describe = dysgrivio. = dysgriviad. Descriptio, a description Deserta, desert places = diserth. Desicco, to dry up = dysychu. Desperatus, hopeless = disperod, astray. Destillo, to drop = distyllio. Destinatio, purpose, destiny = tesni. Destructio, a break up = distrych tonn, the foam of a Destruo, to destroy = distrywio. Desubito, suddenly = disyvyd. Detego, to uncover = didoi, to unroof. Deus, God = Duw: perhaps originally the same as
Densus, thick
,

wave.

the

Sanskrit

Dyaws,

the

Zeus,

Dios

of

the

Greeks,

meaning

the

clear

ethereal sky, the image of the unseen God.

Develo, to strip

= dihwylo.

Appendix.
Devotus, devout

No.

II

169

= dihexvydtis.

= eddestr. Dextera, the right hand = dethan or deheu. Diabolus, the devil = dt'avol. Diaconus, a deacon = diacon. Dialectike, the art of logic = dilechdid. Dictito, to say = dywedyd. Dies, day = dydd; diau, as in tridiau, three = diffodd. Difflo, to blow out
Dexter, a war-horse

days.

= hidlo, to drop. Diluvium, a deluge = diluw. Ditnico, to strive = mic, spite. Dimidium, the half = dimmai, a halfpenny. Diminuo, to lessen = divynnio, to chop up. Diri, wicked men = diriaid.
Diluo, to dissolve

= dirymmu, to abrogate. = Diskerno, to exhibit disgyrnu dannedd, to show the teeth, to gnash. = dysgybl. Discipulus, a disciple or learner Disco, to learn = dysgu. Discus, discul-us, a dish = dysgl. = disbwyllo, to cure. Dispello, to dispel to draw out = dispeilaw cleddyv, to draw the sword. Dispensator a steward = distain. Dispertior, to distribute = dosparthu. Disseco, to dissect = disgywen, manifest. Dissipatus, dried up = dispydd dispaidd, an eunuch. Distringo, districtus, reduced to shivers = dystrych tonn, the spray
Dirimo, to break up
, ,

of a wave.
Ditio, a lordship

tiid,

a region.

Divello, to pluck up, to clear

= diwyll,
'

to cultivate land.

Divcrto, to divert, or in low Latin,

to

amuse

'

= divyrru.

Dives, rich
Divestio,

= tew, fat, rich; to strip = diosg.

divination,

e.g.,

terra dives, tir tew.

Divinatio,

conjuring

= dctvaiut,

midnight, the witching

time.

170

Appendix.

No. IT.

Divino, to divine

= dewinio.

= dewin. a divine or theologian = dewinydd. Divisio, a division = dewis, choice. Divitiae, riches = devaid, sheep, the most primitive form Diu, ago = hwy, longer. Diurnus, a day = diwrnod. Do, to give = dodi. Doctus, learned = doeth, wise. Dolor, pain = dolur. Domitor, The Subduer, God = Dovydd. Domo, to tame = dovi. Dona, gifts = doniau. Donatus, a famous grammarian = dwnad, a grammar. Donee, until = hyd oni. Donnm, a gift = dawn. Drulla, a dray = drbl. Dulce melos, sweet melody = dwsmel, a dulcimer. Dumeta, thickets = twyni. = dyblyg. Duplex, twofold = dwbl. Duplus, double = hard diir, steel. Durus, leader, a duke = di\g, tywysog. Dux,
Divinus, a diviner or wizard
,

of wealth.

a.

Ebibo, ebibitum, to drain

= yved,

to drink.

Ebrius, drunken
Ecce,
lo,

Ecclesia,

= brwysg. behold = accw; Italian, the Church = Eglwys.

effaith.

eccof

Edo, esum, to eat=ysu, to consume; Sanskrit, ush, to burn.

Effectus, an effect

Effluvium, an overflow

=yn

yfflwn, in shivers.

Egenus, indigent

= anghenus. = eisiau. Egestas, want = to wail E/'ulo, wylo.

Atpendix.

No.

II

171

= elidr. = etholedig. Elcctus, chosen = alms eluscn. Elccmosyna,

Elcctrtim,

amber

Eleemosynarius, an almoner

= amnerydd. = clven. Eletnentum, an element = to harass. to dash erh'd, Elido, = ethol. Eligo, to chuse Eluceo, to shine forth = cglwg, bright; e/wc/i, Emendo, to amend = emendaw. Emotio, emotion = emod. = esgob. Episcopus, a bishop = epistol. Epistola, an epistle
Epistomium, a spout =ystw.
Ercmita, a hermit or solitary
Esse, to be, being

joy.

= ermid,

meudivy.

= oes,

an age.

Eiim, him

= ev.

= c/iwa/u, to disperse. Evatigeh'um, the Gospel = Evengyl. Examen apum, a swarm of bees = haid
Eval/o, to clear

wenyn.

Excavo, to scoop
Exce/sus, high

=ysgdu.
tic he/.

Excipio, to take
Exczpti/tis,

up =ysgtpio, to snatch.

=ysgwvy/, a prey. Excommum'cu, to excommunicate =ysgymmuiw.

Excoriatus, peeled
Excorio, to scour

a snare

0%

scoured =ysgarth, offscouring.

Excuso, to
Exctitto, to

= ysgwrio. excuse = esgusodt.

shake out

=ysgwyd and

ysgydio;

also, esgitd,

nimble.

Excmplum, a sample

= stamp/.
poor.

Exiguus, few =ychydtg.

,

scanty

Existi'matio,

= ei'siwedig, esteem = cdmyg.

Exorior, to spring up, to be born

Expello, to thrust out =yspellu.

= esgor,

to give birth to.

Expendo, to deal out, to spin or

shell pease

= yspeiniaw

172
Expletus,
full,

Appendix.

No.

II

complete

= esplydd.

Explico. to unfold =ysp/ygu.

= yspi'o. Expono, to expound = esponio. Expositus, set forth, assured = ysbys, certified. Exscalpo, sca/pere, to scrape = ysgravellu. Exsculpo, to carve, to seize = ysgwvyl. Exccare, to cut out = ysgar, to separate, to divorce. Exseco, to cut out = yszgo, to bruise. = Exsi'h'o, to issue forth offspring. = yspcithiaw. Exspecto, to look out Exspuere, to spew out = ysbwria/, sweepings, rubbish. Exsul, an exile = swil, distrustful, shy. Extendo, to stretch forth = estyn.
Exploro, to spy out
esill,

Extentus, stretched out

ystwyth.

Exterreo, to frighten =ystwrdio, to rate or scold.

Extimtis, outermost

= cithav. Extorris, an outsider = eithyr, a foreigner. Extra, besides = eithr, but. Extractum, drawn out = ystre, a course. Extraneus, a stranger = estrawn, Extumeo, to swell up = ystyvnig, obstinate. Extundo, to hammer out = ystuno, to vex.
Fab a,
a bean =ffa.

Faber, a joiner

= saer.
done

Factum, a
,

fact =ffaith.

a thing

= gwaith,

work.

Facu/a, a torch =ffagyl, a blaze.

Fagus, a beech-tree
Fa/co, a

= ffaivydd. = givalch. Fa/lax, deceptive = gwallawg. Fallo, to deceive = gwall, fault.

hawk
,

to

fail

=ffaelu.

Fafsus, false =Jfals.

Appendix.

No.

II

173
in
Irish,

Famulus

(in

Oscan, fame/),

servant

= mod;
be.

m#o/,

shaven person, as slaves were wont to

Fart] to speak

= llcvaru.
= gwasgu, to squeeze. rods = batch, a burthen.

Faskella, a bundle =ffasgcll.

Faskia, a swaddling band

Fash's, a bundle of

Fateor, to

own

= addev. = ffawd.

Fa turn,

fate =-ffawd.

Favco, favet, favours

Favilla, ashes

= w/a>.
=
Chwevror.

Favor, favour =ffavr.

Februus, February

Felo, a felon =Jfel, crafty.

Femina, a female
Fenestra, a

= benyw.
=.ffencstr.

window

Fermentum, barm or
Ferox,
fierce

yeast

= burym.

=Jfer, strong.

Ferrum,

iron =Jferr, intense cold; haearn: in Spanish, hicrro.

Ferveo, to boil

= berwi.
ffest,

Fervidus, hot

= brwd.
fast.

Festino, to hasten =ffestinio;

Fes turn, a

feast

gwest.

Fetus, pregnant =ffaeth, ripe.

^fcitf, a fig

=#)'*.
=jfydd.

Fides, faith

Figo, to prick
Finis,

=pigo.
//*.

end

= ////,

Firmamentum,
Firmus, steady

the sky =ffurvavcn.

= $j'rz\
= //ace.
to

Fistula, a conduit =pisty//.

Flaccidus, flabby

Flagellum, a whip =Jffaugd/.

Flagro,
to

burn,

glow

as

fresh

vegetation

does

= blaguro,

to

blossom, to burgeon.

Flamma,

a flame

fflamm.

174
Fiasco, a flask or flagon

Appendix.

No. IT.

= fflasg.

Flavus, pale yellow -=jfawliw.

Flecto, to

bend =plethu, to weave.

Floccus. a lock of wool =Jfluwc/i, a full head of hair.

Fluenta, streams

= Want,

fluent.
also,

Fluidus, flowing =ffrwd, a stream;

hidl,

distilling.

Fluo
,

Jtuere, to flow

= I/wo/
lliv.

lliveir-iant, a stream.

=ffreuo, to gush out.

Fluvius, a stream

Focus, a hearth

= ffoc,

a forge.

Foedus, foul =ffiaidd.

= gwaun, a meadow. Foetus, offspring = ffaeth, ripe. Folium, a leaf = gwull, foliage.
Foenum, hay
Folk's, bellows
ffull,

haste.

Foils, fontana, a fountain

= ffynnawn; in
fforest.

Breton, fonteun.

Foris,

abroad = ffivrdd
a fashion

and

Forma,

=ffurv.

Formica, a pismire

= morgrug.

Forum, a market =ffair.

Fossa, a ditch =Jf6s.

Fossatum, a military entrenchment

Fovea, a den
ffau.

= ffossawd.

Fragilis virga, a light rod =ffrcwyll, a switch.

Frango, to break =Jfrwch,

Frater, a brother

a violent outlet.

= brawd.

Fraus, fraud-is, fraud =ffrawdd, harm.

Fregi,
I

have broken

= breg,

a breach.

Fremo,

to chafe -=ffrojnmi.
firth or

Fretum, a
Frigeo, to

narrow sea =ffrwd.

grow

chilly
fall

= barugaw

(pronounced

brigo),

word

ex-

pressing the
,

of the rime or hoarfrost.

to

starve = trigo.

Frigo, to fry =ffrio.

Frio, to crumble

= briwo.

Appendix.
Frivolus, a weakling =ffrll.

No.

II

175

Froenum,

a bridle

=Jfrwyn; and

ffrocn, nostril.

Fructus, fruit =ffrwyth.

Frustro, to hinder

= rhwystro.
ffrwst, soon.

Frustum,

fragment =ffrwst, haste.

Frutcx, a sprout

Fuctis, a disguise =jfitg.

Fugio, to escape =$oi.

Fulgco, to shine
Fuligo, soot

= gwoleuo,

to lighten.

= huddigyl. Fumarius, a chimney = ffumer. Furca, a fork = fforch.

Furia, a fury=^w>r, a vehement onset.

Fur nits,

an oven

= ffwm.

Fustis, a cudgel =-ffust.

= kcih'og, a = Galliis, a cock keiliog. = Gaiidiiim, joy hoyw, gay. = twins Gemelli, gevelliaid.
Galea, a helmet

cock;

i.e.,

galeatus avis, a crested bird.

Gemma,

a jewel

=gem.

= genau, lips. Genita, a daughter = geneth, a girl. Genor, to be born = = kenhedyl, a clan or Gentilis, one of a clan = kenhcdlaeth. Gentilitas, gentilitatis, a clan = castiau, tricks, games. Gestio, to play = red Gilvus, pale gwelw. Glabcr, bald = corrupt, sick. = a sword Gladiiis, cleddyv. Glarca, gravel = graean. Globus, a ball = globyn, a mass. Glomus, a ball = clamp, a mass. Gluten, glue = /</. Glutino, to glue = glynnii, to adhere.
Genae, cheeks
<??".

race.

cfoz;,

176
Glutto, a glutton

Appendix.

No. II.

= glwth. Gradior, to walk = kerdded. Gradus, a step = grddd. Grammatical grammar = gramadeg. Grandis, big = crawn, heap. Granum, grain = grawn. Gratia plains, gracious = rhadlawn. Gratia, grace = rhad. Gressus, steps = grisiau. Grillus, a grasshopper = grill, a chirping Grex, a herd = gre. Grunno, to grunt = gryngian. Grus, a crane = crehyr.
Gula, the throat

noise.

=y

gylla.

Gurges, a spendthrift
Giistus,

Guttur,

= gwrgi, = taste gwst, moist. the throat = gwddwv.

a bridle

a ravenous dog.

Habenac, the reins of

Habilis, able

= avwynau.

= abl.

Habitatio, a dwelling,

Hac

node,
a

Haedus,

home = haddev. = henoeth, heno. to-night kid = hydd.

= aer. = Hedera, ivy eiddiorwg. Helveolas, pale red = gwelw,

Haeres, an heir
Hie, he; haec, she, hi;

pale.
hi,

hanc, her, honn;

they,

hwy; hnnc, him,

hwn;

hi antem, they too, hwythan.

Hircus, a goat

= iwrch,

a roe-buck.

Hirrire, to neigh (Festns.)

= gweryru.
repulsive.

Hirsntus, prickly, harsh

Hirtns, rough

= arswydns,

Hispidus,

= hurt, stupid. rugged = hispydd, barren.

= bwlch,
a gap.

Historia, a story =ystori; also, ystyr, meaning.

Hiulcus, gaping

Appendix.

No. II.

177

= hcddyw. Honcstus, honest = gonest. Honoratus, honoured = anrhydedd, Hora, an hour = awr. Hordcum, barley = haidd. Horridus, horrible = hyll. Hortus, a garden = gardd. Hospes, a guest = osp.
Hodie, to-day

honour.

Hospitium, an hospice or inn =yspytty.

Humilis, humble

= huvyll.
flowing.

= uvylltawd. Humus, moist ground; humidus, moist = wv, Hyades, the wet stars = hwyaid, ducks. Hymnus, a hymn = emyn.
Humilitas, humilitat-is, humility
Ibex, the steinbock of the
Ictus, a

Alps=jy bwch, the

goat

par

excellence.

blow

= ich,
man

that which penetrates, sharp.

Idoneus, a rich

Ignis

(Sanskrit,

= eidion, oxen; agni), fire = egino,

ill

hence, the owner of them.

to

spring up as vegetables

by

heat.
Illi,

dau. two = = anvad. Immitis, savage Immortalis, undying = anvarwawl.

they;
illi

duo, they

Imperator, a military
pero, to order

commander

or

Emperor

Ymherawdwr.

Im-

= peri.

Impeto, to assail

=ymbwyo.

Imploro, to beseech =ymbil.

Import- a ticium frumentum, imported corn

= ymborth,

nourishment.

Imprudens, unwise
In, the preposition

= ammhrudd.
'in'=^w.

= ennyn. Incommodus, unfit = anghymmhwys Incomparabilis, incomparable = anghymmharawl = anghynnwys. Iticonditus, ill-framed Incongruus, unsuitable = anghyngres.
Incendo, to kindle
.

178
Incurro, to set on
Incus, an anvil
Incutio, to

Appendix.

No.

II

= ymgyrchu.

= eingion. engage = ymgydio.

=yna.
a shroud.

Inde, thence

Induviae, clothes
Ineptus,

= amdo, = anaddas. silly

= uffern. = anffydd. Infidus, faithless = anniben, endless, slow. not ended Infinitus, = anffurv. Informis, shapeless Ingenium, a man's nature = anian. Inimici, enemies = envys. = preserved in Df Mawrth Initium, beginning
Inferna, the lower region or hell
day, Initium
,

Ynyd, Shrove Tues-

Quadragesimae the beginning of Lent.

In querela,

in a quarrel

= ymgeccru,

to wrangle.

Inqmsitio, an inquiry
In-quit, he
saith = yn

=ymgais.
gweyd.

Inruptio, an invasion

= anrhaith,
.

spoils.

Insono, to echo

= amseiniaw = anystywallt. Instabilis, unsteady Instrumentum, instrument = ysturmant,

Insula, an island =-ynys.

a Jew's harp.

Inlendo, to wrestle

=ymdynnu.

In terra-mentum, burial
Intus, within

= terment.
home.

=yn

ty,

in the house, at

Inungo, to anoint
Invidus, envious

= enneinio.
ynvyd,
foolish.

Ira plenus, ireful = irllawn. = eiriad, dreadful. Iratus, angry = Ita, yes = hevyd. besides Item, = hynt. Iter, itin-eris, a journey = gwegil, the Jugulum, the throat = a iau. Jugum, yoke Jusculum, broth = isgell.
ie.

nape of the neck.

Appendix.
Juvencus, young
Juventns,

No. II.

179

= iettanc. = ewaint. youth

= llesg, feeble. = llavur. Labor, labour = to llithro. Labor, slip Laboriosus, laborious = llavnrus. Labrusca, a wild vine = brwysg, Lac, lact-is, milk = Uacth. Lacus, a lake = llwch. Laedo, to hurt = //add, to slay.
Labasco, to decay
Laesio, a hurt =gloes, anguish.

drunken.

= clais, a mark of a blow. = Uyvnhdu. Lacvis, smooth = llwvn. Lacvns, oblique = Ueddv. Laicns, a layman = gwr lleyg. Lambo, to lick = Uyvn. Lamina, the blade of a sword = Uavn. Lana, wool; lanugo, downy hair = gwldn. Langueo, to relax = gollwng. Languesco, to languish = llesghau. Latiguidus, weary = llnddedig. Lanista, a fencing master = llain, a sword. Lapido, to stone = llabvidio. Lapis, a stone = clap, a round mass. Latebra, a covert = Hetty, a place of refuge. Latex, juice, liquor = llaith, moist. La tr ones, robbers = lladron. Latus, wide = llydan. Laurtis, a bay-tree = llaivr-wyddcn. Lans, laud-is, praise = llawdd and clod. Laxo, to loose or discharge = Laxus, loose = llaes. a footstool. Lcctica, a litter =
Laesus, hurt
Laevigo, to

smooth

llocsi.

lleit/iig,

180
Lector, a reader

Appendix.

No. II.

= lleawdr.
shelter.

Lectus, a bed

Legio, a

= Hetty, a legion = lleng.

Lego, to read as lleain.

= llew. Lepra, leprosy = clavr. Lethum, death = llaith.

Leo, a lion

Levament-iim, & rising

Levis, smooth = llyvn. Lex, a law = llech, a

= levain,
stone.

leaven.

The Law given

to

Moses was written

on tables of
Liber, a book

stone.

= llyvr.
a free passage

Liber

(aditzis),

= llwybr,

a path.

= llwyn, a grove. = Lilium, a lily Lima, a saw = lliv; also, limaius, sharpened = llymm, = /limp. Limpidns, clear Linea, a line = Linum, flax = = llesgdu, to be relaxed. Liqnesco, to melt contention = Hid, anger. Lis, Littera, a letter = llythyr. Lividus, ashy pale = llwyd. Lixivium, lye-ashes = lleisw. Locellus and loculus, a safe-box = llogell. Loco, to hire = Hog, wages. Locus, a place = Locus ta, a locust = lieges Locutio, a speech = llochwydd, a prayer. Longa, a long boat or ship = Hong. Lorica, a coat of mail = llurig. Lubricus, slippery = llwvr, faint-hearted. Luceo, to lighten = llewychu. Lucerna, a lantern = llugorn and llusem. shines. Lucidus, bright = lluched, lightning. Lucet,
Lignum, timber
lili.

sharp.

llinell.

llin.

lit-is,

lie.

t.

it

Appendix.

No.

II

181

Lu-crum, gain

= elw. = lluddias.

Luctor, luctaris, to withstand

= llyngyren, a worm. = Lumbus, the loin y llwyn; also, llwmm, bare. = Lumen, light llewyn. in Df Llun, Monday. Luna, the moon = = Lurco, a glutton llyngcu, to swallow. = sombre Luridus,
Lumbricus, an earth-worm
llitn,
lliir.

Luscus, a

man
a

that

is

dim-sighted, as affected
heat.
is

by glaring heat

=
=

llosc, burning; in

Armoric,

Luscinia,

nightingale, a bird that

llosc.

heard in

warm weather

perhaps from luscus and

Lutum, mud
Lux, light

= llaid;

lludxv, ashes.

= lliich,

Hug, and llewych.

Maceria, a rough wall

= magwyr,

a partition.

= megin, a pair of bellows. = maeddu, to injure. Mactus, nourished = maeth. Macida, a spot = magi. Madeo, to be drunk = mwydaw, to moisten. Madidus, moist = maidd, whey. Maenia, walls or fortifications = macn, a stone, pi. Magi's, more = mwy.' Mdgister, a master = mcistr. Magnitudo, size = maint. Magnus, great = myg, majestic. Major, greater = mawr, great. Maledictio, a curse = melldtth. Malitia, malice = malais. Ma/us, evil = mall; y Vail, the Evil One. Mamma, the mother's breast = mam, mother. Mando, to eat = mant, mouth.
Machina, a machine
Macto, to slay
,

menu.

to order

mynnu.

Maneo, to abide

= man,

a place, abode.

82

Appendix.

No. II.

Manganellum, a war engine

Manica,
a glove

= mangnel.

= maneg. = mantell. Mantisa, a profit = mantais. Manubrium, a handle = mcnybr. Manus, a hand = mini. Mare, the sea = mor; Sanskrit, mirah; German, meer. Margarita, a pearl = mererid. Margo, a brink = bargod, eaves. Marinus, a seaman = morinwr. Marra, a ram = maharen. Martellus, a hammer = morthwyl. Martyr, a martyr = merthyr. Masticatus (cibus), chewed meat = mestig. Materia, matter = madredd. Maturatus, ripe = addved. Medicina, medicine = meddyginiaeth. Medicus, a physician = meddyg. in a derived sense, Medulla, the marrow = meddal, soft
Mantile, a mantle
;

meddwl,

mind, thought.

= mel. Melius, better = gwell. Melleus, honeyed = melus, sweet. Membrana, parchment = memrwn. Membranula, a shred = mymryn. Memor, mindful = myvyr, studious.
Mel, honey

Mens, ment-is, mind =ymmennydd, the brain.

= mynmi (inentem habeo), Mensura, a measure = mesur. Meo, meantes, to go = myned. Mercatus, traffic, a market = marchnad. Merula, a blackbird = mwyalch. Metallum, metal = mettl. Meto, to reap = medi; meddu, to measure. Metrum, a measure or metre = medr, to skill.

to will.

Appendix.
Mcttio, to fear
,

No.

II.

183

= methu, to Metis mine, my = man. Micans, glittering = mychedyn, the sun. Migratio, a wandering = crwydrad. Mini, to me = i mi. = milwr. Miles, a soldier Mille, a thousand = mil. Milliarium, a milestone = milltir, a mile. Milvtis, a cormorant = mulvran. Minister, a servant = menestyr. Minutum (tempus), a minute = mnnud. Miuutus, fine, thin = manwaidd; main. Miracuhim, a miracle = mirach. Miranda, admirable = mirain. Miror, to gaze on = mir, comely. Mitia, dainties = moethan.
fail.

Mitis, mild

mivyth, mwydig, mocthns; esmwyth, smooth.

Mitto, to let go

peidio; also, to remit

= madden.

= moddns. Modins, a measure = mwys. Modulus, a hay-cock = mwdwl. Mo/a, molendina, a mill = melin. Molaris, a cheek-tooth = malurio, Moles, a mass = mwl. Molcstia, trouble = molest.
Modes ins, modest
Molior, molitus, to attempt
Mollis, soft,

to grind.

=ymavlyd,
also,

to lay hold

of.

relaxed

= mwyll;

miwail, smooth.

Mollities, softness

= malldod.

= main. Monac a monk = mynach. Moneta, money = mwnai. Monile, a necklace = mwnivgyl, the throat. Mons, montis, a mountain = mynydd and intent. M'jiiumentum, a monument = mynwent, a cemetery. Morior, to die = marw.
Molo, to grind
litis,

184

Appendix.
nice, dainty lady

No. II.
(in a

Morosa, a

= mursen

bad

sense).

= marwol. a Morum, blackberry = mwyar. Morus, a mulberry tree = morwydd. Mos, a manner or habit = moes; also, maws, moral. Motus, motion = mwth, speedy. Afoveo, to stir = ckwyvio, to wave. Mox, soon, presently = moc/i, quick. Mucro, a sword = mygr, bright. Mucus, the filth of the nose = mygn, mire. Mu/tum, much = maith. Mu/us, a mule = mul. Muneratio, a bestowal = munerawd. Munificus, liberal = mwynvawr. Munus, a gift = mwynhdu, to enjoy; also, kym-mwynas, Mums, a wall = mur. Musa, the Muse, wit = tnwys. Miiscus, moss = mwswg.
Mortahs, mortal
Mussito, to

an obligation.

murmur

= mwstr,

a muster.

Muto, to

remove

= mudo.

Mutus,

dumb

= mud.

Naevus, a blemish

Napus, a turnip

= niweid, an injury. = maip, turnips. = NaCrist.

Natalis, natalic-iiis {Christi), 'the Birthday' or Christmas day

talie or

Nadolig

Natrix, a water-snake

= neidr,

pi.

nadroedd.

Natura, nature
Nauci, a nut

= natur. = cnau, nuts.

to
',

Navo,

navare,

work strenuously
do.

= gwnav,

will

do

it,

from

gwneuthur to
Ne, not

= ni. Nee, nor = nac. Neco, to kill = nychu.

Appendix.
Negatio, a denial

No. II.

185

= naccad.
negoce.

= naccdu. Negotium, business = negcs, through the French Nemo, not one = neb un. Nepotes, nephews = neiod. = nith. Neptis, a niece Nervi, nerves, strength = north. Neuter, neither = ncodr. Neutralis, neutral = nidrol. Nidus, a nest = nyth. Nimis, too much, excessive = nxvyvus, wanton. Nives, snows = nyv.
Nego, to deny

No, to swim; navigo, to

Noceo, nocitum, to hurt

sail

= novio,

to

swim.

Noctc hes tenia,

last

= niwaid. night = ncithiwr.

= nawn.
from
Egypt, where
it

Nomen,

name

= enw.
a

Nona, the ninth hour or noon

Nonna,
'

nun,

term borrowed
'

signified

an aged

woman
:

= nain,

a grandmother.

Nos, we
Nota, a

nos autem, but we = ninnau. = nod; and nawd, a character. Noto, to mark = nodi. Notus, known = hynod; also, gnawd, customary. Novem, nine = naw. Novitas, novelty = nevoid, a change. Novitius, new = newydd. Nox, night = nos; in Sanskrit, nisa. Nubcs, clouds = nyv, nev; Sanskrit, nab hah, the Nucleus, a kernel = cnyivyll, cnywyllen. Nudus, naked = noeth. Xumcn, the Divinity = Ndv. Numerus, a number = niver. Nupera hora, recently = neithiwr, yesterday. Nuptiac, nuptiarum, a wedding = neithiawr.

= ni

mark

sky.

Nutrimcntum, nurture;

nutrio, to nourish

= mcithrin

86

Appendix.

No. II.

Nutus, assent

Nux,

= nawdd, = cncuen. nut

protection.

Obedio, to obey
Obitus,

= uvuddhdu. decease = obediw, a heriot = achlysur.

due to the feudal

lord

on the

tenant's demise.

Obstinatus, stubborn =ystyvnig.

Occasio, an occasion

Occidens, the setting sun, the west

Occino, to sing as ill-omened birds

= ozhideint. do = ochain,

(Nennius.)
a sigh.

Occludo, to shut up
set.

= achludd,

to hide;

whence mac Mud haul, sun-

Occo, to harrow

= ogi. = gochel, to avoid. Occulo, to hide to take up = achub. Occupo, Octava nox, the eighth night = wythnos, a week. = wyth. Octo, eight = gotwg, sight; but the plural golygon, Octihts, an eye
Offerenda
(in

eyes.

French, Offrande), the Mass or Eucharistic Oblation

=
Oleum,

Offer en.
or he that offers sacrifice

Offerens, a priest
oil

= offeiriad.

= olew.
olive tree

Olwa, an
Olor, a

= olew-wydden.

= alarch. Omitto, to pass by = gommedd, to refuse. Omni die, every day = beunydd. = gwobr, work's pay. Opera, a work Opus, oper-is, a work = gober. Ora, a border = goror. Oratio, a speech = araeth.
swan
Orbis, the world, an orbit or circumscription

= bro,

a district.

Ordo, an order, the sacred ministry

Oriens, the sunrise, the

= urdd. = east dwyrain.

Origo, a source
Orior, to rise

= argre.
arwyre, and orwyrain.

= dwyre,

Appendix.

No.

II

187

= onnen. = davad. Ovis, a sheep = an egg ivy; ova, eggs = wyau. Ovum,
Omits, an ash-tree
Pagtts, a village

=//,

dwelling;

hence lywys or Powis-\zx\& in

Wales.
.Prt/tf,

a spade

=pdl.
French palais.

Palatt'um, a palace

= palas, through the Palatus, the palate = bids, the taste. = pallu, to faint. Palleo, to turn pale
Pallium, a mantle =pall.

Palma,
,

a a

Palpo, to

= palv; also, pawen, palm-tree = balalwyv. grope = palvalu.

hand

paw.

Pains, a pool

=pwll;

also,

pawl, a pole.

Pando, to open =pant,

bread = pain,
cloth

a hollow.

Paneterium (Low Latin), a bread-store

Pant's,
fine flour.

= pantri.
pandy, a fulling-mill.

Pannus,

=pann.

Pannwr,

a fuller;

Papa, the Pope

Papains, the

= 7^3. Papacy = Pabaeth.

= pa bell.

Papaver, a poppy =pabi.

Papilio, a tent

Papyrus, a rush
/frr, a

= pabwyr;

also,

papur, paper.

match =par.
j

Parabola, a

arable =-parabl.

Paradisus, a Paradise

= Paradwys. = pared.

Paralysis, palsy =parlys.

Paratus, ready =.parawd.

Paries, pariet-is, a partition-wall

Parma,

a shield

= parvais. = periglor

Pars, part-is, a part =parth.

Paro, to order =peri.

Par-oc hits,

a parish priest

'.

Pasclta, Easter

= /fr^.

88

Appendix.

No. II

Pasco, to feed

= pesg*.
= padell.
bare

Pascor, to graze =pori.

Patella, a

pan

Patco, patens,
space.

ground,

the

open =paith,

desert,

unoccupied

Paternoster,
Pater,

the

Lord's

'

prayer,

Our Father,"

&c.

=y

Pader, the

&c;

Paderau, beads, or the recital of several Paternosters.

Paucitas, smallness

Paucus,

little

= bychodedd. = bach.
pavement =palmant.

Pavimentnm,

Pavio, to beat against =paffio, pwyo.

Pavo, pavon-is, a peacock =paun.

Pavor, fear

= braw.
pechawd.

Peccatum, sin

Pecco, to sin -=pechu.

