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Source Book - Second Year
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DIPLOMA IN TEACHER EDUCATION
TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
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TEACHING OF TELUGU
Second Year
Source Book
-
DIPLOMA IN TEACHER EDUCATION
- 600 006
Govt.of Tamilnadu
First Edition-2009
CHAIRPERSON
K. NARAYANA PILLAI
D.E.E.O(Retd.), Hosur.
REVIEWER
K. SESHU
Lecturer in Telugu (Retd.), Chittoor.
L. UMA
Jr. Lecturer, DIET, Krishnagiri.
AUTHORS
M. ETHIRAJULU
K. BALAKRISHNA
Jr. Lecturer,
Govt. TTI, Ranipet.
Price Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Teacher
Education Research and Training on behalf of the Govt.of
Tamilnadu.
Foreword
KNOWLEDGE is that which is acquired
through personal experiences
Thiruvalluvar
The paramount duty of schools is to provide quality education
through a curriculum frame work. Quality education is comprised of
dimensions like enriching the innate potential of learners, inculcation of
self-discipline, enabling the students to assimilate the best learning
experiences in every subject and creating interest in learning among
students.
Curriculum is revised from time to time based on the changing
needs of learners and their environment.NCERT, New Delhi has designed
National Curriculum Frame Work 2005 (NCF 2005) bearing in mind the
contextual and professional needs of all the stakeholders of education.
The following five cardinal principles of NCF 2005 have been
assimilated into teacher education curriculum and in the source books of
Elementary Teacher Education which are to be introduced in 2008-2009.
Connecting knowledge to life outside the school
Ensuring that learning shifts away from rote methods
Enriching the curriculum so that it goes beyond text books
Making Examinations more flexible and integrating them with
classroom life.
Nurturing an overriding identity informed by caring concerns
within the democratic policy of the country.
The Curriculum developed by DTERT is likely to develop the
following skills in student teachers of Elementary Teacher
Education:
The ability to seek knowledge continuously
Skill of applying acquired knowledge to various situation
Skill to realize the inner potential and live in harmony with others
accordingly and learn to live in coordination with the members of
the society
Mastery of learning in all the subjects
Skill for doing constructive activities
The proficiency of student-teachers in innovations doing Research
and the ability to think telelogically
iii
1st Year
2nd Year
Learning Child
Teaching of Malayalam
Teaching of Malayalam
Teaching of Telugu
Teaching of Telugu
Teaching of Urdu
Teaching of Urdu
Teaching of English
Teaching of English
Teaching of Mathematics
Teaching of Mathematics
Teaching of Science
Teaching of Science
iv
DTE Practicum
1st Year
2nd Year
Projects
School Visits
Story Telling
Computer education
Yoga
Yoga
Self-Development Workshop
Self-Development Workshop
DIRECTOR
Directorate of Teacher
Education, Research and
Training, Chennai 600 006.
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&q|&T, s+&ek] |\T&q |<eTT yT&eTT.
< & G & R &
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14
ss y\T
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|+
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Vdt G s+ R Vcs+, <Tws+
18
s: G +|eTT
R s:+|eTT
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20
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21
2. ns\+s\T.
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2. #qT bd
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22
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25
q >DeTT
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27
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30
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58
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60
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61
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64
2)kV &\T :
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65
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71
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72
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85
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#]+#|&T euc#sD q |uy #|T+~.<VsD =+<sT
d\ t nq d t nq&+ |finq |\ nq&+ fi<T\T \ |\&+
X qT w > |\&+ eTq+ >eT+#e#T. +{ <c\T q y]
101
8) s $<sT\
nuk\qT | +&,nedsy
T q
$<] d\V<sT d#q*k&T .
$<] | X< #|,y] b\qT >T]+ y+H de]k&T.
9) yqT &q $<sT\d+ #|q bsH ] nH ksT #|&+, #<e&+ e+{
XeT b<jTT\ +&<T. k] ]sT #d d]bT+~. n> $<sT\
d]> $|+# be&+ nH deTd +&<T.
10) $<] d# +T+~. n u>keT+ +T+~. w|Ps+> qqT
qT de]+#T=+ eTT+<T yfiflM\T+~. n+<Te\ nudqse $<]
#TsT>Z b\T|+#T=+{&T. uc |j>X\ e\ nH |jH\Tq|{ B
= +<T\TL& b<T.
|]$TT\T :
1. $<q+ KsT L&q~.
d+K |] ~ |s<T.
@yRVLi c 3
xmsRN][aRPLi
3.0.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.0.
mx sLjiRRVLi
VxqsVNRPVs xmsRLi c DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi
uy rysVLSQV c xmsRLi
FyhSV c xmsRLi
xmsRLi c @sXj syyV
dRWV (sVTNSLSV)/ rysVRV / xqsWNRPVV
aS{qsQRV c ryLiZNP[NRP xmsyV
@ryV c uyNUPRV
xmsLjiRRVLi
xmsRLi
N]s @ORPQLSV NRPzqs xmsyVgS LRiWF~LiRVyLiVV. N]s xmsyV NRPzqs yNSVgS
LRiWF~LiRVyLiVV. GNSORPQLSV NRPWy N]s xqssVRW[ xmspLji @LSsQryLiVV. Dy: LS, F sVV:
@, sWsVT, sVgRiVLRiV, HLSsRsVV. Bs lLiLiRV, sVWRV, yVgRiV, HRV @ORPQLSV NRPzqs @LRisLiR\sVs
xmsyVgS LRiWF~LiyLiVV. @LSs s*s @ORPQLS xqssVVyRVLi xmsRLiNSRV.DFyyRVVRV N]R
xmsysV xmsLjiRRVLi [}qsxmsoRV syLRiVNRPV xmsRQORPQ @sVys NRPLiRRLi sVVLi. sxqsV
ysVyRNSLiVV[ ARW sxqsVsosV RWzms [y xqsLiLijR ysV RWzmLi
s xmsysV [jLiy.
NTPRW xmsyLiVV[ A NTPRVsV [RVRLi y*LS [y [zqs RWzmsLiRRLi y*LS [jLiRsRV.
