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TEACHING OF TELUGU

-
Source Book - Second Year
-
DIPLOMA IN TEACHER EDUCATION

TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
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TEACHING OF TELUGU

Second Year

Source Book

-
DIPLOMA IN TEACHER EDUCATION

- 600 006

TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK CORPORATION


COLLEGE ROAD, CHENNAI - 600 006.

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Govt.of Tamilnadu
First Edition-2009

CHAIRPERSON

K. NARAYANA PILLAI
D.E.E.O(Retd.), Hosur.

REVIEWER

K. SESHU
Lecturer in Telugu (Retd.), Chittoor.

CO-ORDINATOR & AUTHOR

L. UMA
Jr. Lecturer, DIET, Krishnagiri.

AUTHORS

M. ETHIRAJULU

K. BALAKRISHNA

Jr. Lecturer, DIET,


Krishnagiri.

Jr. Lecturer,
Govt. TTI, Ranipet.

Price Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Teacher
Education Research and Training on behalf of the Govt.of
Tamilnadu.

This book has been printed on 60 GSM paper


Printed by Web Offset at:

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Foreword
KNOWLEDGE is that which is acquired
through personal experiences
Thiruvalluvar
The paramount duty of schools is to provide quality education
through a curriculum frame work. Quality education is comprised of
dimensions like enriching the innate potential of learners, inculcation of
self-discipline, enabling the students to assimilate the best learning
experiences in every subject and creating interest in learning among
students.
Curriculum is revised from time to time based on the changing
needs of learners and their environment.NCERT, New Delhi has designed
National Curriculum Frame Work 2005 (NCF 2005) bearing in mind the
contextual and professional needs of all the stakeholders of education.
The following five cardinal principles of NCF 2005 have been
assimilated into teacher education curriculum and in the source books of
Elementary Teacher Education which are to be introduced in 2008-2009.
Connecting knowledge to life outside the school
Ensuring that learning shifts away from rote methods
Enriching the curriculum so that it goes beyond text books
Making Examinations more flexible and integrating them with
classroom life.
Nurturing an overriding identity informed by caring concerns
within the democratic policy of the country.
The Curriculum developed by DTERT is likely to develop the
following skills in student teachers of Elementary Teacher
Education:
The ability to seek knowledge continuously
Skill of applying acquired knowledge to various situation
Skill to realize the inner potential and live in harmony with others
accordingly and learn to live in coordination with the members of
the society
Mastery of learning in all the subjects
Skill for doing constructive activities
The proficiency of student-teachers in innovations doing Research
and the ability to think telelogically

iii

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The Curriculum has the following objectives:


To enhance the professionalism of student-teachers and develop
their holistic personality
To nurture values such as national integration, milk of human
kindness and moral values
To give importance to Adolescence Education, Health Education,
Life Skills Education, Environmental Education, Road Safety and
Peace Education.
To facilitate the realization of the above objectives, eight
subjects and nine practicum have been prepared by a team of
authors for the two-year Diploma in Teacher Training Education
Course. They are viz.

1st Year

2nd Year

Learning Child

Indian Education System

Facilitating and Enhancing Learning

Facilitating and Enhancing Learning

Teaching of Tamil Language

Teaching of Tamil Language

Teaching of Malayalam

Teaching of Malayalam

Teaching of Telugu

Teaching of Telugu

Teaching of Urdu

Teaching of Urdu

Early Childhood Care and Education

Early Childhood Care and Education

Teaching of English

Teaching of English

Teaching of Mathematics

Teaching of Mathematics

Teaching of Science

Teaching of Science

Teaching of Social Science

Teaching of Social Science

iv

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DTE Practicum
1st Year

2nd Year

Child observation and case studies

Projects

School Visits

Art Education and Work Experience

Story Telling

Computer education

Physical Education, Health Education

Physical Education, Health Education,

Yoga

Yoga

Self-Development Workshop

Self-Development Workshop

Teaching of Learning Materials

Teaching of Learning Materials

Learned and Eminent scholars like Dr.P.S.Balasubramaniyam, Former


HOD,Department of Education, University of Madras, Dr.Swaminathapillai,
Former Director, Distance Education, Bharathiyar University,Dr.S.Lakshmi,
Former
Vice-Chancellor,
Mother
Theresa
Womens
Univerity,Thiru.V.Ganapathy, Former Professor, IASE,
Chennai,
Mrs.G.Pangajam, Vice-Chancellor, Gandhigram Rural University,Dindigul,
Dr.Subbammal, Former Vice-Chancellor,Vinayaga Missions University,
Pondicherry, Dr.Kumaran, Prof&Head, Department of Education,University
of Madras and Dr.S.Krishnamoorthy, Annamalai University, Chidambaram
have studied different books published by scholars and given simplified
instructions to the team for producing quality source books.
Each source book has Educationists from Universities, DTERT, IASE,
and Colleges of Teacher Education as authors and reviewers. Prominent
educationists have reviewed the source books and refined the books.
Regional Coordinators have also contributed to the quality of the books.
Besides, Dr.C.K Lilly from Kerala University, S.Syed Sajith, HOD,
Department of Urdu, University of Madras, Mrs.Lalitha, Academic
Consultant of Adarsh Educational Insitutes, Chennai and K.Narayana Pillai,
Former DEEO have served the team as Chairpersons of Minority Language
Subject Source Books.

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Substantial Contribution has been provided by A.M.Murthy, Former


Senate Member of Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Sumitra A.Gowthama,
educationist from The School and Educational NGOs such as Amuktha
Mahapatra,
Balaji
Sampath
and
AID
India
pvt.limited,
Thiru.T.N.Arulanandan, Vedantri Maharisha Association Member, Assistant
Professor and T.Parasaraman, Institute of Culture and Languages,
Pondicherry.
There is a paradigm shift from teaching to self-learning through
Activity Based Learning strategy. These new source books have been
designed with self-learning through Activity Based Learning strategy. These
new source books have been designed with self-learning activities enabling
student teachers to master various concepts and skills. The source books
shall guide student teachers to explore library resources to reinforce their
teaching strategies to ensure maximum learning among children to improve
their skills of observation, classroom management, content knowledge, skill
to use TLM and TLE appropriately, Leadership traits and Knowledge of
Child Psychology.
Source books are not text books. They are simply guides which show
where resources are available for reference and learning. From the identified
resources needs are to be expanded. The duties of the teacher educators are
to learn understand, analyse, consolidate and evaluate. The duties of the
student teachers are to assimilate teaching ideas and learn well to become
reflective practitioners.
I commend all the educationists and teacher educators involved in
process of preparing the source book and also congratulate the prospective
student teachers who are likely to be benefited from the Diploma in Teacher
Education Source Books.

DIRECTOR
Directorate of Teacher
Education, Research and
Training, Chennai 600 006.

vi

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1

<, \D<es qe, dT#He++ yTT<q s+>H< sejTD+ <ojT <\T


eT\ < yTsT>T\T ~<sTT. esZ<o $ d+|<j\ C&+| sejTD+
|. ~|< #+<+ sejTD+ >q+ #jT& nqTe> +~. ~ b&$
sd \ keqT\ L& kV| q+< |k~dT+~. n+<T >+<+
\T>Ty]
sTT+{+ H{ |]+#&T+~.

TL]yTT\
ns+ $+

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y] eTT#>TqT n d#yTq, n#yTq $

y\sTT+q esTT TL]yTT\. yTT\ \T>TkV+ |U b+~q esTT.


sejTDy ydq esTTT\ yT |<e
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s+#&q uds sejTD+,s+>H< sejTD+, yTT<\>Ty{ L& nqTd]++~.
< sejTD+ = |T{\qT jT<<+> rdT+~.
< >TVQ&T lseTT q~ <{+# deTjT+ seTT b<<[k ssTT d> e]+~.
seTT b<dse\ H|&e m& ssTT>e] bT+< n >TVQ&T seTT b<\T
&>&. seTT b<\T &>& # sD \q#d+~ yTT\.
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+#<T. <sejTD+ ujT+ u |sXseTT&T seTT n&+q d+|TqqT
jT<$~> rdTe&+ ]+~.yTT\ 15 e X_ s u>+ 16 e X_ |<es+
J$+ j T T+& e # y T yd + & | > T L s T (H \ s T ) >
nsTTe+&e# kV #]sT\T #TTHsT. yTT\ $+ eT<T syT q
uy\T, \*yT q

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n L& ns\T HsTT. eT|
P e >dTyT q
eTqdTs\ yT s#q
\qT { \TdT+~.
yTT\ d bqT y|T+> ++~. djT+es deTjq d eTT> dT+<s eT]>,
nsDykq nwc\qT nqTu$+q |e seTD>,nX eq+ sd d\eT< +]
q+ < q eT]>, qqT u~]+#eq seDT m~]+q Bs< eTVfi> dq
T +q
rsT m+ sdes+>k+~.

#eTLs y+$
+{|sT qd H $+ |qq$ #eTLsy+$. #eTLs y+$
+Ces+< HjTsE\ eT{jT eqT&T> \q s|TTH<sjT\ (1614`1623)
2

=\Te kq$. s|T TH<s


jT\ n_qeusE nH _sT<T +~. lw<
e
sjT\e
sE djq $. n+> m+<s $ |+&T\qT bw+#&T. y+$ q s#q\q
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nd\T |sT y+sE. &T dsHsjTD es|k<\ ksddT< sdks
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e+ n ] |. < eT\+ qqjT ydq us~ |s + dTu < $yV+.nsTq
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lw k<] nsTTq dTu<qT $yVe&&+ +<* e++.
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|<q < |T{\T. ~ s |+<\ e esq |<qyTq e+.
~ +< |d|s esq bs+_+#&+~. $ n+<* #Ts bs |]K,k<,
>,Ts>,|<,yX,e<T\qT &TseT+> e]+#&T. +<T X+>s+ |<qsd+. Ms,s<,
sTD, Vd, X+ sk\T L& n+>sk\T> HsTT. $ lH<T Vs$k <w
|T= q y $jT $deT |sT |{&T. y++ j<e MsT\qT z&+
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e+ | |<+q eTHs+yTq #eTs+ |dT+~.qB rs+ Ls= q
nsTqTD \ nH q #dT+~. eTqdTq yT#T= n uwdT+~ $wj
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dek # \ \jT sk+T> ......... e{&q<.
q $+ C, ys, #eTT\ @<H { +T+< #|e&yT<T, #sD
.

nqTd]+q $\DyTq$ #eTLs.

<s{
lw<esjT\ nw~>ZC\ sT <s{. <s{ lfiVdXs X J$+
y\T>T NT\H<Ts=q s, Cq eje<T &q |eT, s+ +{&T. e&T >T\
H>|DXs b&eT>\ X+ ||<+ ns k<yTq |qTu JeH&
e =Dd

&T dV <jT T\ V<j
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|< |+#~
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X qs++ #jT lfiVdXsT n++ #d JeqT&j&T. X+ eT&T
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3

1. V () d+|<\T yTs| r>\ e+{$, XX+ e.


2. |syTXsT sTD d+ks deTT< sTDbjT+.
3. nqTuy y<yTq Cq |XyT eTT.
T &* TbT\T &$ &$, |+&q >T+& <s{ eTV$
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kq+ qy&. u>\T nqTu$+q y&. ejTdT eT[q =B sE\ duy
ss{&T .

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uC #Ts+jq Ts^ uc<T e<!
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& <s{ ss ]\ e |dT+~. CjTq <s{ |k&T. CT\T


<VQ\H&T. +<Te\T |T~, sT~>\ ysq. eTH>s nD yjTeTH&T.
|+ +& #jTeT n]+#&T. +{ u&q <s{ >T& u&T &T. ndq u
ys >V+#&T. u |] XH\qT, >V\qT qeTT= #&bTHs ybj&T,
eT&qeT\qT sd+#&T.
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d\T>T bDT\ #dj lfiVdXs! ns\ nqs s#q #jT>\ |u
<s{ +~. e+ e<T eTVeT X+q +&+ eTs= $Xw>TD+.n+$T<
sdsjT<T sd+<{ yTT<q yeV] |j>\T uy \+#LssTT.<s{ X
|<\T H{ |\ +sbs\T e{ $wyTq X $XwyT sD+. #<Te H]q
|+&<eTT\T

n+$T< \+ #q

jT ># e<q U>eTT\# e+{$

\T>Ty] Hfifl HqT&T\T>*#sTT. kVrdeTs+>D #e] w<esjT\#


dTeTjTq +<$ <s{ |\T\\ >Z nT* e<T eTVeT? .......... n
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usV]
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y&HsT. us
V] eTV$, j |+&T &T. n&T m+{ j |+&T &H eTT eTdT=
4

|+ #d q u>TqT e+ sT+ \+ yfiflT#<T. < H{ d+|<jT+


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eq Xs |< $e]d #|q |<+ ~. * e&TTH, bD+ bTH
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$Xw+
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T* n+<s+ b{<+. y&T +f &T n < \T>T kyT.