Pec ten,

comb =peithyn,
a foot passenger

a weaver's stay.

Pcdalis, a foot's measure =-pedawl, a horse's shoe.

Pedes tris,
Pedites,

= peddcstyr.

= peddyd. infantry

Pello, to drive afar =pell, far.

Penates, household gods

= pennacthiaid,

presidents.
it.

Penitus, utterly -=pen iddo, an end to

Penna, a pen

= pin.
= ergydio. = pererin.

Penso, to weigh -=pivyso.

Peractus, perfect =^peraidd, ripe.
Percntio, to strike

Perdix, a partridge =petris.

Peregrinus, a pilgrim
Perfectns, perfect

= pcrffaith.
entrails, the interior.

Periculum, peril =perygl. Per-media, through =pen>edd, the

Persona, a person, the parson of a parish

Pcrtinentes,

= person.

belongings = perthynasan,

relations.

Pertineo, to belong to

=perthyn.

Pes, ped-is, a foot

=pedd.

Appendix.
Phiala, a vial
Pica, a
/'it

No.

II

189

= ph'io': paeo!, magpye = //, p'iogcn.

=pyg,

a holy water stoup.

en,

the pitch-tree

pitch.

Pi/a, a ball =pel.

I*ilus,

hair

= blew;

in

French,

poil.

Pinus,

Pper,

a pine-tree = pin-ivy dd. pepper = tupur.

Piscatio, fishing =pyscotta, to fish.

Piscator, a fisherman
Piscis, a fish

= pysgodwr

=pysg.

Pisum, pease =pys.

Pix, pitch

=pyg.

Placitum, a law-suit

= plaid;

in French, plaids.

Also, plcgyd.

Plaga, a pestilence -pla.

Planta, a plant

= plannigyn.
= plant,
children.

Plantae, plants, young trees

Manto, to plant

= plannn. = llan.
spreading.
({

Planum,

a level or clearing

Piatanus, a plane-tree
rami's
'

= llydau,

Piatanus patidis diffusa

Virgil.)

= bloeddio, to shout. Plaustrum, a waggon = llestr, a vessel. Plausus, applause = bloddest.

Plaudo, to applaud
Plcbs, the people or
Plecto, to plait

commons-plwyv,

a parish.

=plethu.
llamv, a tide; llenwi, to
fill.

Menus\

full

= llaivn;
for the

Plcrumque,

most part

= llwyr.

Plico, to fold

=plygu.

Plumae, feathers =p/uv, phi.

Plumbum, lead = phvm. Plures, more = llawer, many.

I'luvia,

rain

=gialaw.

Poena, a penalty =poeti, pain.

Pn'iiitcntia,

penance =penyd. do penance --pcnydiu.

fhem'teo, to

190
Pollen, fine flour

Appendix.

No. II.

Pondo, a pound
,

= peilliad. weight = pwnn,

= pont.

punt.

ponder-is (genitive case) =pynnyr, a pack.

pois.

Pondus, a weight =pwys, through the French

Pons, pont-is, a bridge

Popina, a cook shop =pobi, to bake.

Populus, the people =pobl;
,

pawb

oil,

all

entirely.

a poplar tree =poplys.

a.

Porcellus,

pig

= porcl/ell.

Porta, a gate -=porth.

Porto, to convey =-porthi, to feed.

Partus, a haven
Post's, a lintel

porthladd.

= post.
up

Perhaps from positus

{lapis),

a stone or other

thing

set

to indicate distance.

Pot-est, potis est,

he can, he possess :s =piau.

Practicus, practical =praith.

Praeda, a flock of sheep, plunder

= praidd. = Pracdator, a robber preiddwr. a Praedicatio, preachment = pregcth. Praedico, to preach = pregcthu. Praescns, present = presennol.
Praesepe, a manger =preseb.

Praesidium, a defence

= pryseddva

and preswylva, a camp.

Praesto, speedily =prest.

Prandium,

luncheon =prain.

Pravus, wicked

= brau,

brittle,

worthless.

P-rec-atia, an imprecation

= rheg.
to buy.

Prehenda, to take

= prynnu,

Premo, to

press, to squeeze

= briwa,
that

to hurt.

Pressura, a pressure
Prctium,
price.

=prysur, hasty.
is,

price =prid-zverth;

pret-ii vert-us,

worth the
written

When
the

pretium

came

to

be

pronounced

and

precium,
prix.

Welsh got the word pris through the French

Prima

liora,

the hour of Prime

= awr

briv.

Appendix.

No.

II.

191

Primatus, superiority

= bri,

dignity, precedence.

Primula

(veris),

the primrose

= briallu.

Primus, chief

= priv.
= priawd.

Privatus, private or peculiar

Probatio, a proof =proviad.

ProbOj to prove =provi.

Procclla, a storm

= brochcll.

Procu/, afar

Prodo, to

= pell. betray = bradu.

Prqfessio, profession -=-proffcs.

Profundum, the deep

Prohibitum
(in

= pryffwnt,

the centre.

the Oscan, Pru/iipid), a forbidden thing

= r/iybudd,

a warning.

Prologus, a prologue

Prophcta, a

= prol. = prophet prophwyd.

=propr,
neat.

Prof>rius, proper

Provincia, a province

=prew.

Prudcns, sage =prudd.

Prudentia, prudence =pryd, reflection, thought.
Psalferium, a psalter

= sallwyr.

Puber,

lusty,

young =pybyr.
=pevyr.

Pulcher, beautiful

Pulchritudo, beauty

=pryd.

Pulli cantus, the cock-crowing

= Pylgain

or Plygain, the early Mass

on Christmas day.
Pullus equinus, a mare's
foal = ebol. = gruel llymru.

Pulmentarium,
Pulver, dust

= pylor.
=pwyta,
a stitch.

Pulvinar, a feather cushion; from the Welsh pluv, feathers.

Punctum,

a point

Putigo, impingo, to pierce or peck =pigo.

Putiiceus, purple, bright deep Ted=pfiion cochav.

Punio, to punish
Pit/go, to cleanse

= pocni,
=puro.

to hurt.

Purus, pure =piir.

192

Appendix.

No.

II

Puteus, a well
Putreo, to rot
Putris,

=pydew.
=pydru.

naughty

= budr

unclean.

Putres

ocirfi

{Horace), golygon

budr.

Pyrus, a pear-tree

= per en;

from per, sweet.

Qua, which way /to. which Qua cunque, way soever

Quadragesima, Lent

=pa

bynnag.

Garawys. Quadrangulus, four cornered =pedrogl.

Quadratus, square =ysgwdr.

= betrual. = ceisio. Quacso, to seek, to get a = keisiad. of receiver tribute Quaestor, ve gyst, will cost. Quaestus, cost = cost = Qua/is, such as mdl; pa valf = a sort Qualitas, gwehelyth, a stock. Qualus, a hamper = catvell. Quam, how? = pa ham, why?
Quadrilateralis, four square
:

it

Quamdudum, how long?=^ Quando, when =pan.

Quantitas, bigness

hyd f

Quantus,

how

= maint. many? = pa vaint?

=pa
sut.

Quasi, in a

manner

Quatuor

(in

Aeolic Greek, petores;

in

the

Oscan, petora), four

pedwar.
Quern ad-modum,

how

=pa

vodd?

Querela, a complaint, a quarrel == cweryl.

Quernus, oaken =pren, a

tree.

Quertdus, complaining = goriawl. Qui, who = pwy ?

Quicunque, whosoever
Quid, what
?

=pwy

bynnag.

= beth ?
= hedd;
echwydd, the calm of evening.

Quidquid, whatever; in the Oscan, pitpit (Festus.)=pa beth?

Quies, quiet-is, rest

Appendix.
Quicsco, to sleep

No. II.

193

= kyscu.

Quinquc,

five

=pumf>.

Quisquiliae, sweepings

= gwehilio7i,

gweddill.

Quo, by

how much =po.

Quondam, formerly
Quot,

how

= kynt. many? = pet {Talicsin).

= rhaib. = rhaidd, a spear. Radix, a root = gwraidd. Rado, to scrape = rhathu. Rapax, greedy = rheibus. Rapio, to snatch = crap {olwg), a moment's Raptim, in a hurry = rhawth. Rastellum, a rake = rhadell. Rastrum, a rake = rhaw, spade. Ratio, ration-is, a reason = rheswm. Ratus, resolved, determined = rhaid. Raucus, hoarse = cryg. = rhyvel, war. Rebellio, rebellion
Rabies, madness

Radius, a ray

glance.

a.

= rheiddwar. Rectum, right = rhaith. Redditus, set free = rhydd, free. Reddo, to render = rhoddi, to bestow. Redimo, to redeem = rhivymo, to bind. Reditus, a return, rent = rhent.
Rector, a ruler

= rhial. Regina, a queen = rh'iain, rhwyvanes. Registrum, a register = rhcstr. Regula, a rule = thiol. Regulator, a manager = rhaglaxc. Reliquium, the remainder = rhelyxv. Remcdium, a remedy = rhwymcdi. Remigo, to row = rhwyvo.
Regalis, royal

194

Appendix.

No.

II

Remus, an oar
Ren, the reins
Rete, a net

= rhwyv.

= arenau.
= rhyverthwy,
a

= rhwyd.
portentous

Revereor, reverit-us, to regard with awe

outbreak.

= rhyveddu, = Rex, a king rhwyv. = rhedeg, to run. a chariot Rheda, Rigeo, to stiffen = rhewi, to freeze. Ringo, to grin = rhingcian. Ritus, a method = rhith. Rivus, a bank = rhiw, an acclivity. Rixa, strife = ymryson. Rixator, a striver = rhyswr, a warrior. Rosa, a rose = rhosyn. Rostrum, a snout = taro (by transposition). Rota, a wheel = rhod. Rotari, to take a turn = rhodiaw, to walk about. Rotulus, a roll = r^o/. Rotundus, round = crwnn. Rubellio, a roach = rhuvell. Rubidus, red = rhudd. Rudera, ruins = rhwd, rust. Rudis, uncultivated. Ruga, a wrinkle = crych. Rugio, to roar = rhuo; also, rhoch, a grunt. Rm'na, ruin = rhewin. Ruitur-us, about to rush = rhuthro, to rush.
Revideo, to look back at or regard a thing

to admire.

Rumor,

a.

stream

(in

an old poet cited by Cicero and in Virgil)

rhyverthwy, an inundation.

Rumpo,

to break off

= rhympio,
charm.

to

break an

engagement

rhwmp,

an auger.

Runa,

verse

= rhin,
'

= rhws. Ruta, the herb rue = rhut. Ruti/us, red dyed = rhuddell,
Rus, cultivated land
'

ruddle.

Appendix.

No.

II

95

= ysgrcppan. = sacli. Saccus, a sack = sacraven. a sacrament Sacramentum, = Sacrifkiiun, a sacrifice Segyrffig, the
Sacapcrium, a scrip
Sagax, shrewd =ysag, studious.

Sacrifice of the Mass.

= saeth. = haliw. Saliva, spittle = helyg. a willow-tree Salix, Salsamentum, sauce = selsig.
Sagitta^

an arrow

Sambucus, an elder-tree =ysgaw.

= sanct. Sauna, banter = senn. Sauo, to cure = swyno.

Sajictus,

holy

Sapiens

(in

the Oscan, sipus), a wise

man

= syw.

Sapo, sapon-is, soap

Sapor, taste
Saturn, that

= sebon. = sawyr.
which
is

sown, a crop

= had,

seed.

Saturitas, fulness,

dung = siwtrws,

a mass, debris.

Scaber, scabratus, rough =ysgyrryd.

Scala, a ladder

= ysgol.
=ysgemmydd. mount up by

Scamillum, a bench

Scamnum,

a stool to

= ysgavn.

easy.

Scapha, a boat =ysgrapf.

Scapular e, a scapular ^ysgablar.

Scarifico, to lance a sore

=ysg-

iffinio.

Scatco,

to

abound =ysgadati,

h-jrrings,

the

most abundant

fish

in

the British seas.

Sccleratus, criminal =ysgeler.

Schola, a school
Scliolastici,

= ysgol.
'

scholars, or in

Church phrase,
rebounding.

'

clerks

= ysgollicigion.

Scintilla, a

spark

= ysglcnt,

Scobs, saw-dust

Scopae, a

=ysgoew, besom =ysgub.

light.

Scorbutics, foul matter

Scoria, refuse metal

= ysgerbwd, a carcase. = ysgar, to separate.

196

Appendix.

No.

II

Scortum, an harlot =ysgarth, refuse matter.

Scribo, to write

=ysgrivenu.

Scrinium, a screen or shrine

Scriptura, a writing, the

=ysgrm.

Holy Scripture
a carcase.

Yr Ysgrythur.

Scruta, trumpery

=ysgrwd,

Scutella, a dish =ysgutell.

Scutum, a shoulder, a shield

Seco, to cut

= ysgwydd.

Securitas, idleness

Securus,
Sedatus,
Sedes, a

= sigo, to bruise. = seguryd. idle = segur: steer, safe. settled = syth, straight. seat = eisteddva; hedd, peace.

a stool. Sedile, a seat =ystol,

= hesg, sedge. = kemz'ad, a border. Semita, a bye-path Senator, an elder = henadur. = senedd. Senatus, a senate = hen. Senex, old = synwyr. Sensus, sensorzttm, sense = synm'aw, synniad, feeling. Sejitio, to perceive set apart, to spare = arbed. Sefiaro, to = saith. Septem, seven = in Irish, seichim; Welsh, haig Sequor, to follow
Seges, a crop

byscod, a shoal

of fish.

Serenus, fair

Sericum,

= seirian. silk = sirig.

Serpens, a serpent

= sarph;

Sanskrit, sarpa.

Serra, a

saw

Serum, the

= serr, a sickle. evening = hwyr.

sour.

Severus, stern
Sevutn,

= sarrng, tallow = saim.

=
s'io.

Sibilo, to hiss

Siccus,

Sidera,

dry = sych. stars = sir.

Sidus, a constellation

= sewyd

(Talicsin).

Appendix.
Sigillum, a seal

No.

II.

197

sil.

Signa, constellations
Signo,
to

= sygnau.
self

cross

one's

in

token

of surprise

= synnu,

to

mar-

vel.

Simia, an ape
Similis, like

= simach.

= haval and hevelydd. = syml. Simplex, simple Simulo, to counterfeit = siommi, to disappoint. Sindon, fine linen = syndal. Singulus, single = sengl (in the sense of celibate Siren, a mermaid = sywen. = sutt, swydd. Situs, a position Soboles, offspring = eppil. Sovl, stubble. = used the sun Sid, Sol, only in Dydd Sid, Sunday. Solidus, a shilling = swllt.
'

').

Solum, ground as
Sonus, a sound
Sordes,
filth

sail,

foundation
son,

and sylvaen.

= sain,

and swyn.

= sorod, dregs. a sister = chwaer. Soror, Sors, sort-is, a lot = syrthio,

Spatium, space =yspaid.
Speculor, to spy =yspio.

to

fall

out.

Spiculum, a dart =yspikell.

Spinus, a sloe-tree
Spiritus, a spirit

=ysbyddadcn.

= yspryd. Splendidus, splendid = ysplennydd. = yspeilio. Spolio, to plunder Spolium, plunder = yspail.
Spongia, a sponge =ysbtvng.

Spuma, foam
Stabulum, a

= ysgwyv.
stall

=ystavell, a chamber.

Stadium, a distance =ystod.

Stamen, the warp =ystov.

Stannum,

tin

=ystaen.

Status, a condition or estate

=ystdd.

198
Stella, a

Appendix.
star =ystivyll, e.g.

No. II.
Ystwyll,

Dydd

Festum
estoille.

Stellae,

the Epi-

phany.

Perhaps through the French

Stemuto, to snore
Stimulo, to urge

=ystrewi.
feel.

Stimulus, a

= teimlo, to = swmwl. prick

=ystol.

Stola, a priest's stole

Stomachus, a stomach
Strages,

= ystumog.
is

destruction

=ystryw; connected with which

the

Latin

struo, to design evil.

Strata viarum, a paved causeway

Strenuus, valiant

= ystrad.

= ystrin,

a battle.

Suavis, accusative suavem, sweet

'

= syvi

and mevus, both words

sigof.

nifying

strawberries,' the sweetest fruit the

Kymry knew

Subdo, to put
Subitaneus,

= soddi, sudden = sydyn.

down

to sink.

Submovco, submotus, to remove

Subnoto, to take note of

= symmud.
to wonder.

= sy
s.

111111,

Succus, juice

= siig. = chivy
= syw.

Sudor, sudos, sweat

Sudus, fair, clear

Sugo, to suck
Sulcus,
2l

furrow

= sugno. = sylch.

= wyv; mi y sy. Summa, a sum = swmm. Super bus, proud = syberw. = osgyl, by transposition. Sur-culus, a spray = swrth, slow. Surdus, deaf a Susurrus, whisper = sibrwd and sisial. = sillav. Syllaba, a syllable = matter sylwedd, substance. Sylva,
Sum,
I

am

Tabella, a tablet

= tavell, a slice. Taceo, ticui, to be silent = taw, tewi. Talio, a requital = talu, to pay. Talpa, a mole = talp, broken earth.

Appendix.
Tapes, tapestry

No.

II

199

= tapin.
/^.

Tata, father

Taverna, a tavern

= tavarn.

Taurus, a bull = tarw. Tecta, roofs or houses = tat. Tectum, a house = ty. Tego, to roof or cover = Tela, weapons = tac/au, arrows.
tot.

= tymmheru. = tymmhestl. Templum, a temple = tcml. Tcmpus, tempor-is, time = tymp and tymhor. Temu-lentus, warm with drink = twym. Tendo, to stretch = tynnu. Tener, tender = tyner. Tentus, strained = tynn, tight. Tenuis, thin = teneu. Tcpidus, lukewarm = tes, heat. Ter-ebell-um, a wimble = ebill. Teres, smooth = ter, fine. Terminus, a boundary = tervyn. Tero, to bore through = treiddio. Terra, earth = land; daear, earth; in Sanskrit, dhara. = terrible Terribilis, teryll. Tertiana, the ague =y dyrton. Tertius, third = trydydd. Testis, a witness = tyst. Tetricus, harsh = tcrrig. Textus, a text = tes tun. Thesaurus, a treasure = trysor. Thyrsus, a sprig = tusw; e.g. thyrsus lactucae, a sprout of
Tempera, to temper
Tempestas, a storm
tir,
'

lettuce,'

in Suetonius;

tusw

vriallu, 'a posy of primroses,' in

Drych y

Priv Oesoedd.
Tiunio, to tinkle

= tingcian.

Toga, a

gown

= twyg.

200
Tollo, to

Atpendix.
take

No. II.

= toliaw, to spare. = ton. Tonus, a tune = torch'. twist to Torqueo, Torques, a wreathen chain = torch. Torreo, to parch = torn', to crack. Torta, twisted bread = torth, a loaf. Tractatus, a treatise = traethawd. Tracto, to treat of = traethu. Tractus, drawn out, expanded = traeth, a flat sea-beach. Trado, to hand down = traddodi. Traho, to draw = trot, to plough treio, to ebb. Trames, a path = tramwy, to traverse. = trangc, death. Tranquillus, Trans, across = traws. Transeo, to pass by = trosi. Transgredior, to transgress = trosedd, transgression. Trans mare, beyond sea = tramor. Transmeo, to traverse = tramwy. Transtrum, a cross-beam = trawst. Tribus, a tribe = trev, a town. Tributum, a tax = treth. Tricae, impediments = dyryswch, perplexity. Triduum, three days = tridiau. Trinitas, the Holy Trinity =y Drindawd. = trybedd. Tripos, a trivet or tripod = trist. Tristis, sad Trudo, to thrust = trwyddo, through. a throne Trulla, a vaulted room = trulliad, a butler
away
;

still

trial,

in

at-

tendance in the
Trusus, thrust

hall.

away = dyrys,

perplexed.

Trux, savage
Tu,

= drwg,

evil; e.g. viri truces,

gwyr drwg.

thou =

ti.

Tumeo,

to swell

Tumidus,

= tyvu, to grow. swollen = tywydd, weather,

it

generally applied to bad weather

bydd tywydd,

will be a storm.

Appendix.

No. II.

201

Tumulus, a mound, a tomb

Tundo, tunder-e, to
Turba, a

= tommcn. thump = divndivr,

commotion.

noise.

crowd

Turbcn, a

= tyrva. storm = twrv,

Turgeo, to swell with anger

= twrch,

a boar.

= twrv. Turma, = tu>r. Turn's, a tower Tursio, a sturgeon = tivrch. Tussio, to cough = tusian.
a troop
Tussis, a

cough -=pcswch.

= tan. Typicus, similar = tebyg. = tyb, an Typus, a fashion

Tuns, thine

opinion.

= uwd, pap for Uligo, moisture = gwlych. Ulmus, an elm-tree = llwyn. Ultimus, the last = olav.
Udum, moist
Ultra, beyond, in excess

infants.

oi=uthr, wonderful.

Um-bilic-us, the navel

= bogcl.
= ennaint. = cwin.

Unda, a wave

= tonn.

Unguentum, ointment

Unguis, the nail of a toe or finger

= unig. Uniformis, uniform = unffurv. Unio, to unite = uno. Uuitas, unitat-is, unity = undod. Unus, one = un.
Unicus, only one

Urgeo, to press, to drive =gyrru.

Urna, an urn
Uva, a grape

= givrn. = connected

with the Welsh root-word

II v,

signifying

'flowing liquor;' gnyv, that which runs out.

Vacca, a

cow

= buwch,

y vuwch.

Vacillo, to z

move up and down

= gic<irll,

a knitting-needk

202
Vacuitas, emptiness

Appendix.

No. II.

= gwagedd.

Vacuo, to empty

= gwdghau.
sole of the foot.

Vacuus, empty
Vado, to go

= gwdg. = gwadn, the

Vadum,

a ford or shallow
!

= gwaddod,

sediment.

Vae, alas

= gwae.

= givaen. Vagitus, an infant's wail = gwaedd, a cry. Vagor, to rove = gwasgaru, to scatter.
Vagina,
a scabbard

Valde, exceedingly
Valeo, to be able
Vallis, a

=gwala, over-much.

= gallu. = gwaelod. valley

Vallum, a wall or entrenchment

Vanit-as, weakness, vanity

= gwdl.

Vanus, weak, vain

Vapulo, to be

= gwendid. = givan. beaten = gwabio, to strike.

Varius, spotted

= mywyr,

'meniver,' a rich

fur.

Vassus, a lad in waiting

= gwds.
= gwastad, a = gwcdd, plough-cart
flat,

Vastatus ager, a clearing in a forest

level

ground.

Vectura or veha, a sledge or

Vel,

a yoke.

= vel. = gweyll, tweezers. Vellico, to pluck = Vellus, a fleece blew, hair. = swift Velox, hwylus, easy. Velum, a sail = hwyl. Vena, a vein = gwythen. Venenum, poison = gwenwyn. Venio, venttcm, to come = myned, to go. Ventil-abrum, a winnowing fan = givyntyll. Ventus, the wind = gwynt. Venus-tas, beauty = gwen, a smile. Ver, the spring = gwerydd. Verbum, a word = gair berv, a verb. Vergo, to bend aside = gwyro.
even as
:

Vermis, a

worm =pryv.

Appendix.
Veronica, 'the Vernacle*
or

No.

IT.

203
impressed

legendary picture of Christ

on a handkerchief
Versus, a verse
Vertex, a

=y

Vcmagl.

= givers. summit = gwarthas.

emotion

Vertigo, vcrtigin-is, in the sense of

= chwerthin,

a laugh.

= gwerth, price: Vcrtns, power Vern, a spit = bcr. Vents, true = gwir. Vesica, a bladder = chxvesigcn. = gosper. Vesper, evening
Veterasco,
to

gxvyrth, a miracle.

wax

old;

Italian,

vecchio,

old

= gweccry,

weak,

old,

worn.
Vexo, to vex

= gwasgu,

to oppress.

Vids, viatis; viaticus, a journey

gwaith, a battle.
quick.

Vibro, to quiver = givibio; also, ewybr, = gwyg. Vicia, vetches Victito, to fare = bwyta, to eat. = bwyd. Victns, food Vic us, a village = gwig. Video, to see = gwydd, sight. Viduus, single, a widower = gweddw. Vieo, to hoop = .^wtf k, to knit. Victns, withered = gwyw. Vigeo, vigens, to
fine.

flourish;

also,

vegetns and vigesco, lively

= gwy< h.

Vi^il.

a watcher

= bugai/,
holydays

a shepherd.

Vigilia, a watch, an holyday

= givyl.
mywyliau.

Vigiliae, vigils of
Vigilo, to

watch

= gwylicd.
again.
also,

Viginti,

twenty

= ugeint,
= gwryg;

Vigor, strength
Vi/is,

gwychr, bold, vigorous.

cheap = givacl.

Villanns, a
I'illnSy

husbandman

= bilain.
a knot.

hair = blew.

Vin-cnlnm, a chain

= cwlwm,

204

Appendix.

No. IT.

= gwin. = mill. Viola, a violet = gwiber. Viper a, a viper = gwr. Vir, a man or husband = gwraig. Virago, a woman = a brig. twig Virga,
Vinum, wine
Virgo, a Virgulta,
Viridis,
Virilis,

maiden

= merch. = gwrych, a twigs

thicket.

green = gwyrdd;

gwrid, bloom.

Vires,

= gwrol. = bryw, strength

manly

lively.

Viscera, bowels
Vita,
life

ymysgaroedd.
also,

= bywyd;

chwyth, breath,

the

primitive

analogue of

vita.

Vitigin-eus, belonging to a vine

Vitis,

=gwydn, clammy,
\

tough.

a vine

Vitium,

= gwydd, = vice gwyd.

a.

trees.

= ewythr, an uncle. Vitricus, step-father = gwydr. Vitrnm, glass = Ho. Vitulits, vitu-lo, a calf Vivax, lively = bywiog. Viverra, a ferret = gwiwer, a squirrel. Vivus, alive = byw. = bogel. Vocalis, a vowel = gwaedd: gwahawdd, an invitation. Vocatio, a call Volnn-tas, will = balon, willing. Vomitus, a vomit = chivy d. to vomit = bwrw, to pour out. Vomo, vomer Voro, to swallow = bwrw, to pour out. Votum, wish, pleasure = bodd, satisfaction. Vulnus, a wound = gweli. Vulva, the womb = bol.
e,

Appendix.
Messrs.

No. II.
say,

205
one, that

Betham and Edwards

the

few

Latin

words exist in the actual Kymric; the other, that none existed in
the ancient form thereof.
tell
its
I

leave the above lengthy vocabulary to

own

tale.

Only

would warn the reader, that whereas

terms expressing Christian belief and practice

come from the Greek

through the Latin, and others expressing complex ideas and foreign
loan-words

may

safely be

referred to the

Roman
common

domination,
heritage of

many
Aryan

seemingly borrowed words belong to the

speech.

The

latest

Teuton

and

the

earliest

Kelt

have

retained

fragments of primaeval language.

APPENDIX.

No.

III.

ANCIENT GALLIC VOCABLES, PRESERVED BY THE

CLASSIC WRITERS.

Abranas, an ape (Hesychius)

Agassaios,

Alauda, a

Ambactus,
(Z)<?

= Erse, abran, mischievous. a good hound (Oppian) = Welsh, gust, a bitch. lark (Suetonius) = W. alou-adar, the musical bird. a serf or slave (Pestus) = W. amaethwr a husbandman.
',

Belloguet.)

Arinca, rye (Pliny)

= W.

r^>g\

^4,

applied by the Taurini (of Turin) to barley

to

= W.

liaidd.

Bacaudae, applied

an insurrection

in

Gaul under Dioclesian

W.

bagad, a disorderly troop.

W. bardd. Bardus, a singer of heroic lays a Sabine term for an W. barr, Barrtis, elephant

top, high.

Bascauda, a basket, a term borrowed by the Romans (Martial)

W.
Benna,
Bctula,

basged.
a Gallic panier a

on wheels (Cato)
(Piiny)

= W.

venn.
pittala,

birch-tree

= W.
= W.

bedw;

Sanskrit,

pale

yellow.

Brake, fermented grain (Pliny)

Bulga, a leathern sack

brag.

= W.

bwlgan, a sack.
in the old Gallic, a

Capauna,

in the

modern

Italian as well as

hut

= W.
Caterva,

caban.

Cateia, a Gallic barbed spear (Virgil)

Caurus,

= W. cad, battle. a troop of soldiers (Vegetius) = W. cad-tyrva. a strong west wind = W. cawr, a giant.

Appendix.

No. III.

207

Kerns Caesar, an ambiguous cry of a Gaul, preserved by Servius;

meaning

either

gadewch Caisar,
is
1

let
!

Caesar go

or,

very possibly*
is

cachgi Caisar, Caesar

'

a
in

coward

coward knight

called

y Marchawg

cachiad

the Saint Greal.

Kervisia, ale

{Pliny) = W.

cwrwv.

Kcra, the Alpine cow giving excellent milk

Kirkius, the violent north-west wind

= W.

caws, cheese.

= W.

kyrch, assault.

Coccus, with the Galatians a shrub producing a deep red dye

(.V.

= W. Jerome.)
Covinus, a waggon

<:6cn,

red.

= W.
tiles

cowain, to carry land produce.

(Pliny.)

Didoron, a sort of

two palms long among the Gauls

used

W.

deuddwrn.
a

Endromis,

thick

winter

garment

by the Gallic Sequani

(Juvenal)
Esox, a large

= W.
fish

yn drom, heavy.

caught in the Gallic rivers

= W.

cog, a

salmon;

Basque, izoquia.

Essedum, a Gallic war-chariot

= W.

eisteddva, a seat.

Gaesum, a Gallic
Gigonia, a

javelin = W. ymgais,
to a

an aim.
near the western

name given

rocking-stone

ocean

= W. gwingo, to vibrate. Glastum, woad = glas, blue. Gliscomarga, white marl = W. glwys-marl.
(Ptolemy.)

Gurdus, a Keltiberian

term

for

'a

fool'

(Quintilian.)

= W.

hurt,

awkward.
Guvia, a lever
(S. Isidore.)

= W.

gwiv.

Liduna, the sea-tide (Marccllus of Bordeaux,

llydan, the broad.

Dc

Bclloguet.)

= W.

Litana, a

name given by the

Boii of Italy to a vast forest in their

country = W.

llydan, wide.

Marca, among

the Kelts a horse (Pausauias.)

= W.

tnarch.

Matarcs, a Gallic javelin (Caesar.)

Meddixtuticus, the
title

= W.

mad-taraw, good thrust.

of a

chief magistrate

among
fish

the Samnites

(Livy) = W.

meddu-tiid, ruler of the people.

Mirmillo, a gladiator
(Festus,

who wore

the image of a

on his helmet

De

Bclloguet) = W.

morvil, a big fish or monster.

208

Appendix.

No. Ill
to

Murcus, a fellow who maimed himself

escape
idle,

military

service

{Ammianns
Nero, Suetonius

Marcellinns) = W.
tells

musgrell,

wretched.

us this

name

signified 'strength' in the Sabine

language

= W.

nerth, strength.

Pcmpedula, the cinque-foil {Apidcius)

= W.
in the

pump-dail.