@LiRVV[s sxqsVso][ xqsLiRsV GLSV [RVsRV. A xqsLiR[ NRPWLRigSRVV, sxqsVsoV
104
3.2. uy rysVLSQVcxmsRLi
uy rysVLSQV yVgjiLi[ aRPsLi, xmshRisLi sxtsQRV gRix rysVLSQ s gRiRLi[
VxqsVN]yLi. BRLRiV sWsV ss[xmsoRV RVs N]R xmsysV DxmsWgjiLiRys
gRizLiRsRV. INRP sxqsVsosV [y NTPRVsV [y INRP xqsss[aSs ssLjiLi[xmsoRV N]R xmsysV
DxmsWgjiLiRRLi LRigRisRVsV. N]R xmsysV DxmsWgjiLi[ xqsLiRLSs y @LSs
VxqsVN][sRV. xmsoxqsNSsV / gRiLiysV Rjs[xmsoRV N]R xmsy @LSsV VxqsVN][sRV.
BRLRiV xtsQ[s xmsysV xqsLiRLSs @LRiLi gRizLiRgRiLi. @LiVV[ xmshRis xqssVRVLi[
N]R xmsyNRPV xqsLiRLSs @LRiLi VxqsVN][sRLi][FyV @sxqsLRi\sV[ sxmnsVLiVsosV RWzqs
NRPWy @LRiLi VxqsVN]s RRsRLi N]srygjiLiRsRV. C sRLigS aRPs, xmshRis rysVLSQ
y*LS sWRs xmsRs @sXj [xqsVN][sysNTP @sNSaRPLi DLij.
xtsQLi, [sLi rysVLSQsV s sQQNUPNRPLRi [y sxtsQRV sQQNUPNRPLRi rysVLSQV @s
ssxLjiryLRiV. ysV C rysVLSQ y*LS sQQNUPNRPLjiLi[xmsoRV sVsLi VxqsVN]s
105
3.3. FyhSVcxmsRLi
aRPs, xtsQ, xmshRis, [s rysVLSQsV ryjLiRysNTP syLRiV[ xmsR xmsLjisLi
RNRPgS DLiy. BLiRVNRPV RgjisV yRNSV LRiWF~LijLiRyLiVV. gRiR, DxmsyRNRP FyhS[
sWRs aRPsXjNTP xms[NRP aRPR dxqsVN][sRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij. xmsR FyhS y*LS NRPWy N]R
xmsyV xmsLjiRRVsVsoyLiVV.gRiR FyhS[s N]R xmsyNRPV @LSsV xqsLiRLSs VxqsVN]LiLRiV.
FyhSLiRLi[ xmsyNRPV @LSsV xmsRLi, r~LiR yNS[ xmsWgjiLiRRLi, slLi[NRP xmsysV
xmsRLi Li @ry y*LS N]R xmsRs @sXj xmsLRiRVN][sRV. B[sRLigS DxmsyRNRPLi
y*LS NRPWy syLRiV xmsRLi N]LiRs[VLRiNRPV @sXj LiRysNTP @sNSaSV DyLiVV.
gRiRgRiLi [jLi[xmsVRV sWRs xmsyV, xmsLSRV xmsyV, yyLSV, soR @LSV,
xmsNRPX c sNRPXRVV, xqsLiRVV, xqssWryV, r~LiR yNS[ xmsWgjiLiRRLi sVVR\ssds xmsLjiRRV
xmsRLigS sWLjiFyLiVV. xmsRys y}qsxmsoRV xmsRLi[ NRPs DxmsWgjiLis sWRs
xmsWgS yRVN]LiLRiV. C xqsLiRLRiLi[ syLjiNTP zqss xmsRLi DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLigS
xmsLjisLRisLi LiRVRVLij.@[sRLigS DxmsyRNRPLi[s xmsRs DxmsWgjiLi DxmsyRNRP yrys
yRVRLi s zqss xmsRLi DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLigS sWLRiVRVLij. C sRLigS FyhRixmsoxqsNRPLi[s
FyhSsV [jLi[ xqsLiRLRiLi[ syLRiVNRPV "zqss xmsRs' |msLiF~LijLi, RRsVgRiVLigS
xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyyV yLiVVLiRRLi, Rgjis @ryV [LiVVLiRRLi y*LS "DxsmWgjiLi[ xmsRLi'
@sXj LiRVRVLij. xmsRLi @sXj [RVysNTP N]s NRPXysV VxqsVN]LiyLi.
106
108
11. xqssWryV:
Dy:c LSsVORPQ VV
lLi[LiVVLis
xmsLiRFyLiRsoV
sVVNRPLi
sXRNRPFRsVV
xqssWxqsLi[s xmsR xqs*LRiWxmsLi, @LRiLi syLRiVNRPV [RxmsLRiy.
FyhRiaS(xqsLi)
NS[ (BLi)
}msxmsLRiV (BLi)
NRPVLki(zLi)
c
c
c
c
T
NRPaS
NSgjiRLi
AxqsssVV
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
: uy
122
@yRVLi c 4
mx sLjiRRVLi
[V yRVRLi
yxqs LRiRs
xqsLixtsQ yRVLRiLi
RLSs[jNRPsV sLRi*zLiRRLi
xqsXyRNRP aRPNTPs |msLiF~LijLiRysNTP sWLSV
lgi[RWV
NRPR c NRPysNRP
NRPsR*Li
4.0. mx sLjiRRVLi
LiRVLi sVLiT sVsVxtsvsV s[LRiV[}qsj xtsQ. FsRVgRiVRVs bPaRPVsoV Rs xmsLjixqsLS
sVLiT xtsQ s[LRiVN]LiLRiV. FyhRiaSNRPV ss RLS*R xmshRisLi, [sLi \ sxmso[
bPORPQF~LiRVyLRiV. aRPsLi, xtsQLi, xmshRisLi, [sLi sLi \sxmso[ Fyys NRPgjiDLi[
xtsQsV xqssVLRisLiRLigS DxmsWgjiLiRVN][sRV.
sgRix, s sQQNUPNRPLRiNRPV uy\sxmsoV ][xRxmsRVyLiVV. INRP sQQNTPNTP xtsQ[
xqsLixmspLRiyQ*s NRP gjiLi[s C \sxmso[. uyxqssLi[ AxqsNTP , Dy=sV
|msLiF~LijLiRVN][sRLi][ V ysVV s[LRiVN]s xtsQ VVNRP xmsWysV F~LiRysNTP
xqsRVxms[ NSLRiNRPs[V DsRryLiVV rysVLSQV. dsNTP FyRsVNRP \sxmso[ xmsoyj.
xtsQ[ DsRryLiVV rysVLSQVgS y ys }msL]ssRV. sVs sy sysLi[
sLRi*LiRTs rysVLSQ[ DsRryLiVV rysVLSQV ALRiVgS }msL]yLRiV. C ryVsLSQsV
bPORPQ NSLi[ y][FyyRVVV |msLiF~LijLiRVN][y.
