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2. Governing Physics
Computer Modelling
Governing Physics
Materials Processing
Fluid Flow + Free surface Chemical Reactions Electromagnetic Fields Heat Transfer Solidification Stress
Many processes governed by interactions of the above
Casting
Multiphysics
Multiscale
0.1 - 1m Soldering
Refining
Computer Modelling
Partial Differential Equations Enabling Technology for Modelling
PDEs are used extensively to represent real world phenomena and processes.
Heat transfer in nuclear reactors. Airflow around an aircraft. Structural dynamics of a bridge. Movement of money in financial markets. Etc.
Modelling and simulation of such processes requires solution of these PDEs.
Computer Modelling
Reynolds transport theorem Let F be a quantity of our interest, and V is any region, which may be fixed or moving. We are interested in d F dV =? dt V (t) The case in 1D (Leibnizs theorem):
d dt
b(t )
F (x, t) dx =
x=a(t)
b a
F db da dx + F (b, t) F (a, t) t dt dt
F dV + t
In general,
d dt
where A is the boundary of V, and uA is the velocity of the boundary, and n the unit outward normal to A
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F dV =
V (t )
V (t )
A( t )
F uA n dA
Computer Modelling
Reynolds transport theorem: special cases 1. When V is fixed in space:
d dt
F dV =
V
F dV t
d dt
F dV =
V
F dV + t
F u n dA
Computer Modelling
Mass balance (continuity equation) For a fixed volume V, the change of total mass within it is equal to the influx of mass; hence,
V
dV = t
u n dA
u n dA =
as a result,
(u) dV
+ (u) dV = 0 t
+ ( u ) = 0 t
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Computer Modelling
Momentum balance
dv =+b dt
where
dv v = + v v dt t
: stress tensor
: strain
,: Lam parameters
Computer Modelling
Stress Equations
Computer Modelling
Governing Equations - Fluid Flow
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Computer Modelling
Heat Transfer + Solidification Thermal Energy Conservation
Terms:
-- latent heat, f -- Liquid fraction" SOLID MUSHY ZONE LIQUID
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Computer Modelling
Transient and steady heat conduction 1. Transient heat conduction, with only the solid phase. In this case, f=0, v0
If and c are constant, k is isotropic (diagonal, in this case) and constant, then we can non-dimensionalize the above equation as
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Computer Modelling
Electromagnetics <---- X-Rays ------- Visible ------- Microwaves --> Low frequency --- high frequency waves. Interaction of Magnetic and Electric Fields. Phenomena governed by Maxwells equations
E : Electric field (volt/meter) B : Magnetic induction or magnetic flux density (tesla) D : Electric displacement or electric flux density (coulomb/meter2) H : Magnetic field or magnetic flux vector (ampere/meter) J : Current density (ampere/meter2) : Charge density (coulomb/meter3)
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Computer Modelling
Electromagnetics
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Computer Modelling
Electromagnetics
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Computer Modelling
Governing Equations generic form
Computer Modelling
Governing Equations generic form Given a point P -Domain of dependence: region from which solution at point P depends. -Range of influence: part of the domain in which the solution depends on the solution at point P.
Figures from: Numerical methods for engineers and Scientists J.D. Hoffman. Mc Graw-Hill. 1993.
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Computer Modelling
Summary
Elliptic eqs. Physical problem Characteristics Domain of dependence Range of influence Numerical problem Boundary conditions Initial conditions No Equilibrium (Laplace eq.) 2 complex Entire domain Entire domain Efficiency Parabolic eqs. Evolution (diffusion) 2 real (repeated) Present and past Present and future Stability Hyperbolic eqs. Evolution (waves, convection) 2 real (different) Past between characteristics Future between characteristics Stability
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Computer Modelling
boundary conditions Example of types of boundary conditions:
k u / n (heat flux) prescribed (Neumann)
k u / n prescribed
k u / n prescribed
note:
Robin:
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