Petorritum, a Gallic four-wheeled car {Horace)

Planarete, a plough with

= W.

pedwar-rhod.
{Pliny.)

two wheels

Veronese

= W.

plann[u] arad[i'\ the planting plough.

Ploxenum, a Cis-Alpine Gallic term

ian,

for a 'a carriage-box {Qm'ntil-

De

Belloguet)
rhedyn.

W.

blwck, a box.

Palis, fern
Scovies,

= W.
a

an elder-tree
Gallic

= W.

ysgaw.
retainer, a

Soldurius,

term {Caesar) meaning a

soldier.

man

in

pay

= W.
{S.

sawdiwr, a
Isidore.)

Taxea, lard

= W.

tewychu, to grow

fat.

Thyreos, a shield {Pansanias .)

= W.

tarian.

Tomentum, a

stuffed bed (a Gallic invention)

Tripetia, a three-footed stool {Sulpicins Severns)

Tncceda, a pork sausage, (whence the

the

= W. twymn, warm. = W. trybedd. Roman name Tncca) = from

goarag,

W.

tewychu, to fatten.

Vargae, thieves {Sidonius ApoIIinaris.)

= Armoric,
De
at

bowmen

W.
Veltris,

gwarrog, bow;
a

Erse, bearg, a robber.

S.

harrier

{Monachus

Gallensis,

Belloguet.)

= W.

gwyllt-red, the wild runner.

Vergobretus,

the
life

title

of

Gallic

magistrate

Autun, who had

power of

and death

{Caesar.) = Erse,

Fear-go-breath;

W.

gwr-gobrwyydd, the

man

that awards penalties.

Virgae, the colour 'purple' {Servius,

De

Belloguet)

= W.

gwridawg,

blushing.

Volema, a kind

of large

pear

{Senmis on

Vergil.)

= Erse,

folaml/,

growth.

Zephyrus, the west wind

= Erse,

seaf-iar.

APPENDIX.
KYiMRIC AFFINITIES WITH

No. IV.

THE BASQUE OR EUSKARA.

strong

Thk Basque
far

language

presents

presumptions

of

antiquity
Its

exceeding those of the Keltic, Latin, or Teutonic.

resem-

blance to the monosyllabic Turanian stock, especially the Polynesian

and American branches, might tempt us to believe the Euscaldunac

to have preceded the rest in their arrival in the

West, and to have

reached the further

West beyond the

Atlantic in pre-historic times.

Ireland

Their legends betray the existence of some connexion with

at a

remote period; and Tacitus was not altogether wrong

is,

in assigning

an Iberian, that
of Glamorgan.

Euscaric origin to the dark-complexioned Silures

of the following vocables

The comparison

mav

prove

interesting to the reader.

Agor, to open

= Basque, cguairea, the dawn. Agoriatf, a key = B. agerm. Air//, a scream = B. aicca, the wind. Aran, a mountain = B. arranoa, an eagle, the
accessible
cliffs.

bird that
'

haunts

in-

Arima was

the Phrygian term for

mountain.'

bone = B. assurra = B. urrea. gold = B. ibaya. a river Avon, Bar, high place = B. b/irua, a summit. Bcrtlmxvg, wealthy = B. abcrea, a flock, the

Asgwrn,
}

Attr

ancient source of wealth;

and aberatsa,

riches.

Bu, an ox or cow

= B.

beta, a

cow.

AA

2IO
Bys, a finger

Appendix.

No. IV.

= B.
=

bcsoa, an arm.

Carreg, a stone

B. arria.

Carrog, a brook = B. errequia. Dwrdto, to scold = B. deadarra, a cry. Dyn, a man or servant = B. duenean. Eidion, an ox = B. idia. Eira, snow = B. Hurra. In the Aymara of Peru yurac Eirin, plums = B. arana, a plum. Garw, rough = B. garra. Gauav, winter = B. gaua, night. = B. lastoa. Glaswellt, green grass Gwaed, blood = B. odda. Gwallt, hair = B. ullea. Gwas, a youth, an attendant = B. gaztia. Gwasgod, a covert = B. bason, a wood connected with
;

is

'

white.'

the

Doric

Greek, bassai\ thickets, and the English bush.

Gweilgi, the sea

= B.

gueldz, the calm sea.

Gweryd, moss
Gwres,

= B. uguerra. = heat B. goria.

= B. gorria. Gwrryw, male = B. arra. Gwydd, a goose = B. antzarra;

Gwrid, blush

Huan,

the

able.

in German, Ganz. same words, h and s being interchangePerhaps the Peruvian huayna, handsome youth, is con'

sun

'

the

nected with
a

it

= B.

su

fire;

Sanskrit, suncfyu, the same.

= B. ardia, a sheep. Hwrdd, Uwyad, a duck = B. ahatea. = B. Jaincoa. Ion, lord = B. I am silent Latin, sileo. Isel, low, = B. landa, an open place. Llan, a clearing, a village = B. the lurra, the earth. Llawr, ground L/et'rwg, light = B. illargia. Mam, mother = B. ama. Amma was the Egyptian
ram
still
isil,
;

term

for

an

abbess or mother in religion.

Mwydro,

to

become infatuated

or distracted

= B.

modurria, fatuity.

Appendix.

No. IV.

21

Mvnvdd, mountain

= B.

tncndia.

Oer, cold =s B. urn, water.

Pashvn, a

staff
;

= B.

bastoca; French, baton.

Pen, a head

Gaelic, kean; B. gaina.

Rhno, to roar
SeV, stars

= B. orrqya, a roaring. = B. izarra, star Sanskrit, tdra. = B. sagarra, an apple. Sz'wgr, sugar = B. aita; Sanskrit, tdta; Homeric Greek, atta. Tad, father = B. to burn. ashes ube/a, pale; Sanskrit, U/w, Yn dda, well (adverb) = B. undo. Yscnbor, a threshing floor or barn = B. escnbarca, a threshing
a.
;

/,

fan.

APPENDIX.

No. V.

KYMRIC AFFINITIES WITH THE SANSKRIT.

Whatever
be

resemblance these venerable languages

may
in

present must

due to a

common

inheritance

of thought

their

primitive

Iranian home, not to a communication between

settlements.
'

them

in their final
in

If Deffrobani,

the

home

of the

Kymry

the mythic
least

land

of summer,'

be

not Taprobane

(Ceylon), they at

have

left

material
;

monuments

strangely resembling the

sages,

Indian cairns of

Malabar

and Taliesin dreams of long-robed

if

who might

be

Brahmins,

geographical difficulties could be

overcome.

But the

existence of Cyclopean remains in India, Greece, and Britain,

be due

to the very early dispersion of nations

;

owning

may common

heritage of ideas
all its

nor

is

it

yet established that the Sanskrit, with

lore, is

wealth of diction and metaphysical

or
Keltic.
Its

more ancient than

been aided by

the Hellenic

development
;

may have
as

the gorgeous colouring of oriental skies

the Greek

may have
its

borrowed
seas

its

incomparable lucidity from the happy perfection of

as the

and atmosphere, or

Keltic

may have assumed

West.

sombre

hue from the swamps and Amser, time

forests of the

= Sanskrit,
of a

amasa.
in

Aran, the name

the Pyrenees

mountain

North Wales and of

forest.

a valley in

= S.

aranya, a wild

Bara, bread
Brig, a

= S.

bharana, food.
;

mountain summit

the same in Illyrian

= S.

bhrgu.

Byddar, deaf=S. bad'ira.

Appendix.
Cairn:
a

No. V.

213

branch

= S.

qanku, a stem.

Caterwcn, a spreading oak

= S.

Kataru, 'What

a true!

= S. karkara, lime, hard. CraU) clotted blood = S. kravya, raw flesh. Cuckiaw, to frown = S. knk, to bend. Aj^ a stem = S. qapha, a root. Chwarcl, a missive engine = S. svaru, an arrow. ZW/, leaves = S. da/a, a leaf. Dam, a piece = S. darana, a division. Dawn, a gift = S. ddna. a tree. Derw, oak. = S. = W. to S. Dodi, give Do/, a valley = S. da/a, a cleft. = S. dvdr. Z?or, a gate Dwr, water Erse, dobhar = S. dab'ra, the ocean. Eirin, plums = S. arani. Emyd, evydd, brass = S. nmd, light. Entyrch [jicv], heaven = S. antariks'a, the deep sky. Gauav, winter = S. hima, snow. Graean, a pebble = S. grdvan, a stone. Gwahannwyn or gwanivyn, the spring = S. vasanta. Gwanc, desire = S. vdncd. (hvdncg, a wave = S. vana, a strong wave. Gtveddi, prayer = S. vet, to ask hence the Vedas. Gwerncn, an alder-tree = S. varana, a tree. Given, to spin = S. ve.
Carreg, a stone
fl^r?/,
; :

Gwrysg, shrubs
Gteysti, a

= S. wage = S.
;

rtiksha, a tree.
vis'ti.

Haidd, barley

Erse, saidh,

wealth

= S.

sdd/iu, excellent.

Hdv, summer

Hep/an, to snore

= sura, = S.

the sun.
sv<"ip,

to sleep.

Hevin (Cornish, gwaintoin)

Hir, long = S. cira. Lbl, a lullaby = S. lal,
LlanCy a scion, a. youth

= Zend,

Mmtna, summery.

to rock.

= lanko,

a branch.

214
Lleuad, the
Lloer, the

Appendix.

No. V.

= S. klaidd. moon = S. glaur, light.

moon
earliest

Llywen, the west, derived perhaps from the

the
salt

period,

when

lake or Sea of Aral was to the west of the

;

primitive

Aryas = S. lavana, salt lavanoda, the sea, Mes, acorns = S. mash, to mash up, to smash. Moron, carrots = S. mida, a root. Nad, cry = S. nada, a river. Nadu, to cry = S. nad, to utter a sound. Naid, a leap = S. nat, to dance. Nochd (Erse), night = S. nakta.
a.

the brine.

Parvati, in the

Hindu mythology the consort

soil.

of

Siva and goddess

of the earth = W. pridd, earth, Peth, a thing = S. pet-va, a particle. Pone, a hillock = S. punga, a heap.

Porus, an Indian king subdued by Alexander the Great ~pdr, lord.

Pridd, earth

= S. prt'vi.
= Persian,
romand, a pomegranate; Sanskrit,
juice.

Rhwmn,
Teg, fair

rhwnin, a pear

ru, to flow,

from the abundant

= S.

tegd, splendour.

wybr, the sky

= S.

ab'ra.

APPENDIX.

No. VI.

GREEK PROPER NAMES RETAINED IN OR EXPOUNDED BY THE KYMRIC OR GADHELIC (ERSE).

It will

be

seen

that

the

Kymry
was
S.

adopted some of the following

names from the Aeneid

monasteries,
clear
I

of Vergil, the sole classic read in the

It

Welsh

suspect.

Cadoc's favourite study.

a-vviroiaL,

The
would

meanings suggested by other names, <a>vavTa

savour of a remote antiquity.

= W. Echell and Achelarwy. = W. adon, lord. Adonis, of Phoenician origin = the of fate Adraste, Erse, adhras, worship, awe. goddess Aegeus, king of Athens = Erse, aighe, valiant. Aeneas, accusative Aencan, the hero of the Aeneid = W. Einiawn. Aias or Ajax, an Homeric hero = Erse, agh, a bull. Alecto, one of the Furies = Erse, allaidh, savage; W. alaeth, wailing. Almon, a warrior in the Aeneid = the Cornish Elmon (e.g. TrevAchilles, the hero of the Iliad

Elmond).
Amalthea, the nurse of Jupiter

Amphitritc, the goddess of the sea

Anius

('rex

Anius

idemque

= W. amallid, genial warmth. = W. am-drwyth, pervading. sacerdos Vergil) = Erse, anitis,

'

soothsayer.

Aonides,

the

Muses

= Erse,

aoinoa,

swan

W.

awen, poetic

in-

spiration.

Ares, the god of war

= Erse,

air, slaughter;

W.

aeru, to slaughter.

Ariadne, the spouse of Bacchus

= W.

eirian, beautiful.

216
Arsaccs, a favourite
ancient.

Appendix.

No. VI.
Parthian
kings

name

of the

= Erse,

arsaigh^

Assaracus, a king of Troy

as the

= the
I

Brut y Brenhinedd
his

gives 'Asser

'

Kymric

equivalent.

suspect Asser of Menevia, bishop

of Sherborne, king Alfred's tutor, adopted

Biblical

name from the

the

Asher;

the

K-elts

being

partial

to

Hebrews,
Jesse
a

as

were
of

the

Puritans.

In

France

we meet with
!

bishop
of

Orleans,

and

even

with

Aholibah

(Ooliba)

bishop

Angouleme.
Ate, the goddess of vengeance

= Erse,

aithe, revenge.

Caranus, a prince of

Macedonia {Justing

= W.

caran, chief.

= W. Caw. Kinyras, a king of Cyprus = W. Gynyr; Irish, Connor. = W. Llio. Clio, one of the Muses = W. clwydd, one that causes to come Clotho, one of the Fates Creusa, the Trojan wife of Aeneas = W. croessen, maiden.
Caunus,
in

Greek

fable

to pass.

Crocus, the flower so called

crock, red, blooming.

also,

Greek name

of a

man

= Erse,

W.

crock, vehement.

Danaus,

most ancient leader of the Greeks

= Erse,

dann, bold.

Deucalion, the Greek

Noah

Diomedes, the Grecian

= W. dylan, the sea. hero = the Welsh equivalent

or,

of

his

name

would be Duw-medd, possessed of God;

aspect.

Dwyv-zaSdd, divine

Dione, the Homeric mother of Beauty

smile.

= W.

droynwen, the alluring

Doris, a sea-goddess

= W.

dur, water.

Erechtheus, a king of Athens

Eros, the god of love
Galatea, a

= Erse,

arrachda, mighty.
deep blushing.

= W.

eiros,

scarlet,

nymph = W.
dog of

galacth, the milky way.

Ganymedes, a prince of Troy

Gargittius, the

= W. cain-wedd, fair aspect. Geryon = W. gwrgi, a huge dog.

of

Geryon,

the

monster

Tartessus,

slain

by

Hercules

= gerwin,
gorg,

harsh.

Gorgones,

fabled

objects

of

terror

with

the

Greeks

= Erse,

terrible.

Appendix.

No. VI.
of ripe youth

21 J

Haba, the Doric form

of

Hebe the goddess

of

= W.

Mv,

summer, the prime

Helena,
the
fairest

of the year.

woman

Greece

= Erse,

mine,

beauty.

W.

elain, a

fawn.

Hermes, the messenger of the gods

Irene,

= Erse,
>r,

armes, presage.

peace = W.

Enircin, quiet.

Iris, the
y

goddess of the rainbow

Nemesis the goddess of retribution

Oidipous,
Oidipod-os, king of

= W. green, blooming. = Erse, ncamh-ais, cruel. Thebes = the Kymric equivalent

would

be chwydd-vawd, swollen-foot.
Orcos, the god of hell

= W.

erch, terrible.
(in

Papaios,

name very properly

Thraeians to
'

Herodotus's judgment) applied

of

by the
'

the

Father

the

gods,
fold,

as

it
'

meant
heaven
'

fatherly

= Bugarth

Papan, the

Father's

was

with the Cornish, as William Baxter

Paris, prince of

asserts.

Troy = W.

Peris.

Patroclus, the friend of Achilles

= W.

Padrogl.

{Triads.) {Triads.)

Priamns, king of Troy

= W.
in

Periv, e.g. ab Kedivor.

Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles

= W.
Hades

Fyrr.

Rhadamanthns,
or sentence.

a judge

= W.

rhawdd-mant, open mouth

Rhoctus, one of the Titans

Seilenus, the chief of the

= W.

Rhitta Gatvr.

{Triads.)

Telamon, the father of

Triton, the sea

wood-gods = W. Elain, Aias = Erse, taihnh, sling.

tri-tonn,

'a

fawn'?

god

= W.

'the third' or powerful 'wave;'

Erse, triath, a wave.

BB

APPENDIX.

No. VII.

GALLIC AND BRITISH PROPER NAMES EXPOUNDED THROUGH THE KYMRIC.

In offering the

subjoined

list,

do not pretend that the Kymric

with

its

modern orthography

.exactly represents the original

;

names

even as disguised by
the forms suggested
primitive.

Roman
may

taste or affectation

but, taken as guesses,

lead to the discovery of the

genuine and
a

An

honest

guess

may

be more

fruitful

than

blank

and supercilious ignorance.

Ambigatus, a Gallic king (Livy)
Androgens,
Balanus, a

= amygaid, protector. a traitor British prince = an-drwg-was, the evil man. Gallic prince (Livy) = balaen, steel or, Armoric, balan,
;

broom.
Boadicea, queen of the Iceni

= Aregwedd Voeddawg, the victorious. Caburus, a chief of the Helvii (Caesar.) = cawr, the giant. Caractacus, the British hero = Caradawc; Erse, Carthach. Carvilius, a British chief (Caesar.) = Cdr-Be/i, dear to Belinus. Casticus, a Gallic prince (Caesar = castiawc accomplished. 'the fan' or Catamentel-es, a Gallic prince (Caesar.) = cat-wynty
.)
,

'11,

'

impeller
Cativtdcns,
battle.

of battle.'
chief

of

Liege

Caesar?)

= cdt-walch,

the

hawk

of

Catnmandus, a Gallic chief

xltii. 5.)

at

war with Marseilles, B.C. 388, (Justin

= cat-van,

battle-field.

Cavarinus

a Gallic chief (Caesar.)

Gavran.

Appendix.

No.

VII
his

219
country to Ostorius
(Baxter.)

Cogidumnus, the British chief who betrayed

Scapula ss Cbch-Dwvn, the chief of Devon.

Combutis,
a

general under Brennus

in

Greece (Pausanias.)

= Erse,
i.e.

combaithe, succour.

Commius,

a prince of

Arras (Caesar.)

= commiaw,
Romans

discourse,

the

orator.

Conctodunus, a Gaul opposed to the

stubborn.
Convictolita nis,

(Caesar.)

= kyndynn,
wide

chief

of

Autun

(Caesar.)

= kynwyd-llydan,
the elder.

devastation.
Coitus,

king of the Graian Alps

allied to

= coth,

The name

seems to be

Cotys (king of Thrace).

Divico, a Helvetian chief B.C.

Divitiacus, another Helvetian

= diviawc, ferocious. (Caesar.) = dcvcidiawc, abounding

107
tribes

in

sheep, rich; or else, divindiawc, valiant.

Donnas, king of some Alpine

Dumnacus,
S.

chief of

Anjou

= dwun, swarthy. (Caesar) = Dyvnog, which

Romans

name

in

Modomnoc's

case answers to the Latin Dominicus.

Duratius, a Gaul friendly to the

= driid,

valiant.

Drusus,

Roman name,

but

probably borrowed

from the

Cis-

Alpine Gauls

= traws,
ally

the adversary.

Empone,

a Gallic heroine (Tacitus.) a

= unbennes,

lady.

E-pasnactus,
stout.

Gallic

of

Rome

(Caesar.) = e-pasg-gnawd,

the

Eporedorix, a chief of
b
>ar
?

Autun (Caesar )=
on

e-pbr-twrch,

the

princely

Selden, in his notes

Drayton's

Poly-Olbion, makes

this

name Teutonic and

king
of Soissons

the same as Fried-rich.

(Caesar.)

Ga/ba, a

= Calvan;
'

Erse, galbha, force.

Suetonius makes the

Ga/gacus,
the

name mean
hero =

very

fat.'

Caledonian

Gwallaw c ;

according

to

Theo-

philus Evans,

Aneurin Gilgoch.

Gaston, a
brave.

favourite

name

in

the

Keltic

Aquitaine

= Erse,

gasta,

Gobanitio, a chief of the Arverni (Caesar.)

Immanuentius.

a British

king

= gov-anuydd, = (Caesar.) Maenwyn.

smith.

220

Appendix.

No. VII.

Indutiomarus, a Gallic chief {Caesar)

Liscus, a Gallic vergobret (Caesar.)
Litavicus,
a

= ynad

maivr, the great judge.

chief

of

Autun

= llwysawc, (C) = Clydawc;

hallowed.

the

same name

as

Chlodwig, Ludovicus, or

Clovis.

Litem, a prince of the Arverni (Posidonius )

Lugotorix, a Gallic prince (C)
Luterius,
a as

= llewyrn,

the meteor.

chief of

name

Quercy Hlothair and Luther.

traitor

= llwyd rhi, = Elidyr (C.)

the gray lord.

or

Elidurus,

the

same

Mandubratius, a British

= Avarddwy
lions,

Vrds.

Maponos, the Keltic Apollo

= Mabon

ab Modron.

Maricus, a Gaul thrown to the

(Tacitus.)

who

refused to devour

him

= Meurig.
Rome (C)

Ollovico, a Gallic prince friendly to

= golo-vig,

protector.

Orgetorix, a Gallic chief (C.)

= erch-twrch,
'champion.'

terrible boar.

Oscar, son of Ossian

= Erse,

= Brasydawg. = Procillus, a Gallic chief (C.) brochwel, blustering. = a Gallic chief (C) Segonax, Erse, seanach, elder.
Prasutagus, husband of Boadicea
Ser/o, a Gallic

name

in the early

middle age

= ser-loyw,

star-glow.

Tancred, the noblest of crusaders

= tanc-rhi,
also,

prince of peace.

Tarchon, an Etrurian chief (Vergil);

Tarcondimotus, a prince

of Cilicia (Cicero), perhaps allied to twrch, a boar, to princes, e.g.

and applied

Twrch-trwyth.

Tasgetius, a Gallic chief

Teutomatus, a Gallic
Thessalorus, a

= tasgydd, task-setter. = chief Duw-tadmaeth, nursling

(C)

of God.

Gaul who attacked Delphi under Brennus (Justin)

the leader.

= twyssawl-wr,
who
is

Vercingetorix, a Gallic chief

at the

(C)

= Erse, fear-cean-go-turus,

the

man

head of the State.

Verodoctius, a Helvetian

= Erse, fear-go-saelan, standard-bearer. (C) = gwr doeth, wise man. Virdumarus, a Gallic chief (C.) = gwr du mawr, the great dark Urganda, the enchantress = eurgain, the brilliant.
Vergasillaunus (C)

man.

APPENDIX.

No. VIII.

GEOGRAPHICAL TRACKS OF THE WESTWARD MIGRATIONS OF THE KYMRY FROM THEIR ASIATIC CRADLE.
In

attempting this investigation we are reduced to probable con-

jectures

grounded on the slippery base of etymology.

am

c >n-

vinced that the wealth of the induction here supplied, in most cases

by

my own

industry, deserves

attention,

though

may

often

have

been led astray.

The

testimonies supplied by the names of Rivers

are especially remarkable.

Nor have

scrupled to insert what

may
sug-

prove only instances of the

gesting meanings, where
to account for

felicity of

the

Keltic tongues

in

classical

Antiquity fabricated absurd

myths

what

it

could not solve.

'

For example,

my

resolution

of
to

Arcadia into the Kymric Ar-goed, the wooded highland,' ought gain assent, where a fabled Areas, son of Zeus and Callisto, exIn grouping together rivers which bear a

plains nothing.

common
I

name,

classify the presumed later forms under that which

find

nearest the parent

to

home

of the Kelts.

Nor do

think
does

it

necessary
follow

separate

ancient

from modern geography.

to us

It

not

that names,

which have not come down

in a Latin garb, are

really of recent or later invention.

India.

The

river

Annas
in

in

Gwalior
;

= W.
= W.

avon,

river.
;

The Anas

or

Gnadiana

Spain

the

Avo

in Galicia
Iu'w-yr,

the

Anza

in

Italy.

Caberis or Cavcry in India

apt to overflow.
in

The

Chaboras

in

Mesopotamia

the CkabrtUi

Macedonia.

222

Appendix.
river

No. VIII.
spreading.

The

Dhona,

in India
;

= tan,
in in

The Donaw
in Scythia
;

or

Danube

in southern

Europe
;

the Tanqis or

Don
;

the Tonus

in

Argolis

the

Daven

Cheshire

the

Don

in

Yorkshire

the

Doon and the Devon

last

Scotland.

Perhaps the two

first

and two
-

may come from W.

sindhn, the
in Ireland.
sea.

dovn, deep.

Indus = Sanskrit, Sind or Shannon

The

Strides

in

Ariana

the

Kainas

in India ==

W.

cam, white

Latin, candidus amnis.

;

The

Kennet;
land
;

W.

cannaid, bright, in

Berks.

the
;

Ken

in

Westmore-

the.

Ken
;

in Kirkcudbrightshire, N.B.

the Cain in Mont-

gomeryshire

the Pistyll Cain in Merionethshire.

Logur
shire,

in

India
;

= W. = W.
;

llachar,

glittering.

The Lugar
in

in

Ayr-

N.B.
in

the LJychwr or Loughor in S. Wales.

llaiven,
;

Loony
the

India

joyous.

The Lianne

France

Lune by Lancaster

the

Lyne near Dunfermline (Llawen,

Llywarch Hen)

the Leven in Scotland.

;

Ravee by Lahore = W. rhev, strong. The Rlia in Scythia the Rhebas in Bithynia the Roja in Venetia the Roya in Liguria ; the Areva in Keltiberia the Onvell in Suffolk.
; ; ;

Sabee near Delhi

or

in
;

India

= W.

saw, obstructive.

The Zabis
;

Zab

in Assyria

the Savus in

Numidia
;

{Mela.)

the Stf/to
in

or

Savio falling into the Adriatic {Pliny)

;

the Savo

Cam;

pania

the Save in Gascony

the Sabis or Sainbre in France

the Soiv in Staffordshire.

Sewan
quana

in India

the Seyon

and Sionnc

in Switzerland

the &?;

or

W>/? in France

= Erse,
;

seach-an, winding

river

the

Seiont or Segont by Caernarvon

perhaps akin to Saguntum in

Spain
Sookree
Spain.
7oo>tf

in

India

= W.

sugyr,

sweet

the Sucro or

Xncar

in

in
in
;

India

= W.
;

/yw,

pouring

the

Tua
;

in

Portugal

the

Tlwuc

Poitou

the

Tow by Towcester

the

Towy

in

South

Wales

the

Tweed
in India

in Scotland.

Mount Maleus
in the

Sanskrit,
;

Mala, a bare mountain

Malea
;

Peloponnese

Malo/a, an Alpine pass in the Engadine

Appendix.
the Afo/r,
a

No. VIII.

22$
moe/,

bare

ridge

near

Geneva
in

= W.

bare

Mod

Siabbd

in

Snowdonia, and others

Wales.

Turkestan, Persia, &c, Armenia.

The

river

Ochus

in

Bactriana

= W.

og, rapid; the

Ock

in Berkshire;

the Okement in Devon; the

in Caernarvonshire.

Ogvanw {Gwalchmai.);
Akis
white

the

Ogwen

Akcs

in

Chorasmia
in

Albanus,

= W. ac/i, water the Armenia = W. ahven, pure

; ;

in Sicily.
;

the

Almus

in
;

Moesia

the Albtnca in Etruria

the Fons Albunca of Horace

the Fons Hchrina in

haps, also, the
land.

Campania

the A/wen

of

Merioneth

per-

Elmund

in Kashgaria,

and the Almond

in Scot-

Araxes
the
as

in

Armenia
or

= W.
in

crch, violent

the Orcos in Thessaly

Morgns

Oreo

Piedmont

the

Morge

in

Switzerland

W.

morcath, the roaring of the sea; the Ourcq in

Champagne;
in Sussex.

the Irk in Lancashire.

Arms

in Persia

= the

Aeron

in

South Wales

the
;

Arun
the

Attmck
Aetolia
;

in

Turkestan

= W.

cthryg,

impetuous

Atrax

in

the Ettrick in Scotland.

Candriakes in Gedrosia

Kyros
boar
;

in

= W. candeiriawc, wild. = Armenia W. carrog, a torrent, or

;

carawg, a wild
in

the Caravaca in Murcia, Spain

the

Carawg

North

Wales.

Daradax

in

Armenia

= W.

tardd-wysc, bursting water

the Tar-

taro in Italy; the Tartessus in Spain.

Elymandcr

in

Erindcs in Persia

Manais, in
Spain
;

= W. E-llimyn-dwr the sharp water = W. rhint, a groove the Menoba Persia = W. manaw, that extends
Persia
\

in

the

Menai

in

North Wales.

Mardus,

a tributary of the Caspian Sea

in

= W.

Marth,

flat.
?

Mygdonius
Orontes in
Stratiga
in

Mesopotamia

= mtic/i-don,
(S.

the dark wave

= W. Syria
river.

r/wnt, playful.

Mesopotamia

Epiphanins)

= W.

ystranr,

trick,

the

wayward

224

Appendix.

No. VIII.

The

river Tonderos, in Persia [Pliny .)

=W

dwndwr,

a loud

noise;

English, thunder; the Tyndarus in Laconia.

Mount Cambalidus

in

Persia {Pliny), a branch of Caucasus

;

W.
&c,

cwm-bal,

high combe

connected with

Combat,

Combalaz,

in Switzerland.

Carrhae, a city in Mesopotamia

= W.

caer, the city.

The Caurarani,
herds
'

people

in

Arabia, whose

name meant

'rich

in

= Erse, (Pliny.)
Kymry.
a people

caor, a sheep.

The Chomari,
der of the

a people east of the Caspian Sea, possibly a remain-

The Gumbritae, The Turkae

on the borders of India

(Pliny.), possibly

of the primaeval stock of the

Kymry.

or Turks of Tourkistan

= Qu.
?

from

W.

'

twrch,

a wild

boar,' the symbol of warlike ardour

The

Uxii, a
isle

people in Persia

= Qu.

from

W.

wysc, water..

Cf. the

of

Uxi

off the coast of Peru.

Lychindus, a fen in Armenia

= W.

llychwin, dusky.

Oroandes, a mountain in Armenia

= W.

gorvan, a high place.

SCYTHIA,

OR SARMATIA.
bwg, a scare, or bibch, a buck
;

The

river

Buges

(Pliny.)

= W.

the

Buech

in Provence.

Carambtikes (connected with Keltica), (Pliny.)

the goat's head.

= W.

caran-bwch,

Kyrnaba

= W.

chwyrn-wy, the impetuous water.

;

The Quirna
old

on the Simplon

the
in

Dorovemia
Kent
;

or the

Dwr-chwym, an
by Cirencester
;

name
Cerne

of the Stour
in

the Churn

the

Dorset.

Gerrhus
the

= W.

garw,

pi.
;

geirw, rough.
the

The Cervo
or

in
in

Piedmont;
France.

Arve by Geneva

Garumna
the

Garonne

Hypanis or Bog
Silys, as

= W.

wbain, howling.
call

the

Scythians

Jaxartes flowing into the Cas-

pian (Pliny.)
sil,

= W.

silyn,

the source or outlet of water, or else

in

fish-spawn.

The

Sela

Messenia

the

Silis

in Venetia

Appendix.
the Si/ in Portugal

No. VIII.
the Sieu/e in

225

the Sihl near Zurich

Au-

vergne

the Scille by Lons-le-saulnier.

in Russia

The

river

Turuntus or Velica
;

= Sanskrit,
trumpet
;

taranta, a torrent;

dravanti, river
resonant.