1. [V yRVRLi
2.
3.
4.
5.
yryV yRVRLi
yNSRVLRiLi
xqsLixtsQ yRVLRiLi
xtsQ\|ms @jNSLRiLi ryjLiRRLi
123
6.
xqsXyRNRPR sVVRgRiVss.
4.1. [V yRVRLi:
[ INRP ryzRxmsNTPRV. [V yRVRLi INRP NRP. sVs ysV BRLRi VNRPV
RV[RVszqs ssxmsoRV sVs FsRVLRiVgS DLi[ xtsQ y*LS RV[ryLi. sQQNTP FsRVLRiVgS
[s xmsORPQLi[ (s[lLi[][ [y s[lLi[ FyLiRLi[) DLi[ [ (V) y*LS RV[ryLi.
LiRVsoNRPV, sVRVNRPV ZOP[QsVxqssWyLSsV RV[RVRLi, yLji ZOP[Q sVxqssWyLSsV
VxqsVN][sRLi, BRLRiVNRPV xqsRVLi [RVysNTP zqsFnyLRixqsV [RVRLi, AbdP*LRiRyV, aRPVNSLiORPQV
RV[RVRLi sVVR\s yNTP [sV DxmsWgjiryLi. D][gS N][xqsLi RLRixqsV[RVRLi,
s sLiRVN][sRLi, zmnsLSRV [RVRLi sLi y N][xqsLi NRPWy [sV DxmsWgjixqsVLiLi.
RLjiR[, ryzRNRPR[ [ gRiVLjiLi xmsryssVyLiVV. ALigRixtsQ[ "[' INRP
xms[NRP ryzRxmsNTPRVgS AsLRiLiLij. ys xmssLi LRidRV xtsQ\|mss xmsTLij.
sL`i sxx NSLSgSLRiyxqsLi[ Rs NRPVsWlLi BLijLRiNRPV LSzqss "[V' g]xms
[ryzysNTP sRLRi+sLi.
[LRiRs c D[aSV:
c
RWLRi FyLiy[ DsyLjiNTP xqssWyLSV RV[RVRLi
c
BRLRiVNRPV sNRPLigS xms[s ys RV[RVRLi
c
xmsRWLRiVsV, NSs Ay [RVRLi
c
xqsLiLiR LiRysV |msLiRVN][sRLi
c
RsV sR @sxqsLSsV sLRis[LRiVN][sRLi
c
xmsaRPLizqsLiRRLi
c
NRPXRRV VxmsRLi
c
sV[yNRPV @ORPQLS ANRPX NRPLiRRLi
c
NSsNRPaRPNTPs |msLiF~LijLiRRLi.
c
sVTNSLSs DxmsWgjiLiRRLi.
c
ANRPL<RiRV\sVs RxqsWLjis @yV [xqsVN][sRLi.
[[s LRiNSV:
[[ LRiNSV: 1. sQQNTPgRiR [V,
2. ryLi{mnsVNRP [V
124
4.2. yxqsLRiRs:
ssQQNUPNRPLRi lLiLiRV syVgS LRiVgRiVRVLij. INRP ygRiWxmsLi. lLiLiRsj RLRiWxmsLi.
C lLiLiRV LRiWFy ssQQNUPNRPLRi[ [s xms[NRPR ysNRPVLiVLij. RLRiWxmsLi aSaRP*RLi.
sWssyNRPV RLRiWxmsLi sVVRLi sLij. RLRiWxmss[V [NRPF[ ARVsNRP sWssos
sRLi[ BLiR @sXj LRigjiDLi[jNSRV. s[ sWssos sys dNRP sVLiT sVgRiVsNRPV
dxqsVN]s ss xmnsVsR RLRiWFysj. Fyds yRVLi ysLRiNRPV RLRiWxmssVV[
DLiRRLi ss[ sVsNRPV LiLij. xqsLixqsQX, xqsLixmsyRWV, RLjiR, BxqsxmsoLSV
dssVLiT sVLi RVsV lLiLiTLis gRizxqsVLiLi. RLRiWxmsLi[s yxqsLi NRPWy ARVsNRP
ryzRLi[ INRP @LiRLSgRis[V.
yxqsLRiRs D[aSV:
1. [s rysVLSQs |msLiF~LijLiRRLi
2. xqssWyLSsV }qsNRPLjiLi[ rysVLSQs NRPgjiLiRRLi
3. xqssWyLSsV sZaP[ztsQLiRRLi
4. xqssWyLSsV ssLjiLiRRLi
5. xmsRsXjs NRPgjiLiRRLi.
6. xmsLji[yV (}msLSV)gS sLi yRVRLi.
7. sLkiR xqssVRVLi[ yRVRLi[ RLkiRVss*RLi.
8. xqsXyRNRPRsV |msLiF~LijLiRRLi
9. DsRRaRP[ xmsLjia][Ry rysVLSQs NRPgjiLiRRLi.
yryV @LiRV[s sxtsQRWs ssR LRiNSVgS sLixmsRVyLiVV. xmsxqsVRLi
FyhRiaS[ xms[NRP {msLjiRVRV yxqsLRiRsNRPV ZNP[LiVVLiRTyLiVV. @LiVVsxmsNTP y sVLij
syLRiVV yrysV xqs*RLiRLigS NRPsVsysLi[ yRVysNTP @yV [xqsVN][sRLi [RV.