+<TL] MsX*+>+ |+T\T


<T jTT> e\ l +<TL] MsX*+>+ |+T\T >] | kq+ +~. MsT
1848e d+es+ + 1919 qTe #*+# es <T +< yvj mq
de #XsT. qejTT> uqT &H ] eX+ #dT=HsT.
qT yTT yTT< kV |<s|eTT y\sTT+H, sqTsqT >< y\
n++
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|< $+ es+
n u$+q +<TL] >< y\H |< q+>
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5

$+T |q]yV\qT, d $<qT bV+q d+ds, eT<bq+, e_#s+ ><



T~<
deTs+ k+q dH. MsX*+> |+T\T>sT ydq dsd
r Hs< d+y<eTqT K+&y
|]o*d |Ps$+ jTT jT<s ds|+ dT+~. M] |d\qT #~$q m+<s
e\T qe d+ |]|+
= = <sT\qT yXsT.qe\, <, |V dq+, H+, $eTsq+,
djT#] yTT<q kV |jT yTTyTT<{ s#q\T #d+~ Ms.
jTq eT, k+|T, sjT, kV s+>\ d+dsD nedseT u$+#sT.
< ksd
yTTf ese
Z T *#sT. | b<TbsTTq eT&q
eT\qT s*+#&
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nH yk\qT s+#sT. yTTyTT<{k]> $Xw |]X<q #d +<e\ #]qT >+<d+
#XsT. |d <s+ #dT= m+<s +<e\ #]\qT |{+#sT. MsT $ye]
nqT |qT k|+ d$<eXqT, d+|T d+dsDeXqT, |qsq, u\$yV\T,
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ydq $sY |t y |
nqT +>qe\ <s+. +<T H{ k+|T <Ts#s\qT Vfiq
#XsT.
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yT& |t misTqT \T>T

nqTe~+ fiX\ $<sT\


# 1841H |<]
+|CX sT.mH Xd >+<\qT nqTy<+ #XsT.
k++> s+#sT. = |< ysD yXsT. \T>T y#\qT jsT #XsT. q
|\ $KsT\qT jT$T+ s*C esZ+ yXsT.<T \T>T #] +&,
<T \T>T kV L& +<TL]

jTT>s n |eTTK $eTs\T |+&T\T

&..s+>H<#sT\T >] n_bjT+. +<TL] y] <T jTT>s n #|{


+~ sD\qT #|e#T.
n\+s\, Bs dek\ +&q $, >s, +<, $\qT sd+
dsfiyTq $ < D neds d+ ,qe kVdw |PqT=H&T. <D
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ndV +#TH&T. n+<T eTT<T|
fi

ydq s~k+H w~+|CX &T. sXX++
>\
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<H
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<T kV +T\qT $s$Tq dsT&T +<TL] MsX*+>+ |+T\T!
6

bqT>+{ \qsd+Vse
\qsd+Vse .X.1865e d+es+ sT ><e] +#sT. dV>
Vd|jTT&T. jTq e+> s#q\+<T d +&~. n yT< d+| $q |s|s+
MT+<sT q kq H s> jT$T+#&T. bqT>+{y] Vd+, e+>+ yTfi$+q
mH d+<X s#q\T |C<sD b+<sTT. k yk\ de+ <Ts#s\qT
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d+<X kV+
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| #dqysT #|&T #jT+& eT |\T d]~<T=H #&+ keq $wjT+
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nTe+{ |j
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bqT>+{ \qsd+Vse 1865 |e] 11q seT+& dMT|+ dq>s+
+#&T. +& y+seTDjT eT+>jT&T, $<T \y&T. * leT se+.
qsd+
Vse qq+ HjT \D
\T me> +&$. dVT\qT #T b>T#dT =,
eT< \& |Hk\T #y&T n&, & $q Vd d+|Tq\qT q{d #|
&T| q$+#y&T. n~ #d *<+&T\T, b<jTT\T n >=| HjT&T njT
\D\THjT u$+#ysT.
+{ |]dT\T, ] +<T\T >V+ qsd+Vse +& #|qT B> #<Te
bs+_+#&T. bsX \ #<T e+Tq eT $<] bqT>+{ s+q H{q
T b<jTT
|<]+#&+ >=|

d+|Tq.bqT>+{ dTesK nH | k yk\T yd

de+ <Ts#s\T, <TssZ\qT <TjTfy&T. uedw, $qX*, eTqdT


*+\T |fVd+, $wjT y$<+>\ nH H\T, |ydH\T, <\T s+ n
d\\+H +<T\ n_eq s#sTT nsTTbj&T qsd+Vse. b D, dyX
\q T bs\, nT |\ >&yTq nqTu |k~+#>\ s#q\T #d,
m& sJ|&, me] n_sT#T\ +b+&, n&T>&T>TH q e b&T=H&T.
jTq s#q
\ ks+><s
, ||+
# #DeTT, s<w yTT<\>Tq$ HsTT. \T>T bs \
d+<X kV+ n+~+q bqT>+{ ysT 1940 qe] e Bq dsZdT\jsT.
7

>Ti+Cwy
>T+sT $TdeT 1895 d+ +q Cwy H&T n+s \+
|{q+<Tq mH n>#T, neeH\T |&&T. $ \yT \+ eTTK+ <,eTw
eqeyT eT+ eTTK+ <, yT<e\ >TDyT <q+ eTTK+ < s|+q
y&T $ \ Cwy . yeTq |<\ sTy q+ H\T\ MT< H+ #dq |<\T
Cwyy n+f nXj
<T. ue |
q bNq #+
<<y
T q
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V+<eT+ eT&q
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+
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++
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>_ L& \jT|yX +

+~, k{eqeq n<e


T\+ y] e+ \jT+ n&T>T |esT <! n+<Te\
>_\+ <s <e qe<*
y~+#&T. <[T\ XeT <|&
+& {qT +q
e+

>_\+. $<] <XH k<sT&T C\T dVs+ He<q+ #d |+&T\

beTsT\ |X+d\T b+<sT. Bb\ |#jT Xd +{ |+&T& \d +$+ L&


#bsT.d e& jTT+& V+< >+<\T |]+
#&, V+< H\T yX& <>+ }&|

n<,eTT<, #*|<T |&s bT|&H&T.
Cw y n+s H , d $< ,eT& q eT\ e s + >, q J$ +
d+|Td+dsD n++ #X&T. d q y* < |T UB> e]q nqTy< d+d
n+f Cwy |seT ndV+. jTq ydq eTT+C eTV,e+, =+ y\
dnuTq d+ d d# d+ Cwy |+#&T. y&T uw |<\qT V#T>
y&+ e\ |<\= = +|qT, k+|qT *+#>*>&T.
de eT <w dT #] qT Cwe yjT<T. ~ \Te| dTqT V+d+q
nHj ne <Ts> sTDeTjT+> e]+q n<T e+.eTT| y\T,
nsTT<T H\T, s
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H < |sT y\sTT+#&T. eT #+<d+, esq> HT\+<T+&e Cwy
#|
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+
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mH dHH\T, mHH ds\T ]>sTT. M] $ \, $ $Xs<, $ ~>Z, eT<Ts
lH<, qejTT> $#e], $X$ de{, |<uwDY yTT<q

_sT<T\ je<X+

d]++~. 1965 dT #] y +< kV n&MT nysT \_++~. sT|


y+ e\# ds+ b+~q d$ Cwy.
8

qejTT> $ #e] >Ti+Cwy 1971 |se


T~+#sT.Cwy >T]+ y] eH #b\+f.
sE eTsD+# H= s s*bjT
$jTT eTsD+# H=s >>q yT
sE J$+# i $>VeTT \+<T
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+<\ b|jT Xd (sTDl)


sT Dl nH \+ |sT |d<
T &
q +<\ b|jT Xd eTjT y\ seTDjT
|<\ esT|sT. sTDl ydq <jTl 48 eTT<D\T b+~+<+f m+ |d<yTq
ey }V+#Te#T. yTT<{ eTT<D 1944 y\Te&+~. |T+k\ y+fXsse
eT<TeT<TsyT +s+ qT+& y\Te&q |w $|eTT, +re], k+<l yTT<q$
<jTl u>! + |d+ n<eT], }]fie], drk$, nqdj<$,
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#<Tee&, b&Te& M\T> +{sTT.
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|< \ yjTT#Tq$s! |seV><\T`< n>< yeTjT \yVH
s<w\ |DjT+ e]k&T. <jTl K+& e+ sTD sdyT |<q u$T eV++~.
sTDl s#q sTD sdyT |<q u$T n $eTs\+{sT. <jTl <qTs+>eTT
nqT o] s+q |<\ edTe seTT&T <qTdTqT $] dqT |+&&yT nsTTqq
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\yTT>\ysq |<eTTqT +^w <=s\ d+eTT> >V+#e# HsjTDs&
nH&T.eTV>+B eTsD+q|&T sTDl y<q +#sT j\ q>T#Tq
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9

n+ u>e+T V+q s&+sT&jTq.


bq s#H
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q~yyTT |T+eTTqT ......... n u>e s#H bXk y*T#T n<jTTq,
eT<Ts ueq # qT+& e#bH nHsT. sTDl eT<TsyTq y\qT |<\qT
dw+#& q @ neT u+&+ n~Hs><!

<e\ |* wXd
=+eT+~~ jTTe
=+eT+~~ qe
wXd~ $ ` n+{&T sT< q Lq\eT |<.
ue $+ nq|sT $+fH d |<+ fiq yT]d |sT <e\|* wXd.
uee\ ns< eTVs<T+<sTH,y] wXd dKs+. uee\ d#,
k+eTT sebD+. y<q, |q, s+, uee\ #d Xk\T. $eT+f
dcdwyTq nqTu Xus\ <s n+~+#&eT uee\ n_bjT+.
|+< jTT> D
q
T ndV +#T=, H{ kV+ MT< sT>TuT ue{ m>Tsyd
q

ny<T\T uee\T. dHq y<T\ deTs+ k+ $jT+ k~+q BsT\ >TsC&


nbse, sjTb\T dTuse, <e\|* wXd, n], y<T\, eT\es| $XXs se,
HjT dTuse yTT<q ys+<s \T>TkV |+&+#sT.
wXd |s|s+ dMT|+ >\ #+<b+ 1897 qe+sT 15q +#&T.
+& eTqXd, |< +& dTsjTXd. M]sTes |s|s+ kqe\T>, <e\|*
k<s e\T> \T>T kV+ dT|]T\T.<e\|* wXd \T>T kVeTH
q \eTH V\+ s+s+
d<+ #dq
V*&T. H{ jTTe\+ wX d $+H
><T jTq ywuwD\qT L& nqT]+# ys. $n+f wXd +fH $ n
u$+, jTq >] sC\ ET, eT< b|, |yT> ydq
+&Ty, n+#T|+#, \*
ydT H ys. wX d> #+
<T\ |<
+<\, ue \ qMqT\qT |yX |{sT .
|eTTK |]X<\T, $eTs\T, &j\ seT yVqse >sqT ` wXd V<jT+
~*, qT\T #eT*, >=+TeTT& M&+<, ue+ XXyT, nqTu, nbsyT,
e\ sddsk $jT >T+& >&TT=+T+~. < wXd u<. ||+#|
u<>&.<e\|* y+ wXd>sT w |eTT, }s, |ydeTT, yTT<q |d<
>+<\, bT ` VQ\ <sq+, |w$\TnH e#q s#q\T, 1975 |\, X]w,
<qTsdT, yT|Te, sTbe , yTT<q y{ s+#sT.
10