Basque, turunta, a

W.
the

twrwnt, loud,

The

Tiaranthus
;

in

Moldavia

TruenUim

or

Tronto in
Adriatic
;

the Abruzzo

the

Tordino running into the south

;

the Tordine by Tarare (Lyonnais)

in

the Druentia or

Durance

Dauphine.
people

The

Abii,

a
'

Scythian

near the
refer to

Maeotis

= perhaps

'

gwlad

Gavis

in the Triads

may

them.

The Budaei

or Btidifii

= Erse,

buidhe, 'yellow' haired.

?

The Geloni The

(Russia) = W.
'

a/on or ge/ynion, enemies

Oor-pata,

man-beaters,' as the words

;

meant

in

the

Scythian

tongue {Herodotus.)

name given

to the warlike females, the

?

Amazons

= W.
the
that

gwr-baeddu, man-beaters
Russians

The Roxolani,
notorious

= W.

rhwch-ivlan,
still

rough wool.
the

It

is

rude

sheepskins

form

garb

of

the

Russian peasants.

The
'

Thyrsage/ae,

people
is,

on the
archers.

Palus

Maeotis

= W.

tyrsacth,

draw the

shaft,' that

Rlriphaei monies,
separates.

the Ural

mountains

in

Russia

= W.

rhiff,

that

Rubeas, a cape on the Northern Ocean {Philemon)

a projection.

= W.

rhibyn,

The Danubian Provinces and Southern Germany.

The
river

Licus or Lech in Bavaria

in

= W.
the

l/ug-wy, bright river.

(as Froissart

The Luxia
it)

Baetica
in

(Spain)

the Arricge or
;

writes

Liege

southern
;

France

Loxa

or Lossie in
;

Sutherin

land

(Scotland)

the

Lugg

in

Herefordshire

the

L/ugwy

North Wales.
Temes
in

Cf.

Latin /ux,

luc-is, light.

Transylvania = Sanskrit,
;

tdmasa, water.

The Tabbia
Moravia
in

in Liguria (Italy

the Tabuda or Scheldt in Belgium, allied to

;

the

Tamuda

in Mauritania {Me/a.)

the
;

Tava
the

in

the

Thames
CC

= W.

tav-wysc, spreading water

Tame

Oxford-

226
shire

Appendix.
;

No. VIII.
the Tavy in
;

the

Teme

= W.

Tevidiog in Salop
the

Devon

the

TCiv
;

by

Cardiff;

Taw by

Barnstaple

the

Tawy by

Swansea

the Tay in Scotland.

The

river

Vindo or Wartach in Bavaria

= W.

gwyn-don, the white

wave or eddy. Abnoba, the Schwarzwald or Black Forest

of the

in Swabia, the birthplace

Danube = W.
?

abwy-ntm, vehement flow, or avon-bv, the

raw or infant river

Aquincum, Old Buda

combe.
Artobriga, a town
hill?

in

Hungary

= W.

ach-yn-cwm, water in the

in

Noricum

(Austria)

= W.

artk-brig, the bear's

Burnum, a castle in Liburnia Born in Auvergne was

Bertrand

{Pliny)

= W.

bwm, an

intrenchment.

the castle

of the

famous troubadour

De Born.
a

Campodumim, Kempten

town

in

Bavaria

= W.

dinas

y camp an,

the city of the games.

Camicae

Alpes, the Alps

of

Carniola

= W.

alp-gamau, the high-

lands of cairns.

Carnuntum, Altenburg a town

fort of torrents.

in

Hungary

= W.

caer-neint,

the

Kelemantia, a place in Moravia

= W. kelvaint, stock. Clunia, Feldkirche in the Tirol = W. llwyn, the grove. Eburodunum, Brunn in Moravia = W. Dinevwr, Dinevor. Gabromagus, Krems a town in Austria = W. gavr-maes
magh, the
Hercynia
goat's field.
sylva, the

or gavr-

Black Forest
in

Idunnm, Windischmatrey

= W. erc/z-van, terrible place Bavaria = W. y dun, the hill fort.

the
Tirolese

Mount Marmolatta, one

Dolomite
district

of

Alps

in

the

splintered
?

= W.
in

marmor-ldth, the chalky

wand

Martiana

sy/va, the

Black Forest

Meh'odunum, Milensko

Bohemia

= W. coed-marth, the heavy wood. = W. din-mael, the iron fort.

soil.

Meran
Naunia

in the Tirol

= W.
Val

marian, gravelly
di

{Pliny),
;

the

Non

in

the

Tirol

= W.

nonau, the

streams

nannan, the ravines.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

227

Pons Oeni, Innsbruck

= W.

pont-avon, river bridge.

tir-iol,

Tcriolis a castle in the Tirol

Vendenis a city

in

Servia

= W. a = W. givcn-dinas,

pleasant spot.

the white

fort.

Northern Europe.
The
river Albis
in

or Elbe

= W.

alb-ivysc,

white water.

The Elwy
that
;

North Wales.
or

Nava

Natv

in

Rhenish
soil.

Prussia

= W.

navawl,

which

forms or deposits

The Nabalia

in Guelderland

the

Na-

bius in Keltiberia (northern Spain).

Obrincus or Moselle

= W.

ob-rhwngc, loud motion.

Rhenus

or

Rhine

= W.
;

rhe, to flow.

Rotte by Rotterdam in Holland

= W.

rhwth, wide, open.

;

The Arrottx

in

Burgundy

the Rother in Sussex and in Yorkshire

the Rotha in Cumberland.

Ruhr

near

Ruremund

in Guelderland

= W.

rhawr, roaring.
foam.

Scaldis or Scheldt in Holland

Viadrus or Oder in
Vistida in Poland

= W. isga/-dwys, thick = Prussia Erse, beathra, water.

?

Visurgis or

= W. gwys-twyl, deep fear Weser = W. gwy-sorig, sullen stream.

Baltic,

The

Aesthonii, a people on the

whose language approached

aes-don-wyr,

the British (Tacitus, Germania.)

= W.

men

of the

ample buckler ? The Borussi or Prussians

= W.

brwys, big well-grown men.

The

Bructeri, the ancient people of Guelderland

= W.

brwch-twrv,

the excitable

men

of strong impulse.

The Germani=W. The Gugerni

The

garni, the war-cry.

or Sicambri, a tribe
sirs.

on the lower Rhine

= W.
?

gwg-

gem, the frowning

Lygii,

men

of Silesia

= W.

//ug-wyr, the pestilential

The

Osi=W.

aws, defiant?

The Quadi, men of Moravia = W. cdd-wyr, warriors. The Rugii, men of Rugen in the Baltic = W. r/nvawg,
bearded.

thick

The

Ubii, a tribe of

Gauls on the Rhine

= W.

wb-wyr, the

exiles.

228

Appendix.

No. VIII.
caer-arianrod, the city of the silver

Argentoratum, Strassburg
wheel.

= W.

Bannomanna,

Kelto-Scythic

name

anciently applied to some ele-

vated region in the Northern Ocean, probably

Norway

{Pliny.)

= W.
of

ban-van, the highland.

Borbetomagns,

Worms
that
in
is,

on the Rhine
serpents,
as

= W.
e.g.

maes-pryved,

the

field

worms,

the

Worm's Head, the

Orme's

Head
sea.

Wales.
of the north

Cronium Mare, the Frozen Sea

congealed

= W.

mor-crawn, the

Dort

in

Holland,

called

by Froissart Dourdrech

= W.

dwr-drech,

the impetuous water.

Maguntiacum, Mainz on the Rhine

Manarmanis,
battle.

Harlingen

in

= from the Erse, magh, field. Friesland = man-aerven, the place

of

Rigomagus, Remagen in Rhenish Prussia = W. rhyg-maes, rye-field. W. gwys-an, deep river. Vosania, Oberwesel on the Rhine

Asia Minor.

The

river

Aesacus

in the Troad.

The Eisack

in the Tirol.

Arycandus

in Lycia

= W.

argannaid, very bright.

Karesos in the Troad {Homer?)

= W.

cor-wys,

eddying water.
;

The Correze
iog or

in Aquitaine

the Corys in Merioneth

;

the Keir-

Chirk in Denbighshire

the Cere by Aurillac, and the

Evenus

Cher by Tours in France. in the Troad = W.

in

e-wenn-wy,

white

water.

The

Ewenny

Glamorgan.
tell,

Hy litis
Lamns

in

Lydia

in

= W. Cilicia = W.
fine

sudden.
a leap.
'

Ham,

The Lemme
de
la

in the Jura,

which forms a

cascade,

la

chute

Lemme.'

The

Learn by Warwick.

Sarus

in

Cappadocia

= W.

sdr, wrath,
;

i.e.

the angry river.

;

The Sars by

Santiago in Spain {Mela.)

the Sarine in Switzerland

the Sanr in Luxemburg.

Siberis in Galatia

= W.

hyverw, boiling over, inundating.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

229

The Syverns
Simois
in

in Attica {Pliny xxxvii. g)

;

the Sybaris in south Italy;

in

the Iberns or Ebro in Spain

the
;

the

Hyver
the

South Wales.

Troad

= Erse,

saimh,
;

quiet.

The Simmeti
or

in
in

Switzerland
Picardy.

the Semoy in Belgium

Samara

Somme

Tame, the
Thrace
;

fountain of the Pactolus

;

in

Lydia

the Atarnes in
;

the Tarn in Languedoc

the Tern in Salop

the Tren

or Trent in

England

the Trininm in the Abruzzo.

Tembrogins in Phrygia {Pliny)

panse.

= W. = W.

tcm-brog, the swelling ex-

The

lake Tatta Pains in Lycaonia

in

tawd, extended.

The Treroi

Mysia

=. Erse, treoirac/i, vigorous.

stout.

The Teukroi=W. dewr,

driven

These two Kimmerian

long

tribes

were
the

from Mysia by the Thracian Maesi,

{Herodotus)
in

before

Trojan war.

Mount Berekynthos
Bcrmius
in

Phrygia
;

= W.

berwyn, white peak.

Macedonia

Berwyn

in Merioneth.
?

= W. din-dwym, the sultry fort Dindymns Ida in Asia and Crete = W. gwydd, woodland. Taurus in Cilicia = W. torr, 'the hill' pre-eminently,
in Galatia

from

torri,

to break

abrupt.

The Torr by Glastonbury.

in

Amorinm,

a strong

town

Phrygia

= W.

all-mor, a secluded spot.

Aspetidus, a city in

Pamphylia = W.
of

aspant, a hollow depression.

ox's

Carambis,

= W. caran-bn, the promontory head. It was opposite Kriou-metopon in Taurica. Gordium in Phrygia = W. gor-ddn, the black summit.
a

the

Euxine

Pessitins,

town

in

Galatia,

with

richly
district.

endowed temple of

Cybele

= W.

pcncs-wyn, the blessed

Tavinm, the town of the Gallic Trocmi

haps from Tav,
as in

in

Galatia {Pliny.)
of

= per-

Llandav.

bishop

Tavium, the

Galatian Llandav, attended the Council of Nicaea.

Termessns, a city in Pisidia

I'i/idia,

= W.

tcr-maes, fair

field.

a place in Galatia

= W.

gwent, an open plain.

230

Appendix.

No. VIII.

Thrace.

The

river Akesines (Thucydides)

= W.

acli-iesin,

bright water.
48.)

Araros,

an

affluent

arav, slow.
or

Danube {Herodotus iv. The Ararius or Aar in Switzerland

of

the

= W.
Arar

the

Saone

in

France

the

Are

in Yorkshire.

Ardiscos
France.

= W. (Pliny.)

hardd-wysc, fine water.

The Ardeche

in

Brongos (Herodotus?)
Kontadesdos = allied

= W.
to

bronawg,

full

bosomed.

W. kyndawd?
Thrace (Herodotus.)

Tearos, a salubrious river in

= W.
in

ter,

pure.

The

Terias

in Sicily (Thucydides?).

The Ter

the north of

Spain.

Trauos

= Sanskrit,
in

dravanti, a river
;

or

W.

traws, sharp.

The Tresa

Lombardy

the

Dranse

in

Dauphine.
fort.

Mount Edon

= W.
;

e-dun or y-ddmas, the

The Moesi = W. maes-wyr, men

7vyr,

of the plains; the

Bryges

= W.

brig-

hill-men

and the

Thyni = W.

tywyn-wyr, coast-men, be-

tween the Danube and the Bosphorus, became the ancestors of

the Mysians, Phrygians, and Bithynians of Asia Minor.
(Plinii

Nat. Hist.

v. c.

32.)

The Thrakes, presumably

powerful.

Keltic in origin

= W.

treck-wyr, the

more

Macedonia.

The

river

Echedorus

= W.

ech-dwr, parent of water.

= W. = W. Erigonos
Eordaeos
Lydius

hwrdd, the ram.

e-rhig-on, the water groove.

Genusus (Lucan.)

= W.

gwen-wysc,

fair

water.

= W. //wyd, the gray river. Lynkestos = W. llyngc-kest, the swallowing paunch. Rhocdias (Pliny.) = W. r/iwydd, free. Strymon = W. ystrym-on, the main stream. Suemis = W. swyv, foam. Mount Pimpla = W. pwmpyl, a knoll or projection.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

231

Greece.

The

river

Achclons

in

Aetolia

= W.

ac hcl-wysc

water

in

the

covert.

= Erse, achar-on, sharp river. Arcadia = W. alp-wysc, water of the highland. Alphaeus Amphrysos in Thessaly = W. amvrwys, luxuriant around. Balyras in the Peloponnesus (Pausanias) = W. ballasarn,
Acheron
in Aetolia in

blue.

The The

torrent Balira in the valley of

in

Andorra

in

Spain.

lake Boibeis

Thessaly, that

of old

inundated the country

= W.
lake.

baw, slime, mud.

Bolbd limne in

Macedonia (Thucydides.)

= W.

llyn-bol,

expansive

The

river

Charadros

in

Phocis

= W.

rhaiadr, waterfall.

Kelydnos

in Epirus

Kephissos in

= W. Attica = W.

kelyddon, the brakes or coverts.

kyff-ivysc,

the main water.

cleddeu,

Kladaos
sibly,

in

Arcadia

(Xenophon.) = W.

sword
;

or,

pos-

clwyd, warm.
;

The Cledden

in

Pembrokeshire
;

the

Clwyd
red

in Denbighshire

the Clyde in Scotland

the Glyde in Ireland.

or,

Kokytos

in

Epirus

= W.

crdck,

violent

c6ch-chwydd,

swelling.

Crathis in Achaia

= Erse,

crathaidh, tremulous.

Dirkc, a fountain near

The

river

Eurotas

in

Iardanos in Crete

= Erse, dearc, an eye. Laconia = W. rhwth, the wide river. (Hesiod.) = W. ir-ddon, the fresh wave.
Thebes
'

The

Eridanos or Po,

nullo

amnium

claritate

inferior

'

(Pliny Hi.

16); the Irthing in Cumberland.

Ilissos in Attica

Ladon
Hants.

in

= W. il-wysc, the bubbling water. The Arcadia = W. llydan, the broad. = W.

llaith,

Loddon

in

Lethe, the fabled river of oblivion

death.

Libethra, a fountain in Magnesia

= W.

llethyr, steep.

The

river

Minykos
in

in Thessaly

(Homer)

= W.

mynych, rapid.

The

Mincins

north Italy.

Neda

in Arcadia

= W.

nedd, whirling.

The Neaethus

in Cala-

232
bria

Appendix.
the Nide in Lorraine
in

No. VIII.
the Nethe in Belgium the

Nedd

or

Neath

Glamorgan

the

Nidd

in

Yorkshire

the Nith and

the Nethan in Scotland.

The

river
S.

Olbios in Arcadia

= W.

elwy, the joyous.

The Elwy by
Liris in south
;

Asaph.

Olyras near Thermopylae

Italy
;

= W.
;

llyr,

water.
;

The

the Laeros in Spain {Mela.)

the Lair a by Plymouth

the Liger or Loire in France

the Leir by Leicester (Caer-lyr),

now

corrupted into Soar.

Peneios in Thessaly

Selimnos

in

= W. pen-wysc, head Achaia = W. selwyn, keen.

water.

The Selune

in

Nor-

mandy.

The Tamega in Portugal Thyamis in Epirus. South Wales the Teviot in Scotland.
;

the

Teivi

in

The Achaez] the

men.

ancient stock of Greeks

= W.

ach, water

the sea-

Acarnania, a wild part of Greece

Aetoh'a, a district
in

= W.

allt-garn, craggy steep.

whose inhabitants were reckoned the most wicked

aethawl, prickly, offensive.
at

Greece
a

= W.
;

Ambrakia,
at

city of Epirus

the end of a gulf

= W.

amffrach,

the bend
a

Latin, amfractus.
in

Arakynthos,

mountain

Greece

= W.

aran-gwyn,

the

white

mountain.

Arcadia
Lyktonia,

in the

Peloponnese
land

= W.

ar-goed, the

wooded upland.

submerged

under the Aegean sea

= W.

llug-ton,

the luminous strand.

Marathon
Skyros,

in

Greece
isle

= W.
the

marth,

flat,

the plain.
esgair,

an

in

Aegean = W.

the

spur.

Cf.

the

Skironia saxa in Attica, and the Skerries off Mona.

Tenedos, an
isle

in the

Aegean

= allied

with

Ynys

Daned

or Thanet

in Kent.

Trikaranon, a Greek fortress

headed.

[Xenophon^)

= W.

tri-carafi,

the three

Cambunii montes
hills.

in Thessaly

= W.

cam-bryniau, the bent or beetling

Appendix.

No. VIII.

233

Mount Erymanthos
Maenalos

in

Arcadia

= W.
for

eiry-mynydd, snowy mountain.

Hyntettos in Attica, famed

in Arcadia

honey

= W.

y medd, mead

= W. maenawl, stony. Olympos in Thessaly = W. Iwtnp, a mass. Ordymnos in Lesbos = W. gor-ddiovn, precipitous. Othrys in Thessaly = W. uthyr, terrible. Parnassos in Boeotia = W. par-natvs, spear of nature. Pelinaion in Chios {Strabo.) = W. pellen, a round mass. Pindos in Thessaly = W. pen-dwys, massive head. Saoke in Samothrace = W. sawch, an heap. Skardos in Dalmatia = W. esgair-du, the black spur. Tilphyssos in Boeotia = W. Diphwys, precipitous, in Merioneth. Ascra, a mountain village in Boeotia = Erse, aisgcir, mountain
W.
iv.

esgair.
in

Bcmbinadia, another name of the Nemean wood

6) = Erse,
a

Arcadia {Pliny,

Beinn-feadha
in

the

woody

heights.

Blenina,

town

Arcadia

{Pansanias.) = W.

blacnau,

the

ex-

tremities of a vale.

Boeotia, a province rich in pastures as

Brilessos, a

W.

buod, oxen.

mountain

in Attica

= W.
of

breilw, a rose.

Calydon, a forest in Aetolia

= W.

kelyddon, the coverts.

Candavia,

mountain

district

Epirus

{Cicero?)

= W.

can-ddv,

white spread.

= W. cnibd, a crop,' fruitful. = a of Phocis W. dul, a dale. Daulis, city Dodona, a city of Epirus = W. dazvd-on, water-deposit. = W. dibr, water. Doris, a district on the Kephissos = W. ial-wys, fair water. lalysos, a city in Rhodes
Cnidos, a

town

in Caria

'

Ithake,

the
'

home

of Odysseus,

termed

by Homer

'

hylicssa,

the

wooded

= W.

gwyddawg,
near

of the

same meaning.

The Lokroi

Opountioi,

Boeotia

= W.

Lloegrwys

Epynt,

the

Ligurians of the upland slopes.

Mount Tomaros

in Thesprotia

= W.

to-mawr, great roof.

DD

234

Appendix.

No. VIII.

Sicily.

The

river

Alabus

= W.

alaw, a water-lily.

Damyrias {Plutarch)
Spain
;

= Sanskrit,

tamasa, water.

The Tamara

in

the

Tamar

in Devonshire.

DcJas

= W.
;

du-las, dark blue.

The Dulas

in

North and South

Wales

the Douglas in Lancashire and in Scotland.

Gela (Thucydides.)

= W.
ir-avon,

geleu,

that which

flows

imperceptibly.

The Geleu

in Denbighshire.

Her minium
shire
;

= W.

fresh

river.

The Irvon

in

Radnor-

the Irvine in Scotland.

= W. mwth-uc henaid, rapid murmuring. Mount Acragas = W. y graig, the rock. Aetna = W. aeth-nev, piercing the sky. Argennum = W. ar-gwyn, the white upland. Eryx = W. erch, terrible.
Motychanes
Hybla, famed for
its

honey
Hob,

W.

hyvelydd, the sun.

Cf. Lopper,

Lilybaeum, a cape
tension of

= W.

bulging out.

an ex-

Mount

Pilatus into the

Lake of Lucerne.
aval-llwyn, apple-grove.

Malimnus, Mtrgantium, a

full of apple-trees

= W.

= W. city
crater of
a city

mor-gamt, great plain.

(Livy.)

Rhodunia the
,

Aetna

= W. yr

odyn, the lime kiln.

Tauromenium,

= W.

tawr-meinz] the formidable walls.

Italy.

The The The

river

Acalandrus

in

South Italy

= W.

ack-lawnder, abundance

of water.

lake Acherusia in
river Akiris in
in

Campania

South

= W. ac/irwys, plenty. = W. agwyr, winding. Italy

add-wy,

Addua
Aesar

Lombardy

= W.

redundant water

from

its

destructive floods.

= W.

aeserw, bright.

Albula, the primitive

land stream.

name

of the Tiber

= W.

alp-ul, the high-

Appendix.

No. VIII.
Venetia

235

The Aponi The

river

Fontes,

Abano
South

in

= W.

Ffynnon Aban

the

tumultuous spring.

Aprusa
a

in

Italy

= W.

ehr-wys, quick water.

a

Artafa'a,

fountain

among

the

Lmcs trygone s,

Keltic

people

in

Campania, signifying 'the bear's fountain' [Apollom'us R/iodius.)

=s

W.

Arthog, a name
Clanis in

known

near Barmouth in Wales.

g/dn,
fair.

The

river

Etruria = W.
;

The Glanc by Roalso

mont

in Switzerland

the Clain in Poitou.

;

Bedesis,

near

Ravenna

called the

Ronco

= W. bedw-wys, the birch river = W. r/iongca, hollow. The Ranee in

Bri-

tanny.

Bormida

= Erse, borram, to swell. Bradanns in Calabria = Erse, bradau, a salmon. Clitumnns in Campania = W. lliv-dwvn, deep stream. Clusone in Piedmont = W. glwys-on, pure water. Crevola on the Simplon = W. crev, a cry. Dobbia in Piedmont = W. dyvi, deep Erse, dnbh; W.
in

Piedmont

<///,

black.

The Idub a
;

in

Arragon

the Dubis
;

or

Daubs
in

in

Bur;

gundy

the

Douve

in

Normandy

the Z?o#

Staffordshire
*

the Duvey in North Wales.

= W. gdl-wys, fair water. Grana in Piedmont = W. gran, lustre. Hylas in Calabria = W. u/-/as, blue water. /r/V? or Scrivia in Lombardy = W. fresh Labinius in North Italy = W. llavyn, a blade or
Galcsus in Calabria
zr,
;

ysgriv, jagged.

sword.

Lambrus, an affluent Libarna or Lavagna

in a torrent.

of the
in

Po = W.

llamre, swift.

the Apennines

= W.

lliveiriain,

flowing

Lima and Lemuris

Lamia
in
in

in

the Apennines

= W.

///'^,

torrent.

The

Portugal.

Mcdama
Merula

Calabria

= W.

medd-avun,

soft stream.

in

Liguria

Metniirus in

= \V. mer-ul, rich water. Calabria = W. myd-taur, flowing

in

surface.
in

Neminia, a fountain

Samnium,

allied to
its

Nevyn

North Wales

and to Nemausus or Nismes

in

meaning,

'sacred.'

236

Appendix.
river

No. VIII.
Po,
{Pliny Hi.
16.)

The

Olane,

tributary of the
alon,

now
in

the

Olona by
vergne
Dorset
;

Milan = W.

harmony.
;

The Alagnon

Auin

the Aulne in Britanny

the Alaunus, Allen, or

;

Avon

the Alne by Henley-in-Arden

;

the Alne in Northum-

berland

the Alun

in Flintshire

the Allan in Scotland.

Ollius or Oglio in

Lombardy,

a turbid stream
;

= W.

gwyllt, wild.
;

The

Ulla by Sant, Iago in Spain

the Olle in Dauphine

the

Oltis or

Lot

(a

wild stream) in the Cevennes.

Pactins in Apulia

= W.

paith, a straight course.

Pisaurus = W. pisawr, Rubicon = W. rhuv-ig,

spouting, gushing.

red and impetuous.

Rutuba, Rotta near Ventimiglia

= W.

rhiidd-wv, the red stream.

Sabatus, an affluent of the Vulturnus

= W.

savaddou, calm.

Samnia
Sermenta
Sertta in
Sessites,

in Venetia

= W.
= W.

sarnau, the stepping-stones.

Scultenna, an affluent of the

in

Po

= W.

ysglcnt, rebounding.

Val Sesia

= W.

servan, dizzy.
precipitate.

Piedmont
Sesia
in

serin,

Piedmont

= W.

swysiad,

impulse.

The Suze

in

West

Switzerland.
in Calabria

Tanager

Tanarus or

= W. tdn-agwyr, spreading awry, winding. Taranus = W. taran, thunder. The Tarannon, an

Severn in North Wales.

affluent of the

Taro in the Apennines

Tilaventum in Friuli

Timavus
river.

in

Venetia

= W. tar, shock. = W. tail-avon, river deposit. (with hot springs) = W. twym-avon,

tywynnu, flashing.

warm
Scot-

Tinea, near
land.

Nice

= W.

The Tyne
The

in

Tosa or Toccia in Piedmont

Gall in Switzerland
;

= W. = W.

tocc,

quick.

Toss by S.

the Touques in Normandy.

Umbro

or

Ombrone

in Italy as

W. Hymyr,

the

Humber.

Vesciris,

by mount Vesuvius

gwescrydd, agitated.

Vesubia, near Nice

Vulturnus

Larius

lacus,

= W. gwts-wv, water in motion. in Campania = W. gwyllt-dwrn, wild eddy. the Lake of Como = W. llary, gentle.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

237

Mandurium

in

Apulia
--

= W.

mann-dwr, place of water.

Pantanus lacus

W.

pant-an, river in a hollow.

Papyrius or lake of Bracciano

Sabatinus

= W.
in

llwch-pabwyr, reedy lake.

W.

llwch-savaddon, the calm lake.

Sebinus lacus, the lake of Iseo

confined lake.
Si'acha, a

Lombardy

= W.

llwch-scbin, the

Kimmerian name
Tzetzes = W.
a

of lake

Avernus near Cumae, preserved

by John
Trasi menus,

sych, dry, of volcanic origin.

for

lake

famous

the

defeat

of

the

Romans

= W.

traivs-vann, the ill-omened place.

Marc

Tyrrhenian, the Tuscan Sea

:

= W.

Mor

Tcryn.

Mountains

Col

d Albergian
}

in

Val Pellice in Piedmont

= W.

al-

brtg-gain, the high white summit.

Alburnus
Alpes

in

Lucania

= W.

al-bwm, a mighty heap.

= W. Mynneu, from the Latin montes, the mountains. Apenninus = W. penn-wyn, white head. Balmadant in the Vaudois valleys = W. bal-mawdd-ddant,
peak of the expanding tooth.
is

the

Serre

le

'

Cruel,

the cruel saw,'

another Vaudois locality.

Balsille

= W.

bdl-sil,

the peak of the outlet.

bwlch, jagged, basaltic.

Bolca, near Verona

= W.

Braulio, a portion of the Stelvio

= W.

brawl, swelling out.

Brans, and Mont Brouis above Nice, (covered with lavender)

W.

brwys, luxuriant.

Brenner, an Alpine pass

Broglia, by
Cent's

= W. Courmayeur = W. = W.

bre-cn, the

summit.

brawl, swelling.

= W.

kean or penn-wysc, head of the water.

kevn, the back or high ridge.

Kiminius
Coelius,

in Etruria

one of the

hills of

Rome

= Erse,
in

coill,

a wood.

Col

d^Artercva,

near

Courmayeur

Piedmont

= W.

bwlch-

arthrev, the pass of the huge bear.

Cunarus, now Mount Corno, the highest peak of the Apennines

W.

ciin-aran, the chief mountain.

Garganus

= W. y

gaer-gann, the white

fort.
?

Gaurus, near

Naples = W.

gawr, azure

238

Appendix.
:

No. VIII.

Mountains

= W. gwen-vre, the white summit. Gingunum in Umbria = W. pen-gwvn, white crest. Graiae Alpes = W. creigiau, the rocks. Grivola in Piedmont = W. criviaw/, indented.
Genevre
in

Hirpinus

Samnium

= W.

Mr-pen, the long head.

Lucretilis {Horace?)

= W.

Uiig-crethyU, bright.

Muanda and Moud, two

'

passes in Val Sesia in

Piedmont

= W.
Y

bwlch-y-mant,

the pass of the

mouth

'

or opening.

Oropa

in

Piedmont
mountain

= W.

yr

hvb-al/t,

the

swelling

height.

Robe//, a

in Merioneth.

Penninae Alpes
Stelvio

= W.

alpau penwyn, white topt high crags.

= W. yste/v,
in

rude.

Tabnrmis
Tersiva,

South Italy

= W.
of

ta-bwrn, spreading mass.

snowy summit

the

Graian Alps

= W.

ter-swyv,

clear ice.

Tnrlo, an Alpine pass in

Piedmont

= W.
of

twrlla, a

marmot.

Vesula or

Vt'so

= W.

syll-va or gwydd-va, place of vision.

The

latter denotes in

Wales the summit

Snowdon.

Cf.

Mount

Voidhia by Patras in the Morea.

Tribes
or

nations
'

The Brnttii on

the

strait

of

Messina

= W. =

brwyd,

rent,'

with allusion to the country.

Falisci in Etruria

W. ffal-wysc,
fair race.

whirling water.

Genauni, the Keltic tribe of the Val d'Agno in

North

Italy

W.

gwynion, the
a

Hcrm'ci,

people

of

Latium,
'

so
'

called

from Herma,

in
;

the

Sabine tongue, signifying

arennigion, mountaineers
?

stones

= Erse, cairneach,

stony

W.

Iktymuli

in the

Val Anzasca

= W.

ith-mwl, a mass of wild corn.

'

Laestrygoncs, a
i.e.

Kimmerian people who were

sons of Neptune,'

pirates

in

South Italy before Homer's time

= W.

llesteir-

iawg, obstructive.

Lebui, between Brescia and Verona

lepontii in the Val d'Ossola

= W.

llcb,

pale yellow.

= W.

llc-pant-wys, they of the glens.

Ligurjs of West

Italy,

probably the same as the Iberi of Spain

and the Lloegrwys of Britain

= W.

'

//yr,

the

sea,'

seamen.

Appendix.
Tribes or nations:
Italy

No.

II.

239

Ombriri or Umbrs] a people of Illyricum and of

d'Aosta

= W.
in

Kymry.
the Val

Salasst

= W.

salw-wfis,

sickly

men.

Per-

haps cretinism early prevailed there.

Tanrini, near Turin
Uencti,

= W.

torr, a steep hill.

the

men

of Venice

and of Vannes
fair

Gwynedd and Guenct, the

Vestini in

country

in Britanny North Wales.