\lgiQR[ Bs*Ts yrysV NRPLihRixqsLi [zqs [y RW yRVRs[V xmsLjiFy @LiVVLij. sVgRiy
rysVLSQVgS C rysVLRiQLi syLRiVNRPV y @sxqsLRi\sVs[. yxqsLi yRVys
NRPsVxmsR[ s[LRiVN][y.
1. xqssWyLSsV }qsNRPLjiLiRRLi: yrys yRVysNTP FyLRiLiLiRysNTP sVVLiRV
syLRiVsV xqssWyLS }qsNRPLRiNRPV }mslLi[zmsLiy. T[s gRiLiyRVLi[ G[V
xmsoxqsNSV yxqsLi yRVysNTP @sxqsLRisW DFyyRVVRV xqsWLiy.
125
128
129
4.6. lgi[RWV:
ryzRLi[ lgi[RWV INRP xms[NRP aS. lgi[RWsV ALigRiLi[ "sLRi=Lki\lLisV=' @s
@LiLRiV. xmszqszms xXRRWV sxtsQxmsLigS, sLRiLigS, xqs*RLigS, sVXRVsogS DLiLiVV.
@LiRVNRPV RgjisVgSs[ yLjiNRPV[bPLis lgi[RWV NRPWy sVXRVsVRVLRiLigSDLiLiVV. lgi[RWsV
lLiLiRV syVgS sLiRsRV. 1. NRP N][xqsLi, NRPsoV, LRiRLiVVRV LRiWF~LijLiss . 2.
NRP[ @ss. zmssV LiRysNTP, sRxmsoRysNTP. RVVFy[ FyV, [FyV
sVVR N][sNRPV Lijss[. zmsV aSNRP sWRVLSsNTP, gSs sWRVLSsNTP ANRPL<jiLixmsT AsLijryLRiV.
NRPNRPV @LRisV[VV ANRPL<RiRV\sVs NRPR[, sxtsQRW[ sLjixqsW zmsNRPV AsLiRLi
NRPgjiLi[LiRVNRPV |msRV LRiLis lgi[RWV VgRiV[ y DyLiVV. @ssVRVgSLji "RLiRsWsVLSs[
LSs[' y xmszqsR\sVs lgi[RVLi. RaRP[ zmsV, |msR FysV @sVxqsLjiLi
FyRsNTP FyLRiLiryLRiV. lgi[RW[ @LRiyNRPLi[ xmsoNTPLi\|mss xmsyNRPWLRiVNRPV Dy=s
NRPgjiLi[ RVNRPV FyysR DLiy. @lgi[ NRP NUPRNRPV xqsLiLijLi FyV, sVNRP,
LRig][s[, gRiVRVgRiVRV gRiVLiRLi, VVlLi[NRPVV, NSgRi, g] sVVR\ss A][FyV Fy[
FyV.ds[ \syjaSxqsQ LRiryV BsVT DyLiVV.
131
4.8. NRPsR*Li:
R NRP[ @gRi{mshRiLi NRPsy*sZNP[ Bs*TLij. xqsLigkiRLi sssLiR}qsxmso, R[sLi, bPLi,
yLi, RWzqssLiR}qsxmso sWRs[V AsLiys NRPgjiryLiVV. NSds NRPsR*Li A[RysVXRLi. Ry*LS
Li[ AsLiRLi sLRiLiRLRi\sVsj. xqsLigkiRLi,yLi[ [s zqsLRiR*Li, NRPsR*Li[ DLij. DRsV NRPsR*Li
sLRisWs, WR, sxtsQRV NS NRPdR\sVsj. NRPsR*Li @s[ ss y xmsoLSRs\sVsj. NRPsR*Li
s[V][xmsLRiLigS NRPy xXRRVxqsLiLijgS xmssRV. BLiRV[ sLRiy aRPNTP FyysLi szxqsVLij.
Bj xmsysLigS sWssos @sVWRV\|ms AyLRixmsTs INRP RNRP.
NRPsR*Li VVNRP @xqsxtsQ\sVs xqs*LRiWFys gRiVLjiLi \|qsLi @gRizqss B @yRV.
(If not asked, I know. If you ask me, I know not.)
NRPsR*Li VVNRP xqssVgRi xqs*LRiWFys sLRi*LiRRLi NRPxtsQLi. (ssR sLRi*RyV T. Fs`.
sVVR xqsLisR=LRiLi ANRPLRi gRiLiRLi[ }msL]syLiVV).
sVs ryzRLi[ Fs[ LRiNS\s NRPsy*V saSLiVV. LRiVxms s[LiNRP NRPsoV NRPsy*s
INRP DRsVLigS sTzmsLiyLRiV. NRPsRsV xmsLiTRV ryLiVVsVLiT srysWsLi[sNTP dxqsVN]s ss
sVsVxV dsLRiV. NRPsy xqssLi[ xmsRV NRPsR*Li, xmsNRPX NRPsR*Li, AyNRP NRPsR*Li,
[aRPNTP NRPsR*Li, xqsLixmnsVxqsLixqsLRi NRPsR*Li, sWssyyR NRPsR*Li, xqsW{mnsRRQ* NRPsR*Li, xqsV
NRPsR*Li, xqsX NRPsR*Li @s y ssVyLiVV. xqsLixmnsVxqsLixqsLRi NRPsR*Li "@sxmsLi'[.
RVLigRixmspT sLiNRP aRPLRi (1914 DgSj xqsLiNRP).
"VLRi ZNPV[ NRPV[ RVVsRsR xqsgRiVRRV
RVVsNRPV ZNPV[ RVVsRV NRPV[ }qs*y xmsysLiV }qsRVLRiRV' @s [bdPRVVsV
xms[jLiyRV. [soxms NRPXxtsQaSzqsQgSLRiV Rs NRPsR[ "bPjRVsVV[ bPsoRV [ ][LiVV
FyLigRisVVs gRiLi xmsVNRP[][LiVV/ jsaRPLisVVg]LiRV LRis[][LiVV/ xmspLji gRiVT sVLiT
Fs[][LiVV/ R Rxmso xmspV \RsWxqsxmsoxmspV /ELRiWLRi BLiLi ELRiZNP[ xmspyLiVV/
bPjRVsVV[ bPsRVLRiVgS/ NRPVsVNRPV xmspLji N]NRP[s xmspso [][LiVV'.