<e\|* ~sqT ~sqT ~$ qT+& uT$ nq|{ $\+ bT


<* e#&T. nuT<jT $<e Vq+ |\yT,>=| nuT<jT $
s+#&T. ]y, { b*wt, VQ\<s q+, e+{ wX d s#q
\T #~$ keqT
| kqTu dw+> eTq <eTT+~.
wX d eqey~. HqT V<jT y~, H y<++ s + \ e n n+
$CH k>+ |*&T. jTq s+q eTV e#q s#q |\ d+|{ e
K+& jTq >\ eqey<+, d+|T d+ks uy\T dw+> |ksTT. $XeT+
bD$uT eT+~syT, M~ y* jT~ # n | eTw q&# <e+, | |sT>T ms
<e+ n $Xeqe ueq wXd>] $ seT+> <sq$TdT+~.nqTu +&
wXd $+ yjT&+ s>|. H $+ | beTT>, \y] \T|\T {
e|& n~>, s\T $#TTq |e> ss\T> edT+~..... >fi <s| >&jTrd
edT+~.n jTq z # #|HsT. wXd | esq |+#bD\T. wXd
$ |d|\y&T * bfifl ~qT | ~ bT+~.de kV L&
kV >se+ rdT=eq n~rjT $ wXd. eTX de |sT$q>HyTTyT<
>TsT e#~ wXd. n+<T n&T ydq b\T \T>Tyfifl V<j |{
&\\>TH HsTT. X M~ VsTT> mse <X<X\ ] #de! @&qTH&
ue C& *d bsTTsy! n+<\ z yT|Te n+<\ zyT|Te b$ |se+#
+&>\e! u bfHs bfH wXd \ ~bT+~. u Ts+ de V]
z+..... z+ V] z+ |TH |Tq dT+<s! sTD sdeT+~s! n~ |\Tb yT\T=\Tb! n~
eT<Ts eT<TseT z+sy! b+&Ts+>! b+&Ts+>! n u b ydH @Ms +
| sr ed+ sr |> |s>*! T+ | $Tw+ b> k>* nH |eTb
ydH n~ wXd #*+~! de bn+f +&\ *jT Cdq de
b\ e+&T wXd.
ejT eTeT nH + s d+ d s~ ed+ ed+! s*qdTe\T
jTsT= C*> >+& <#T=! @ <s| deTH #sT= n yTT<\T |{ |>\+ H
eT~ eTeT\T d> s>T\TqT, ~+ HH H ws y<q |<T! b
+ >&T >TT bjT e+{. y<H u] ^\HH s+#&T. wXd de b\T
>T]+ #]+#\+f z n<jT+ d]b<T. z |dy
T yj*. H |e |eH!
=eT =eTH qTqT seTH! jT&$ <bH! mfH #H bH! >\>\ M#T
sT>* syT! \\ bsT d\jT{b H! jT&$ <bH!
11

mfH #H bH! wXd>] b |se+# ysT s+f nXj <T.


wXd >sT H& |.sY. fiX\ #~$, n< sY> |#XsT. V<u<
s
&j
+<+ |j
> |#XsT. fi||P s, |< u
wD _sT<+T &T, +<kV n&MT
nysT >V. 1980 |e] 24q eTsD+#sT. +<w> |sTb+~q wXd>] >T]+
z $>] e\T >TsT edTHsTT.eTqdTq eT\ e\\qT, qT\ yH \ &\\q }+q
* b\ sTT! e \T>T $ <q+ y&Ty]+~. m|&T eTfl s? m|&T
eT ed++?.

TeT\ dseTeT] #<]


TeT\ dseTeT] #<] 1901 +#sT. M] qT>T +, n_qe q,
nH _sT<T\T HsTT. MsT sw>q+, sD+, <sC, |]>|+, <jT>q+, X\,
^<s+, ds<jT>q+, qT>T, HqT, |s|+, deT<], <, eTV< yTT<\>T
>+<\T s+#sT.
eTVT (>+BeTVT) <qT \T>T |<e+> nqTe~+#sT. jTq >+B
eTVT #]qT eTV< > s+#&T. Mse> >+B eTVT >T]+# es#q\T
#dq+<Te\ eTVT kq$ > |sT b+<sT. X* eT<T eT<TsyT+~. n
*jTq e\ |<s#q $qk+|> +T+~. uyyX+ |dT+~. <VsD
eTV< e+ = |<\qT |]o*<+.
|s+ JeqeTT HT u]+TsT ........
.....................................................................
.... ~>+T\T >*q y] _&
j|< qT+<Ts deTjTyTq~ +& us|\ .
>+B >sTq nqT#sT \ ` ud | T m u]
ksT ? z us |s! deTjT+
dMT|++~ e+& nq&+ V<yTq y] s#H $wqT \T|T+~.mes yeTT
#TysT\ MT e< u+, MT eekjT+ >&+ |e MT y\ueTTH, MTq yTw
$y<+T\ \yT>, deTsV+TqH #] MT ueeTTH <qeTT Cd=+&T $TeTTH=+|H
T{&e&TH. mes eks, @y #ksH u+ m+<T |d, MTw MT n~s
d+b~+ |&TT+<, $TeT* z&+#ysT mes |<

>+B eTVT&T q nqT#sT \
nqT #{ uy\qT |<\ TeT\ysT e+ #XsT.
12

nqTe<T, \ qs<T, {sTf\H

+:`

qT<T, Xe\ bDeTT BjTT <T, HTsTH

\T>T kV#] >+<\qT

EqT $<q { >EiT <T, >#]

d]+#+&. \T>T e\T,

>q~> $q~jTT > sD+_~ $$T+|&!

s#sTT\ >T]+q CH
b+<+&

dVjT ssDdeTjT+ q nqT#sT\ >+B eTVT&T nq e*$. ||+#


#] Te+{ jTT< >] mes $q<, q< jTT< \eds+ <,
T \edsT <
f\T neds+
<
, XTe\qT #+|e\dq |<
, jTT<+
XTe\qT
#+| y] s +EqT >e\dq |<
, Te+{ $+ jTT<+
#jT & |s$T+#eT,
>+B eTVT&T ]qT TeT\ysT &TseT+> s+#sT. | s#q dsfiyTq X* *
\T>T |<\ HjT C&+ s+#+ TeT\ y] |.
eT<TeT<Ts >+B $ 1990 <V#*+#sT.
+: b|jTXd s+q sTDo,<jTo,jTo y\qT +r e],
|w$|eTT nH K+&y\qT d]+ #<e+&.
+: oo eTV|kq+, <Xs~ $Ts+ deTs+, \ neT+ ]dq
s yTT<\>T |d< e#q $ d+|{\qT d]+ #<e+&.

|<$u>+
\T>T uw |<eTT\qT sT $<\T> $u+#sT.
1. eT+, 2. <e+, 3. <XeTT, 4. nq<XeTT, 5. >eTeTT, 6. n+<>eTeTT
1. eT+ : d+d b |<eTT\T \T>T |jTeTT\ L& eeV]+|&q#
eTeTT n+<TsT. nq> d+d b Xe
TT\+<* $dse
Z TT\T |+, \T>T $u \T
#sT e\q @s&q |<eTT\T. MH |T\T n+<TsT.
< d+deTT

eTeTT

u\:

u\T&T

seT:

seTT&T

|dyT

|deTT

2. < e
eTT : d+d, b |<e
TT\T =\~ esT\T #+~ @s&q |<e
TT\qT < e
eTT\T
n+<TsT. M $T\T n|sT.
13

|
< eTsdyT
s<eTT

$
`

eTs (es|eTT)

ns<eTT (es>eTeTT)

>eTT
bseeTT

#>eTT (es<XeTT)
`

beseTT (esejTeTT)

3. <XeTT : \T>T <XeTTq eeVseTTqT+&T uw <XeTT.


< neT, nq, #T, }sT, |sT, eTT\T, \T
4. nq<XeTT : \T>T uw |y+q s uw\ |<eTT\T nq<XeTT.
< s\T, deTT, MT+<sT, s&T
5. >eTeTT : ysD $sT<eTTq |<eTT\qT >eTeTT\+<TsT.
< ek&T, L+&, @+~, k&T, e#, # yTT
6. n+<>eTeTT :
y s D j T e\ nqT> T D+> | < \T, |< \ T | j +q y{
d]+#e#TqT. n{|<\H n+<>e\+{sT.
< i+sT&T, bD>=&eTT, Je>i
7. W| $ueTT\T :
.{. nqTq$ W|$ueTT\T. $ = |<eTT\ $u\T #]q|&T e#TqT.
< ` }sT ` }]
{ ` >&T ` >{jT+<T

` qsTT ` q

8.~eTT :
$<yTq s+&T V\T\ \sTTqT ~eTT n+<TsT.
< neT, nq, yTT>Z.
9.yT&eTT :
~sTeTT jTT |ss|eTT yT&eTT nq&TqT. |<eTT s+&T esT |\T
&q|&T, s+&ek] |\T&q |<eTT yT&eTT.
< & G & R &
jT\T G jT\T R jT\T

yeTT\T ` s\T
1. keq yeTT :nde| jT\T +& f de| jT >*Zq~.
< #q & yfiflqT.
14

2. d+w yeTT : {> me > nde| jT\T * de| jT >\~.


< #q & y[fl, u>T> #~yqT.
3. eTVyeTT :keq, d+w yeTT\ @yq s+&T> me> *Zq~.
(nH jT\T *Zq~)
< #q & y[fl, u>T> #~$, b{\ bZ, VQeTT\T b+<qT.
ss `

ss y\T

ss y+ :
s |<q+> \~.
< seTT&T $;wDT s+#qT.
ss yeTT :
s |<q+> \~.
< $;wDT&T seTT # s+|&qT.

d+<T\T
d+<T\T s+&T seTT\T. yTT<{~ \T>T d+<T\T, s+&e~ d+d d+<T\T.
eTTKyTq \T>T d+<T\T :
1. s d+~ : Tq#T |seT>Tq|&T d+~ eTT>q>TqT.
< n&T G H&T, e G m&, T G njT
2. ns d+~ : nTq d+~ VQfieTT>q>T. nseTT|q d+<T\T H\T>T$<\T>
+{sTT.
< 1. d+~ +

seT G njT R

seTjT

2. d+~ w<+

e G e

ee (eje)

3. y*+

+ G

+, +j

4. nq$<+

eTs G R

eTs , eTsb

3. s d+~ : @e<T\ sTTTq d+~ y*eTT>q>T.


< @eTjT / @$TjTjT ( d+~ ss|+ n+<Te\ jT&>eTT s|+ )
ny& / n$jT&, bL{~ / bL{sTT~
N{\T / N{sTT\T
4. jT&>eT d+~ : d+~ # ds+T +f |s+uq ds+Tq jT&>eT>T.
< m|{ G nT
d+<\ G n+<T

m|{jTT

d+<\jT+<T
15

G q R jTTq

5. (n) sT>>eT d+~ :


|<~ XeTT\ \T XeTT |seT>Tq|&T s<sjTeTT q+<T sT>>eT>T.
< |<s\T, ;<s\T, eTT<s\T, es\T.
() eTT\ \T XeTT |seT>Tq|&T s<sjTeTT q+<T neTTq eTTqT,
sT>>eT>TqT. < BsTs\T, >TDe+Ts\T, <qe+Ts\T
6. T>>eT d+~ :s<sjTeTT q+<T Tq n#T |seT>Tq|&T T>>eT>TqT.
< >TTjT\, >TZ<eTT
7() qT>>eT d+~ : wwTsTweTT q+<T s TTseTT\ n#T|seT>Tq|&T
qT>>eTeT>TqT.

< sEH, $<Hq.

() <+eTTq <ss $XwDeTT\ n#T |seT>Tq|&T qT >>eT>TqT.


|\T, #jT T, +&T, z|, m>TsT, qT yTT< q n+eT+<T >\ |<\qT <s
s

$XwD\T n+{sT. ( d+~ e uw edT+~)
< |\Tq$, #jTTH&, +&Tq+, z|q{
8. <T>>eT d+~ : , H, q |<eTT\ s |<eTT |seT>Tq|&T <T>>eTeTT $uwjT>T.
< <Te, e
H<THsT, H HsT

R G e
R H G HsT

q<Ts|, qs| R q G s|
9. d+~ : , , @ \T eTT\T.
< G #T

n#T (n&, n# yTT)

G #T

# (&, ], <] yTT)

@ G #

m# ( m&, mysT, m<) `(~+, Vd+ s>).

10. dsfi<Xd+~ : <T |T\ MT~ |sTweTT\ dsfi<XeT>TqT.


< |qT#T, qT>e, y~p#T.

(<T+`_+<T d+Xw\T> e])

11. >d&<y<X d+~ : |<eTeTT (&T,eTT, e,\ ) MT~ |sTweTT\ >, d, &, <, e, \T
VQfi+T>q>T.
< <seTT G #jTT R <seTTdjTT.
y&T G ={ R y&T>={

e G |* R ee*

\T\T G |* R \T\Te*
12. b~ d+~ : b, yTT<q XeTT\ V\T |syTq|&T ]> d+~. d+~ nH
$<\T> sT>TqT.
16

(n) b<T\ =* n#T MT~ es\ |+ VQfieTT> sT>TqT.


< G yTT>Z R yTT>Z
s+&|<+ yTT<{V\T |sTwyT dsfieTT+~.
b G |\T
G =eT

b\T

>=eT

() +|, #qT, eTT+<T yTT<q Xu\ e] ns\ |+ edT+~.