= W.

Samnium

= Erse,

luchd-faistine, wizards.

Abe/fa, a

town
in the

in

Campania

= Erse,

abhal, apple.
"

Anxur,

"

language of the Volsci

acserw, bright.

{Pliny Hi. 5.) the

name

of

Tarracina

= W.

Apulia, a province of South Italy,

= W.

Gwlad y Pwyl.

{Brut

Tyuysogion, A.D. 1260.)

Ariminum

= Erse, airde, height. = W. ar-vin-wy, on the water's edge. Arpinum, a town in Samnium = W. ar-pen, the high summit. Bagnasco, a place in the Apennines = W. bann-wysc, height of
Ardca, a city in Latium
in Gallic Italy

the

water.

Balmuccia
Banlia
in

in the

Val Sesia

= W.

bal-miich, the dark peak.

Campania = W.
in

bant

(in

Gwentian

dialect),

upland.

Barderate, Bra a town

Piedmont
been
its

= W.

barr-derwaidd, the oak

summit.
Francis

This

may have

Liguro-Keltic

name

but Sir

Palgrave derives Bra from brauda, broad, a Teutonic

earlier

word which could scarcely date

pation in the sixth century.

than the Lombard occu-

Bencvcntum
Bcrgomtim

in in

South Italy = W. pen-gwent, head of the champain. North Italy = W. brig-cwm, end of the combe.

Brcgaglia, a valley in North Italy

= W.

breg-ae/,

brow of the

fissure.

Brembana,

a valley in

the

Bergamasque = W.

brecu-ban, the con-

spicuous summit.

Brianza, a hilly tract near

Brixia, Brescia in

Burgum Ausugii

= W. brigant, the summit. = W. brwysg, inebriate. Lombardy in Venetia = \V. bwrc/i-awsog, defiant rampart.
Como

240

Appendix.
in

No. VIII.
for
its

Kaecubum
Kaere

Campania,

famed

wine

= W.

cae-cwv,

the

sloping enclosure.
in

Etruria, and

Carrea or Chieri

in

Piedmont

= W.

caer,

a walled city.

Caesena in Umbria

Calabria in South Italy

Camere

in

= W. cae-sena, the = W. ca/a-vro, Calabria {Ovid. Fasti) = W

fort of the Ra-sena.

the point of the land.

ca-mer, the

'.

marrow

or rich

field.

Carriers in Etruria

= W.

ca-Mawrth,
Italy

'

Mars

'

field.

Camonica, a valley in
of battle.

North

= W.

dul-cammawn, the valley

Canterturn,

headland
Cf.

in

Umbria

= Erse,

hean-tir;

W.

pen-tir,

headland.

Cantire in Scotland.
Aufidus,
a violent

Caniisium, a town of Apulia on the

stream

W.

cann-wysc, white water.

Cara/is, a seaport in Sardinia

= W.

cacr-heli, city of the salt sea.

Carbantia, an old town in Lombardy

hollow.

= W.

caer-pant, city in

the

Caristum

in

Lombardy
in

Carmagnola

Carseoli, a city

= W. caer-wys, city on the water. Piedmont = W. caer-maenawl, fort in rich of Tuscany = Erse, caisea/, the bulwark.
Cf.

soil.

Casilinnm in Latium.

Caer-sihn,
still

Silchester,

to

the venerable

ruins whereof Pliny's words

of yore

apply, as

to the Italian city

iii.

'Sunt

et morientis Casilini relliquiae,'

5.

Casmona

in

Liguria = W.
in

cds-mdn, the

isolated fort.

Cas-uent-illan-um

Umbria

= W.

cas-gwent-y-llan, the fort of the

meadow-land.
Cherasco in Piedmont

= W.

c/aer-wysc, clear water.

Clastidium, Casteggio in Liguria

= W.

c/ds-tiid,

the people's hold.

llad-wern,

Clatema

in

Cis-alpine

Gaul

{Cicero) = W.

the

rich

meadow.

= W. cwm, a combe. Umbria = W. cur-ffin, the border fort. Corfiniwn Corioli in Latium = W. cor-iol (iawt), the choir of worship. Covto, an impregnable Venetian fort = Erse, com/i/a, a horn.
Cotnum or Como
in

Appendix.

No. VIII.

241
glens.

Cnmae, a Kimmerian
Cumero,

city in Italy

= W.

cymmau, the

a headland in

Picenum

= W.

penrhyn Kymry.
dcrv;

Dervio on the lake of C01110

= Armoric,
anciently

W.

derw, an oak.

Dnggia,
Eporedia,

Va/, in
Ivrea,

Piedmont
in

= W.

dol-ddnaivg, the dark valley.

district

inhabited
colt.

by Kelts

Insubres) = W.

cbol-rhydd,

the

free

(Galli "

Pliny says,
iii.

The

Gauls

call

good horsebreakers Eporedicae,"

17.

Eza, a

fort

above Monaco

= Erse,

ais,

hill-fort.

Felsina, the
esset

Umbrian name
{Pliny
'

of Bologna,

"cum
the

princeps Hetruriae
settlement of the

"

iii.

5.) = W.

gwely-Sina,

Ra-sena

or Etruscans.

(Archd. John

Williams, Essays)

Fesnlae, Fiesole by Florence = W. gwes-id, the place of water. Ilva, the isle of Elba = W. il-va, the place of ferment.

Ou.

whether of old volcanic

Laberii campi in Campania

= W.

llavyr, spreading out.

Lannvinm, a town = W. llan-wv, moist spot. Laveno on lake Maggiore = W. llawen, joyous. Liternnm, a town in Campania = W. llwyd-wern, gray swamp.
Lncania, a province of Italy

= W.

ling-gain, fair light.

Lima,

a Ligurian city near Spezzia

Val, in

= W.

llwyn, a grove.

Maggia,

Piedmont

= W.

dol-mai, the open valley.

= W. mant-wy, mouth of the water. = Masncntnm in south Italy W. maes-gwent, the open = Milan Mediolannm, Erse, magh-lan ; W. macs-Ian, fair meadow;
Mantna,
city surrounded

by water

field.

or

W.

midlan,
at

field

of battle.

Mendrisio

the foot of craggy

Monte Generoso

= W.

mcini-dyrys,

intricate stones.

Mevania

in

Umbria
in

= W.

mei-van, the open spot.

Morbininm
Okelum,

Val Tellina = W. morben, the headland. Cf. Exilles in Piedmont = W. nchcl. high.

Okelum pro-

montorium, Spurnhead.
Olloccia,

Val,

an

offshoot

of

Val

Anzasca

= W.
a

DyfFryn-Golych

(Glamorgan), the vale of worship.

Ravenna, the great harbour of the Romans,

originally

town of the Sabines,

the haven,

Umbri

or

Kymry = W.

yr havyn,

EE

242

Appendix.

No. VIII.

Raudii campi, near Milan

= W.

campau rhawdd, open

plain.

Rhcgium on the strait of Messina R/gomagus, Trino in Lombardy

Roncalia, a
Sabatia, Savona in Liguria
Seguszo,

= rhwyg,
W.

a rent.
field.
field.

= W.

rhyg-vaes, the rye

famous plain by Milan

rhonca-cail, hollow

= W.

sav addon, the calm water.

Susa = W.
Val, in the
forest
;

seg-wysc, the inaccessible stream.

Seriana,

Bergamasque
in

Sylva

Sz/a, a

the

= W. dol-seirian, bright Apennines = W. coed-selw, the

Rome

valley.

remark-

able

wood

as in

Selwood Forest.

Tarpeium saxum,
Tifcrnum
in

a rock at

= W.

Erse, tarp, a clod.

Umbria

Tigulia, a Ligurian
tz'gh-uz'leann,

= W. ty-gwem, house in the meadow. town on the bend of the Gulf of Genoa

= Erse,

the house at the elbow or bend.

Treba, a town of the Aequi

Trebzda,
a

town

in

= W. treva, town. Samnium = W. tre-ba/a,

the

town

where

streams meet.

Ulvemum

= W.

ul-gwem, the moist meadow.

Venusia in Apulia
Verkellae in

= W. gwen-wysc, white water. Piedmont = W. gwer-kyll, camp of the

gwer-on,

hazels.

Verona in

Lombardy = W.

camp by

the river.

Savoy and Switzerland.

The

lake Acrom'us, or of Constance

river Birse in Val
in

The

= W. achrwm, = Moutier Erse, btr, water.

brid,

curved.

Brz'da

Savoy

= W.

eruption,

i.e.

of

mineral

waters.

The Brid by Bridport

Morat = W.

in Dorset.

brwch, foam or ferment. Broye by or Barrow by Waterford in Ireland. (Ptolemy.)

The Brigus

Kander

near

Thun

= W.
;

cann-dwr, white water.

Divona or Divonne, near Nyon

= W.

dwyv-on,

divine

water.

The Deba
and Wales.

in Spain

the Deva, Dyvr-dzvy, or

Dee

in Scotland

The Doron

in

Savoy

= W.

dwr, water.

The Deveron by Banff

in

Scotland.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

243

The Limagus
Muotta
or
in

or Linmiat by Zurich

= W.

lliv-vagh, meadow-flood.

Schwyz
in

as

W.

mwyth-wy, rapid water.

in

The Meduacus

Medway

Kent.

The Mowddwy

Merioneth.

Reuss by Lucerne

= W.

rhwys, vigorous.

The Reus

in

Spain*

the Reissousc by Bourg-en-Bresse.

Venoge in canton Vaud

= W.
in

gwenog, white stream.

Val d'Anniviers

Mountains

Arolla,

glacier

= W.

aroll, a

rift

or split.

Piz de Bemina
the white
rift.

in

the Grisons

= W.

pig-bcrwyn,

the

peak of

Bre, near Lugano

W.

bre,

summit. summit.

Moel-vre in Merioneth.

Brenets in the Jura

= W.

bre,

Dent de Brenleir

Col

de Breona in Val d'Herins.

Piz de Cambrena

in

the Grisons

= W.

pig-cambre, the peak of

the crooked summit.

Kervin, the steepest of the Alps

Dent

de Nivolet in
1

Dent d
its

Oclie

in

= W. gerwin, harsh. = W. dant-nivwl, tooth of the cloud. Savoy Chablais = W. dant-och, tooth of pain, from

escarped sides.

Foroglio in Val Bavona

= W. ffor-wyllt,
= W.

wild pass.
in

Gctnmi

in Valais.
;

Its

Kymric equivalent would be Yr Eivl

unless

North Wales
Jazi,
is

Latin, gemelli, the twins.

Cima

di,

on Monte Rosa

ids,

chill,

the

name

of Saracenic or Arabic origin.

Jura, a long chain green to the summit

Marchciruz,
cade.

= W.

ir,

green.

Col

de,

in

Vaud

= W.
= W.

march-eirxv, the great cas-

Moleson in West Switzerland

the water-shed.

mocl-cs-on,

the

bare hill of

Mom

Jovis,

Mont-joie,

the

Great

S.

Bernard

= W.

mwut-Jou,

Jove's mount.

Vanoise,
Voketius,

Col de
the

la,

in

Savoy

= W.

Botzberg

between

gwanas, the bulwark. W. gwoBasle and Zurich

gwydd, an

incline.

The

Allobroges in Savoy

= W.

all-bro-gwys, the foreigners.

244

Appendix.
a

No. VIII.
tribe

The Ambrones,

Gallo- Teuton

that

fought

C. Marius,

B.C.
as

101= Erse,
our

ambra, noble.

Nennius makes them the same

not akin to the Italian

the Aid-Saxons.

Were they
tribe

Umbri and

Kymry ?
a Gallic

Rauraci,

by Basle

= W.

rhawr-ach-wyr, the

men

of the roaring water, with allusion to the Rhine.

Rhucantii, a tribe in the Prattigau

= W.

rhug-gaint, the broken

ground.

Its

rocks are singularly escarped.

Rugantyn

is

yet a

place in Radnorshire.

Tugeni of Zug
Aesc/i,

= W.
in

tnd-gain, the fair folk.

many
S.

places so called

Agaunum,

Maurice

= Erse, ease, water. Valais = W. agen, a

cwm-avonydd, the

rift.

Avcnticum, Avenche

= W.
S.

combe

of rivers.

Auxatna, Aime in the Tarentaise

Berigentrum, Bourg

= W.

ach-wv, water-in-motion.

Maurice

in

Savoy

= W.

Ber-Cyndrwyn, the

pike of the Kentrones.

Bourget under Mont du Chat

Brannovicum, Bramante, a
1
'

= W.

bwrch-geth, the terrible wall

fort in

forest

and

Savoy = W.
summit.

bran-wig,

the dark clearing

in the forest.

Bregentium, Bregenz, and Briga

= W.

brig,

Darentasia

in

Savoy = W.
in

taran-wysc, thundering water.

Eburodunum, Yverdun
identical with

Vaud, and

Embrun

in

Dauphine

= W.

Dinevor in South Wales.

in Valais
Cf.

Epaona, Evionnaz Evian in Savoy.

= W.

eppynt, the slope.

Etvionydd

in Carnarvonshire.

Gunodurum on the Rhine = W. gwyii-dwr, white water. Haute- Combe in Savoy = W. allt-y-cwm, the steep of the combe. Lenincnm, Chambery in Savoy = W. llyn-yn-cwm, the lake in the
combe, from Lake Bourget.

Octodurum, Martigny

in Valais

= W.

gwyth-dwr, angry water, from

the devastations of the Dranse.

So/odurum, Soleure
Talloire

= W.

swl-dwr, soiled water.

on the lake of Annecy = tal-llyr, end of the water. Tavannes or Dur-van in west Switzerland W. dwr-vann, place of

water.

Appendix.

No. VIII.
an
eminence.
Cf.

245

Thonon

in

Chablais

= W.

twyn,

Tunnun

in

Numidia.

Thonon

rises steeply

above Lake Leman.

Turicum, Zurich

= W.

dwr-y-cwm, the water of the combe.

for its cattle-fair
hill

Uginc

in Savoy, "

famous

= W.

yc/tain, oxen.

Findonissa,

on a narrow

between the Aar and the Reuss "

W.

gtvyn-dyno-wysc, the

fair plot

by the water.

Fitodurum, Winterthur

Yvonand, near Neufchatel

= W. gwyth-dwr, impetuous water. = W. y-ffynnawn^ the fountain.

Spain and Portugal.

The

river

Aturia in Keltiberia

Fluvia, an affluent of the

near Dinant in Belgium
wysc, bright water.
;

= W. dur, water. Ebro = W. ffloyw, bright.

the Flayosc in Provence

The Floye

= W. ffloyw"

Ivia

among

the Artabri of Spain, "

etiamnum
in

Kelticae gentis
;

{Mela.)
in

= \V.

gwy, water.
;

The Wye
in

South Wales

the

Wye

Derbyshire

the

Wey

Dorset.

Ketobrica^ St. Ubes in Portugal

= kcth-brig,

frowning

hill.

Llobregat

in

Spain = W.

llwv-brcgawd, the leap in the fissure.

Menlascus or Orio in Biscay

Mimics or

Minho
;

in

Galicia
or

Monmouth
Ozecarus

the

Mnnda

= W. macn-llasawg, blue stones. = W. myn-wyf The Monnow by Mondego in Portugal = W. mwynwysc-arw,

wy, the gentle water.

in

Portugal

= W.
of

rough water.

The Os-

carus or Ouche in Burgundy.

Sicanus,

an

affluent

the

Ebro

(T/iucydides.)

= W.

syc/i-an,

dry

river.

Tagtis in Portugal

= W.

tawc/i, the sea-like or

broad

river.

Tordera, an affluent of
Tulcts

the Ebro

= hvrdd,
wild

noise.
.

by Tarragona

= W.

twrch,

boar.

tvon

Twrck

in

Merioneth.

Urinm
cashire

in
;

Baetica
the

= W.

wyrc,

spreading.

The Wyre

in

Lan-

Wyre
in the

in Cardiganshire.

Vernodubrum

Pyrenees

W. gwem-dwvr,

watery meadow.

246

Appendix.

No. VIIT.

Dirkenna, a cold fountain in Keltiberia {Martial)

-white water.

= W.

dwr-cain,

Mountains: Mariani monies, the Sierra Morena

ion,

= W.

mynydd Meir-

the neat-herd's mountain.

Vindins in the Asturias

= W.

mhi-ddii, the black edge.

= W. kean-cann, white headed. Nertobriges, a Keltiberian tribe = W. nerth-br'ig, strong summit. Turditani in south Portugal = W. twrdd, tumultuous. Abobrica, a town in Portugal = W. avon-brig, river's summit. A/aba, a city of Keltiberia = W. alav, wealth Atialdwium in Baetica = Erse, aith-aoil-ditn, fort of the limekiln. Brigantium, Corunna = W. brig-gaint, extremity of the plain. Caladunum in Galicia = W. din-gal, fort of the peak. Calagurris in Keltiberia = W. clegyr, a rock. " " Keltiberiae finis Clnnia, {Pliny Hi. 3.) = W. llwyn, grove.
The Concani,
a people in Biscay
?

Conimbrica,
the
hill.

Coimbra

in

Portugal

= W.

conyn-brig,

the

verge

of

Contrebia in Keltiberia

= W.

kyn-trev, chief town.

rheibus, rapid source.

Fontarabia in Biscay

= W. ffynnon

Lastigi in Keltica (south Portugal)

Lucentum
Menosca

or Alicant in
in

= W. llastig, hemmed in. = W. llug-gaint, bright plain. Spain

mann-wysc,
the
place
of

Biscay

= W.

water.

Also,

Manosque

in Provence.

Pompelo, Pampeluna in Navarre

Sagutitum, "in Keltica" {Pliny,
Seiont or Caernarvon.

= W. pwmpyl, a knoll. Hi. I.) = W. Caer-Seiont.

Cf. Caer-

Talabrica in Lusitania

= W.

tdl-e-brig,

the verge of the summit.

Talamina

in Galicia

= W.
in

tal-avon, the

head of the

river.

Vergentum, a town
plain.

Baetica = W.

gwer-gwent, the

men

of

the

Vertobrigc, a Keltic
hill.

town

in

Baetica

= W.

gwerdd-brig, the green

Uctdtuniacum

in Baetica

= W.

uchel-twynawc, high-banked.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

247

France.

Hie

river

Angrogne
river.

in

the Vosges mountains

= W.

nn-grawn the
y

dammed-up Aran in Touraine.

Wales
;

The Arun
in Scotland
;

in

Sussex

the Aeron in South

the

Ayr
in

the

Erne

in

Donegal, Ireland.

Artnby, a torrent in Provence

= W.

arth-wv, rude motion.

waves.

Atax,

Aude

Languedoc

= Erse,

athac/i,

Anttira,

Eure = W.
in
;

aweddwr, running water.

Aveyron
Picardy

Gascony.

The

Havar,

Samarus,

or

the Havren, Sabrina, or Severn in Wales

Somme in W. havren,

smooth How.
Bethnnc, near Dieppe

Blavet in

= W. bedwin, the = W. b/awdd, fleet. Britanny

affluent of the

river of birch-trees.

RIcdona or Blc'onne, an
the wolf-river.

Durance

= W.

bleiddan,

Brcsc

in

Provence

Bresle in

= W. braisg, Normandy = W. brawf,

Picardy
;

full.

swelling.

Colme

in

the Colne in
in

Essex,

the Culme

in

Devon-

shire, the

Columvy or Clunn

Salop, the Kelnins or

Spey

in

Scotland.

Domenon by Uriage

in

Dauphine
of

= W.
the

dwvti-on, deep river.

in

Dourdonn, the ancient name

Elorn

Britanny

= W.

dwr-dwvn, deep water. Drngcon, an affluent of the Saone

Dmna

or

DrCme

Elaver, Allier in

= W. drwg-on, evil water. = Sanskrit, d ravanli, river. Auvergne = W. e-//avar, the resounding.
}

Erdre near Nantes; the Artro

Wicklow, Ireland.

in

Merioneth;

the

Cur/ry,

in

Erom-vcnr

= W.

ffrwd-vawr, great
islets

stream,

the

sea-channel

be-

tween Ouessant and other

in Britanny.

The Phrudis

or

Somme
in

in

Picardy

= W.

ffrwd;
;

the

Frome, anciently Ffraw

;

Somerset (Asscr Mcnevcnsis.)

the Ffrtiu\ in Anglesea

the

Forth, in Scotland.

Gardon, near Nimes

= W.

garth-on, the river of the hill-flank.

248

Appendix.
river

No. VIII.
kyrch, violent.
its

The

Gers

in

Gascony

= W.

Glv in the Pyrenees, formidable by reason of

inundations

W.

l/w, flood.

Gniers by the

Grande
;

Chartreuse

= W.

gyrwy,

speedy.
;

The
Yar-

Guer
row

in

Britanny

the Garvogue in Sligo, Ireland

the

in Scotland.

Guil in Dauphine
anny.
in

= W.
the

gwilw, turning.

The

Vilaine
;

in

Brit-

The Gwilw, now Willeybourne,

;

in Wiltshire

the Gwily

South Wales
in

Welland

in Lincolnshire.

Guisanne

Dauphine

Huveaune, near
Isc're

or

Isara

= W. gwys-an, deep river. Marseilles = W. whwyvon, swelling river. in Dauphine = W. haearn; Gallic, isarn,
its

iron,

the iron river, from

Iton,

dark waters.
Ithon
in

near

Evreux
;

the

Radnorshire

the

Eden

in

Cumberland

the Ythan in Scotland, (the Ituna of Ptolemy).

lay, near Lucon

in

= W.
;

'

llai,

brown
in

'

or dun-coloured.
;

The Lee
Lee near
Llywarch

Hertfordshire
;

the the

Lay
water

Glamorganshire
Leith
in

the

Cork

probably,

of

Scotland.

Hen mentions
Ledus, Lez
}

Aber-llai in that country.

near Montpelier

= W.

//aid,

mud.
water.

Matrona
in

or

Marne = W.

myrn-ivy,

warm

The Myrmvy

Montgomeryshire.
or

Meduana

Mayne

Menrthe, by

= W. Nancy = W.
in Belgic

meddv-an,

soft river

mivrth, precipitate.

Mosa, Meuse
Obris or

Orne, by

= W. mock, quick. Lorbe, near Narbonne = W. ob-rhwys, lively Caen in Normandy = W. orn, threatening.
Gaul

motion.

Oronaye, a torrent in

Dauphine

Goronwy

in

Anglesea,

brim-

ming

water.

= W. gwrdd, strong. Ouve'ze in the Ardeche = W. wv-wysc, the moving water. Raurarts, Herault in Languedoc = W. rhawr, brawling. Relec near Morlaix in Britanny = W. rhyllawc, the cleaver. Rhodanns or Rhone = W. rh6d, a wheel, whirling. The Roding
Ourthe in Belgium
in Essex
;

the

Rhondda

in

Glamorganshire.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

249

The

river Ribeirotte

in

Provence, an affluent of the Argens

= rhi-

ffrwd, the royal stream.

The

Ribroit or Ribble in Lancashire.

(Nennius)

Normandy = W. rhill, the furrow. Romanche in Dauphine = W. rhwmnai, the main

Risle in

channel.

The

Rhymny

in

Monmouthshire.

Sarthe in Maine

Sauconna or

= W. sarth, serpent. Saone = Erse, sogh-an, the

in

slow river.

Avon Soch

in Lleyn, Carnarvonshire.

Sou/e,

by Coutance

Normandy

= W.

swl, soiled,

muddy.

= W. teg, fair. Tet in the Pyrenees = W. tcth, the cow's udder. Tongues in Normandy = W. twc, cutting. Ubaye in Provence = W. wv, flowing. Varus, Var in Provence = W. garw, rough. Vencon, an affluent of the Romanche = W. gwen-on,
Tech in the Pyrenees
river.

white

Maen-gwenonwy

in Lleyn, Carnarvonshire.

The Ognon, an

affluent of the-

Saone

the Gwynion by Dolgelly.

river.

Verdon, an affluent of the Durance

Viennc,

by

S.

Claude

in

the

= W. gwerdd-on, green Jura = W. buan, quick.

fresh.

The

Boyne
Vire in

in Ulster.

Normandy
:

= W.

gwyr, green or
in

Mountains

Ban

de la

Roche

the Vosges

= W.

bdn-rhoc,

the

splintered highland.

Cantal, an

elevated

district

in

Auvergne

= W.

caun-ta/,

the white

summit.
Chabertan, a part of M. Genevre

= W.

camberth, slanting brake.

Gebenna,
ridge.

the

Cevennes

in

Languedoc

= W.

keven,

back

or

Ventoux in Dauphine
Pelat in Provence

= W.

gwyntog, windy.

= W. pel, the ball. Pclvoux in Dauphine = W. pel-vwch, the buck's ball. Pity de Pariou in Auvergne = W. pig-y-p&ri, the peak of flocks. = W. bog-wys, Vogcsus, the Vosges, of a swelling rounded form
the protuberant district.

FF

250

Appendix.
the

No. VIII.
in

The Abrincatut,

men

of

Avranche

Normandy

= W.

avrwym-

gddwyr, the irrepressible warriors.

The Aedm\ they of Burgundy = W. aedd-wyr, the war-cry men. The Ambarri, a tribe above Lyons = W. am-barr, hill-men. The Ambi'aiii, they of Amiens in Picardy = W. ambwy-on the
}

close-mailed warriors,

i.e.,

Cataphractarii Ambianenses.
in

The The

Ambth'ates,

they of Lamballe

Britanny

= W.

Am-bezh'-awd,

dwellers around the tumulus.

Artzzorz'cz,

the

Britons

of France

= Erse,

Armhoirich;

W.

ar-

Tor-wyr, the sea-coast men.

The
The The

The
The

= W. aer-wyr, warriors. Atrebatcs, they of Artois = W. athrev-awd, the dwellers. Azilcrcae, they of Evreux = W. mvl-erch, terrible light = W. awsog, the defiant. Aztskz'z, they of Auch in Gascony = of Calvados Erse, buidhe-gwas, yellow-haired Bajocasses, they
Arvz'z,

they of Maine

lads?

The Belgae in northern France = W. beilchion, the proud. The Belksvaki, a very warlike tribe of Beauvais = W. be'Igwawc/i,
war-cry.

The Biducasses, they of Bayeux = W. bci'dawgwys, vigorous men. [Beidawg Rudd was the son of Emyr Llydaw. (Englym'on Beddau Mt'/wyr.)]

The

Bihiriges, they of Berri

or

= W.

byd-rhi\ world-kings.

The Britanni The The

Britons

= W.

brith

or

braith,

alluding

to

the

plaids of bright hues the Gallo-Britons delighted in.

The
The

The
The The

= W. cdd-wyr, men of battle. Cambohctri in Dauphine = W. ctvm-//etbr, the steep combe. Carnutes, they of Chartres = W. canvwyd, stud, horsemen. Caturiges in Dauphine = W. cdd-rzg, war-kings. Kcnomanni in Maine = W. cain-vann, the fair place. Ebtirwikes, they of Evreux = W. evwrazg, from evwr, a shelter.
Cadtirki, they of Cahors

[Evreux
Gallitae

lies in

a bowl, shut in by hills.]

in

the

Maritime Alps
is

= W.

gal-wydd,

the woodmen.

Galloway

in Scotland in

also

Gal-wydd.
eidion,

The Ideonni

Dauphine = W.

oxen

herdsmen.

Appendix.
Tlu-

No. VIII.

251
the

Lemovtkes,
ress.

they of

Limoges

a W.

Ilrm-yuig.

stem

fort-

The

Lcxuvii, they

<>t

Lisieux

The lingoncs, they of same name as Lyngein The

J/andul>it\

= W. Ilu's-wy\ slimy water? Langres = W. l/y/i-gai/i, the bright

or Linger] in Herefordshire.
in

lake: the

they

of

Auxonne

Burgundy

= W.

mann-Dyx-/.
maritime

the locality of the Dubis or Doubs.

The Morini on the

people.

English

Channel

= W.

morinwvr,

Tractus Morinorum

= W.

Traeth Moryan.

The Nannctcs and Nantuatcs, they

in Wales.
in the
Cf.

of Nantes
a

and

of Nantua, from
it,

the root- word nant, a torrent and

hollow scooped by

fre-

quent

Nantpanton Hill in Leicestershire.

The Nerusii

Maritime Alps

= W.

ner-iuys, the

mighty.

The Oromansah] near Guines = W. gor-van-saivch, high tumulus. The Osismii in Britanny = W. os-is, the progeny of Is, Caer-Is.
The The
-Parisii,

tribes at

Paris

and on the Humber

= W.

p<iu<r-wys,

graziers.

(W. Baxter)
they of
Perigord

Pctrocorii,

= W.

pedrawg-gwyr,

square

or

strong-built men.

The Rcdones, they

of

Rennes

in

Britanny and of Reading

full

in

Berks

= Armoric,
The

Roman; W.

rhedynog, a place

of fern.

Suessiones, they of Soissons

Tarbelli,

= W.
tribe

swys-on, impulsive.

The
The The The

they of Tarbes in Aquitaine

a

= W.

tarv-yll,

terrible.

Tencteri,

Gallo-German

on the

Rhine = W.

tcng-ter-

wyr, the tough, sullen men.

Trckac, they of Troyes in
Treviri,

Champagne
in

= W.
W.

trick,

superior.

they of Treves

Germany

trev-wyr,

towns-

men.

The Vasconcs The

or

Gascons of Aquitaine. the same

i.e.

as

the

Basques

from the Euscaric basoa, wood,

Velocasscs, they of

the

woodmen.

Rouen

= W.

be/-gwds, warlike.

The Vergnnni, an Alpine

white or
fair

Gallic tribe (Pliny.)

= W. gwyr-gwynn,

the

men.
in

The

Volcae Arecomtkt\

Languedoc

= W.

Belgwys-ar-e-cwm, the

Belgae over the combe.

252
Aballo, Avallon in

Appendix.

No. VIII.
avalloji,

Burgundy

= W. = W.

apples.

Alesia

= W.

ar-lech,

on a rock.

{Bullet.)

Ampreck, Cape, by Boulogne

Andcritum, Mende
of the weald.
in

amfrach; Latin, amfr actus.

the

Gevaudan

= W.

rhyd-andrcd, the

ford

Antissiodurum, Auxerre

= W.

annwys-dwr, redundant water.

Aran, Val d\ in the Pyrenees

= W.
;

aran, an alp or elevated place.

The
Arausio,

Isle of

Arran

in Scotland

Aran Benllyn
i.e.

in Merioneth.

Orange = W.

ar-wysc, on the water,

the Rhone.

Arduenna, the
in

forest of

Ardennes

in

Belgium, and that of Arden

Warwickshire
Aries = W.
in

= W.

ar-dwyn, in the bush.

Arelatc,

ar-laith,

on moist
ar-gel,

soil.

Argelez

the

Pyrenees = W.
it.

the

covert or

retired

spot.

Argillae the Gauls called

{Strabo.)
;

Arvemia, Auvergne

= W.
in

arvaran, the highland

or ar-wern, the

upland meadows.

Angus todunum, Autun

Augustoritum, Limoges
Avarz'cum, Bourges

Burgundy

= W.

din-Azvst, Fort Augustus.

in Poitou

= W.

rhyd-Awst, Augustus' ford.