133
134
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
135
@yRVLic5
5.0 xmsLjiRRVLi:
xtsQ FyRsVNRP \sxmso[ xtsQLi, [sLi, ssQQNUPNRPLRi rysVLSQVgS DyLiVV.
xqsLixtsQ[ RxmsVV ][V [xqsVN]y, ][uyV ]Ljiy ys xqsLjijRVN][sRV. NSds yR
xmspLRi*NRPLigS @LiVV[ @s zqsLRiLigS DLiTFyLiVV. NS ][uyV [NRPVLiy yRVRLi LRigS.
[sLi INRP sQQNTPs g]xmsysgS sVRgRiRs xmssVV ALigRi LRiRLiVVR [NRPs @FyRVxmsyLRiV.
syLRiVV yryV y}qsxmsVRV, BRLRi [s @ryV [}qsxmsVRV ][uyV [NRPVLiy
yRVRLi LRigS. yLRiV [}qs ][uyV G[V xqsLiRLS[ [xqsVyL][ DFyyRVVV gRizLiy.
syLRiVNRPV yLRiV [}qs ][uysV RWzms, sLis[ xqsLjijy. A RLRi sLis[ LRigRiNRPF[ jRRLis
AbPLi[ xmnsyV zqsjLiRNRPFsRVsV.][uyV FsLiRVNRPV GLRiRVRVyLiVV, FsLi ][uyV
LRiVgRiVRVyLiVV. ys G sRLigS xqsLjijy[ RWyLi.
5.1. RxmsVV c ][uyV:
sNRPLigSsW, RxmspLRi*NRPLigSsW ssQQNUPNRPLRi LRiVgRiVRVLij. syLRiV [sLi[
RxmsVV, ][uyV ][V [xqsVN][sRLi xqsxLi. @LiRVs Rjs[ yLjiNTP RV[RWsVNRPVs[ y
sQQNUPNRPLRi xmspLjigS LRigRiRV. @Li[NSNRP uyxmsLRi\sVs sRVsV, sLiRsV RVs yLRiVgS gRiVLjiLixmso
F~LiRRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij. INRP xmsys INRP][ xqsLjigS yzqs lLiLiRs ][ LRiWFys sWLji yzqss
@j "RxmsV'gS xmsLjigRiLiRRVRVLij. yzqss sQQNTPNTP xqs\lLis xmsRLi G][ VxqsV c @LiVVy sxtsQRWs
sQQNUPNRPLjiLi[ xqsLiRLRiLi, RNRPs GNSgRiR [NRPFsRLi, s[gRiLigS yRVRLi, RVW Ds xmsLjixqsLSV
BLijNRPLRiLigS DLiRRLi s BLi RxmsVV LRigRisRV. N][sVLi,ARVLi @s[ xmsy xqsLjigS
yzqs N][sVLi, ARVLi @s s[L]NRP ][ yzqs[ @j RxmsVgS
136
IxmsV
c Rx msV
ELRiV
c spLRiV
DLiRV
c soLiRV
FssRV
c RVsRV (VsRV)
xmsyj[s[ @RVVLiLiVV. xmsR sVRLi, @Liy[ @RVV LSso.
IxmsV
c RxmsV
Fso
c FD
FLiVV
c FB
xmspsoV
c xmspDV
[R[V
c [RJV
@ORPQLRi xqs*LRiWFys xqsLjigS gRizLiR sLiRVs ][uyV GLRiRVRVLiLiVV. xxqs* kLSV sVVRgRiV
gRiVLiyV yRVRLi[ RxmsVV [xqsVLiLRiV. Dy: [RV sVLiRVNRPV RV sVLiRV, s[sV NRPV ssV
@s yRVRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij.
139
A) @ORPQLRi/xmsR ][uyV:
1. @ORPQLRi ][uyV NRP/, R/R, /LRi&V, /hRi, R/R, s/, R/R, R/R, xms/xmns, /, sV/RV,
LRi//,/, aRP/xqs/xtsQ B VgRiV xtsQ sLS DyLRi[sV, @LRiLi[sV [ yV DyLiVV.
NSRVLi c aRPLkiLRiLi
RVLi c RLi
NRPLRiLi c [LiVV
LRiLi c gSTR
NS @ Fy, sVFy [ysV Fy. VgRiV xtsQ xms[NRPR G sRLigS
DyLjirysW A sRLigSs[ yRVRLi @soRVLij. BLiRVNRPV N]s @xmsyRVV [NRPF[RV.
Dy:c "x'sV c "Lix'gSsV, sVLij c "sVsj' gSsV DRLjiryLi
BNRPR DyLRissVxqsLjiLi [sLi LRigRiRLi [RV.
2. F~V][ @RV [Lji[ xVV GLRiRyRVs ssLjiLiy.
RxmsV
-c
IxmsV
[LRiVN`PD
c
[LRiVNRPV
ANRPVsB
c
ANRPVs
3. FyRsVNRPryLiVV sVVgji}qsxmsNTP xV sLkiNRPLRisV Fy. C xV sLkiNRPLRi xmsLRiV
uyV, xqsLRiV, sVFyVV, @sVyzqsNSV, @LiRxqssVVV, ExtsQsVVV. sWRsVNRPRaRP[
xqsLijNSLSV ssLjiLiRysNTP NRPWy Bj DxmsWgRixmsRVRVLij.
xV[ ""NRP sVLiT sV'' sLRiNRPV gRi @ORPQLSsV xmsNRPgS LRiWF~jLiRsRV.
xmsLRiVxtsQsVVV
NRP
R
R
xms
gRi
xmnsV
LRi&V
hRi
R
R
R
R
R
s
xmns
sV
@LiRxqssVVV c RV,LRi,,,s
ORPQ c xms[NRP\sVs sLRisVVNSRV.
ExtsQsVVV c aRP,xqs,xtsQ,x
N`P + tsQ + @ = ORPQ c xqsLiRVVNSQORPQLRiLi.