< +| G $T R +<$T
() +< X+
=* n#TMT~ es\ |eTT,=* n#T Bse
TT <Ts+ VQfieT>TqT.
< +< G qT R >qT
() =~ Xu\ =* n#TMT~ es\ |eTT, MT~ V\T ~sT+ VQfieT>TqT.
< = G sT R =sT
= Xu\ =* n#TMT~ es\ = # nqTHd+ <XeTeT+~.
< = G #jT R =+CjT
() eT&T X+ MT< V\T |syT =* n#T MT~ es\ |+, =* n#T Vd+ e&+
sTy V\T ~sT+ e&+ sT>TT+~.
eT&T G esT

R eTTesT.

13. yT& ~sTs d+~ : yT& |sTweTT\ ~sTseTT <XeT>TqT.


< ||>\T, &
yT& d+~ :n#T yT&eTT |syTq|&T d+~ eTT.
< @$T G @$T R @yT$T
V G V R VV
14.|+b<X d+~ : s<sjTeTT q+<T eTT eseTTq |, +|\>T.
< dsdeTT G e R dsd|e
15. \T,\,q,\ d+~ : \T, \, q \T |seT>Tq|&T eTTeseTTq |eTT sds+Tq
Bs+ $uwq>T.
d+~
< |deTT G \TR

$uw

|d\T

|deTT\T

seTT G \ R

s\

seTT\

$<eTT G q

$<q

$<eTTq

17

d+d d+<T\T
(n) des Bs d+~ : n, , , TT \ deseTT\T |seTsTTq|&T |Ps dseTTq Bs+
@<XeT>TqT.
< |fij ` |fijT G n
() >TDd+~ : ns , , TT \T |seT>Tq|&T @, z, sY ` \T <XeT>TqT.
< ss R s G s
() jTD<X d+~ : jT,e,s \ jTDT\ |sT. , , TT \ ndeseTT\T |seTsTTq|&T
jT, e, s \T <XeT>TqT.
< n G n+ R n+
dT G >eTT R k>eTT
| G R |
() e~ d+~ : ns @, \T |seT>Tq|&T seTTqT, z, W \T |seT>Tq|&T
WseTTqT @<XeT>TqT.
d+d eTTq , W \qT e<T\+<TsT.
1. uTeq G @

uTeH

2. $wjT G

$wjT

3. s G z|TeTT

s|TeTT

4. eTV G Ww<eTT R

eTVw<eTT

() $dsZ d+~ :
(1) $dsZ eTT+<T ns+ +f $dsZ <T\T> z <XeT>TqT.
njT: G eTjT+ R njeTjT+
(2) $dsZ eTT+<T nss n#T\T +f $dsZ <T\T> s
|+
n+f s s+edT+~.
<qT: G uDeTT\T R <qTsDeTT\T.
(3) nVH, ddt, n+dt, bdt, |qdt Xu\ d s s s+ edT+~.
nV: G X\T R nV]X\T.
(4) $dsZ ds+ |syT $dsZ dseT>TqT
qu: G dTeT+ R qudt G dTeT+ R qudTeT+
(5) dt,dt n+eTT >\ |<\ ds+ w seTeT+~.
Vdt G s+ R Vcs+, <Tws+

18

(6) $dsZeTT |q ,| \T |syTq $dsZeTTq esT s<T.


<....n+: G |seTT R n+:|seTT

s: G +|eTT

R s:+|eTT

dedeTT\T
1. (n) TsTweTT : s |<eTT |<qeTT> >\ dedeTTqT TsTw dedeTT n+{sT.
() |<e TsTweTT : eT<V+, eT<jTT>eTT, q&H, q&
() ~rj TsTw+ :

#eTTqT <]+q y&T ` #<sT&T

H\qT *qy&T ` H\\T


<Tw\qT d+V]+qy&T ` <Twd+V]
() rj TsTw+ :

>TDVqT&T ` >TDeTT\ # VqT&T

q_weTT ` qeTT n_weTT


() #TTsTw+ :

<es+ ` <e\ =s s+

|j>X\ ` |j>+ =s X\
(}) |+#MT TsTw+ : nujT+ ` n e\q ujT+
<=+>ujT+, |s+ JeqeTT
(TT) wwTsTweTT :

VeTTKeTT\T ` V jTT eTTKeTT\T

(T) d|MT TsTweTT : >eT |\T, >eTeTT q+<* |\T.


#sTesT, #sTe q+<* sT.
2. s<sjT dedeTT : $XwD, $Xc\>, |eq, |jTjTeTT\> @s&
dedeTT\qT s<sjT dedeTT n+{sT. B deH~ sDeTT n |sT. ~ L&
s |<s+ |<q+> >\ dedyT.
m. $XwD |Ps|< s<sjT dedeTT : q\\Te, dsd db\T, e<b+
_. $XwD
s|
<
s <sjT dedeTT : |sTceTT&T ` eTyTq
|sTw&T, sCeTT&T,
be<eTT.
d. $XwD ujT|< s<sjT dedeTT : Bs<T&T ` BsT&qy&T, <T&qy&T
& . d + u eq | P s | < s < s j T d e d e TT : >es H ~ ` >es q + nH |s T > \
|seTT.|D+, V<su<T q>s+, eTie+.
3. ~>T dedeTT : d+Uy#+, |Ps|<eTT> +f < ~>T dedeTT n+{sT.
H\T>T ~\T ` H\T>q ~\T, <X~X\T
4. (n) <+< dedeTT : ujT |<s |<qeTT <+<dedeTT, nq> |Ps s
|<\T s+&+{ deT|<q+ >\ ded+ n nseTT.
19

< : eT++\T ` eT+eTTqT, +eTTqT.


*<+&T\T

` *jTTqT, +&jTTqT

() VQ|< <+< ded+ : seT\D usXT|TT\T, eTHyjTeTT\T, <sseT


yeTT\T, d dT$T sTT\T.
5. VQMV dedeTT : nq|<s |<qeTT VQMV nq> |Pss |<\T s+&+{
|<q+ +& ys |<eTT ns |<q+> >\~ n nseTT. ( ded+ \y&T,
\~ nH ns+ +T+~.)
< #TsTKT&T ` H\T>T eTTKeTT\T \y&T.
6. nesTue dedeTT : |Ps|<eTT |<q+> >\ dek nesTue dedeTT
n+{sT.
< : nqTL\+ ` (L nqTd]+ ) |~q+, |eq+.
+ :
u\ysD+, n|MjT+
+{ ysD >+<\qT d]+#+&, ysD+
>T]+q CH b+<+&.
|dsZ\T :
| , b yTT<\sTTq~ jT\ *d |dsZ\T> neTHsTT.
X+ : |dsZq <s <q jT
|VsVs d+Vs |]VseY
|dsZ L&q <Te\T \e++> eT]jTT $<+> es&TsTT. $
j\ #]q|&T ns+ esT edT+~ V nH <Te Vs n neT+~.
B = |dsZ\T #] m esTT+< #<+.
| G Vs

R |Vs ` =&+

dyT G Vs

R d+Vs ` #+|+

G Vs

R Vs ` VseTT

$ G Vs

R $Vs ` s>+

|] G Vs

R |]Vs ` #*+|

| G Vs

R |Vs ` qT

||s | |s<uyHq|d
20

| $sT<b JTdsZ dT$+X:


|, |s, |, |], n, n~, n_, ne, nqT, |, d, , dT, , $, sY, <TsY, Y, _, , .
sTe~+{ |dsZ\T n+{sT.
|dsZ\ #] |<\ ns+ e# u<\qT >eT+#+&.
1. |

|ueeTT, |d<eTT, ||+#eTT

2. |s

|sueeTT, |sjTeTT

3. |

|, |HjT&T

4. |]

|]#jTeTT, |]yseTT

5. n

nseTT (me) nXjTeTT

6. n~

n~seTT, n~HjT&T

7. n_

n_eqeTT, n_H

8. n|

n|esZeTT, n|+<

9. ne

neeqeTT, ne>TDeTT

10. nqT

nqTeqeTT, nqTqjTeTT, nqTL\eTT

11. |

|j>eTT, ||<

12. d

dT++>, dXs<T&T

13.

>eTeTT, qT&T

14. dT

dT<seTT, dT>TDeTT

15.

(: G y<eTT R s<eTT) deTT.

16. $

$HjT&T

17. sY

sqT&T, sqeTT

18. <TsY

<TsqT&T, <TsuT&T

19. Y

qeTT, seTT

20.

k qeTT, +

21.

XqT&T.

n\+s\T
#+<dT |<+ q&qT XsTTd n\+s+ uy XsTTdT+~. n\+]+#~
n\+s+ nH ns+ eyT +& #|<\q $wj $esD #~> L& n\+s+
|d<yT+~. n\+s\T s+&T s\T:

1. Xu\+s\T

21

2. ns\+s\T.

1. Xu\+s\T : X k+<s + bs #eTs n+~+#~ Xu\+s\T. $ |< q+>


<T s\T.
n$.

1. eqT bd
2. #qT bd
3. {qT bd
4. jTeT+
5. eTT|< >d+

1.eqT bk\+s+ : ns+ eT eT se&+ eqT bk\+seT>TqT.


< >C+<TD b&& yfiy>+ eTV$we # \<$| #+>TL& $&e
yfiTH&T. n|&T.....\<$
n&><q &Te&qT
n&q qeT>T&qT&T e& q&jTT&T>TH
y&y& &eTT& &&
n&T&T, n&T&<T &eT n&T&TH&\H.
< CieTi =i _i_d q~.
2. #qT bk\+seTT : s+&T n++f me ns\T nsu<+ m&+ +&
se&+ #qT bk\+seT>TqT.
< b| d+VsT&T VsT&T
+<T yTT<{ VsT&T V]+#y&T n, s+&e VsT&T e&T n nseTT,
n+f bb\qT V]+#y&T (e&T) n nseTT nsu<+ |<+ (VsT&T) yqT
y+H e+~ { ~ #qT bk\+s+.
3. {qT bk\+seTT :
nseTTq |<\T s u<+ m&++& se&+ {qT bk\+seT>TqT.
< eT q]+#T seTT\T seTT\T
lH<Te]+#T V V
yTT<{ se
TT\T nH |< keqyTq
#T \T n, s
+&e se
TT\T nH Xu Xwy
T q

#T\T nH ue+ *jTCjT&+~.


4.

jTeT+ : deq es\T nsu<+ +\T> >, n++f me> eT eT

se&+ jTeT\+seT>TqT.
< e! <qTE\ >\e>e!

(<qTE\ R sdT\qT)
22

+<T yTT<{ e! d d+u<q y#+. s+&e e ` >\e be ! nH ns#


jT u>+.
5.

eTT |< >d+ : yTT<{ b<+ es qTq |< s+&e b<+ >V+#T. (eTT

|< >V+#&+)
1. ><] >T+~

2. dT<r qq eT<H !

>TMT< #T+~

eT<H> Ts+> |PseTD eTjTd<H!

#TMT< |T+~

d<H! dT+<s s<H !

| eTqdT @eTT+~

s<H qes> eT\ s e<H!

2. ns\+s\T : eq |e~ n\+s\T XuqT >s n\+ssTT.


ns XsTT+#T= #eTs+ *+#$ ns\+s\T. M{ |d<eTsTTq =
1. |e\+s+
2. s|\+s+
3. \+s+
4. nXj\+s+
5. Xc\+s+
6. ns+Hk\+s+
7. <c+\+s+
8. duy\+s+
1. |e\+s+ : |yTj |eq+ eTHVs+> b*#|&+.
< z sC! ] V+d e X >+> z\&T #Tq~.
|yTjT+

` ]

|eq+

` V+d

deq <s+ ` z\&&+


|ey#+ ` e
( y { |e~ n\+s\T ysq n\+s\T> ese#TqT. uc
eeVs+ L& mH n\+s\THsTT.)
<:` 1. y&T q\ >TH&T ` |eT
y&T q\ ` s|+
2. |T+k\ >q+ >+<s>q+ e +~ ` |eT
|T+k\ >q+ >+<s>q+ ` s|+
23

|T+k\ >q+ >+<s>qy nqTqTq~. `


2. s|\+s+ : |eq |yTj\ u<+ qqT qT> #|&+ s|+. n+f
|yTeT+ |eq <s s|+#&+.
< eqe\ nCH+<s Cq
C b>= e#TqT
nCH n+<s, CH C u<+ qT #|&+ e\q ~ s|+.
3. \+s+ : n+f }V+#&Tq~ n nss. <s ke { |yTj
|eq+> }V+#&+ \+s+.
< kjT+\+ dsT&d$T+#& X+ Xe fi sT#Tq< nqTqT eT+#T
_+<Te\T ]XsTT.
b* #| ` u<+ +&TqT #| ` }V+ #| (esTd> |eT ` s| `
\
\D+).
4. nXj
\+s+:` >s+ $wj
=+&+> e]+ #| & nXj
\+seT+{sT.
<:` e neT+ +&>
nejT\T #+<T y<#THsT.
e neT+ +<q&yT nXj
<:` q>s+ yT&\| |\\T #+<eeT +T&T =+THsT.
5. Xc\+s+ :` e nH ns\T se&eTT Xc\+seT>TqT.
< :` sE e\jq+<sT&T
& sE n+f #+<T&T, |\qT b*+#y&T n, e\jTeT+f \Te|e u$T n
s+&s\T.
+<T sE |Cs+& ns+, #+<T&T \Te\ q+<+ *+# y&
s+&e ns+>qTHsTT.
6. ns+sH
k\+s+ :` keq y $Xwy
+qT, $Xwy
keqy+q
deT]+#&+ ns+sHk\+seT>TqT.
$Xwy+ ` VqTeT+T&T eTVdeTT< \+|T+#&T.
keq y+ ` eTVT\ nk<yTeTTq~?
< eT<sY <]k ws>T\ |eqTs>\ de #d+~. eqeeTsT\ |s|s
|sjTD dV \D+ < ! nH keq y+ deT]+#&+ e\ ~ ns+sHd+.
24

7. <c+\+s+ :` s+&T y\ _+ |_+ ue+ +&&+ <c+\+s+.