= W. cwm-aweddwr, the combe of the Eure. = W. avonydd, the rivers. Avenio, Avignon near Cette = W. bala-rhwyg, the burst outlet. a lake Balaruc, Bangor in Belle-isle, in North Wales, and in Ireland = W. ban-gor,
the high choir.

Banchory-Teman
in

in Scotland.

Belcar or

Beaucaire

Languedoc

= W.

caer-Beli,

the

city

of

Belenus.

Blaye on the Garonne, the burial-place of Roland

.

= W.

blaz'dd,

wolf.

place

named Trompe-/o^

is

in the

neighbourhood.

Blc'/ieau,

near Orleans
in the

= W.

blacn-avon, before the river.

Bleouna

Maritime Alps

Blitcrrac, Beziers in

= W. Languedoc = W.
Bourbon- Lancy,

blaenau, the heights.

blith-dir, the

milk or rich land.

Borvonis Aquae

or

near

Autun

= Erse,

borbhan,

murmur

W. bwrw

or berw-van, the place of boiling springs.

Bourboule in Auvergne

= W.

bwr-bwll, the boiling pool.

Bourbourg
fort.

in

French Flanders

= W.

bwr-bwrcn, the stoccade of the

Appendix.

No. VIII.
bwrch-wysan,
the
fort

253
of the

Bourg d'Oysans
rushing
river.

in

Dauphine

= W.

La La

Brr'o/e, a

ruined place in Provence

= W.

hreuawl, mouldering.

Brie, a district of dusty soil

= W.

hnui, brittle.

Brivas, Brioude in Auvergne

Brivatis Partus, Brest
Broceliandc, the Forest

= W.

brnvawd, broken ground.

= W.
of,

porth-brhvawd.

or Brc-kilian in Britanny

= W.

bro-ke/yn,

the land of holly.

Burdigala, Bourdeaux

= W.
In

bwrdd-y-Gal, the Board of the Gauls,

from

its

opulence.

Brut y Tywysogion, Bwrdyws.

Caballio, Cavaillon in

Provence
in

= W.

kcffylau, horses.

Cabiomagus, Cavaignac
tents.

Languedoc

= W.

cdb-vaes,

the

field

of

Heraclea Caccabaria, the Gallo-Greek name of

(I

S.

Tropez, so called

imagine) from

its

turbulent road-stead.

Its Keltic

name may

have been Porth-Ercwlv Cach-aber.

Cadomum, Caen
Cagnosc,
a

in

Normandy
Gallic

= W.

edd-dv, warlike.
in

ruined

oppidum

Provence

= W.

cain-wysc,

white water.

Camargue, a plain near

Marseilles,

abounding with wild horses

=
its

W.
Cane ale

cae-march, the horse-field.

in

Normandy

= W.

cann-calav,

the

white

prickle

of

rocks.

Cantgwic

(iVeum'us.), the

town on the

plain, Etaples in
?

Picardy.

Carhaix

= W. caer-wys, the water fort = in Carnac W. cameddawg, the place of cairns. Britanny Carnoules in Provence = W. carn-wyll, the dark cairn. An
in

Britanny

ancient

locality

between

the

Tawy and

the

Towy

was

called

Carn-

wyllon.

(Nennius.)

Carpentoracte, Carpentras

= \V.

caer-pentyrrawc, the summit

fort.

Catalaunum, Chalons-sur-Marne, the scene of

edd-alazcn or cdd-givahnvn. the
field

many

battles

= W.
of

of the foe. keven-elod,

is
still

Kcmenclium.
fairies.

Cimies,

near

Nice

= W.

the

hill

the
delle

The ruined amphitheatre

fairies'

called

//

tiHO

fade, the

bath

= W.

tynor elod?

254
Chambertin
in

Appendix.

No. VIII.
for
its

Burgundy, famed
field.

wine

= W.

camp-bcrthvn,

the beautiful
C/itnberris,

Auch

Clisson, a castle

Gascony = W. llimpyr, polished. near Nantes = W. glwys-on, fair water.

in

Coligny in

Burgundy

= W. = W.
or

clynnog, the brake.

Combrjinont, a village in

Dauphine of the mountain summit.

= W.

cwm-bre-mivnt, the combe

Commercy-sur-Meuse
of rivers.

cwm-kymmcr, the combe

in

of the junction

Quimper Kemper kymmer. = in Rennes W. a cohort. Condate, kyndawd, Britanny Condatis Partus, Libourne in Guienne = W. porth-kyndaivd.
Condivineum, Nantes in Britanny
the early crop.

Britanny = W.

= W.

cwm-kyndwv, the combe

of

= W. kyffiniau, the confines. La Crau, a stony plain near Marseilles = W. creigiau, rocks. Cuciacnm, Coney, a grand feudal castle = W. enchiawg, frowning. Dariobrignm, the old name of Vannes in Britanny = W. ddr-brig,
Convinae,

Comminges

in

the Pyrenees

the summit of the oaks.

Dinant

in

Britanny and
=-

in

Belgium

also,

the

ancient

name

of

Ludlow, Salop

W.

din-nant, the town in the hollow.

= W. dinas, the fort. = W. dwyv-on, the sacred river. Divio, Dijon in Burgundy = W. dwyv-dwr, the divine water. in Lorraine Metz Divodurnm, Divona, Cahors in France = W. duw-ffynnon, the sacred well. Dombes, an old French principality in a muddy soil = W. dom, mud. Doullcns or Dourlans in Picardy = W. dwr-llan, water town. Draguignan in Provence = W. draig-y-nant, the dragon, drac or
Dinia, Digne in Dauphine
devastating torrent
'

in the hollow

'

Or

else,

a corruption of

Pons-argentens, Pont-arian, the bridge over the silver river.

Drenx, near Chartres, the chief

seat

of the

Druids in Gaul

= W.

7'rer Drytv, the Druid's home.

Duj'ocortori/m,

Rheims
in

= W.

dwr-gwrt, water court.

lord,

Estrades,

place
kings,

Gascony, whose

a vassal

of

the
1'

Plan-

tagenet

bore ;he Arabic

title

of Souldich

de

Estrade

(Froissart.)

= W.

ystrad, the strand or vale.

Appendix.
Fons-bliaudi,

No,

VIIJ.

255
tfvnwai-v-hlaidd,

Fontainebleau,

near

Paris

= W. = W.

the

wolf's fountain.

Frontimacum
hill

Frontignan

in

Languedoc

brou-tuviiunn

the

slope.

Gallia, Gaul, ancient France

= W.

getti or giclad-y-gal, the

country

of fair open plains.

Gtinlannc, a place in Provence

Gergovia, a city in

= W. garthan, the encampment. Auvergne = W. caer-govau, the fort of smiths.

Baxter reads Gressoriacum, which
the
place
of

Gessoriacum, Boulogne-sur-mer.
in

Belgic

would
call

be
a

Gresouriawc,
great
sea

broad water.

The Bretons
water
is

mor-braz, and

the

Basque

for

ura.
in

Glandate, Glandeve

Provence

= W.

glan-daivd, the bank of the

moraine or deposit.

Glanum

Livii, S.

Remi

in in

Gvatianopolis, Grenoble

= W. Dauphine = W.
Provence

glan-Llywx.

cacr-Gradlawn.

Guingamp in Britanny = W. gwyn-gamp, the white field. Guise in Picardy = W. gwys, a low bottom. Henncbon in Britanny = W. lien-bout, old bridge. HueIgoat in Britanny = W. uchel-goed, high wood. " We landed in Hyeres' green. Hyeres in Provence = W.
/r,

Bay,

and found everything so warm and green that I could quite enter into John of Salisbury's feelings.'' (/?. Hurrell Froudc,
Remains,
la/ines, a
i.

p.

J II.)
fair.

Icu/isma,

= W. ia/ain, = W. cnkil-va, place Angouleme

town
in Berri

of refuge.
'

Isarnodorum, an old Gallic town, said to mean

{Life of S.

the

iron

door.'

Eugcndus
Provence

in the

Acta

Sanctorum.) = W.
i.e.

haearn-dor.

Golfc

Jouan

in

= W.
name

Ziuan,

the sunny gulf.

Latin-iron,

the ancient

of

Loc-Maria-ker in

Britanny

W.

IJati-cryri, the eagles' place.

Lantosquc,

St.

Martin

de,

bath

in

Provence

= W. = W.

IJan-iyrddin

Law7itwysc, the water slope.

Lectourc in

Guienne, on a rock by the Gers

llcch-dwr, the

rock by the water.

256

Appendix.

No. VIII.

Sylva Ledia, S. Germain-en-Laye

Lerins, an

Lesneven

= W. coed-llazd, the damp wood. = isle off Frejus W. llyr-ynys, isle of the sea. in Britanny = W. llys-nevyn, the court in the hollow. So,
in Carnarvonshire
is

Nevyn

in a hollow.
littus,
?

Letavia, Britanny = W. Limonum, Poitiers = W.

Ilydaw; Latin,

the sea-coast.

llzvon, the floods

Limon, Col

de,

near
or

Tenda

= W.

bwlch-llumon,

term related to

Pumlumon

Plinlimmon

in Wales.

Lixona, Luchon in the Pyrenees

= W.

lluch-on, the sparkling river.

Ljigdunum,

Lyons = W.
in
as

lliig-din,

the city of light.

clyn, a

Lima, Cluny
Lutetia, or,

Burgundy = W.
the emperor

brake
it,

or llwyn, a grove.

Julian writes

Leuketia,
huts,

the

Gallic
ex-

name

of

Paris = W.

llaith-hyttiau,

the

damp
islet

which

pressed the dwellings of squatters in an

on the Seine.

Luteva, Lodeve in southern France

Lnxovia, Luxeuil in the Vosges

Magalona, Maguelonne Magdunum, Mehun on

= W. lludw, clay. = lliig-wy, bright water. in Provence = W. magh or maes-alawn. the Loire = W. magh-dun, the field fort.
in

Mane Meur,

near

Quiberon

Britanny

= W.

meini-mawr,
Scillies.
soil.

the

great stones.

Mena-vawr, the finest rock in the

;

Marly, near Paris

Martigues, in

Marlioz in Savoy

= W.

marl, alluvial

Provence

= W.

martfo'g, heavy.

= W. maes-zl, the field of progress. Mastramella, Martigues = W. maes-travael, the field of labour. Matisco, Macon = W. mdd-wysc, good water. Medttlt, Medoc in Guienne = W. meddw, drunken,' from
Massz'h'a, Marseilles
'

its

rich

vintage.

Melodunum, Melun

= W.
a

din-mael, the fort of

place

steel.
'

Merwlacum,

Murol,
in
l

on

the

'

stagnum

ingens

of

Lac

Chambon
or merllyn

Auvergne (Szdom'us

Apollinaris) = W.

mer-llwch

standing water.
in

Mimate, Mende

Languedoc, on a mountain

= W.

meivod, a sum-

mer

dwelling.

Montmorency, near Paris

angular mere.

= W.

mwnt-mvr-cngc, the mount by the

Appendix.

No. VIII.

257
terrible

Montrognon, a

castle in

Auvergne

= W.
'

mwnt-rhyn,

mount.

Morbihan
Morlaix
Mor/ati,

Mortain

Britanny = W. m6r-bychan, the little sea. in Britanny = W. mor-Iatth, sea-at-ebb in Beam and localities Britanny = W. ilan-vor, great town. in Normandy, near fine cascades = W. mwrth-an. falling
in
'

water.

Morvan,

forest

in

Burgundy

= W.

morva, the marsh

or

mor-

vatm, the large place.

Narbo, Narbonne

= W.
in

ner-batm, lordly

site.

Nemausus,
sacred.

Nimes
Cf.

Languedoc

= allied

to

the

Erse

naomh

W. Nav,

Lord, applied to God.

Nemctodtirum, Nanterre by Paris

O/h'ou/es, a

= W.

nant-y-dwr, water glen.

= W. ole-wyll, dark ravine. Paol, Kastel, S. Pol de Leon in Britanny = W. Castell Pawl. Pen-ar-Bed = W pen-ar-byd, the world's end = The Pointe S.
famous ravine
in

Provence

'.

Mahe,

S.

Matthew's Point, the most westerly spot

in

France,

called S.

Matthaeus de Finibus Terrarum, A.D. 1253.

pen-ychain. the
oxen's

Pen-hoen

= W.

head

= Paimboeuf

on the

Loire.

Piskenae, Pezenas in Languedoc

P/oerme/, near Vannes in Poh'gnac, a castle

= W. pisgen, the linden. Britanny = W. plwyv-Arthmael.

in

near

Le Puy

Auvergne, formerly

temple of

Apollo
,

=-

W.

Belinawc, belonging to Belenus.

castle in

Pompadour an old

Limousin

= W.

pwmpa-dwr, the round

mass by the water.

Pont-du-Gard, near Nimes

= W.

pont-y-garth, the bridge of the

hill

encampment.

= W. pont-Dcwi, S. David's bridge. Provins Champagne = W. bro-gwyn, pleasant land. Queiras, a fort in Dauphine = W. caer. Quey/awie, a hamlet in Dauphine = W. keulan, a hollow. Quimper-le in Britanny = W. kemmacs, the field of sports. Rethel in Champagne = W. rhyd-tal, the head of the river. Phiys, a peninsula near Vannes = W. rhws, cultivated land. Ricomagus, Riom in Auvergne = W. rhyg-maes, rye-field.
Pontivy in Britanny
in

GG

258

Appendix.

No. VIII.
rhongca, hollow.

Roncevalle in the Pyrenees

= W.

Rothomagus, Rouen
vaes, the red

in

Normandy

= Erse,

ruadh-vagh;

W.

rhudd-

field.

Ruesium, Rieux
Ruskino,

Rutena,

= W. rhwys, luxuriance. Roussillon, near Spain = W. rliwysg, luxuriant. Rodez in France = W. rhudd-ddin, the red fort.
in

Languedoc

Also,

Row ton in Salop Ruthin = W. sarn, the causeway. Sarnia, Guernsey Scae'r in Britanny = W. esgair, a long ridge
Rutunium
or
:

in Denbighshire.

of hills. of the Gallic Druids

Sena, Isle de Sein off Ushant, the

sacred

isle

= W.

hSn, the venerable.

Suindunum, Le Mans
Talart, a castle in

= W. swyn-din, the charmed = W. tdl-garth, the front of the Provence

in

Maine

fort.

guard.

Talmont, an ancient domain in Poitou, of which Philippe de Corn-

mines was prince

Tarare, a

= W.

tdl-mwnt, the mountain's brow.

difficult pass

near Lyons
in Artois

= W.

tarv, a scare.
bulls.

Tarvanna, Terouenne

fort. Tasgodunum, Mirepoix in = of Teh Martins, Toulon W. telyn-Maivrth, the harp Mars. La

= W. tarw-van, the place of Languedoc = W. tasg-ddin, tribute

= W.

Ciotat, not far

off,

was called Kitharistes, the harper.

in

Tornodorum, Tonnerre
water.

Burgundy

twrn-dwr, the whirling

Trevultium, Trevoux in

Tumiac, Butte

de, in

= W. trev-a/tt, town on the steep. = W. tumiawc, on the incline. Britanny

Dombes
of Ouessant
off

Uxantis insula, the

isle

Britanny

Armoric, enes-

cuz, the isle of terror.

Uxelhdunum, Capdenac
Vapincum, Gap
combe, from
in
its

in

France

= W.

uchel-ddin, high town.

in

Dauphine = W.
steep precipices.

chwap-yn-cwm, the gap

the

Vellaunodunum, Beaune in Burgundy

Velovicum, Volvic in Auvergne

= W.

din-

Gwallawn.
sad-

= W.

cwm-gwclw, the pale or

coloured combe, from

Ve'nasque,
a

its

volcanic rocks.

port

in

Roussillon,

and

Venose

in

Dauphine

= W.

gwen-wysc, white water.

Ventavon in Provence

= W.

gwynt-avon, windy-river.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

259

= W. gwem-on, marsh-river. = W. gwyr- or giver-ddin, soldiers' fort. Verodutium, Verdun = W. bers-y-ltai, the stoccade in the clay. Versailles Versaliae, = W. gwes-liwnt, onward motion,' from Vesontio, Besancon
Vernon
in

Normandy

'

its

being

nearly surrounded by the river Doubs.

Vienna, below Lyons

= W.
:

'

gwy-an,
in

the river

'

Rhone.
cacr-vrigantcd.

Virgantia

castellum,

Briancon

Dauphine = W.
in

the fort of brigands

Vizeliacus, Vezelai
in

briganted

Morvan

Vorganinm, Carhaix
of land.

in

= W. Britanny = W.

Armoric signifying robbers. gwyddeliawc woodmen's home.

,

vdr-gaint, the great reach

Great Britain
The
river

England and Wales.

Abontrns or Humber {Ptolemy, W. Baxter)

= W.

avon-

trwst, the loud river.

Anton, Southampton Water

= W.

an-tonn, the surging water.

Bolder in Hants

= W. byldwr, the brimming water. Brne in Somerset = W. bryw, brisk. Camel, by Camelford in Cornwall = W. cam/an, winding,
in

a river

North Wales

the

Cam

by Cambridge

the Camlin in Ire-

land.

Caundle

in Dorset

Char

in

= W. cawn-dwll, = Dorset W. cor-nant, the

clear water,

reed-covered.

small brook.
;

Clar-ach,
Ireland.

near Aberystwyth

the Clare in Gal way,

Conway

in

North Wales

= Kynwy,
'

i.e.

iean-wysc,
its

head
banks.

water;

a presumption of the presence of the Gael on

'

Derivenydd,

river of oaks

the Derwent.

Duddon in Westmoreland = W. dH-dddn, the dark wave. Eamont in Cumberland = W. gwy-mant, the mouth of the the black Idumaris, Blackwater in Essex = W. y du = full river. the W. Welland llaxvn-w)\ Lcnda, the
>/i,'-r,

water.
sea.

Lodorc
in

in

Cumberland

W.

gloyw-dwr, clear water.

in

The Lledr

Carnarvonshire; the Lcider or Lauder

in

Scotland.

Loman

Devon

= W.

llovan, shooting forth.

260

Appendix.
river
its

No. VIII.

The

Nadder

in

Salisbury Plain

= W.

nei'dr,

the adder, from

winding stream.
in

Nenn

Northamptonshire
in

Ogmore
Parret

= W. nant, a small stream. = W. eog-mor, the salmon water. Glamorgan

in

Somerset
in

= W.

Pedryddan.

Ravenglas

Cumberland

= W. yr

avon glas, the blue

river.

Roden
Rydal

or
in

Trydonwy Cumberland

in Salop.
;

the Rheidiol, by Aberystwyth.

Stroud in Gloucestershire

= W.

ystrad, the river basin.

= W. gwdr, placid. Wear in Durham = Latin, vidrus; W. givydr, glass. Wharf in Yorkshire = W. chwerw, bitter. Garienis, now Yare in Norfolk = W. gweni, the marsh river. Blencathra in Cumberland = blaen-cadair, prominent Mountains
Ware
in Dorset
:

chair.

Blorenge in Monmouthshire
Eryri,

= W.
eira,

blawrwyn, hoary.
snow.

Snowdon
;

= W.

yr

the

Snow
of

is

sira

in

the

Quichua Samoyede yuru, Snowdon is Druym-sneachd, the snow-ridge. Glaramara in Cumberland = W. c/awr-mawr, the
Helvellyn in

cold, in

the

Peru.

In the Erse

great cover.

= W. hela-Velin, Belin's chase. Mendip hills in Somerset = W. mwyn-dibyn, mine-precipice. Mynydd Kadair, the chair = The Hatteril hills in Herefordshire.
Cumberland

The Cheddar
Skiddaw
in

hill in

Somerset also means kadair, the chair.

Cumberland

= W.

ysgwyddan, the shoulders.

The

A?icatites,

the

Britons of Buckinghamshire

= W.

an-kelyddon,

the

men

of the covert of beech- woods.

Attacotti, a wild tribe near

Glasgow

= W.

argoedwys, woodmen.

Brigantes in Yorkshire
Cassii in

Middlesex
those

Catieuchlani,

= W. Armoric, brzganted, brigands. = W. gwassawd, vassals. above the Thames = W. cdd-iiwch-lan,

military

the

warriors of the upper bank.

Comavii,

men

of

renown

east

of

the

Severn

= W.

coruawr-wyr, the leading

tribe.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

2 (>i

The Dobnni, men

the hollows.

of the Cotswold valleys

= W.

dwvn-wyr, men

in

Dumnonii, they of Devon men.

Durotriges,
water.

= W. = W.

dubn or dwvn-wyr, deep glade

they of Dorset

dwr-trig-wyr,

dwellers

by the

Gangani, they of Lleyn in Arvon

Ordovikes,
of the

they

of

North

= W. y gaing, Wales = W. gorddwy, = W. = W.

the peninsula. the

vanguard

Brython against the retreating Gaels.

they of Middlesex
trin-obant-wys,
cultivators

Trinobantes,

of the dingles.

Aballaba, Appleby in Westmoreland

aval, apple.

Abcrnavis, Barnstaple
of the water.

in

Devon

= W.

abcr-na-wysc,

the confluence

Adyn Tor, a hill in Derbyshire, whence down their adyn, wretch or criminal
;

formerly the Kelts flung

a

punishment designed

at

Nazareth

for

our Blessed Lord.

in

(S.

Luke.)
in

Alauna

civitas,

Alnwick

Northumberland and Alcester

War-

wickshire
Albion,

= W.

caer-alawn.

W. y wen

ynys, the white island.

in

Amboglanna,
Ambrosii

Burdoswald

Cumberland

= W.
= W.

glann-avon,

the

river's side.

Mom, Ambresbury
Romney
in

in

Wiltshire

mynydd Ambyr,

Ambrose's mount.
Applcdore, near

{Brut y Brcnhinoedd)

Kent

= W.

avall-dre, apple-town.

Arundel

in Sussex

= W.

dol-aeron, Arun-dale.

Avalonia, Glastonbury in Somerset

appletrees.

= W.

Ynys Avallon, the

isle

of

Axelodunmn, Hexham

= W.
of
S.

uchcl-ddin, high town.

Bennavenna, the

see

Cadoc,

Weedon

in

Northamptonshire

W.
Blatum

ben-avon, the head of the Aufona, Avon, or river Nen.

Bcrnicia, the

Wolds

of Yorkshire
in

= W.

Bryua'cli, the hill-country.

Bulgium, Bulness

Cumberland

= W.

bwlch-llydan,

the

wide gap in the wall of Severus.

Bodmin

in

Cornwall

= W.

Bodwcni.

[Mattk.

Wcstmonaster.)

262

Appendix.

No. VIII.
Land's

Bolerium

promontorium,

The

End

= W.

bol-y-rhyn,

the

bulging out of the headland.

Boscawcn

in

Cornwall

= W.
in

bod-ysgawen, the elder-tree abode.

Brannodunum, Brancaster

Norfolk

= W.

Dinas Bran (by Llan-

gollen in North Wales), the royal fort.

{P'.iny, Hi. 4.)

Brana

in north Italy.

Bremenium, Riechester on the Wall

the
hill of stones.

of

Hadrian

= W.

bre-meini,

Brocavum, Brougham

in

Westmoreland

= W.

bribg, the brake.

Castrum, the common designation of fortified encampments of the Romans in Britain, rendered as Caer by the Kymry, thus

Caer-Andred
C.

or Anderida,

Newenden

in Kent.

Baddon, the

city of the baths, Bath.

;

Also called Aquae

Pallas' water,

So/is,

waters of the sun

C. Bladdon,

and Caer-Paladur,
in Wiltshire.

Pala-dwr.

Malmesbury
or

C. Calemion

Camelion {Nennius), Camalot, king Arthur's seat

Also,

in Somerset.

Caer-gamlas.

{Theophilns

Evans)

C. Kei, Chichester in Sussex.

C. Colun, Colchester in Essex. C. Collwyn, Harlech castle in Merioneth.

C. Conan, Conisborough in Yorkshire.
Caer-kysteint,

Carnarvon

castle

also,

Caer-Segont or Seiont, or Se-

gontium, the residence of the emperor Constantius, and in A.D. " an edifice of 750 of Rhodri Vawr, the last king of Wales
:

stupendous magnitude and strength," says Dr. Johnson.

Kaer-

Kystennin
C. C.
C.

is

the

Kymric rendering

of Constantinople.

Dawn
Dawri

{Nennius), Doncaster in Yorkshire.

or Dor, Dorchester in Dorset.
in Salop. in

Droithan (Ussher.), Draiton

C.

Dydd, corruptly

for

C.

Dyv, Cardiff

Glamorgan.

C.

Evrawg=

Eboracum, York.

C. ffaivydd, the city of beech-trees, Hereford. C. Gainl, Canterbury in Kent. C. y-

Garrai = Saxon,

tho.ig-ceaster,

Caistor in Lincolnshire.

C. Gloyw, the fair city {Camden.),

Glevum, Gloucester.

Appendix.

No. VIII.

263

Caer-Grawnt, Cambridge.
C. Gwafr, the see of S. Dubricius; also C. Wythelin, C. Gwent,
C.

Warwick.

Chepstow
the

in

Monmouthshire.
of

Gwerdd-Ilatiy

city
in

the
;

green
the

lawn,

or

Cacr-bcrllan

(a

name

yet

known

Wales)

Saxon
Also,
it

Wcrlam-ccastcr,

the

Roman Verulamiam,
Municipium
C.

S. Alban's.

was C. Municip, the

of Nennius.

Gwynt

or

Vetita

Belgarum, Winchester.

C.

Givyrangon, Worcester.
Gybi, the city of S. Kebius, Holyhead.
Gy?ity?i,

C.
C.

Venta Ikenorum, an ancient city near Norwich.

C.

Gyrnwy, the city of the Churn, Cirencester.

C. Leuav, Wallingford in Berkshire.

C. Liwelydd, Carlisle
calls

also,

Kerdhiel in Britanny.
in

The name

re-

Llywel in Radnorshire and Clovelly

the
; ;

Devonshire.

C. Ltwdaz'n,

king Lud
C. Lleon-ar-

also Cacr-ludd, the city of moon-shaped city and Lwndrys, from Norman Londres London.
in

Wysc

Monmouthshire, the

seat of

king Arthur.

C. L/eon-vawr, the city of the legion, Chester.

C. Ltiit-coit or Lfwyd-goed, the city in the hoary wood, Lincoln.

C.

Llyr or C. Lerion, Leicester.

C.

Maenguid,

the

city

of

the

quarry

(Ne?mius.),

Manchester

in

Warwickshire.
C.

Maengwyn

or

Mancunium, Manchester.

There

is

an Ynys Maen-

gwyn, near Towyn, Merioneth.

C. JHedwag, the city of the
C.

Medway, Maidstone

in

Kent.
in

Odor [y dwr?~\ yn Nant-Baddon, the

valley of the baths, Bristol.

city of the water

the

C.

Pcnhwylcoed {Brut y Brenhinocdd), Exeter

Pen-caer.

also,

Caer-wysc and
well.

Usk

in

Monmouthshire
alders,

is

Caer-wysc as
;

C. Pengwerti, the

brow of

Shrewsbury

also called

Amwythig,

the pleasant place.

C. Pensave/coyt,

the

fort

at

the

head

of

the

wood

of the

Ivcl

{Nennitis.), Ilchester in Somerset.

C.

Rhun, Castrum Romani or Conovium on the Conway.

264

Appendix.

No. VIII.
castle in

Caer-Riw {Brut y Tywysogion), Carew

Pembrokeshire.

C. Segent, the see of S. Maucannus, Silchester in Hants. C. Septwii, Shaftesbury. C. Vcmbyr,

and Caerwosso or Caerwysc, the city of water, Oxford.

C. Vorran, a
C.

Kymric town on the Wall

or

of Severus in

Northumberland.

Vruach

Uriconium
Its

{Dinlle-Vrecon

Llywarch
in

Hen
of the

calls

it),

Wroxeter, Salop.
the brig or summit.
C.

name remains

that

Wrekin,

Vyrddin,

Merlin's

or

Martin's* city,

Carmarthen.
S.

Kermartin,

near Treguier in Britanny,

C.

was the home of

city,

Yves.
or

Werydd,

the

green

[or

Irish]

Lancaster

Wearmouth.

(Cunedda Wledig ruled from Caerliwelydd to Caerweir.)

Calaterium

nemus

Calettir,
is

hard land

= the

Forest of Galtres

in

Yorkshire.

Caledonia

also Calatyr.

Calchvynydd, the chalk

hill,

a district in mid-England, probably the

S.

Cotswold range, of which

see before the

Cadvrawd was bishop without

Saxons reached the Severn.

the craggy
hill

Caled-vryn

yn Rhos,

in

Rhos

= Denbigh

in

North

Wales.
Calleva, Kelleu groves (as in Dtl-gelleii)

= Silchester.
last

Camelford

in

Cornwall

Cam/an, the scene of Arthur's

battle.

(Leland.)

Cangcanon-acron {Ptolemy)
of Lleyn
in

= W.

caingc,

the branch
is

or

peninsula

Arvon.

The name Lleyn

(now submerged)

that

of Leinster in

Ireland, of Lyonness
in Britanny.

in Cornwall,

and of Leon

Cantium

= W.

caz'nt,

an undulating plain, Kent.

caer-pant-rhyg,

Carbantorigum

= W.

the

fort

of

the

rye

hollow

Melrose, as Baxter thinks, Glencar as Camden.

Camoban,

a district

in

Bernicia, where

the Triads notice that the

is,

Kymry

or Loegrians "did not

become Saxons," that

perhaps Craven
[Llwyd.)

retained

their speech

and nationality

in Yorkshire.

Carreg Hydwydd, Hodnet

Carreg llwyd yn
'

in Salop.

coed,

the hoary rock in the

wood

'

= S.

Michael's

Mount

in Cornwall.

Appendix.
Carvilinm, Wilton
willows.
Caste// C6ch
in

No. VIII.

265
the
fort

Wiltshire

= W.

caer-gwilw,

of the

the

yn Gwemvor, the red castle in the ancient name of Ruthin in Denbighshire.

great

meadow

{Pennant.)
Cattraeth, the

Cataracte vicus {Beda), Catterick on the Swale

scene of battle in Aneurin's Gododin.

= W.

Cathbregion {Ncnnitis), Cadbury in Somerset.

Kenionis ostium

{Pto/emy), Falmouth

haven

= W.

Abcr-geneu, the

mouth

of the haven.
in Cheshire.

KU-gwri, the Wirral

{Camden.)

Kindovig/a, Chester-on-the-street in
weilgi, the head of the sea.

Durham

{Baxter.)

= W.

Pen-y-

C/anoventa, Cockermouth
shore.

in

Cumberland

= W.

glan-went,

the

fair

C/anscntnm, Southampton
Coit-Andred,

= W.

c/awdd Antwn, Antonius' dyke.

forest

Andred's weald (Latin, Anderida), an ancient

of vast extent in Sussex.

less

According

to Mr. Barnes,

'

the path-

wood.'

Coet-maes,

wood

field

{Camden.), the Vale of Catmose in Rutland.

Coit-mawr, the great

wood

{Asser.),

Selwood Forest

in Somerset.

Concangii, Kendal in Westmoreland

= W.

cwm-keingion.

{Baxter.)

The name Kendal

is

Kymric

Dot-gain, the dale of the Ken.

Congavata, Rose-castle, near Carlisle

= W.
.

cwm-kyvawd.