140
sLRisVV
""NRP''
""R''
""''
""R''
""xms''
4.
xqsLjiNSs DyLRi
xqs\lLis DyLRi
sVRsLi
sVyxLi
gSQQxmsNRPLi
xmsNRPLi
sVLSs
sVLS
xqsLixqsVNRPVRLi
xqsLixqsQXRLi
FsRV
sRV
[VLRiV
FssLRiV
sLiNRP[xqsVRV
s[LiNRP[aRPVRV
NRPXRLi: DyLRi[ ][uyV Ljilgi[ N]s xmsysV xmsNRP xmsLRiRLiT.
B) @LRi[RLi RVNRPFsRLi:c
@Fy, sVFy [yV gRizLiRNRP FsRLi][ C ][uyV LRiVgRiVRVLiLiVV.
IxmsV
RxmsV
NRPLRisVV ([LiVV)
xmnssVV (xmsLiRV)
xmsyssVV (sVVsVV)
LRisVV (gSTR)
xmssVV (sWLixqssVV)
xmsyssVV (yssVVgS BRV)
141
xqsLjij[ sysLi:
syLRiVV yzqss A yrys jjs RLS*R sVL]NRPryLji ][xtsQLRizRLigS A yrys
yRVsVy. sVRsVR y sLSsVLi][ NRPWTs gkiRVs [VxmsoxqsNSs yxqsLi yRVysNTP
DxmsWgjiLiy. INRP }ms[ INRP\sxmso sWRs[V yRVsVy. ][uysV xqsLjijj FsRsV\sxmso }ms[
syLRiV[ yLiVVLiy. ][uy yVgRiV, HRVryLRiV RW yLiVVLiRRLi DRLi. ][uyVLi[
xqsLij sVVR\s yNRPLRisV yRVsVs Fy. syLRiV xqssVORPQLi[ R @LiaSsV jy.
@xmsV[ syLRiVV ][uy gRizLi xqsLjijRVN][gRiLRiV.
142
ysLjiNRP xtsQ[s N]s xqsLijLRiWFyV RWyLi. Dy: s[rysV, s[ss,V yN]RV, yL]yLRiV,
r~=Lij. Bs RLRiVRVgS ssLRiLi[ @LiRLRiW [}qs xqsLiRV[! dss sRkRVsVsxmsVRV
sWRLi syLRiVV xqsNRPsVLigSs[ NTPLij sRLigS sRkryLRiV.
s[sV srysV
s[VsVV ssVV
yNRPV sRV
yLRiV syLRiV
xqsV= sLij
\|ms DyxLRiV syLRiV[ xmsLjibdPLixms[RW. xms ys[ lLiLiRs xmsRLi sVVR xV
sj. gSs @RV[RV. NS BNRPR xqsLij [RVysNTP dsV[RV. CsxtsQRVLi syLRiV[
gRiVLjiLixms[RW. yR[ C sR\sVs xqsLiRVV [}qs VgRiV sWRXxtsQNSs yLjiNTP @LRiLi NSRV.
yNR PLR i x m sLj i s Li FsLiR VNR P s x qsLRi sW BV s Li Dyx LR i y*LS syLR i VNRP V
RVxmssRVsV."xqsRyNRPV' sLi xmsysV N]LiRLRiV syLRiVV @NRPR xqsLij [NRPVy
sRkRVysNTP xmspsVNRPVLiLRiV. "xqsLij' ss syLRiV[ xqssVgRiLigS NRPgRiNRPFsRs[V ksNTP NSLRiLi.
sWRsVNRPRLRigRi syLRiVNRPV @s[NRP xqsLiRVV [jLiRLi NRPLi[ @xqs
V "xqsLij' @Li[ GsV gRizLi[V
[RVRLi sVVLi. C xmsLjisLi RNRPgS GLRiTsxmsoRV xqsLiRLSsVryLRiLigS VgRiV yRNS[
s[ xqsLiRVsV syLRiV[ gRiVLRiVxmsgRiLRiV.
"@xqssWxmsNRPNTPRV' sV gRiVLjiLi ssLjiLi[xmsVRV NTPQxtsQ\sVs N]s xqsLixqsQXR FyLjiztsQNRP
xmsysV s[LS. VgRiV yNRPLRiaSxqsQNSLRiVV xqsLixqsQXR' xqsLixmsyRWs VgRiV[ xmss[aRP
|msLRiV. NSQ*LRiNRPLi, RVsVVsQLRiNRPLi, yLRiNRPLi, @sLiRLSLRiNRPLi, [RLRiNRPLi, aRPRLRiNRPLi sVVR\ss
@xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVV.
FLiVV
c
NSQ*LRiNRPLi
Fss(FgS) c
@sLiRLSLRiNRPLi
Fss
c
RVsVVsQLRiNRPLi
FLiVVss
c
[RLRiNRPLi
Fso
c
yLRiNRPLi
FsoRVs
c
aRPRLRiNRPLi
|\ ms FyLjiztsQNRP xmsyds xFLiVVss c
([RLRiNRPLi) xqsLixqsQXRLi[ s[ @xqssWxmsNRP
NTPRW LRiWFyyyLRiLi [xqsVN]s GLRiLRiRTs xmsyV. dss xqsLixqsQXxtsQ[ xmsLjiRRVLi
[syLRiV gRiVLRiV|msVN][sRLi NRPxtsQryRLi. DyxLRiNRPV c "RVsVVsQLRiNRPLi' @s[ }msLRiV Fs
GLRiTLi][ C NTPLij xqsLixqsQXR yNRPLi RW}qs VxqsVLij.
145
c
c
6.
1.
GNRPsRssVV
xsRssVV
sssVV
sssVVV
[sV
[V
s[LiVV
s[V
gjiLji
gjiLRiVV
NRPLji
NRPLRiVV
s\QNRP sRsLi (FsxmsVRV GNRPsRsLigS DLiRVss)
1. xqsxqsyRNSV Dy: sLji, |msxqsLRi, NRPLij sVVRgRiVss.
2. xqsLiyLRi yRNRPLi Dy: sWs, DxmsV (RsVVLRiV) sVVRgRiVss.
3. [x yRNRPLi Dy: LSgji, BRT, LigSLRiLi, BsVsVV.
4. gRiV yRNRPLi Dy: Vxmso c sVxmso.