< n\T&|&T \T &+seTT>qT dqT+&T |\T #\>qT
+#Ty>TqT q+Ty>TH ? (<c++)
s+&T y +#T, q+ yssT <s\T. s+&+{ _+ |_+ ue+ #|&+~.
8. duy\+s+ :` edTe jTT \D
\qT q$ qT> e]+#&y
T duy\+s+.
#yq eTT<
#+>\Te |P<+&
+>sTyTT\&T |T<{
d+<jTT\TqT
d]eTTe >C\T
w ! qT
#]=\TT
w n+<#+<\qT q$ qT> fi {qT> #|&+ e\ ~
duy\+s+ n>TqT.

#+<dT
|<eTT\ \DeTTqT \T|q~ #+<dT. | |<+ keq+> 4 b<\qT *
+T+~. b<eTT\T >DeTT\T >qT, >DeTT\T >TsT, \|Te\T >qT $u+|&TqT.
1. @s >DeTT\T :`
\|TTe

>TsTe

2. s+&s >DeTT\T :` (4)


\\eTT

II

>>eTT

UU

e>DeTT

IU

V>DeTT

UI

3. eT&s >DeTT\T :`
eT >DeTT

UUU

u >DeTT

UII

>DeTT

IU I

d >DeTT

II U
25

q >DeTT

II I

jT >DeTT

IUU

s >DeTT

UIU

>DeTT

UUI

4. |>DeTT\T :`
n. ds>DeTT\T (2)
V >DeTT

UI

q >DeTT

III

. +< >DeTT\T (6)


q\eTT

IIII

q>eTT

II IU

d\eTT

IIUI

u>DeTT

U II

s>DeTT

U IU

>DeTT

UUI

5. |< \DeTT\T :`
n. eeTT :` eeTT\T keq+> 4 b<eTT\qT * +{sTT . |b<+qT jT
+T+~. bdjTeT+ \<T ($ esZ #+<dTq #+~q$).
1. \e\

2. #+|e\

3. Xs\eTT

4. eTueTT

1. \ e\ :`
` | |<eTTq 4 b<\T+{sTT
` | b<eTT q+<T usquuse nqT >D\T esTd> +{sTT.
` bdjTeT+ >\<T 10e ns+ jT.
` | b<eTT q+<T nseTT\ d+K 20.
u

U I I

UIU

=+&

>=+&=

jT : =+>T

I I I

u
U II

*jTT >TE<=

U I IU I U

sH\

>T

2. #+|e\ | |<eTT q+<T 4 b<\T+&TqT


26

=*s

e
IU

jT&H

| b<eTTq qus nqT >D\T esTd> +{sTT


bdjTeT+ >\<T. 11e ns+ jT
| b<eTT q+<T ns\ d+K 21.
q
I I I

eTeTT

IUI

UII

q<#

<&T|

IUI

IUI

IUI

UIU

esT

\Ts+&T

~\H

&s

jT : ` s
3.Xs\eTT :`
| |<eTT q+<T 4 b<eTT\T+{sTT
| b<eTT q+<T eTdd> nqT >DeTT\T esTd> +{sTT.
bdjTeT+>\<T. 13e ns+ jT
| b<+ nseTT\ d+K 19.
eT
UUU

$Hy

>

IUI

IIU

UUI

UUI

<Ts< we+T

&e

yH{

IIU

HH{

Xs\eTT :` ks#s $Xs<jTqjT jT H Xs\ $&


jT : $ ` y
4. eTueTT :`
| |<eTT q+<T 4 b<\T+&TqT.
| b<eTT q+<T dusqeTjTe ` nqT >DeTT\T esTd> +&TqT.
bdjTeT+ >\<T. 14e ns+ jT.
| b<eTT q+<T ns\ d+K 20.
d

I IU

UI I

UIU

III

&Ty >+Tq V+dT|

qTi

eT
UUU

j+k

jT

IUU

IU

][+

jT : ` +
. CT\T : ` (< #+<dT #+~q$)
+<eTT, ~|< eTTq>T |<eTT\T CT\ #+~q$. jTT\T #\TqT. bdjTeT+
+< |<eTTq e+ \<T.
27

1. +<eTT :` +< |<eTTq 4 b<\T+&TqT. 1`3 b<eTT\T eT&d >DeTT\T+&


b{>qT. 2`4 b<eTT\T nsTT<d >DeTT\T+& b&e> +&TqT.
>>` q\`u, ,d nqT >DeTT\qT esTd eT+> >, weTT eqT> > y&e#TqT.
ud >DeTT\T >DeTT> qT+&s<T. 2,4 b<eTT\+<T eT&e >DeTT >DeTT >,
q\eTT > +&eqT.
2`4 b<eTT\+<T e] nseTT >TsTe> +&eqT. bdjTeT+\<T.
jT : 2`4 b<eTT\+<T b<eTT yTT<{ nseTTq 4e >D+ yTT<{ ns jT
#\TqT. +<eTT ydq y&$. |+~ L*qy& C<T (j<T&T) n kyT.
<

q\

IIII

U II

d]>\
q\

IIII

u
U II

y]

C\TqT

IIU IUI

sTDT\ ~j sTy\

>>

IIU

UU

<>u+

&&H

]|eTTq < i+&


|syTX!>+> $&TeTT ` bs #\TH
jT 2 b<+ ` ,<
jT 4 b<+ ` |,b

+<eTT Xs >D+T\
n+<eTT> u, , d q\eTT\\ e&eTH
b+<TH q\ \H]
H=+<TH

T~ >TsTe, >D eTT+&<T udH

~|< :`
~|< |<eTTq s+&T b<eTT\T eyT +&TqT.
| b<eTT q+<T yTT< 3 +< >DeTT\T, es, ds >DeTT+&TqT.
bd jTeT+ \<T, bd jT L& #\TqT.
jT : b<+ yTT<{ nseTTq 3e >D+ yTT<{ nseTTq jT #\TqT.
< :`

d\

UIU

II U I

=eTM

=eT+

UII

UI

ueTeT

d
28

q\

UIU

IIII

ueTb \qT

U IU

III

usTT

#<eTT

(bd jTeT+ ~|<qT eT+ ~|< n+{sT.)


+<>DeTT\T eT&q >D+u{, #+<d ! ~|< #qT C|s# !
d. |CT\T :` ddeTT, ^, y\~, |C |<eTT\ bd jTT\T #\TqT. bd
jTeT+ <T.
ddeTT :`
dd |<eTTq 4 |< b<eTT\T+&TqT. | b<eTT q+<T yTT< 6 +< >DeTT\T,
2 ds >DeTT\T +&TqT.
bd jTeT+ <T.

jT ` | b<eTTq s+&T # jTT\T #\TqT.

1. b<eTT yTT<{ nseTTq 3e >DeTT yTT<{ nseTTq jT #\TqT.


2. 5e >DeTT yTT<{ nseTTq 7e >DeTT yTT<{ nseTTq eT]jTT jT #\TqT.
H\T>T |< b<eTT\ es y\~ >, ^ > #]q# |P] dd|
<
eT>TqT.
<
s

d\

UIU

I I UI

UUI

|Ps

qeTTq+<T |P+#

d\

IIUI

UII

>sE

b+~q

V
UI

>d

d\
IIUI

>eT+&T
V
UI

jT$T

+<>DeTTsT q>D+T\T s+&T,


b<b<eTTqqT s>T#T+&T,
y\~jTq ^ jTTHq,
#|e\jTTMT< ddeTTq.
^ :` | |< 4 b<\T+&TqT. | b<eT+<T yTT< 1 ds>DeTT s 2 +<
>DeTT\T, eseTs\ 2 ds>DeTT\T +&TqT. bdjTeT+ <T. jT | b<eTT q+<T
yTT<{ nseTTq 4e >DeTT yTT<{ nseTTq jT #\TqT.
(dsT&=sT+&TdTs sE*<sT ~qs<jT+T ^ )
< :` s\eTTq HseT>TqT?
29

y\~ :`
| b<eTTq+<T 4 b<eTT\T+&TqT. 1`3 b<eTT\+<T yTT< 3 ds>DeTT\T
es 2 +<>DeTT\T+&TqT 2`4 b<eTT\+<T <TqT ds>DeTT +&TqT. bd jTeT+
<T. | b<eTTq+<T b<+yTT<{ nseTTq 4e >D+ yTT<{ nseTTq jT#\TqT.
1`3 b<eTT\T ` 3 ds G 2 +< >DeTT\T
2`4 b<\T ` 5 ds >DeTT\T
< :` ||s+TH=b*qT+&T
#& #& sT#T\ C&ysT.

xqsXyRNRPR:
N]R y A-sxtsQLjiLiRRs[V xqsXyRNRPR. C xqsXyRNRP[ sWssNTP
xqsLRi*][sVV -sNSrysNTP AyLRiLi. xmsaRPVxmsOSQQRVV s[[VLi^ssW sWLRiV [NRP -sLiRysNTP
y[ xqsXsaRPNTP [NRPFsRs[V. uyxmsLRiLigS xqsXyRNRPR -s-sR xmsNTPRV[ RWRsRV.
sVVLigS ANRPL<RiRVLigS
NRPRRLi[ Ds zms NSsNRP EaRPNRPV gRiVLjiLiRsRV. @lgi[ NRP-sRRLi[,
yNRPLRiRs[ NRPR[NRP NRP-sR[s FyRV, ssV @ds LRiRLiVVR [NRP NRP-s[R xqsXztsQLixms
(xqsXLixms) Tss[.
yNRPLi ryzR xmsNTPRVsLi[ RsWsNRPLi. @LiR xqsLixtsQV, FyRR,
ed
+, xqsLixmnsVsV @ds BLiRV-sVLiRV NRP-sxqsXs[. @lgi[ ARVsNRP xmsNTPRV [LRiRs,
BLiRV[ xqsXyRNRPR ][V [xqsVN][sRLi ss[ A xmsNTPRV ryzR g_LRiys F~LiRgRiLij.
-dssLi gRiVLjiLi LS[[V @yRW[ -ssLjiLiR&TsTT.
U s#q (s\T yjT&+)
eT uy\qT n+<] nseTjT * uw s\T yjT&+
fi. >=| K\ kV+ kq+ b<T. K\qT k+|T K\, eeV]
K\ s
+&T s\T> $u
+|e#T. s#q
s+&+{ |<
nqTd]+#&+

bd><
T .

k+|T K\T :
+<T $TT\ yd K\T , |+&, |{q, sE yTT<q Xus\,
+<Te\, dVT\ |+| |\T| |\T yTT<q y{ k+|T K\T
n+{sT. *<+&T\ yd d+<s bs+u+ & y| | u>+ qTq
30

}sT ~ yj* nT |<| d+u<q #j*.