Cor-gawr, the giant choir {Le/and.), Stonehenge.

Cornnbia

= W.

Kemhv,

the

horn

or

projecting

land,

Cornwall.

Also, Kerne, Cornouailles in Britanny.

Connennos {Pto/emy.), the

Isle of

Dogs

in

the

Thames

= W.
the

Ynys

y
Craig,

Cun.
rock
:

hence

Craven

in

Yorkshire.

Krac

is

Arabic

name
Cnnctio,

of Petra in Arabia, the

in Wiltshire

mount

Seir in the Bible.

Marlborough
in

= W.

kynnud.

Rhyd-kynnyd

is

found

Cwm,
Deira,

a deep

Llywarch Hen. narrow valley, preserved

in

in Ilfracombe,

Wy-combe, &c.

Kynance Cove

Cornwall

= W.

kennant, a brook in a hollow.

Durham = W.

Dcivr.

HH

266

Appendix.

No. VIII.
Its

Dcmetia, Pembrokeshire
lar title

= Dyved.

Kymric

chief bore the singu-

of

Pendaran, 'the thunder

chief:'

which would have

gratified Nelson, the duke of Bronte.

Dena, Fforest
1071.)

y, the Forest of

Dean

in Gloucestershire.

(Mabinog-

Derwent- Water

in

Cumberland

= W.

dwr-givyn, fair water.

Deyrnllwg (Nenm'us.)
to the forests of

= Vale

Royal

in Cheshire, anciently extending

Cumberland.
in Shropshire.

Digoll = The

Long Mynd {mynydd)

'

Dingwarth Bryncich
stronghold

{Nennius),

the

disgrace
in

of

Bernicia,'

the

of the Angles,

Bamborough
'

Northumberland.

Din-obant or Din-y-pant, the

Do/, the same word as the

fort in

the hollow, Nottingham.

dale.'
It

English
in

expresses

Deal

in

Kent and Dawlish

(dol-isa)

Devonshire.

(Polwhele)
;

Dumnonia

= W.

Dyv-neint, deep glens, Devonshire

also,

the north

coast of Britanny.

Dunmow

in

Essex

= W.

din-magh or -maes, the

fine

field-fort.

{Camden.)

Durobrabis

= W.

dwr-brav,

water

Rochester.
;

Duro-co-briva, the bridge over the dwr-coch (red water)

in Hertfordshire.

Redbourne

Edros, the

name given by Ptolemy

to the Isle of birds.

of Bardsey, in his

time desert

W.
a

ynys adar,

isle

Ehnet or Elved,

Kymric

petty state near

Leeds, whose

last

king

Kertic was driven out by

Eadwin

of

Northumbria.

(Beda.)

Ereinwg, the land of Geraint

Gabrosentum, Gateshead,

= Herefordshire. Durham = W. pen-gavr,

the goat's head.

Garthmarthein, the old name of Brychciniog (Brecknock), the land

of Brychan, king of Ireland.

Glannobanta,

Bainbridge in Yorkshire

or

Routchester

{Baxter)

W.

glan-y-pant, the glen of the hollow.

of Glastonbury

The Torr

= W.

glesynvre, the green summit.

Gobannium, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire

mulus.

= W.

gob-ban,

high tu-

Grongar Hill on the Towy, sung gaer, the round fort.

of

by the poet Dyer

= W.

gronn-

Appendix.
Gweuestr,
moric,
a wild

No. VIII.

267

flood

said

Gueznou)

to

by the poet-prince Gwyddno (in Arhave drowned his territory, Cantrev-yIt

gwaelod, the Holland of Wales.

(given estr) of the

may mean
the

'the fair estuary'

Mawddach,
as "

or

main ocean.

Gwyddno
the clouds."

mentions Caer-Manddwy
I

hiding his head

a

among
at

take

it

to

mean Aran Mawddwy,

seen from the beach at
'

mountain higher than

low ebb.

Cadair

Idris,

Barmouth

Gwcly Wyrion Kynan,

ancient

the settlement
in

of

Conan's descendants,' the

name

of Eivionydd

Arvon.

Such designations are

'

landmarks of history.

Thus we have Morganwg,

the land of

Morgan Mwynvawr,' Glamorgan; Meirionydd,

ion,'

'the land of Meir-

Merioneth (preserved
;

in

Britanny by Merionez, near Vali-

nes)
'

and Keredigiawn,
fair

'

the land of Keredig, Cardiganshire.

I

Gwcnt,

the

open country,' Monmouthshire.

'

take

Gwent

to

be the term

Venta

'

applied
it

to

several

British

cities,

though

De

Belloguet derives
the
'

from

W.

gwenith, wheat.
:

Gwlad yr Hav,

land of summer,' Somersetshire though also or eastern land whence the southern some Kymry came. implying Gwyr, the peninsula of Gower in Glamorgan Gowrie in Perthshire.
:

Heledd-Ddu, the black salt-pit, Northwich in Cheshire.

Hclcdd- Wen, the white
salt-pit,

Nantwich.

Henllan, Henley-in-Arden in Warwickshire.

Henllys, old court, Helston in Cornwall.

Jiipupania,

place

near

Cardiff (Ptolemy.)

= W.

Trcv-Iwbwb,

the

(Owen Pughe.) alarm-post. Lemanis Partus, Lyme in Kent

green point.

= W.

Pivyth-meinlas,

the

narrow

Limnns, the

isle

of

Ramsey

in

Pembrokeshire
then
'a village."

= W.
then

Ynys Enlliv.
again 'a parish
class.

Llan, 'a clearing in a

church.'

forest,'

Llangollen

may

serve
of

as

the

type of a large
it

With

its

companion viaduct
as

Pont-kyssyllt\\

appears
far

in

Britanny

Langolen together with Tre-quesseltec not

Somerset
offers
;

from
;

Ouimper.
Llan-gcneu,

us

Llan-Garannog,

Carhampton
;

Keynsham

Llan- Gynngar, Congresbury

and

Uan-

Degwman;

the churches of SS. Carantoc, Keyna, Congar, and

268

Appendix.

No. VIII.
Cornwall
in

Decuman.
Stephen's
Linus.'
;

Launceston

in

was

Llan-Stephan,
'

S. S.

and Leominster

Herefordshire.

Llan-llieni,

Llctty-dwr, 'the inn

upon the water' {Camden?), Bedford.

Llyn-wys {Nenmus)

= Lindesey

in Lincolnshire.

Llys-tywysog, 'the Prince's court,' (Prince Arthur

Tudor and Mary,

afterwards Queen, held court there)

it

is

the scene of Milton's

Comus
Lynn
in

= Ludlow in Salop. Norfolk = W. llyn, the

field.

lake or expansion of the Ouse.

Macacorion,

Deerhurst in Gloucestershire

= W.

Magh-

or

Maes-y-

keirw, the deer

{Baxter)

Magiovinium, Dunstable in Bedfordshire

'

= W. Maghiou= W.
ynys

or

Maesydd-

gwynion,

the white
isle

'

or chalky
in

'

fields.'

Malata,

the

of

Sheppey

Kent

mollt,

isle

of

wethers.

Man = W. man-aw, place in the Manduessednm, Manceter = W. man-dwy-eisteddva,

Manaw,
the Isle of
seats
?

water.
place
of

two

Marazion

in Cornwall

Meddgawd {Nennins)
Menna
or Meneg,

= W. marchnad Ion, Jove's = the isle of Lindisfarne.

of

market.

Mcnevia or Mynyw, otherwise Ty Ddewi, the

the peninsula
the

see of S. David.

Lizard

= W.
Hoegyr.

tnaneg,

the

glove.

Mercia or the
Saeson.)

English

March

= W.

Blaeneu

{Brut

Metaris, the

Wash
;

in

Lincolnshire {Ptolemy)

= W.

mall-traeth, the

evil estuary

also, a

run of the sea in Anglesea.

tin-mine
hill.

Minchead in Devonshire = W. Bryn-huel, the Afona, the Isle of Anglesea = W. Ynys Mon.
Moricambc,
crooked

Morecambe
sea.

Bay

in

Lancashire

= W.

mur-gam,

the

Mortdunum, Seaton in Devonshire = W. mor-ddin, fort on the sea. Ocrinum promontorium, the Lizard Point in Cornwall = W. Penrhyn Ochrin, the jagged headland. behind Trieste.
Cf.

Ochrina, a mountain

Appendix.
Pen-ball-cra/g (Camden.),

No. VIII.

269

Pcn-ddr, the

Tynemouth in Northumberland. oaken summit = Margam in Glamorgan.

in Lancashire

Rmdle,

mountain
the

= W.
the

pen-lie,

head of the place.

Pen-hardd-lech,

summit

of

fine

rock,

Hawarden

Castle.

(Brut y Tywysog/on, Annates Wigorn.)

Pennocrnkinm,
the barrow.

Penkridge

in

Staffordshire

= \V.

pen-kruc,

head of

Pen-rhndd, the red head

kings of

= Penrith

in

Cumberland, the

seat of

the

Cumbria

also called

Penrhyn

Rhionydd, the

princes'

headland.

Pen-sant,

the saint's

head

(S.

John

Baptist's

in

the

arms of the

town)

= Penzance

in Cornwall.

Pen-nchel-coit, the high top of the

wood

= Lostwithiel.
in

Penrhyn Penwaed or Pemvyth, the Land's End

called in Cornish Pen-von-las.

Cornwall; also

Pons

Ael//,

W. Pont Una// =
in

Ponteland

in

Northumberland.
in Somerset.

I\>nt-/vcl-coct, the Ivel bridge in the

wood

= Ilchester
?
;

Porth-Gwygyr
Portk-Peris
borth
'

Mona

(Triads.)

(i.e.

Portns Paridos)

= Beaumaris = Portsmouth

also

called

'

Llong-

by Llywarch Hen.

Portns Adnmi, Ederington, near Shoreham

= \V.

Porth-y-dwr.

The Prawle,
Rh/godnnnin,

a headland in

Devon

= W.

brawl, shooting out.

W.

din-rhyg, the barley

in

Rntnpinns Portns, Richborough

Rutland,

= Ripon in Yorkshire. = W. Porth Rwytin. Kent

town
Also,

W. W.

R/mddlan,

red

land.

Rhuddlan

in

North

Wales.

= Strigil in Northumberland. S/lnr/a, W. Esylhvg, abounding in prospects = South Wales. S/hmagus, W. yd-vaes, wheat field = Stowmarket in Suffolk. Strata Ikcnornm, W. Ystrad- Ychat'n = Ikenild Street, the Roman
Segednnnm,
sycli-ddin, the

dry

fort

road from
Strata
the

London

to Norfolk.

V/tal/am\

W.
?

Ystrad or

Sam

Gwythelin

= Watling

Street,

Roman

road from London to the north-west.

Teg-cingl, fair corner

= Flintshire.
'

Thulc Scottonim, the end of the earth, 'ultima Thule

according to

270
Seneca,
Ireland

Appendix.

No. VIII.
Isgoed.

= W.
of

Tyleu
the

Perhaps implied by the

of

mysterious

Tnlan

Nahoa

tribes in

central

America,
Baxter ap-

though Tula occurs on the Holy Sea

plies the

Siberia.
isle,'

Welsh name Ynys

I

Tywyll, 'the dark

to the Irish
title.

Thule.

leave Anglesea to claim a

now
in

inapplicable

Tintagcl castle, the birthplace of Arthur

the fort
of the

Cornwall = W.

tin-dagol,

dewlap, from

its

situation.

{MS. Harl. 433.

Seint Great.)

Tintern
Totncss

Abbey in Gwent = W. Din-deym, the prince's in Devon = W. twtnai, dark, the colour of the
'town,' the

fort.

Dart.

Tkev = 'homestead,'
less

Saxon

time, very frequent in

Corn-

we have the Cornish Trelawny wall, preserved in Tre-Lownydd, the old name of Newmarket in Flintshire (Pennant.) and Trevdraeth expresses Rudruth in
so
in

Wales.

Yet-

Cornwall and Newport in Pembrokeshire.

Tripontiutn,

(Polwhele.)

W.

tri-phont,

three

bridges

= Towcester,

north Hants.

Tunnokelum, Boulness in Cumberland

Tyno-coch, the red lowland

= W.
name

din-uchel, high fort.

of Cardiganshire.

= an

old

Ty-ogovawg,

W.

the town of caves (Asser.)

Uxella, Lostwithiel in Cornwall

Vagniacum, Maidstone

in

= Northampton. = W. llys-uchel, high court. Kent = W. cwm-gwaun, the combe = W.

y wann, marshy
to
its

in the

down.
Vainona, Waynfiete in Lincolnshire
Van's or Varae in
to

ground.

the Itinerary of Antoninus, supposed

be Bala

in

Merioneth,
;

who

refers

by Baxter position and to

Caii)

Castell

Corndochon

would add Caer-gai (Castrum

Bala)

and
the

the

Tumulus

(Tommen y
Isle

= W.
Ynys

war-wysc,

above

water.

Vecta Insula,
island.

the

of

Wight

= W.

Gwyth, the channel

Portus

Vendelis, Portland Island

Vencdotia,

North

Vergivium Mare,

Whitsand in Picardy = W. Porth-wyth. = W. gwyn-del, the white hard surface. Wales = W. Gwynedd, fair country. the Irish Sea = in Erse, Feairrghe, the sea W.
Itius,
;

Mor-wcrvdJ,

a modified

form of the Erse.

Vindenus, Silchester in

Hampshire

= W.

gwyn-ddin, the white

city.

Appendix.
I'indogladia,

No. VIII.

z'ji

Wimborne

in

Dorset

= W.

gwyn-dcu-glcddcu,

the

white two swords or branches of a river.

Vinovium, Binchester in
Voreda, Old Penrith in
Cf.

= W. mhi-</v the frail brink Cumberland = W. y vdr-hyd, the sea-wash.

Durham
y

For A yd, by Rhyl.

Ynys Devanog

= Ramsey
24,

Isle in

Pembrokeshire.
'

(L/uyd.)

Ynys Glanawg, 'Insula Glannavo

III.,

in the Epistles of

Pope Innocent

Nov.

1199;
off

also,

Ynys
It

Seirioel

(MS. Harl. 6q6j)

in

Puffin

island,

Anglesea.

occurs

the

Ystorya

Sritit

Grea/, as doth Bannot or

'
'

Manod by

Festiniog.

Ynys Pyrr,

Pyrrhus

isle

= Caldey
isle

island in Bristol Channel.

for
its

Ynys Rhiothim, probably from Rutupium hard by, famed

oysters

(Asser) = the

of Thanet.
Isles

Sylinae Insulae (Su/pict'us Severus.), the Scilly

= W.

Ynys Svlin;

perhaps std-Uch, rocks of the sun.

Wynander-mcre
the

in

Westmoreland

W.

Llyn-Gwynnant, the lake of

fair valley.

Great Britain
The
river

Scotland.

Abravannus or Rian

in

Galloway
?

= W.

Aber-avon.

= W. Brothock = W.
Bannock
Kelvin in

banawg, notable
brxvth,

commotion.
Kil-gwyn, the
fair covert.

Clydesdale = W.

Rntlwcn
Lakes
:

= W.

rhndd-avon, the red river.

Lelannonius lacus,

Loch Fine

= W.

l/illcn-on,

the

goat's

lake.

= W. llwch-aber, the confluence of the lake. = Lock-awe W. llwch-avon, the lake of the river. Loch-lomond = W. Uwch-lummon (Ncnnins.), the beacon Mountains: Bcn-clcugh = W Pen-glog, the skull. Ben-lomond = W Pen-Uumon (Plinlimmon), the beacon
Loch-abcr
. .

lake.

head.

Ben-more

= W.

Pen-mawr, the great head.

Ben-ncvis in Inverness
head.

= W.

Pen-nyv, 'Apenninus nubium,

cloudy

272

Appendix.
in Banffshire

No. VIII.
cairn.

Cairngorm

= W.

carnedd-gwrm, the dusky

Gratnpins mons, the Grampian

to the sun.

= W.

Pen-Grian, the summit sacred

{Baxter)

The

Horestii, the Keltic dwellers in

Angus =fforcstwyr,

foresters.

Maiatae,
plains.

the

Scottish

Lowlanders

= W.

mai-awd, men

of

the

Novantes, the
Otadini, on

men

of Galloway

= W.

novantwys, turbulent.

the

Borders

= W.

Gododin, the scene of Aneurin's

song, corrupted into Lothian.

Selgovae, a tribe in Galloway

= Erse,
e.g.

selg;

W.

hela, hunters.

Aber, the confluence of waters.

with this place-name.

Scotland, as well as Wales, abounds

We

have

Abcrbrothock or Arbroath,
:

Abercom

or Abercwnrig, Abernethy

Brecon, Cardigan,

Mon-

mouth, and Swansea have displaced the names of Aber-Honddu,

Aber-Teivy, Aber-Mynwy, and Aber-Tawy.

Aber

survives

in

France

as

'

Le Havre.'
the

Rhodwydd Arderydd,
Argyle

Knows

of Arthuret,

military

pass

on

the Esk, defended by

Dry won ab Nudd.

{Triads, Skene.)

= W. Ar-Gwyddyl,
the

the land next the Gael or Irish.

Arthur's Seat, near Edinburgh

= Castell
in

Mynydd Agnedd.

{Camden)
the

Balmoral,

Queen's

castle

Scotland

= W.

Bdl-mwrl,

crumbling peak?
Blantyre in Lanarkshire

Bute

in the isle of

= W. Blaen-tir, the headland. Arran = W. Bettws, S. Brandan's cell.

Caer-Alclwyd, Dunbarton on the Clyde.

C.
C. C.

Colud {Beda.)

= Coldingham.
in west Lothian.

Eden

= Carriden
the

{Camden.)
ap Morvryn

Gwerthevin,
fort of

home

of

Merddin

= possibly

the

the Verturiones.

C.
C.

laverock

C.
C.

= Inch-Keith in the Frith of Forth. = W. Caer-llavrawg, the also called Uxelum = W. uchel, the high fort. Pentallorh = Kirkintilloch, on the Roman Wall. Verwig {lolo Goch.) = Berwick-on-Tweed.
Gwyth {Beda.)
in

Dumfriesshire

round

fort

Appendix.
Cantirc, the headland of Galloway

No. VIII.

273

= W.

Pen-tlr, the headland.

Cateneys, Cauda

insula*, the island's end

= Caithness.

Kilkerran lough in Cantire.

Kinnolsa, the
isle

Cf. Kilgerran castle in Cardiganshire.

of Colonsay

= W.

canol-nysg, midst of water.

Kinross

in Fifeshire
isle

= W.

Pen-rhos, head of the marsh.

Clauinnis, the
Coclin, the

of Lewis

= W.

llaw-ynys,

isle

like a

hand.

home

of

Coel-Godebog = Kyle

in Ayrshire.

Cregidona,

W.
in

craig-dicnncn, the rocky

Pictish
'

hill

Drumabon,

the

back

of

the

= Creighton. river = Drummond

'

in

Strathearne,

W.

Ystrad-Aeron.
hill fort.

Dumfries or Dun-frcys in Nithisdale = W. Din-y-ffridd, the W. Dhi-Tawy. Dundee, on the river Tay

Dunkeld

in

Perthshire

= W.

Dhi-kelyddon, the fort of the coverts.

Duns in the March of Scotland Din Eiddin, Edinburgh.

Galysten, a
shire
?

= W.

Dinas, the

fort or city.

place mentioned

by Taliesin

on the Gala

in Selkirk-

Glasgow,

W.

Glds-cwm, the green combe.

Glenluce in Wigtonshire

= W.
in

glyn-llwg, the bright glen.

Gwenystrad

in Strathclyde {Taliesin.)

Habitancum, Risingham

= Strathaven in Lanarkshire. Otadinis {Baxter.) = W. havod-yn-cwm,

Heledd.

the shieling or hut in the combe.

Hebrides, the Western

Isles

= W.

Inverary
or

in Argyllshire
river.

= W.

Aber-eira, the confluence of the eira

snow

{Camden)
Ross-shire

Inver- Gordon

in

= W.

Abcr-gorddwvn,

the

confluence

with the deep.

Lanark
Lennox

in Clydesdale

= W.
,

llanncrch, a glade.

= W.

llyvfi-wysc

smooth water.
llyn-dwr, the lake of water.

Lindores in Fifeshire

= W.

Litanomagus,
Melrose abbey

W.
(in

llvdan-maes, broad
old

chronicles

= Flodden Field. written Mailros) = W. mael-rhds,

field

the profitable moorland.

Ochiltrc or Uchiltrc castle in Kyle, the ancient seat of the Stuarts

= W.
11

ucl/el-dre, the

high town.

274
Orcades, the Orkney

Appendix.
isles

No. VIII.
erch; Armoric, erc*h, snow.
river

= W.

Penicuik in

Midlothian

= W.

Pcn-Cuawc, from the

Cuawc.

(Llywarch)

Penn-Guaul,

W.

= Gaelic

{Ncnnius), Kinneil; the [Roman] Wall's

End
Pcnrhyn

= Kinnoul. Blathaon = Caithness

civitas,

Point.

Rhctigonium
Roslyn

W. Rheged =

Strathnaver in Galloway.

= W. rhos-lyn, the marsh Rosse = W. rhos, the moor.

Scetis {Ptolemy.),

of the lake.

W. ysgad ynys,
tarv-drwyn,

the

isle

of herrings

Tarvedrum,

W.

the

scaring

= Shetland. headland = Duncansby

Head

in Caithness.

Ystrad, the Kymric equivalent to 'strath,' the bank of large rivers; as e.g. Ystrad C/wyd, Ystrad Ithon, Ystrad Mawr, Ystrad

Towy

(in

Wales)

= the

straths of the Clyde, the

Eden, the great

strath, that of the

Towy.
Ireland.

We
Kymry
race,

have now traced the roving Kelts from

isle

the confines of
:

India to their final settlement in the green

call
it

of Erin

Gwerddon the
this

to this day.

It is needless to

enlarge on
features
writers,

ground.
the
old

The modern Gwyddyl

as

or

Gael
classic

present

the

of

depicted
for

by the

Graeco-Latin

even

more

completely

good or for evil than do the

to
tribal

Kymry

themselves.

The attachment

chieftains,

more strikingly exhibited

by the Scottish Gael, has been replaced by an unswerving devotion to the Italian Patriarch of the West, which has survived the feeble
efforts of

the English settlers and the brutal violence of the Puritans.

The

levity

and reckless gaiety of the old Gauls they

still

inherit

with their French brethren.

of

The Kymry
to

of

Wales betray tokens

English domination.

the

influence
of
;

of

long

subjection

the

The harp
traction
fathers.

Puritanism

for

Cambria has been silenced by the frown of a sombre and the jargon of political squabbles has a greater atthe moderns than the simple melodies of their forein

The wide divergence

religion of the

two kindred

races

Appendix.
is

No. VIII.
hatred

275
of foreign

attributable

to

the

same

origin, a deep-rooted

influences hostile to their nationality.

In Ireland they clung to the

Pope,

because
love
to
'

the

new

learning
little

had

disowned him
'

in

London.

They

the

care not

Wales, sturdy they have their dear native land ticketed by the Saxon as
It

conventicles

in

because

'four dioceses in the province of Canterbury.'

may

stand in law;

but

it

wounds sentiment, and

viii.,

recalls

chapter
the

section

2,

of this

Work.]
lavished
;

unhappy The Welsh

on
the

memories.

[See

translation of

Bible
it

shares

the

eulogies

English

Version,

which

perhaps too closely copies

but the current of events defies

our poor prognostics.

learn the

Gael and Kymry, transplanted to America,

of the

manners and share the aspirations

Yet
it

land

of their

adoption.

is

difficult

to believe that a language expressing

the cherished feelings and thoughts of a

thousand generations

will

be suffered to perish save with

Time

whilst the extinction of the

noblest languages of the sons of Japhet

the Sanskrit, Hellenic, and

Latin, save in derived

tions.

forms

rebukes the temerity of our specula-

Of the

four provinces of Erin, the

Kymry knew
and Llcyn.

three

Ulster,

Connaught, and Leinster,

as Ultw, Conacli,

Of

its rivers,

the Libnius {Ptolemy.) or Liffey appears in North Wales as Llyvni;

while

the
'

Latinized

name
'

of

the

Lagan,

Ouinderios,

is

Kymric,

meaning
figure
in

white water
Kildare,

{givyn-dwr).

The K'ds
:

or retreats of

Wales

Kilmore, Kilkenny

Bala, the outlet of a lake,

are

in Bally-shannon.

The

sees of

Armagh and Dublin

is

Dearmagh
fort)
;

(W. Ddr-vaes, the oak plain), and Dinas Dtilyn (Black-pool

Cloyne, dear for Berkeley's sake,
the ivy glen.

Cluain-cdncach:
in

W.

Glyn-etddcw

Kerry and Pentir- Ganion in Antrim, the Fair Head, near Dungannon, are Kymric rather than
Gaelic.

Dunmorc headland

APPENDIX.

No. IX.

LATIN NAMES OF PERSONS RETAINED BY THE KYMRY, INCLUDING THOSE OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE, AND GREEK NAMES THEREIN OCCURRING.

= Adran. = Huail. Aelius Aemilianus = Emlyn. Aeternus = Edern, e.g.

Adrianus

Atnbrosius

Ammonius

= Emrys. = Amwn,

e.g.

Amwn
e.g.

Dhu
Edeyrn

Lydaw.

Andragathius
Antoninus

Anarawd,

Davod
Aethcrius

aur.

Anarawd Vinddu.
e.g.

Eithyr,

Eithyr

= Anntwn.

ab Llywarch.
Aetius

Arcadius
e.g.

= Argad.

= Aedd,

Aedd Mawr,
Annes
and

the Patrician Aetius.

Agnes,
Nest.

Agnetis

= Arthur. Aristobulus = Arwystli. Artemius = Arthen. (Triads.) Arvandus = Gavran.

Arc turns

Agricola

Albanus

= Grigyll. = Elvan,
Elyw
?

e.g.

Elvan

Powys.
Alexius
Allectus

{Llywarch?)

= Elaeth.

= Awstin. Augustus = Awst. Aurelia = Ervil Eurddyl Avitus = Awy. Beda = Bedo, e.g. B. Aerddren.
Augustinus
? ?

Alpinus or Albinus

= Elphin,
i.e.

e.g.

Benno

= Beuno,

e.g.

B.

Gasul-

Elphin ab Gwyddno and Ken-

sych.

ydd

ab

Elphin,

Kenneth

Bruno

mac Alpin, king Alumnus = Alun.

of Scots.
{Taliesin.)

= Brwyno, e.g. B. Hen. Caecilius = Seisyll, Anglicanized

as Cecil.

Amandus

= A van.

Caepio

= Kybi.

Appendix.

No. IX.
Cons fan fins
A'vriactis

277

Catanus
( 'at'us

= Curig. = Seirioel Wyn. Cyrillus W. Kyrus = Gyrys, e.g. G. o Ial. Erse, Cait-milcad, warrior Cdd-milwr. Damianus = Dwyvan. = the Muses W. can= in Erse Bian, nimble. Diana Camocnae, Domttintis = Dyvnan. vwyn, pleasant song. in the Saxon ChronCaudidiautis, Dotiatiaiius = Dunodyn. icle Condidan = W. KynDonatus = Dunawd. of Ecdicius = Eiddig. ddylan (prince Powis). Carausius Carawn. Egeria = Eigyr, maiden.' = Cams Car. Eleutherius = Elidyr. Catellus = Cadell. Eligius = Helig. Cato = Cado, e.g. Cado Hen, Eloqiiius = Illoc brenin Prydyn. Emidius = Hemeid, Hyveidd. Ccitulus = Kedawl. Eucratius = Eugrad. (Gwyddno.) Kcntronius = Kyndrwyn, father Eudocius = Wddog of Kynddylan. Eugeuius, Eugeudus = Ywein, e.g. {Llywarch.) Kerbonianus = Gorwynion. Owain ab Urien. Gawain, e.g. Gawain Douglas. Kctfiegtis, Caedicius = Kedig. = Euladd. Euladius the of Roman Kikcro, greatest orators. His name connected Euphrasia = Effros. = Fflewin. Flavianus with the Welsh kcirch, oats, Elora = Fflur. though kikcr meant vetches to the Romans. G alius = Gall. = Clara Llear. Gavidius = Kewydd. Claudia = Gwladys. Gavins = Gawy. Germanianus = Garmonyawn. Claudius = Gloy w. = Cluvius [Achau Gxcyr y Goglcdd.) Glywys Cnet'us = Keneu. Gcrmanus = Garmon. = Coel. Coc Gerontius = Geraint. Cotton = Kynon, Kynan, and in {Triads.) Glyccrius = Gleisiar. its Gordius = Gordd, earnest.' Gascon form Kenon.' Gorgonius = Gwrgant. {Liwyd.) Gradirtts = Gredyv. Constantinus = Kystennin. (Aneurin.)
Camillus, an Etruscan name
;

= Caian. = Cai.

= Kysteint.

in

'

'

'

is

'

'

litis

'

'

278
Gratialis

Appendix.

No. IX.

= Greidiol. Gratianus = Armoric, " Gradlon

W.
"Grallon."

;"

= Lledin. (Taliesin.) Laudatus = Llawddad. Laurentius = Lloren (a son

Latinus
Llywarch).

of

= Gradd. (Taliesin) Gregorins = Grygor. Helvidianus = Elwyddan. Helvidins = Hyhvydd, prosperGrains

'

ous.'

= Llew. Liberius = Lliver. (Llywarch.) Libius = Llibio. Linus = Llieni (bab.) (Addit.
Leo

Helvius

= Ehvy.

MSS.

14, 882;

Mus. Britannic)

Hercules, Hercnlcm
Hcrsilia

= Ercwlv.
in, ro-

= Esyllt,

rendered

mance
Hesperins
Hilarius

Estrildis, Isolda, Yseult.

= Ysperi. (Aneurin) = Eleri, liar, Elian. Hitnerins = Emyr (Llydaw). Honorins = Ynyr. Iannarins = Ionawr. Idacins = Iddawg (Corn Prydain). Idonens = Iddon and Idno (ab
Meirchion).
Tovins

= Llywy. (Taliesin) Lucanus = Llugan. Lucia = Lleucu. Lucianus = Lleision. Lucius = Lies. Macaritus = Machreth.
Livius

Magnentius
arch)

Maenwyn.
Maenius

(Llyw-

Magnus

or

= Maen

(a

son of Llywarch).

Major, Maurus

= Mor.
= Morien
prince.

= Ieuav.
A.D.

Majorianus, Maurianus
(Varvaug,
Triads).
a

Italicus, {e.g. Priscus Italicus,

foreign

133)

= Eiddilic.

(Triads.)

Italus

= Eidal. lulus = Iolo.

(Taliesin)

Julianus

= Sulien. Jnlitta[m] = Elidan. Julius = Iwl, e.g.

Julius Caesar. Jupiter, Jovis

Iwl

Caisar,

= Iau

or Iou.

Justinianus

= Stinian. = Iestin. Justinus

Laberius,
trod

= Mael. = Marchell. Marcianus = Meirchion. Marcus = March. Marianus = Meirion. Marinus = Merini. Marius = Mair. Mars, Martis = Mawrth.
Manlius, Mallius

Marcellus

Martinus

Merddin, Myrddin, in

the

first

Roman who
(Caesar.)

romance Merlin.
Matius
wy).