2. sRx sRssVVV:
1. ys yRNRPsVVV c
Dy: sRV, |msxqsV, LSgRiVV
2. NUPy yRNRPsVVV c
Dy: gRiVsgRiW, JsVs gRiVLiV
yRNRPsVVV: ({qsQ xmsoLRiVxtsQ R [RsVVsV Vxmsoss)
1. sVxy*RNRPsVV: xmsoLRiVxtsvsV yLji sZaP[xtsQsVVsV Vxmsosj (xmsoLiLigRisVV)
Dy: LSsVVRV c gRiVsLiRVRV: gRiVsLiRVRV LSsVVRV.
2. sVxdyRNRPsVV: {qsQsV yLji sZaP[xtsQsVVsV Vxmsosj ({qsQLigRisVV).
Dy: {qsR, gRiVsLiRVLSV.
3. @sVxy*RNRPsVVV:c@[RssVVsV y sZaP[xtsQsVVsV Vxmsosj
(sxmsoLixqsNRPLigRisVV) Dy: V, c xmsLRi*RsVV
yNRPsVVV: yNRPsVsgS xqsLixmspLSQLRisVV sRV xmsRsVV xqssVVyRVsVV.
1. rysWs yNRPsVV: xqssWxmsNRP NTPRV][ NRPWTsj. (yNRPsVV) xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVNRPV
ryyLRiLigS NS[RNRP xmsRRWV xmsoLRiVxtsQyRNRP xmsRRWV [LRiVyLiVV.
Dy: R Fy FysV.
2. xqsLibPQxtsQ yNRPsVV: @s[NRP @xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVV NRPgji, INRP xqssWxmsNRP NTPRV][ xmspLji
@gRiVyNRPsVV. @xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVNRPV NS[R DLiRsRV c [NRPFsRV. @sDxmsyNRPsVV sLRigSs,
xmsys yNRPLi[ xmsRLiy rysLi[gSs sryLiVV. NTPRWxmsRLi y*LS xqsWLiRszqss yFyLRiLi
xmspLRiLiVV[ @j xqssWxmsNRPLi. NSsLiVV[ @xqssWxmsNRPLi.
148
xmsoLRiVxtsQsVVV:
1.
2.
DRsVxmsoLRiVxtsQ: RssV gRiWLji Vxmsosj. s[sV, s[VsVV Dy: s[sV TNTP ssV.
sVRsV xmsoLRiVxtsQ: FsRVyLjis gRiWLji Vxmsosj: dsso, dsVLRiV Dy: dsVLRiV xmsLkiORPQV
yxqsVyLRiV.
3. xmsRsV xmsoLRiVxtsQ: FsNRP][ Dsyss gRiWLji Vxmsosj. @RRV, AsV, @j, @s
yLRiV. Dy: LSsVVRV zmsRXyNRP xmsLjiFyNRPVRV.
NRPLRi c NRPLRi c NTPRVV:
VgRiV yNRPsVVLiRV ryyLRisVVgS NRPLRicNRPLRicNTPRVV sLRiVxqsgS DLiLiVV.
NRPLRi xmsRsWsNTP[, NRPLRi j*dRV sNTP[ DLiLiVV.
NRPLRi: xmsss (NTPRVsV) [RVVyRV ([RVVsj)
NRPLRi: NTPRW xmnssVVssVsLiRVyRV (@sVsLiRVsj)
NTPRV: xmsss RV[RVVsj. (LSsVVRV LSsVs RLi|mssV)
uygRisVVV:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
150
151
152
( Formative Evaluation )
(Remedial Teaching
( Summative Evaluation )
(Remedial Teaching
153
154
Weightage
155
(Test
(Test) Latin(Some Special Type of Earthern
pot)
test)
Examination,Examine Examiner
LatinExaminerThe pointer of a balance
156
(Formalities)
(subject)Not reliable)
(Examination dominates its
curriculum
157
(Essay Type
Internal Assessment
Diagnostic Tests
(Remedial Teaching)
158
(Types of Test items and their Preparation)
(Test items)
(subjectivity
(Points
(subjectivity)
(objective type)
True or False
160
Multiple choice
Blue Print
161
4. V
Q
e s
D ( Multiple choice
Matching
( Recall
Recognition
162
and
Objectivity
(Reliability
Validity
(Practicability)
(Practicability)
163
164
@yRVLi
sgRiLi c@.
uy rysVLSQV
1
2
3
4
5
6
40%
1(2)
sLi
@sgSxs
@s*RVLi/ \sxmsoLi
1(2)
9(18)
sLi
@s*RVLi/
\sxmsoLi
1(4)*
1(4)
1(4)
1(4)
1(4)*
1(4)
1(4)
3(6)
@s*RVLi/
\sxmsoLi
16
10
1(10)*
12
1(10)
1(10)
24
xqsLiOTPQxms xqssWyyV
xmnsVVxqssWyyV
yxqsLRiWxms xqssWyyV
sVVRLi
14
16
1(4)*
1(4)
18
100
1(10)*
1(4)
1(2)
@s
gSxs
34
1(4)*
1(4)*
2(4)
= 20%
= 40%
-= 40%
sLi
1(4)*
1(4)
1(4)
sVVRLi
sWLRiVV
20%
@s
gSx s
1(2)
yxqsLRiWxms xqssWyyV
xmsaRPV
40%
@sgS @s*RVL/
sLi x s \sxmsoLi
sgRiLi c A
FyhRigRiLiRsLSLi
[Ry xmsRRVV
xmsRN][aRPLi
DsRryLiVV
rysVLSQV c
|msLixmsoR
uy][uysV
gRiVLjiLiRRLi c
syLRi sWLSV
xmsLkiORPQV c
sVWLiNRPsLi
sVVRLi sWLRiVV
xmnsVVxqssWyyV xmsaRPV
6
12
20x2=40
10x4=40
2x10=20
=100
10
10
100
VgRiV uy [Rs
lLiLiRs xqsLisR=LRiLi
sWjLji xmsaRP xmsRLi
xqssVRVLi: 3 gRiLiV
sgRiLi c @
I. NTPLij xmsaRPsLiNTP xqssWyyV yRVLiT IN]NRP xqssWysLi sWLRiV xmsyNRPV
sVLiRLSRV
10x2=20ssWLRiVV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
166
II.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
sgRiLi c A
III..