>sejTTq / |PjTTq / |jTeTsTTq neT( *) >] n
d+u~+#e#T.
$TT nsTT
bDdVT
$TT&T s$ ,............................................ n d+u~+#e#T. |]#jT+
|<\
nj!
ne!.......................n *+>u< nqTd]+ d+u~+#*.
|Ps+ #s { |<\ eTVs.l Vl l y<eTsT\T yTT<q e\T
|jksT. n> d\ yd d+<s eTV\ deqTs \ leT
nqys s+J$ n |sT eTT+<T |jksT. |<q y] qeTks\T,
e+<H\T n #|&+ d+|<jT+. |q\ odT\T Byq\T n #b*.
K e] u>+ qysT |<y] yd T +#eqT. T
MT$<jTT&T n, |<\T qy] yd d+<s T MT Xj_w n
yj*.

e~] k+|T K
w],
~. 8`7` 2009.
|jTyTq Hq>],
eT es dq qeTd]+ yjTT s+. HqT X\+>
HqT. MTsT, neT>sT, nq eT+> Hs u$kqT.
e |_ |\T e] H\ sT>qTHsTT. HqT u>
#<Te#THqT. ||E #*+ #& >qT s+&T e+<\ sbjT\T
|+|e\d+~> sT#THqT.
T
MT |jTyTq es,
dq.
31

sTHe:
dsHsjTD,
270, eTsJ \,
>sjTq>sY,#H. ` 17
bsX\ H|<+ /b<jT D d+d / $<sT\T / b<jTT\T /
|<HbjTT<\T, |d $\ ys |\ , s\j\ yd K\T
eeVsK\qe#TqT. eeVs K d+d\ yd d+<s
eTVXj! / s! / nj! / n d+u~+ yj*.

e~] eeVs K\T


w],
~: 4`1`2009.
$.esY.
yTT<{d+es+,
b<jT D d+d,
&{ ` w].
nj!
H s+> q+<Tq b<jT D d+d sE,s| s bTHqT.
q T H s +& T sE\ (5`1`2009 eT]j T T 6`1`2009) d\e eT+ps T
#jTe\d+~> b]dTHqT.
.<qy<eTT\T.
MT $<jTT&T,
$.esY.
sTHeT:
||,
&{ ` w].
32

|d $jTd+d K
sD|,
~: 6` 7` 2009.
yTHsT,
$X+< T d\sY,
>+B M~,
sT|.
nj!
K ~> T e \ T| & q | d \qT $.| . | <s H s T He
|+|>sT#THeTT.
X ss+ ` 1 |
|sjT |< |T+Te `1
$<] \ sTe ` 2 |T\T
|<u\ ` 2 |T\T
$XdjTTs\T,
sD.

H sTHe
sD ,
yTT<{d+es+,
b<jT D d+d(eTVfi),
sD|, y\sT .

|s<T K
w],
~ 10` 7` 2009.
@.#+<XKsY,
12e s>,
|uTq bsX\,
w] .
33

du HdsY >],
w]bdT dwH,
w] .
nj!
q{ sE <jT + HqT bsX
\ b]+> d\
+ H n{dT d\
TqT |{, s>


yfiflqT .s> |P] nsTTq s Hd\TqT |{q d y[fl#&> n~ n&
+#<T. H d q+sY A.943607 |# s+>T +T+~. <=+>*+#&q
H d d+ HqT #dq |jT$ |*+#<T.
{ MTsT <jT Hd qT>=q& >T #s rdTy\ sT#THqT.
s> H d qT |{ H |+#e\d+~> b]dTHqT.
T
MT $XdbT&T,
@.#+<XKsY,
w].
H sTHe
@.#+<XKsY,
12e s>,
|uTq bsX\,
w].

~q | K
VAdsT,
9`7`2009.
s|Te\T,
n+<eq |*,
&+D \,
w] .
34

d+b<\T
H&T ~q |,
u+>TfiSsT.
eTVXj!
<jT B #]q $wj MT |eTTK ~q| d{ m&wq
|{
+
#>sT#THqT. > ys+qT+& e &+D
\ @qT>T\T ds $Vs+
#dTHsTT. n+<Te\ |+\T b&HsTT. sT\T dVjT d HsT qT
s$q n~sT\T DyT d+~+ @qT>T\qT bs<\& >T#s\qT #|{
nq<q sT* <Ty\ yT+sT=+THeTT.
MT $Xd bT&T,
|.s|Te\T.
H sTHe
s|Te\T,
n+<eq |*,
&+D \,
w] .

nusq K
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35

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

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41

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42

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43

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44

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45

1.6 |y#+
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46

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T q
CH qyT q
d+ks >TsTe * +&*.>TsTe
n+f |<~, >=|~ n L& ns+. $T* T~ $X\ V<jT+ >TsTe *
+&*. >TsT+ n+f >se+ n ns+. >s$+| <q y&T> +&y&T
>TsTe.b<jTT&T: |n+f dMT|+, dV jT+ n ns\THsTT. n<jT n+f

n<jTq+ #dy&T. n<jTq+ n+f #<e&+ n<jT+ n+f >+<+


u>+. $<] dV+> +& #<Te #|y&T b<jTT&T.
n<|&T:` n<|q+ n+f y< #~$+#&+. n<|&T n+f y<
#~$+#y&T. <T \+ n<|&+f #<Te #|y& ns+.
u<&T:` T<t` n+f *$. *jT < *jT #|y&T u<&T. u<&T

n+f *$ |+#y& ns+.$<+> >TsTX |sjT|<qT $<qT u~+#T

ysT nH |<q ns+H y&TTHsT. euw n<|& m{ $w\D\T


+& \TdTe& eTT+<T @n<|&q +&e\dq keq\D\qT
>T]+ \TdTy*.
47

n<|&T ` keq\D\T
eT\+{ |$yTq~ b<jT e . >TsTeqT kT |s V
ds|+> u$+#sT.
eH+de e: n<eTyT

< HyT b<jTe: eTyT


>TsTV >TsT]wyT .....>TsTeqT kT |s V ds|+> u$+#sT.

dVq+: b<jTT& eT] eT dVq+ |H~ e+{~. zsT +fH $T*q


\D\ |yT |jqseTesTT. $<sT *> reyTq uy<\,
nq+^syTq |esq\ b<jTT\T ||&sT . dVwT

|]dT\qT

ne>+ #dT= |]cs w #j*. Highest tolerence is the sign of mental


health and hygiene.

eT<T uwD+ : *>Z d+~+# dTyT q


eTqdT\T |\\
T. b<jTT&T eT<Te>
e{& due+ >\y&q|&T |\\T n <>Zs #s>\sT. N{e{ dTsT=H
n<| |\\
T e{&&
+sT. d+<V \T ee. uj
T + nuk
XTe. bjT,n_eq+ * <+&T\ e+{$.
dN\+: ` b<jTT&T <s\T #| &yT <T #sD
L& #|+#*. u<q
H
Xj\ #sD $<sT\| eT+|ue+ #|T+~. edH\ ud L&<T
$<sT\ eTqdT\ >&+> eTT< yjT>\y&T b<jTT&.
deTue+ : bsX\ <q+,n~s+ |\T& yTT<q \Tq q esZ+,
nf eT<s> #+~qysT, sT|<\ |\\T+{sT. b<jTT&T n esZ\
y] deq+>H #d q u<\T deT+> sV+#*. |\ d+<s+
n|ese
Z TT\ $<sT\
dV ]+#T due+ qysT b<jT e nqsT\T.
deTjTd] :

}V+# deTd\T k] bsX\ qyTq|&T

deTjTd]>
\
n<| &T y+H |]w]+#>\
&T. = deTd\ D
|]cs+
s>b n$ ss ujT+s+> |]D$T+# |e<+ +T+~. s> >~
>jT|&q
< nHs>+ q $<] |<e
T #d y+H dT| rdTyfifl
@sT #j*.(There is no education without discipline - Vivekananda) e<$T
q <X\
d+u$
+# eTD
deTd\T =+{ D
|]cs+ # neds+
.
n> u<q deTjTd] yT\>*.
48

e >se+: qT #dTq b<jT e| >se+ qy& $< \\qT


k~+#>\&T . eMT< >se+ +& <sbwD

$T+ bs\T #|&+

>]+#<
q~ <T. qT #dT q
b<jT e |$q
T ns+
#dT = >s$+#&+

HsTy*.
C q w : b< j T T& qT u~ + # e \d q $w j T + d u eT+
|]Cq+,n~s+ +&*. n|&T $<sT\
*>
m+{ nqTeH\Hq
ne\>
rs>\T>T&T .qq $Xd+ <s+> $<sT\ $Xk *Z+#
>\T>T&T. n<|&T s+s $<]> +&*. e d++< VQ>+< |sq+
n\esT#Ty*. < :s >+<\T,|jT T >+<\T (Ref: Bibliography Resource

Books), |T+Te\T,$eTs\T yTT<\>Tq$. Cqd+| $ks+> q|& <


$<sT\
|+#>\
&T. y\T>TTq B|+ eyT eTsH Bb\qT y*+# >\T>TT+~.
qT u~+# $wjT+ dw, qH+X* djT+> \TdTy\q |q,
|]X~+#&+ d q n<|&T eT n<|&T> sD+#>\&T.
u<q <T: $wjT+ MT< n~s+ bT j$wj $$< <X\
$<sT\
T u> >V +#& |j
>|&
u<H
|<
T \T *d +&*. D
\+
HsTq u<q |<T\qT ksTT neT\T |s#* @ ueq (Concept)qT @
u<H |< u~+# b<jTT&T bs|D[ | d+#*. \
$d]+ #d u<q >e *jT+& #d s\T |jD+ +{~.
$<eTH$Cq Xd Cq+: <T u<H |<T\bT y{ $j+#T=q&
$<sT\ eqd d>T* ns+#dT>\ $Cq+ L& b<jTT& neds+.
ne>V q X +<

$< ~X > b< j T TD q& | + # > \ < T . | ] d s \T,

>TsT,eTsT>T<=&T, yTT<\>T b<$


T eqsT\qT >T]+#*. bw
Vs |+ yTT<\>T
deTd\qT de]+#*. e+Xbs+ |s +> e#\D
\T L& b<jTT&T >eT+#>*

deTT |<T\qT $j+#Ty*.

\ k<q : |bs = u<H \Tqf $<\\ >T]+ ne>Vq


+&*. n|& n<|&T y{ *>Z k~+#>\&T. |]|Ps eqe+ ke
$d+, \ <X u$wT, se+ >T]+ ne>Vq q >TsTe eTTq
u$bsT\qT jsT #jT>\T>T&T.

49

school is a miniature society $$< esZ\ deC\ #+~q |\\T &


+{sT. & deC |_+_dT+~.
ke dV :ke sT>\T *d n$ =\>& sT>e\dq w L&
*d +&*. $<qT de D |j+# < n{H # >=|
\D+. CrjT uy\T ` <Xu *Z+&*. n<|&T keq \D\T *
+&*. euw n<|& +&e\dq |\D\T

>eT<+. M{

$w \D\T n L& nqe#T.


$w \D\T :
>D
+
, $Cq Xd+
, k+|T Xd+
yTT<q
$wj
\qT u~+#&+
e\$wjT
|]Cq+ |sT>TT+~ ne>Vq \T>TT+~. Cq+, ne>Vq nH$ &
eTTU<X
\T. euw u<q
k+<s >V DX $<sT\
*+#& y]
d+<q,#q+ |+b+~+#& euw n<|&T # $w \D\T *
+&*.
uc H|D\ deTs:
XeD+ : e\T,|+&T\T,yT<e\T,fisT\T yTT<q $wyTq e\T
|qddT q
|&T uw, X*
,$wjT $Xw
D
, deTjTd] yTT<\>Tq$ >eT+#*.ysT
#|Tq $wj d+<s { ns+#dT>\>*. uwDH|D* >eT+#*.
s> >~ e{&TTq|&T, bs+ #~y|&T C>> $q&+ e\ eyT
n\bD+,eTVbD\ u<\T, }c\ sTesT yTT<q #sD b\qT
n<|&T >eT+#>\&T. =+<sT |\\T uw+#|&T deTqT b{+#+&
y+ e] |< < ns dsksTT Z+ |\&+ sT>TT+~. |\\
uwD <c\T >T]+#& de]+#& b<jTT # XeD H|D+
+&*.
uwD+:
euw u~+# b<jTT& uwD+ dw+>qT,sTw+>qT +&*.
b<jTT <suwD nqT]+ $<sT\T HsT+{sT qT euc
b<jTT&T ds
q
#sD * +&*. dw
,sTw

nH s
+&T \D
\T euw
b<jTT& uwD X |+#TsTT.