British
(a

soil

Math

(ab

Mathon-

Llavyr

son of Llywarch).

Appendix.

No. IX.

279

Maurclius

= Moryal

(a

brother of

Kynddylan. Mauritius = Meuric.

= Seithenyn. = Septimius Seithyn.

Siptiminnus
Sergius
Serigi (e.g. S. Wyddel).

Maximus = Macsen. Melior = Meilyr, Meileri. Mercurius = Merchur. Metcllus = Medel (a son of
arch.)

Servandus
Sibylla

= Servan.

Lly w-

= Sibli Ddoeth. Soliuus = Heylin. Suetonius Paulinus =

Pawlin.

Sywidw
'

(Thcophilus Evans.)

Metrodorus

= Medrawd,

in

ro-

Tarquinius
e.g.

= Terwyn,

strong

;'

mance
Nennius

'

Sir Mordred.'

T. Superbus,

Terwyn Sy-

= Nynniaw. Octavius = Euddav. in Olybrius = Elivri,

rendered Oliver.

berw.
Telesinus,
a

Samnite

general

romance

(Plutarch.) = Taliesin.

Thecla,

the

virgin

martyr,

dis-

Ovidius = Ovydd. Papias = Pabo. Pascennius = Pasgen. Pater nus = Padarn. Patricius = Padrig. Paulinus = Peulyn. Petronius = Pedrwn. Phoebus = Peibiaw. Pollio = Pyll (a son of Llywarch.) Publicius = Peblig. Quinidius = Kenydd. Quirinus = Gwrin. Regina = Rhiain. Romanus = Rhuvon, Rhun. Romulus = in Erse Crodamuil,
'

ciple of S.

Paul = Tegla.

= Tudur, Tudor. Theodosius = Tewdws. = Tydain. Titan, Tithonus

Theodorus
Tityrus,

the

Vergilian

shepherd

= Tityr,
ing.'

'spinning' or 'whirl-

Tumus, king

of

the

Rutuli

W.
Ura
1

'

teyrn,

the prince.'

= Urien. = Erbin Urbinus

litis

(ab

Kystennin

Gorneu).
Valentinianus

= Balawn. = W.
gwen-

Varius

= Gwair.
gull.'

Vcnilia, a sea-goddess
nol, 'the sea

valiant.'

= Gruffudd. Saturuinus = Sadwrnin. Saturnus = Sadwrn. Scaurus = Ysgaron. (Aneurin.) Scholasticus = Yskolan.
Ruffinus

Venus, Veneris
Vergilius
Victor

= Gwener.

= Pheryll.

= Uthyr, Withur. Victorinus = Gwytherin. = Bugail. Vigilius

28o

Appendix.

No. IX.

= Gwrgeneu. = Viriathns Gwriad. Virnnnius = Gwron.

Virginins

= Gwythelyn. = Gwiawn. Vivianus Voconius = Gwgawn.

Vitalianus

few names appear to have been borrowed by the Teutons

in

from the Kymry, or used

common.

Such

submit are

Aethehtan

= Elystan (Glodrydd). Aethered = Edryd. Brand = W. Braint (Hir). Ceadmon = Cadvan. Ceadwalla = Cadwal. Cerdic = Keredig. Culloch = Kwllwch.
Donald'= Dyvnwal. Edwin = Ednewein.

Edwold =

Idwal.

= Clydawg. = Hngo Hywgi. Kenneth = Kynedda, Kenydd. Kenrick = Kyneuric. Reginald = Rheinallt. Rudcric = Rhydderch, Rhodri. Withred = Uchdryd.
Hlodivig, Ltidwig
'

few Bible names too are found naturalized in Kymric speech.

Such are Addav,

Sawyl, Saul
Elisaeus
; ;

Adam

Ynwch, Enoch
;

Jo, Job
;

Arawn, Aaron
Elias
;

Davydd, David
Daniel
;

Selyn),

Solomon
;

EM,

Elisse,

Dciniocl,

Iago,

James

Ietian,

John

Tathai,

Thaddaeus.

APPENDIX.

No. X.

In the Prologue to his Welsh grammar, printed

at

Milan, Griffith

Roberts

opens
I

with
it,

dialogue

between

himself and

Morns (M.
of the
is

Clynnog,

take

bishop-nominate

of Bangor, and of the

rector

English College at Rome).

served.
"
dail

The

spelling

original

pre-

Er bod yn deg y fangre

le'r

ydym, ag yn hyfryd gweled y

tes,

gwyrddleision

yn gyscod rhag y

ag yn digrif clowed yr
frig

auel

hon

o'r

gogleuwynt

yn chwythu

tan

y gwinwydd

i'n

lawenychu yn
gafod
. .

y gwres anrhysymol hwn syd drwm wrth bawb a

meithrin

geni
ni

a'i

mewn gwlad cyn

oered ag yn

tir

Cymru

etto

chynhessa calon

cymro wrthynt, megis y gnai wrth

Clwyd,
i

Ian

Dyfrdwy,
i

ne lawr Dyphryn

ne wrth

ami o leoedd a
. . .

fedrwn

henwi o Faenol Dewi

Gaergybi

ym Mon.
i

Mae

arnaf hiraeth
heibio

am

lawer o bethau

gaid ynghymru,
tes

fwrw'r amser
haf.

yn ddifyr ag yn llawen wrth ochel y

hirddydd

Os

myfyrio a damunych ne darlain ar ych pen ych hun, chui a gaech

deuis
lie

cymwys

hynny, er maint fyddai boethni'r

ger lawr dwfr

tes

naill ai

mewn

tai

gleision hafaidd, ne

rhedegog

mewn

glyn

ag irgoed, ne
o

mewn

dyffryn
ar

llysseuawg, ne

mewn
awelog,

cadlas o fedw ne

ynn plannedig, ne
lie

fynydd

amlwg

ne

arall,

ni byddai

na blinder na lludded wrth wres yr

mewn rhyw hinon. Ond

ynghylch y dref hon [Milan], nid oes dim tebyg."

It

seems incredible how

j j

in

the face of this explicit passage the

282

Appendix.

No. X.

late learned librarian of the British

Museum, Mr.

Panizzi, could have

maintained
printed
his

against

Prince
at

Louis-Lucien
in

Bonaparte

that

Roberts

book

Meivod

North Wales, where there could

not have been a printing-press in the reign of Elizabeth, nor vines

to temper

an excessive heat.

The

Italian

scholar could not have

known

Roberts's relation to S. Carlo Borromeo, nor have consulted

a

Anthony

Wood's 'Athenae Oxonienses.'

APPENDIX.
FRENCH-KYMRIC
The
list

No. XI.

VO C AB

I.

ES

here supplied

is

confessedly imperfect, yet sufficient to esa

tablish

the existence
speech.

of

Kymric element

in

the

modern Gallo-

Roman

Zeuss as well as Prichard hold that the old Gallic

it

was nearer the Welsh than the Gaelic, save that

case-endings
of the latter.
//

retained

the
in

The sounds
moutlles
in

of the

letters

and u

French, as well as the

French and Spanish, come

from the Kymric.

still

(De

Bellognct.)
as

pronounces the

u in Dens,

The Cis-Alpine priest at Mass a Welshman would if taught

Latin according to Kymric pronunciation.

Abrtcot, apricot

= bricyll.
= cabin,
to abuse.
-

Accablcr, to overwhelm with abuse

Agraffe, a clasp
crcvyn.

Aine, the eldest

Alter, to go

= hynav.

= elcd, let him go. Allouer, to allow = Iwvio. S'Arrcter, to stay = aros. Arroye, array, preparation = arlwy.
Avaler, to swallow

= aba//,
and
it.

to perish.

Avec,

with = ac

ev,

Bac/cr, to fasten

= bag/u.
bagadau, strings of beads.
the efflux of an outlet.

Bagatelle, a toy =s

Balafre, gashed

= bala-ffrau,

284
Balayer, to sweep

Appendix.

No. XI.

= baldu,

to drive out.

Banc,

bench

Bannicre, a

= mainc. banner = batter.

for

Baragouin, mendicants' cant or an appeal

bread
?

= bara

gwyn, white

= brad, treachery. Barguigner, to bargain = bargen. Bataile, battle = bate/. Bateau, a boat = bad.
Baratter, to cheat

Baton, a

staff

=pastwn.
a

Battre, to beat

Bedeau, a

= baeddu. verger = bedw, = bele,

birch

rod, doubtless

the original virga

of a beadle.
Belette, a weasel

a martin.

Bequille, a crutch == bagl.

Bijou, a jewel

Blanc, white
Bid, corn
;

= bagadau, strings = gwlan, wool.

of beads.

= blawd, fine = bliant, fine linen. Blonde, fine lace Blur a (Provencal), blue = blazvr, iron-gray. = blawd, flour. Bluter, to = a bwc/i. Bouc, goat Boucle, a buckle = bogel, a knot.
Provencal, blad, flour
sift

flour.

Boudin, a black pudding =poten, intestines.

Boue, dirt
Bottle, a

= baw. bowl = bol,

in

a belly, a protuberance.

Bottrasque, a violent wind

Bourdon, the bass

Bouteille, a bottle

= bur, violence. music = byrr-don.

booth.

Boutique, a shop

= bothen. = bwth, a

Brave, brave =praff, stout.

= brcvtt, to bleat. Brigand, a robber = briganted (Breton), hill men. Brin, a stick, something worthless = prin, scanty; Bris, fragments = briwsion.
Brebis, a sheep

brwyn, a bulrush.

Appendix.
Brodcrie, embroidery
Broue'e, Provencal

No. XI.

285

= brodio.
white
frost

Bretna,

= barrug,

fog.

= brywes. Broutcr, to browse = briicsion, fragments. Broyer, to bruise = brhvo. Bruit, a noise = brwth brwydr, battle. = brown Brun, brwyn. = Brusque, hasty brysg, quick.
Brouct, a mess
:

Cacher, to hide

= can, to shut in cauad, a cover. Caillou, a flint-stone = callestr. Cambrer, to bend = cammu. Canif, a knife = cnaiv, clipping or shearing. Caprice = kiprys, hap-hazard. Carder, to card wool = gardio. Carillon, a peal of bells = carol, a merry song. Chariot, a chariot = carr-rhod, a car on wheels. Charogne, carrion, a carcase = kelain. Chaussc, hose = coes, a leg. Chemin, Italian cammino, a road = cammu, to step. Chere her, to fetch = cyrchu. Cheval, a horse = keffyl. Chien, a dog = pi. cwn. = simmwr. a simarre Chimcre, (a Mediaeval vesture) Chomer, to keep holiday = siom, vacant. = codwm. Chitte, a Clabaud, a noisy talker = debar, idle talk. Clapitha (Provencal), a stony place = clap, a round
;

ki,

fall

mass, from the

Latin

lap-is.

Claque, clogs

= clogsiau. Cloche, a bell = clock. Coin, a corner = cwyn. Comblcr, to heap up = civblhau, to complete. Cotret, a small fagot = coed, wood. Coucher, to lie down = kysgu, to sleep.

286
Courroie, a saddle

Appendix.

No. XI.

= kyvrwy. = crach-boeri. Cracher, to spit = to fear Craindre, crynu, to quake. Cramoisi, crimson = crau, gore, dark Crevasse, a crevice = gravais. Cuisse, a thigh = coes, a leg.
Dague,
a dagger

clotted blood.

= tagu, to choke. Darder, to dart = tarddu, to spring as a well. Debris, fragments = brhvsion. Derechef, again = drachevn. Deuil, mourning = dywyl. Devise, a device = dyvais. Dorenavant, henceforth = o hyn allan. Douce, sweet = dws both from the Latin dulcis. Dresser, to repair = trwsiaw. Drogue, a drug = drwg, bad. Dune, a high bank = tyno.
:

Eau, water

= wy

or gwy.

Ecarter, to separate

ysgarthu, to purge.
kevn, back.
clear.

Echine, the chine

Eclair,

lightning = cglur,
=s=

Ecloppc, lame
Ecoufle,
4

cloff.

kite

= vsglyvu,

to

prey

whence

also the

English word

scuffle.'

Ecrotder, to crumble

= ysgwrllwg^

crackling.

Ecueil, a reef =ysgyl.

Ecume, scum =ysgwyv, from the Latin spuma.

Effroi, fright =ffreuo, to spirt out blood.

Egratigner, to scratch

= craffiniaw.
ysmud.
indisposition.

Eincutc, an insurrection

Ennui, weariness
Envoyer, to

= anwyd, send = anvon.

Appendix.

No. XI.
in

287
Latin, wcarabaeui

Fsrarbot, a beetle (bred of corruption)

ys-

gerbwd, a carcase.

Escarmouche, a skirmish =ysgarmes.

Escorner (Walloon), to scorn
Escort, a guard of soldiers

= ysgorn.

Espcron, a spur

= gosgordd. = yspar dun. Etanqon, a perch = ystangc / Italian, stanga. S'c'tou/wr, to be astonished = svnnu.
Etourdi, rash =ys-drud, daring
;

ystwrdio, to storm.

Fagot, a fagot =Jfagawd.

Faix, a burthen

batch.

Fancr, to
Flatter, to

faint

= gwanhdu. flatter = ffladr, foolish

term
for
'

talk.

Fol, an old Gallic

dotard

'= ffol.
gioair, grass.

Fourrage, fodder

= Irish, fcur; W.

F"raichc, Italian fresco, fresh =Jfresg.

Fretta

(Italian),

haste =ffrwt, abruptly.

Frillcux, chilly =JfrwyI, a drizzling rain.

= gavael, a hold, a legal claim. Garde, a keep = garth, a hill. Gars, a lad = givas. Geole, a gaol = Glaner, to glean = Uanastr, dispersion. G/as, a knell = llais, a voice. Gobelin, tapestry, carpet = gobennydd, a cushion. Gocland, a sea-gull = gwylan. Gourmand, a glutton = gormod, too much. Gratter, to scrape = cravu. Gres, steps = grisiau. Grido (Italian), a cry = grydian; griddvan, a groan. Grille, a gridiron = gridyll. Grogncr, to grumble = grwug, grunt. Gualdo (Italian), a defect = gwall.
Gabelle, a tax
gc'ol.

288
Gueret, fallow ground

Appendix.

No. XI.

= gweryd, a sward. = Guc'rir, to heal gwared; kyweiriaw, to repair. = war Guerre, herw, foraging. Gueux, a beggar = gwyw, faded. Guichet, a wicket = gwicced.
tell

'Habler, to

'Hate, a thicket
'

Halbran, a
to a
'

= cabin, to detract. = cae, an enclosure. young wild duck = holbren,

lies

a reproachful

term applied

woman.

Hamais, armour, harness

'Havir, to scorch

= harnais.

= hav, summer. = aber. 'Havre, a haven = a hit hurt, awkward. 'Heurt, 'Heurter, to assault = rhuthro ar. = effort. 'Hoquet, the hiccough 'Hone, a spade = rhaw. 'Houppe, an effort = hwpp.
ig,

'Hourdage, rough masonry, rubble

'Housseaux, coarse leggings
'Hurter, to

= hwrdd,

a push.

= hosanau,
= hurtyn,

stockings.

push = hyrddu.
a blockhead.

'Hutin, an obstinate fellow

Ivraie, tares

= evrai.
of a leg

Jarret, the

ham

= garr.

Laid, ugly

= llaid mud. Lande, a heath = lawnt. Lieu, a place = Linotte, a linnet = llinos. Lueur, a faint light = lleuvcr,
)

lie.

light.

Maint, a quantity

= maint. Marcher, to march = march, a horse. Menu, very small = man; meinw, delicate

main, thin.

Appendix.
Miettcs, small

No. XI.
mocthau, dainties.
of France

289

crumbs

= mwydion;
in

Mistral^ a violent wind

terly,

the

south

= meistrawl,

mas-

overcoming.

Modorra (Spanish)
a

= modrondod, lethargy. = Monccan, boncyn, a bank or knoll. heap = morvil, a nar-whale, Morfd, unwrought ivory
the Norsemen with supposed ivory.

whose tusks supplied

Mome,
Mou,

sad

= mwm,
soft,

hot, sultry.

molle,

sluggish

= mwll,

heavy warm.

Mouche, a

= mwch, fly

mdeh, quick.

Moiiton, old

form moulton, a sheep

= mollt,

a wether.

Museau,

a snout

= miswrn,

a mask.

Navrer, to wound

= manawyd,

to

penetrate

with

an

instrument

in Merionethshire, to hurt.

Octroi,

Ord,

= occr, usury. = gwrthun, repulsive. filthy

an impost

0m\

yea

i'e.

Ouir, to hear
Oultrage,
waste.

= oiaw.
= wttrcs,
prodigality,

from tdtraguim, an outrage, excess

Outre, outrageous

= uthr.

Pays, a country -=pywys.

'

Pelisse, originally

an upper vesture of fur

little = bychan.

'

pi/ys.

Pcqueno (Spanish),
Pe'ser, to

weigh =pwysaw.

Petit, little

= pittw

(a

word used

in

South Wales).

Piquer, to sting

=pigo.

Pissoir, a pitcher =piser.

Pois, a weight

= pwys.
=pwf,
a puff.

Pouffer de rire, to burst with laughing

Preste, nimble

Prenx,

2l

= prest. brave man = brav.

KK

290
Rotage, broth

Appendix.

No. XI.

= potes.
honest

Rrud homme,
}

man

= gwr prudd.

Quai, the quay on a river or sea

Quitter, to quit hold

= cae,

enclosure.

of = gadael.

= rhaclo, to make a noise. Rade, a roadstead = rhawdd. Ramper, to fawn = rhcmp, excess. Rang, a rang = rheng. Remorquer, to tow a ship = rlrwymo wrth, to = rhygn, 'jagged' teeth. Reqtn'n, a shark Re'seau, net-work = rhes, a string. Retz {patois), cold = rhew, frost. Ricaner, to mock = rhingcian, to snarl.
Racier, to scrape

attach to an object.

Rien, nothing

=yr

un;

i.e.

[not] a single thing.

Rigole, a small trench

= rhigol.
jagged.

Roche, a rock

= rhwch,

Rochette, a bishop's dress

= rlmchen,

a cloke.

= rhodiaw. Rognon, the kidneys = rhynion, Roi, a king = rhi, rhwy.

Roder, to rove
Roiaulte, royalty, kingly estate

groats.

= rhialltwch,

display.

Rompre, to break = rhympio, Rond, round = crwnn. Rbtir, to roast = rhostio.

Roussin
Route, a
(Italian,

to break an engagement.

ronzino), a pack-horse

= rhwnsi.
mob.

way

= rhyd,

a ford.

Roil tiers, irregular soldiers

= rhawd,

Ruse,

cunning = kyv-rwys.

Sale, dirty

= salw,

vile.

Soc, a ploughshare

= stick.
khauher.

Saeur, a sister

Soie (Italian,

= chwaer; Persian, = sidati. seta), silk

Appendix.
S(jin,

No. XI.

291

care

= sivyu,

a charm, a remedy.

= sot/iach, rubbish. Sotlisc, = swp, a smash. Suitpc, potage Squilla (Italian), a cry = did, a peal
silliness

of bells.

Taille,

an impost

toll.

Tailler, to cut

tyllu,

to perforate.

Tambour, a drum
Tas, a

= tabourdd.
a hay-stack.

heap = tds,

Teie (Lorrain patois), a house

= tai,

houses.

Terne, tarnished

= tarnu,

to dry.

Tomber, to

fall

=J>e?i-dwm/>iati, to

nod drowsily.

Tombereau, a dung-cart
Tonncau, a ton

= trwmbel.

= tunnell. = tuchan, to groan. cough Tracas, over-haste = trachwyddo, to Trahison, treachery = trais. Travail, labour = travacl.
Toux, a
Trcille,

stumble.

the

trellis

of a vineyard

traill,

a trail.

Tresor, a treasure

= trysor.

= trwyn, nose. = /row, heavy. Trotter, to trot = trawd, troed, a foot. Trousscr, to truss up = trwsio, to repair. Trou, a hole = trivch, an incision. Truaud, a beggar = truan, wretched. Truie, a sow = twrc/i, a hog.
Trogne, a snout

Trombe, a water-spout

Vilain, brutish
Voila, behold
!

= milain. = wcle.

APPENDIX.

No. XII.

ENGLISH-KYMRIC VOCABLES.
The
English words following appear to be either borrowed from, or
with,

identical

corresponding Kymric forms.

in
social
life,

Where they
;

denote

objects

presented
of

they
to
all

are

probably Kymric

where
belong

expressive

notions

common

nations,

they must

equally to Teutonic and Keltic stock.

Aber

=a

harbour.

Blj's, desire

= bliss.

Agwyr, crooked awry. Alch, an iron grating

;

Bod =
alc/ies,

an abode.

window = an

alcove

Boren, morning Botas a boot.

= morrow.

Baban

(Italian,

bambino)

Bachgen

= a baby.
Persian,

boy

in

Bragad = a Bragu = to

breed.

brew.
bree, a Yorkshire

pachah.

Braw,
term

fear
for

= to
'

Badd=a. bath; e.g. Nantbaddon. Bagad = a pack of people.

Bdl, a bare peak

to fright.'
;

Brawd =
tarah.

brother

Sanskrit, bhra-

= bald.
;

Bale

=a

balk of land.
in the old

Bale It,

proud = bold

Brawdle, a court of justice

brawl.

= to

Gothic, baltha. Baldordd balderdash.

Ban, high ground

= van

Brcg = a breach Brevu = to bray.

:

to break.

so the

Caermarthen shire Vans.

Barr, a summit bare, branch. Bicre to bicker or contend.

= Btlwg = a

billhook.

Blodau, flowers=to blow, to bloom

Bloedd, a shout

= to

= a brock or badger. Brolt'g = luxuriant, frolic. Brwg = a brake. Brwys = brushwood. Brysg = brisk. Bnarth = a byre or cowhouse.
Brock
Bngez'lgt'=a. beagle.

blow^

Appendix.

No. XII.
C7C7/,

293

= a bow. = a buck. Bwlnvmman = to Bwlch = to bulge

Bxva
Bivch

dogs

= hounds.
a coney.

Owning =

boom
out.

Civt, a hut.

Bwn-gler, the
ss bungler.

tail

of the clerks

CwynaWy to complain = Chwant = want (desire).

to whine.

Chwaw
or fort.

Bwrch = a borough Bwrw = to pour.

= a sough, = quoth

or loud sigh of

the wind.

Chived

he.

Bwyd=

to bait; meat.

Chwcdly a talf

= to
=

wheedle.

Byrr-don = the Cammawn = a

burden of a song.
battle,

Chwcgy sweet =^ whey.

Chwyly a turning^ wheel. a whirligig. Chwirli-givgan
Chwistrell
11

backgama
little

mon

bachgammawHy

battle.

=z

squirt or syringe.

Cappan = a cope. Care = car king care.

Ceccru = to check or rate. Ced = advantage, to get. Ceintach = the Quinta (a game). Celyn (in Saxon holcyn) = holly. Cevtiy a back = a chine. CVc, a fort cicwyry infantry = to
;

Chivy = whin, weeds. ChwyVy a swell = a wave to heave. Chuyrnii = to snore. Dadletiy to discourse = to tatlle. Dal (Saxon, haldan) = to hold. Dantcithus, toothsome = dainty. Dcvnyiiy a drop of water = dew.
;

kick.

Diwyll=\.o till. Dewr dour (Scottish).

= clay. Clccc = a click. C/o = a lock. Clock = a clock. Clwch = a clough or C/rc\y = gloss. Coed = wood; Sanskrit,
Clai
CoeSy a leg

Dos, a drop

Dogtiy a piece

= a dose. = a token.

D6l =

a.

dale.

Dreva, twenty-four
corn,
i.e.

=a

thrave of

cliff.

24 sheaves.
drill.

Drylliaw
hnta,
a

= to

Duazvg, blackish

dusk.

tree; English, 'to cut down."

Divl=

dull.

= hose.

Dwim

= dun-coloured.

CoggiOy to dissemble

= to
to

cog dice.
gossip =

Du'fidtcr, a loud noise

ComiaWy ymgomio, chum.

Coppu

= a coping-stone. Croppa = a bird's crop.

Ciid= a kite. Cwt^ = a coc^-boat.
Civhwvan

= to

quaver.

= thunder. = a skate. Esgidj a shoe Esmwyth = smooth. Exvyllys = will. Eginoy to spring as grass = to begin. Efald = a fold of sheep. #/. Ejlaw = a splinter = pewter. Ffeutur
:

294

Appendix.

No.

XII

= to call Greek, kalco. Gardd = a yard, a garden. Gcm\ to be born = to yean. Gcvynnau = gyves (fetters).
Gahv
;

Gweddi\ a prayer
Gwez7gz\

= the
=a

F<?rtfo

the

sea

billow

in

German,

Az'/z\

Gtd=a
Gildiaw

= to

kid; giddy.
yield.

Gldn

= clean. Glanhdn = to glean. Glavyr = to glaver or flatter. Glaiv = a glaive or sword.

Go/eu, light
in
;

Sanskrit, iwdla

= to glow. Gloyw = glowing. Glynnu = to lean Glynn = a glen.

to cling.

= meiny, a retinue. = fallow sallow. Gwehu, pale Gwe/l, better = w/7. Gwerth = worth in Saxon, werth. Gweyd, saith = quoth. weazen.' Gwiddan = a witch Gwtsgi) nimble = to whisk. Givldn = wool. Gwlanen = flannel. Gwtv, a channel = a gulf. Gwlyb = glib, slippery.
Gwet7ii\ to serve
;

'

Gobeithio, to hope = hopeth. Go/ud, wealth = gold.

Gwlydd= mild. Gwydd = wood.

Gwydd,fe wydd=he knows; Gwyll'= gloom.
Gwyllt
to wit.

Gordal'=an ordeal.

Golwg =

a look.

Gosymmerth = the gossamer. Govail, a smithy = hovel. Gran = the grain of wood. Grwndwal = a ground-wall. Gr>r = a heron. Gwae = woe. Gwaint, smart = quaint. Gwallt, hair = Gwan = weak wan.
felt.
;

to wane. Gwanhau Gwdr = fair.

Gwarched =

to guard.

Grvart/t, a strand

= a sandy warth.
summon.

{Leland)

= to usher or Gwasgti = to squeeze.

Gwysio

= wild. Gwymp = to vamp up. Gwyrth, virtue = worth. Gwyth = wode angry. Gyrru (Saxon, yrran) = to run. Gyrthiaw = to gird (to attack). Hagr = haggard. Haearn (Sanskrit, saranci) = iron. Hau = to sow. Haws, easier = ease. Hebog = a hawk Saxon, hafoc. Herw = to harry. Hesg (in Irish, seisg) = sedge. Hobelu = to hop. Hoeden = a hoyden. //o7j (in German, schon) = fine.
; ;

Ho!l=
Hosan
Hovio

whole,

full.

(Saxon, wascan) = to wash. = Gwdu to weave. Gwawn = the gowan. Gwedd, a yoke = to wed.

hosen.

= to hover. Hnan = the sun Hwyl = a

;

Sanskrit,

/;/.

sail.

Appendix.

No.

XII

295

Hud = to
Hustings

hood-wink.
a

A furndwrn, a secret blow=murdcr.

or

= hustings.
Hyrddu = to
Inrll

whisper

murmur

Mvnipwv

= the
to will,

mumps.
wendati)
to

Myned (Saxon,
Mynnu,
to
hint.

= to wend.

Hwch,a. sow (Persian, X7/X')= a hog.

have a mind

Hynt, a way

=a
;

gird (as a ram).

jarl.

an earl Scandinavian,

Ieuangc

= young
a lawn.

offshoot.

Iwbwb
Llab

(a

cry of alarm) =to whoop.

Lawnt =

= a slab. Llacc = slack. Lladmer = a Latimer

i.e.

= mind. Mynwyr = meniver (a rich fur). Nwth = a knot. Oddiyno = then. Osgo = askew, aslant. Pawcn = a paw. Pevr = brave fine e.g. dogyn
:
;

<>

aur pevr,
or Latiner,
gold.

token

of

brave

interpreter.

Pert

= pretty.

Lladd =

to slay.

Llangc, a lad, adolcscens = lank. Marian, clear = a clarion. Llaxvdr = clad, clothes. Uawr = a floor. Z/Vy/, length = a slade, a long
low-lying meadow.
Lleipyr

= a pillow. = to bulge, to bend. Plygu Pres = brass Sanskrit, varishta,

Pluog, feathery
;

copper
cellent

(in
').

the

sense

of

'

ex-

= slippery. = sleeves. Llewys = Lit thro to slidder,

Z/m'
(in

to slide.

= hue. = Llwm, gloom. Llwyd, gray = a cloud. Llymru = flummery. Maeddu = to smite ys-macddu. Maen, a stone = a mine. Maenoi = a manor. Maer = a mayor. JA// = black-/// March, a horse = a marc. Mellt, lightning = to melt. Meddyglyn = metheglin, mead. Main = a wain. Mer = marrow. J/ = mast, acorns.
Saxon,
hieivc)

bare

= prattle. Pryd, beauty = pride. Prysgoed = brushwood. Pwcca = Puck (a goblin). Rhawr = a roar. R/iemp, mischievous = ramping. Rhev = rife. Rh6ch, grunting = rough. Rhodio, to walk = a road. Rhudd = ruddy.
Prestl

Rhuyg=a.

wrack, a wreck.

Rhydd=
Rhyg
(in

rid, to

be rid

of.

Saxon,

= rye. ryge)

<7/7.

Siommi =
Siwtrws

to sham.

Sorod

= in shatters. = dross, trash. Swil = shy.

Swch, a ploughshare=a soc of land.

Tabwrdd =

a tabret
toy.

\y

Tegan = a

296

Appendix.

No. XII.

Tewychu
dough.

to

thicken

tough

Ysdwrdiaw, to check
Ysgavael = to
pacious.

= sturdy.

scamble, to be ra-

Tippyn, a particle
tip,

= a tip

Sanskrit,

to traverse = tram. = Treillio to trawl or fish with nets. Troed, a foot = to tread.

to drop.

Tramwyo,

Ysgarm = a scream. Ysgawd (Saxon, scadu)=a shadow.

Ysglent

Trwc /i=through
Trwssio

a trough

a truck

= to

dress, to truss up.

= slant. Ysgrech = a shriek; Ger. schreck. Ysgreppan = a scrip. Ysgrubliaid, beasts = Ou. from
ysgrnb, scrubs or shrubs in the bush. is, wild
;

Trwy

= through. Trybedd = a trivet or tripod. Ttichan, to groan = to tug. Twrv, ysdwrv, a noise = to
Tysmwy
Tyxvyll,

that

Ysgnvd, a carcase
wrinkle.

=a

shroud.

stir.

Ysgrwmp (German,

sclirumpe)

a.

Tyno=dL down or elevated plateau.

= dismay. dark = dull.

hoch) = high.
!

Ysgwyd=to scud; Italian, sqtiittire.

Ysmala, arch, witty
Yspagan,

=a

smile.

Uwch (German,
Ust, silence

the talons

of

birds

= whist.
:

the spokes of a wheel.

Yspred, refuse-matter

Ych

= an

ox

Sanskrit, ukshan.

= spread.

THE END.

CAKMAKTHI-X

\V.

SITRRELL AND SON.