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
@)
[y
A)
38.
169
@yRVLi
sgRiLi c@ uy
rysVLSQV
40%
sLi
2(4)
1(4)*
1(2)
[Ry xmsRRVV
xmsRN][aRPLi
DsRryLiVV rysVLSQV
c |msLixmsoR
uy][uysV
5 gRiVLjiLiRRLi c syLRi
sWLSV
6 xmsLkiORPQV c sVWLiNRPsLi
sVVRLi sWLRiVV
1(2)
8(16)
@s
gSx s
1(4)
1(4)*
1(4)*
1(4)
1(4)
2(4)
1(4)
1(4)
1(2)
1(4)
1(4)
1(2)
sLi
= 20%
@sgSxs
-= 40%
@s*RVL/yxmsoLi -= 40%
@s*RVL/i
\sxmsoLi
1(1
0)
8
1(10)
22
1(10)
8
6
1(10)
1(10)*
1(4)
18
12
xqsLiOTPQxms xqssWyyV
20x2=40
xmnsVVxqssWyyV
10x4=40
yxqsLRiWxms xqssWyyV 2x10=20
sVVRLi = 100
20
100
34
1(10)*
1(4)
1(4)*
10
@s
gSxs
1(4)*
1(2)
sVVRLi
sWLRiVV
20%
@s*RVLi/ sLi
\sxmsoLi
1(4)
1(4)
1(4)*
1(2)
40%
s @s*RVL/i
sLi gSx@
s \sxmsoLi
sgRiLi c A FyhRigRiLiR
1 sLSLi
2
3
4
xmnsVVxqssWyyV xmsaRPV
16
6
12
10
10
100
VgRiV uy [Rs
lLiLiRs xqsLisR=LRiLi
sWjLji xmsaRP xmsRLi
xqssVRVLi: 3 gRiLiV
sgRiLi c @
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
171
II. NTPLij xmsaRP[ G\sy HRV xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyyV yRVLiT. IN]NRP xqssWysLi
lLiLiRV sLiR xmsyNRPV sVLiRLSRV.
5 x 4 = 20 sWLRiVV
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
uy NUPR xmsWy[s?
[soxms NRPXxtsQaSzqsQ gRiVLjiLi yRVLiT.
DRsV xmsaRP xmsR ORPQsV ssLjiLiRLiT.
][uyNRPV syLRi sWLSsV xqsWLiRLiT.
sy xmsNRP AsaRPNRPRsV ssLjiLiRLiT.
xmsR xmsLjisLi DFyyRVVZNPLiRVNRPV @sxqsLRiLi?
uFyyRVVs RR[s?
syLRiV[ NRPsR\|ms AxqsNTPs GsRLigS |msLiF~LijLiRgRiLRiV?
sgRiLi cA
III. NTPLij xmsaRPsLiNTP xqssWysV yRVLiT. IN]NRP xqssWysLi sWLRiV xmsyNRPV
sVLiRLSRV .
10 x 2 = 20sWLRiVV
19. xmsLkiORPQNRPV sNRPxtsQNRPV [y[s?
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
V.
@)
173
[y
38.
A)
@)
A)
174
VgRiV uy [Rs
lLiLiRs xqsLisR=LRiLi
@LiRLRi sVWLiNRPsLi
s.xqsLi
1
2
@.
A.
@.
A.
@.
3
A.
@.
4
A.
@.
A.
ssLSV
xmsLjibdPs xmsysV xmspLji[RVLiT.
FyhRi xmsRNSsV RRWLRiV [RVLiT.
xqsxFyhRi NSLRiNRPsW y*LS uysXjNTP
dsVLRiV [zqss NRPXztsQs sWsLi xqssVLjiLiRLiT.
ZOP[Q R xmsLRissV sLRi*zLiRLiT. ys y*LS
uy xmsLRiLigS GLi ryjLiyL][ ss[jNRP xqssVLjiLiRLiT.
sWRsVNRP, DsR RLRigRiRV xmspLRi* xmsaRP
xmsysV }qsNRPLjiLiRLiT. uy OSQQ AyLRiLigS
ys sZaP[ztsQLiRLiT.
uy [RsNRPV [Ryxqss rysVgRiVsV
}qsNRPLjiLiRLiT.
rysVRV / dRWV/ F~RVxmso NRPRsV
}qsNRPLjiLiRLiT.
xmssVV NRPsoV/LRiRLiVVR sR sZaP[uysV
}qsNRPLjiLi AsV RRWLRiV[RVLiT.
xqsx y][FyyRVV [RssV xmsLjibdPLiRLiT.
ss[jNRPV xqssVLjiLiRLiT.
syLRiV DyLRi ][uyV, xmshRis ][uyV,
[s ][uysV gRiVLjiLiRLiT. y syLRiNRPV
dxqsVN]s RLRi\|ms ss[jNRPV yRVLiT.
sVVRLi sWLRiVV
sWLRiVV
5
5
25
VgRiV uy RLjiR
ryzRbP xqsdsVORPQ
ARVsNSLiR NRPsR*Li
(xqsLixmsyRVsVV xmsWgRisVV)
VgRiV ryzR xqsdsVORPQ
(sVVR lLiLiRV xqsLixmsoV)
ALiR yRVi RLjiR
yNRPLRiLi
ALiRuy sNSxqsLi
ARVsNRP uy aSxqsQ zqsyLiyV
VgRiV xtsQ[ sVNRPVsV
VgRiV uy RLjiR
VgRiV ryzR RLjiR
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV (T.Fs`)
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV (.Fs`.)
TF~sW Bs FsRVZNP[xtsQs
(RWLRisysysLi)
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV
VgRiV [Rs xmskzmsNRP
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV
uy \sxmsoV
uyaSxqsQ xmsLjiRRVLi
VgRiV ryzRLi[ NRPs][*RsWV
VgRiV[ NRPsy sxmsy xqs*LRiWxmsLi
uy [Rs
sWRXxtsQ[ FyRsVNRP sR
|msR bPORPQ
176