50

n) dw : +s+ dw+> q|& $$< <qT* dw+> |\T >\+. n|&


$<sT\T <qT* dw+> $ d]> nqT]+#>\T>TsT. X |*H w|*H

d |*H dw+> +&*. eTVbD <qT\T K,|T, yTT<\>T |*q|&T n~


n\ bDy , eTVbDy, *jTq+ d+~> ksTT ds+ ndw+
> +&L
&<T .
n+<T <qT* dw+> |* $<+> ds eT\#Te&+ neds+.
) sTw: <qT* <Tw++& #]+#&+ neds+. dsdw,dssTw
dwy
T q
& +~. | |*H ||*H dw+
> |\&+
ds dw
. | +&
|\&+ ds sTw. eTV bD\ <T\T n\ bD\T |\TL&<T. n>
X,w,d,#,`\qT L& d]>Z |\*.
) dJeX*: bs+#||&T >+~ X* |s<T. $<] |]#jTyTq dVyTq
eeV] X* nqTdsDjT+. n|& $wj dT\u+> >V+#>\sT. Crj\T,
|\T&T\T ,kyT\T,\
T |j
d +&&+
neds+
. qT& s+ L&q
uw $<sT* T+T+~.b<$T <X b<jTT&T b++ q
e+&* uc X*
e{&e
#T . sqTsqTksTT nqTd]+ yeV] beD
ucX* nqTd]+#e#T.
|sq+:
dw+> nse++> #~y H|D+ euw n<|& neds+. \T>T
y#\ H+, e#q $ yTT<q
|jT \T+{sTT. j |j
qT>TDyTq

$<q+ #<y*. |<+ >jT+ \jT<+> uyqT>TD+> Xe+> #<ee\d


+~. >< dw+>, sTw+> nse++> #<e+ neds+. >j* |<+
H me \j+> #<y
*. | s>jT T+
> b&\ jTeT+ <T . deTT
s> ksTT es b& X* u> T=+T+~. e#q $qT y\jT <w
|T= #<y*. y\jT n+f y sD deT. uy q y_qjT+
L& b{+#*. $T $* +| #d $<+> { s+&T ksT #~$+#e\d
+T+~. eTT+#|&T ds+ }| |+#*. ys\qT, |d+>yk\qT
dMT\qT, y~\qT X\ u> ns+ njT #~y H|D+L& neds+.
Kq+:
eucb<jTT <d
]
n+<+> +&*. \T>T ns
\T >T+&+>

51

>T |]eD+ <se++> +&* q\\| yd|&T n<|& #y


eTHVs+> +&&+ bT uc<c\T +& +&*.
$XwD X:
$wj
$$< D\ + $Xw
+
# X euw n<| & neds+
.
<VsD |< bs u~+#|&T n+<T uy #|&+ bT
< $Xw+ #| keTs+ L& +&*. $+ #HeT+ nHsT $E\T.
d > ue k+<s+ dT]+#<T,uy\T *jTe. $XwD X *q
n<|& ucCH ,ne>VqqT

( Knowledge, Understanding)

,kV CH ,

ne>VqqT $<sT\ *Z+#>\&T. T> + $XwD #jT>\ X\y&


q
uy\qT $<sT\
n+~+#>\
T>T&T. +{ $Xw
D
X *q n<| &
$<sT\ $XwD X |+#>\T>T&T.
k+<sk<q:
uwqT, ue+qT q k+<s >V + k~+#>\
X +&*. n+<*
n\+s+, W+ \TdT e&+ e\ q+<+ \T>TT+~. n<T
#dq|&T >,eT $ #~$q|&T $q|&T,q+<qT u
b+<\D+ | euc n<|&T | * +&*.
$XwDX,k+<s skk<q X <>Zs d++<+ +~. n> u<+ L&
=+ +~. uy $ |<+ m e e\ m me
uy* #|>*>& +# >*>~ $XwD X <VsD. uy |<+
n+<+> #|q rsT |se+# V<jT> \D+. skk<q X >*q y&T
me> q+<qT u b+< neX+ +~. $XwD X yT< \D+. k+<s
k+~+#&+ V<jT > \D+.
s#HX:
dq n+f dw+#&+.eTH $Cq Xd+ dHqT VQeTTU\T>
s+#sT. $$< kV |jT\ s#q\T #jT&+ dH> u$+#e#T.
|<\T >j\T,e#q $\T,$T $\T,H{\T, H\T, <\T, qe\\T
yTT<q |jT\ |yX+uT

j |jT\ jT<X s#q\T #dX

euw n<|+&*.

52

yqT<>
eTT+<T <>

+ : ucb<jTT m+<T | \D\T+&

& m&eT\

#]+#+&. jq+> deT]+#+&.

<> <>
>jT+

keqT n y|\ qT+& yd+ ]bTq< $ y<q. eT&e

b<+ & <>, m&eT<> n #|+& & m&eT\ <> <> n+

uey>

|+#&T. $<+> y<q reqT L& V+#&T. n<| s#q\T #jT&+


d
+&*. n|& n<|&T $<sT\ < q dHqT VsZ |s#&,
$$< s#q\T #jT& esZ<s+ eV+#>\&T.
s#H sVD = k< u<\T+{sTT. b<jTT&T $<sT\ $$< s\ X
jTT* sD+ $+#&+ <s deC yT\T #Ls>\T>T&T.

k+d |~ : C d+d d+|<j\ e uw eT<s+. k+d


$d+ sD+>H eTw +Te +f _q+> q+> y\T>=+< >\T>TTH&T. d+d
n+f eqe Jeq $<H\ ds| duy\T, y{ $d+. d+d |<q+> s+&T
s\T> eZ]+#e#T.1) u d+d 2) eqd d+d. k+d ne>Vq *q
euw n<| & bs+X\qT u~+#|&T $<sT\
sD, k+dn+X\T
>V+# dV]+#>\&T.

uc|syTqCq+: uw d++~+q $$< n+X\T euw n<|& *d


+&*.
1) uw |<C\+ | n~s+ k~+#*.
2) \T>T uw @$ d+d |<\T, @$ <X|<\T, @y$ nquc|<\T n >T]+#
>* +&*.
3) qT&s+ MT< |T k~+#*.

4) ysD y$<+ *d +&*.

5) <qT\T, |<\T, |<+X\ |]Cq+| ne>Vq * +&*.


6) e ns\T, sb+s\T, HHs\T, |sjT|<\T, |`$,
ds|`duy\T *d +&*.

7) X, ns |]De\T, sD\T *j*.

8) uw |T |Pss\ >T]+ # ne>Vq +&*.


9) ysD+ # b+&+ +&*.
10) n+srjT uw nsTTq +>uc Cq+ q+ +&*.
53

kV |]Cq+ : euw n<|& \T>T kV |]Cq+ yT+&T> +&*.


1. bNq , <T kV #]\ ds| duy\T *d +&*. $$< kV
<e\ >T]+ *d +&*.
2. |sD+, e+, |+<+, Vd+, yvjT+ yTT<q bNq e u<\T, <T
|jTq e#q $, >jT+, $T$, H{, H+, <, qe\ yTT |jT\
u<\T *d +&*.
3. X*,b+,>TD+,,<,#eTs+,e+>+ yTT<q n+X\ ne>Vq +&*.
4. sk\T,sdu<\T,sk u> *d +&*.
5. Xu\+s\T, ns\+s\ ds| duy\T *d +&*.
6. e\T, CT\T, |CT\ d++~+q |< #+<dT, >j\ d++~+q
e #+<dT L& u> *d +&*.
s deTqjT s : euw n<| se+ bs\T u~+#&+. n+{ n
u< |P] nsTTqT u$+#s<T. n&T euw bs|D[ <X* deT>+>
k~+#& dV bs se\ sVD< &T> L& +&*.<VsD bsX \ ksd
d+|T deyX sVD se + s|\
q #jT &+, eqsT\qT dMT]+#&+
,
se #> sV+#&+, es> |*\qT eT+q+ #dTe&+,
eT+H nqTd]+ q+ d+K X* deTLsTe&+, y~ neTs&+ n<T \
k>+ |\&+, |]#jT+ #jT&+, edT\T @sT #jT&+, C|\T m +&*,
mese] y* yTT<\>T $wjH eTT+< |D[ d<+ #dTy*. \T>T ksd
se\T, \T>T u se\T, bsX \ ]> s se\T jT|<+
y\+f
ss # |eTTK b eVk&T . ssVD |< Hb<jTT &uT +> dV ]+#
e\d+~ ucb<jTT&. ss \D
\Tq euw n<| & $<sT\
ss \D
\T
|+b+~+#>\&T.

$w u< : \T>T b<jTT&T bs+X\T u~+#+ bs<T.s+s+ q


#T d+u$dTq b|+ |]De\qT |> o\ <<+ ns+#dT=H $<]>
+&*. sqTq esT$T{ L& ne>Vq #dTy*. n|& euw n<|&T
eT bs >+<\ s|\
q L& |< q b eV+#>\
&T. $wjT |]CH n+~+#&
$<sT\ dT\u+> ]DjT+> |j>|& <T k+ $CH ucu<&T
L& deTse++> |j+#*. $<sT* V<jTeTTq eqe eTsT\T>, #q
e+T\T> |+b+~#& $w \D
\ eTu$
+q euw n<| & deTsT&
&T.
54

n<jT+ - 2

u<H |<T\T
2.0 |]#jT+
2.1 |Hd |<
2.2 HsD+
2.3 #s|<

2.4 & |<


2.5 &\H |< (jq |<)
2.6 <s u<q
2.7 jo\ nudq $<q+
2.8 VQfi s> u<q.
2.9 e+{k] |<
2.10 Us#q u<q

2.11 yds#qu<q
2.12 du<q
2.13 uc |j>X\

2.0 |]#jT+
b<jTT\T bs\qT $<sT\ u~+#& <X\qT, \\qT
eTT+<T>H ssTT+#T=+{sT.nf u<q @ |<, @ d+$<H\ +& L&
ssTT+#Te&+ sT>TT+~.u<q nq> = sTwyTq neds\qT (\\qT)
<w |T= $wj eT+ u~+#& ssTT+#Te&+.|<
(Method) nqTd]+ u<q

d+<sqTks+ jTT\qT (Techniques) L&

|j+#Te&+ sT>TT+~.
jTT\qT d+$<H\ n+{sT. <VsD u<q |+#&+,|sD
$j>+ d+$<q+.

55

<T $<y\T $$< $< $<H\qT |]o*+, y{ >TD\qT >V+


y{ eT <X |]dT\qT>TD+> eT\T#T= y{ #sD |Te&+
qT>=HsT. $<$<q+ u<q eTTU+X+. b<jT DsT\ D
deTjT+ u<H d++<yTq bNq,<T |<T\ >T]+ $]$> n<jTq+
#jTe\d +~. y{ ysT ss nqTd]+ +q \\qT k~+#>\sT.
bNq \+ mTe+{ u<H | < T \T nqTd ] +| & q y
* j T < T >,H{ d e + >=| Hj T \T, e \T, | + & T \T,
fisT\T,Xdy\T, ybs <\T,jTT<MsT\T, $Xs<T\T,>=| eqe
$\Te\T >*q{ e\qT H{ $<$<q+ sb+~+#>*q< #| nH
\yTq k<s\T eTq y< |sD kV\ HsTT.
H&T $< eT+<eTT> kH jTTs<+, K>fi+, Cw+ yTT<q n
n+X\qT u~+#ysT. w\ >TsTe dsd+. , q\+<, \, H>sTq
yTT<q $<+<\T #] #+~q$. H&T \j\T $<+<\T>
+&$. $< eT+> #|&~. $<sT\T $wj <sD (memory)
+#T=HysT. bNq usrjT d+d >TsTw d++<+ eTVAqyTq~,
n|PsyTq~. d++< Wq @ bXT\T }V+#sT. <T \+
M~&T\ kH bsX
\\T $T+#T=HsTT. H&T
e\+ |sD y\T |< q+>
u~+|&> H&T kV u<q dq&,$Cq+,>D+,#] yTT<\>T n+X\
b<q e&+~.
bNq $<|< XdjTyTq~ <T. qT>TD+> $< u<q \\qT
deTse++> dT\u+> k~+#& <T $<y\T = <TyTq u<H
|<T\qT sb+~+#sT. |<T\ <suyTq |<q d\T.
1. *dq $wjTeTT qT+& *jT $wj yfifl.
(Known to Unknown)

(Familiar to Remote)

< : e,><, yTT<\>Tq$

|*, d+VeTT, @qT>T yTT<\>Tq$.

2. dT\uyTq $wjTeTT qT+& ]qyTq $wj k>T(Easy to Difficult).


< : |<eTT\T
L&\T

yeTT\T.
>TDs+.
56

3. eTs $wjTeTT qT+& neTs $wjT+ y| yfifl.(Concrete to Abstract)


< :`>T&, >TieTT, |\

<seTT, deTT, V+d, dVqeTT.

4. $XwD+X\ qT+& deTqjT n+X+| >TsT|T. (Analysis to Synthesis)


< : d+~:` y&TH&T

y&TGH&T.

y&

eGm&.

$XwD+

seTT |q n#T|syTq|&T | d+~ edT+~.


(deTqjT+).
#+<dT : q |< b< >TsTe,\|TTe\qT >T]+ >D$uq #d e] n~
@ |<b<y \DeTT\ deTqsTT+#T.
5. d+|Ps+ qT+& $$< u>\qT +#T.
(Whole to Parts).

< :` XseTT
u$T
$XeTT

qT, eTTKeTT, #$.


|s\T, q<T\T, n&e\T.
>VeTT\T, qeTT\T, \\T.

#sDyTq, deTse+yTq <T u<H |<T\T n<jT+


$e]+|&q$. (#b<jTT\T yTT<{ d+es| s >+<eTT q+<T >y|
|<, nqTeH||< yTT<q |<T\T = $e]+|&qe >T]+#>\sT.)

2.1 |Hd |<


|Ps+ $<u<q >TsT\+ ]>~. H&T mTe+{ eTT~ >+<\T
+&$ e. >TsTe\T eTe<qTq {\| |T+{\ ydq >+<\ yvj
(kV+, Xd+, #] yTT) $<sT\ u~+#ysT. $<sT\+<] mTe+{ |d\qT
n+~+# neX+ +&~. $<sT\T $q $wj <sD +#T=HysT. BH >TsT
+<$<> #|e#T. H&T |Hd |< u<q ]>~. |< $<sT\T e\+
X\T> +&ysT.
|Hd|< n<|&T bs+X s> $e]+ #|> $<sT\T, y{
$ >VksT. s> |P]> b<jTT Bq+ +T+~. $<sT\ b $q&yT
ysT #d \T @M +&e. b<jTT&T $<sT\ eX\qT <w |T= u~+#
q+<T e\ $<sT\ <jTT+& dH, |]o\q , #q yTT<q X\qT n_e~
|s#& neXeTT+&~ <T.
57

|Hd |< >TD\T ` |]$TT\T :1. |Hd |< me $wj\qT e deTjT+ #|e#T.
2. ~ qs>T\ $<sT\ =+ es, fiX\ $<sT\ n~+> |j>s+>
+T+~.
3. b<jTT |< dT\usyTq~. ~ mTe+{ #syTq~ <T. $<sT\T
d e\ X\T> +&bsT. nudq jT bZqsT.
4. |< $<sT\ djudq s>& M\T+&<T.
5. $Cq Xd $wj\qT u~+#Tq|&T ~ |jqsyTq~ <T. #]+X\qT
u~+#Tq|&T =+es |Hd |< b{+#e#T.
6. <\T, bs+X d++<yTq $wj\qT #]+#|&T uc u<\T |< q
$<+> b{+#e#TqT.

2.2

HsD+

(Dramatisation)

$<sT\ nudq deT>+> s>\H XjT+ u<q k>TT+~. bs


$wj $<sT\# >V+|#jT& b<jTT&T $$< |<T\qqTd]+
u~k&T. n+X u~+#|&T @|< nqTdsDjTy b<jTT&T
ssTT+#T=+{&T. |< mCjT&+ b<jTT |u nqTue+ $T*>
dV ]ksTT. = n+X\qT <>
eT* #| e#T. <VsD nX [+>jT T<
|T+. <+X d+uwD+> esT <s $<sT\nudq+ eT]+
d s+>, Xe++> k>TT+~.$<sT\ bs+ u~+q sTy bs
d+uwD s|+ e]+, b\qT $<sT\ n_qsTT+|CjT&yT
Hs
D
+. H|<s
q ysT ,Hs
D
ysT . bs+
d+uwD\ s|+ es{
M\sTTq|&

HsD+ #sTT+#{ M\eT+~. u~+q bs ns+

#dTe&+ e\ $<sT\T *> HsD #jT>\TZsT.u~+q HsD


|< |j>+#Te&+ <s $<sT\ d qTeT&+|#jTe#T.
u~+q bs d+uwD s|+ $<sT\# e]+>,H
e]> Hs
D
+ #jT e#T. M\sTT+qes $<sT\
# d+uwD\T ysTTd
eT+~. neds+ n|+q esT\T, LsT\T n<|&T sTy #jTe#T.
s> >~ s+>d\+> rdTy*. b\ yw<sD <T. $<sT |\T.

58

$<sT\qT y] s|sK\qT {>, y u< { (HjT b >+;syTq


ds+>\) $<] b+#Te&+ eTTK+. $<sT\T d+uwD\T |*|&T
y_qjT+bT q+ +_qjT+ L& +&*. d |sTw b\qT
u\u*esq bw+#e#T.
sVD C>\T :
1.u\u*\Tq s> b\T m+| #d|&T b<jTT C>s #
neds+.
2.us b nesTT, us b nusTT m+| CjTs<T. nusTT\qT,
nesTT\qT $&$& esZ\T> $u+ $&> HsD+ #j*.
3.$<sT\T d+uwdTq|&T s> >~ eTD Hs&+ neds+.
4.<c\qT n<|&T $<sT\ *jT+& qy<T #dT+ +&*.
5.e> <c\qT |+ #|+& keq <c\T> |s= y{ ysD
esZ\qT n<|&T d+#e#T.
|jH\T:
1.$<sT\ bs d+uwD s|+ es&+ e\ # s#H H|D+
|sT>TT+~.
2.|{wyTq ucH|D+ e]\TT+~.
3.nudq+ d |sT>TT+~.
4.$_q b\ eeV]+#&+ e\ J$+ ke\ # d++<\T
|T=H neX+ \T>TT+~.
5.$<sT\ q+<qTu \T>TT+~.
6.HsTq bs+ u> >TsT +T+~.
7.keTV seT sVD n\e&TT+~.
+ :
@<H bs+X HsD

|< sV+ y{
|jH\qT \|+&.

59

2.3 #s|<
$<sT\ |sq Kq H|D\qT eyT n_e~|s# #s\T + s>
>~ sV+#&TTHsTT. uwDH|D s+ #jT&+ sT>TT+~. n
+& uwDH|D+ n_e~ |s#+<T #s|< # |jTTyTq~.
n<|&T q n_bj\qT $<sT\ MT< \e++> sT<L&<T. bs+
$wj\qT $<sT\+<] # +|Cd s> >~ #]+# |< #s|<
nqe#T.euw u<q e<$T,q <X\ #s|< |j+#T=
u~+#e#T . b<$T <X Xe\T n_bj\qT #]+#+ k<+ <T .
qT |< qTdsDjT+ <T.
e<$T <X :

e< $T <X
$<sT\
bs+
u~+q sT y $<sT\

#]+|Cj
T e#T. |]jT& es =+ deTj $<sT\
#s
{sTT+ n+es
u~+q bs+ MT< #s neX+ *+#e#T. |<+ u<H+s+ n+<T
$wjTCq+, ucCq+ $<sT\T >V+q sTy |< n+:k+<s
$<sT\
#]+|Cd
se#T. +<Te\ $<sT\
T eT dT]+q $|sy
T q

k+<s+X\qT $T*q $<sT\ L& *jTCd neX+ +T+~. n>


$T*q $<sT\T #| >+;syTq n+X\qT L& k~+#& M\eT+~.n>
>< bs+
u~+#|&T $<sT\
#]+|Cj
T e#T. |y#+
#~$+ n+<T
b\ >T]+, d+|Tq\ >T]+, X* >T]+ #> #]+|CjTe#T. n>
yd+, |Hd+ yTT<\>T y{ #sTT+#<*
q|&T j $wj
\ MT< s>


#> #]+|CjTe#T.
q <X : q <X n<|& b\+f $<sT\ b be +
#s|< sV+#+ neds+. n<|&T eTT+<T>H q n_bj\qT
|{
+
#L
&<T .s>

>~ |]jT& <<| d>+
deTj #s
{sTT+#e#T.
|<, >< bs\T,ysD+,#+<dT,n\+s\T yTT<\>Tq$ n #s|< <s
u~+#e#T. |< { s+&T ksT n<|&T <s |sq+ #X n+<T
u<H
\\T n+{ MT< n<| &T |X \T yd
$<sT\
#s qT sD+>
=qk+#e#T. |< ue+ k>dT \T,#eTs+,|< sD\+ yTT<q
+
y] deTd\T n_sT#T\T yTT<q nH $wj\| #s\T @sT #jTe#T.

60

kVn+X\qT $<sT\
#]+|Cj
T e#T. n> n+<T e# ysD
+X\T
n+{ L& $<sT\ #]+#e#T.bsX\ ]> $$< | se\qT
> T ]+ $<s T \ # ] +# e # T . yd s # q , e b{ \

$<s T \ qT

d+d<|s#&>qT ss\ $wj\ MT< s> #s\T @sT #jTe#T.


sVD C>\T: |< nqTd]+#Tq|&T rdTe\dq C>\T
1. n~ |d+>+ #d$<sT\ b<q eL&<T. eT+ n_bj\qT
>s$+#*.
2. n+<sT $<sT\T #s bZH bV+#*.
3. n_bj\qT $<sT\T dw+> d{> |{+# bV+#*. y]
yTTVe+, ujT+, +&L&<T.
4. n<|&T #s|< sVdTq|&T q qq n_bj\qT #|q
$<sT\qT b>&&+, < q# $wj\qT #|q y] >&&+ #jTL&<T.
b<jTT\T dV|Ps+> wb yK] eeV]+#*.
5. $<sT\ <c\qT sD+> b<jTT&T $eT]+#*.
6. s<c\T V<s yesD+ #s ]>T #&*.
#s|< |jH\T:
1.$<sT\ uwD s|+ ue esD H|D+ |sT>TT+~.
2. du+|+, _&jT+ e+{ ne\D\T =\bsTT. HsTq n+X\T u>
>TsT+{sTT.
3. $<sT\
T eTT e
]
+q uy\ sT \T m d+~ks \TdT=H neX+
+~. eT <c\qT ~<T=q& HsT=+{sT.
4. $<sT\ #H |]~ $X\ << |+#TT+~.
5. sT\ n_bj\qT >s$+#&+ n\yeT+~.
6. HsTq bs\T u> >TsT+{sTT.
+: e<$T s> $<sT\
|y#+ bs+X
#]+|Cd y~qT jsT#jT+&.

61

2.4 & |<


$<sT\ eqd |eT\ nqT>TD+> y] jTT d, n_sT,
eTH$d <X\qT <s+> #dT= jsT #jT&q u<q |<jT &|<.
& n+f . n+f ] jT+D +& d++>,d+ |||

+& #d| & .(V+ #d | & n+{sT.V+ +& #d


jT qT | n+{sT.) |\\
T & |jT T\T.eq y] deTj \ >&|
&

w|&sT.&T bTe+{ n\d *qT> |+#sT.{ Te+{
& deTj $< u<q
L& |j
+ y] nu dH yTsT>T|s#
e
#Tq
eTqd Xdy\,$<y\ n_bjT+.
& n+f J$+ eTTqT+<T B_yX\ #]+#<q s\

dejT|
]
# |]
bjTyTq
k<q
n s >dt [karl groos] s+#&T. n+<T
<V s D > & | \ \ T ueT& + y] e > T D_ e s D
d#eT+{&T. eqe C ss\T> b+~q |]DeT |qs_qjTyT X &
|dT+<, eqe C <|eT\T XXe<X | eq &s|+
VsZeTejT kV (Stanly Hall) &\ >T]+ n_bjT|&&T.
eqe | d<q dVC\ n|]|yTq s|yT &n e
&>(Mac Dougal)

&* s+#sT.|\\ d+|Ps_e~ d+

& |<

neT\yTq k<qeTT n bu >{> n_bjT|&&T. &\ VsZeTjT


eqd X
$<$<q+ |j
+#T=+f u<q
$<q+ | |\
eTeT+~n
|qH (Percy Nunn)<{+#sT. $< $<H\+{qT & |< eTeT
y(Caldwell Cook) u$+#&T. >* (Gullick) nqT $< y q Philosophy of Play,nH >+<+ play is what we do,when we are free to do,when we will n

#bsT. | s#H\qT, $esD\qT, ks+X\qT |]o*d d#>, d++>,


||| +& #d jT &n dweTeT+~. dsY eT]jTT VssY
dqsY (Schilar and Herbert Spencer)., n< $<+> Lord Kim eT]jTT Kil patric
nqT $< y \ T $<s T \ nu d H & d \ y T nqTy q < , n &
nudH|H<T\T ]+#\ #bsT.b<$T <X $<sT\ CH+~jT,
s+~jT D\qT

& |< <s u<q #jT&+ eT+~. ucu<q

nqTd]+|e\dq &\T
62

s >+<+ b+<T|s#& HsTT. e<$T <X $wj\qT {,neds


{ b< j T T& T | < ne\+_+| e # T qT. < < H \T, d + u w D
yd+>\T,HsD bs\T, b|\qT qT>=H k<q nuk\T,y\
|sdsyTq esT yTT<q$ & |< <s u~+#e#TqT. e ucu<q
uwD,|sq,KH\qT &\T> u~+#e#T..
uwD+ :
$<] & #]q s bsX\ se&+ d |+b+~+| CjT&
n qq $wj
\qT >] d+uwD\qT sV+#&+
,\qT #|+ <\
qT
#|+#&+,u\>j\qT b&+#&+ yTT<q$ #|{*.

HsD, |<sq\T,

$ dyTfiH\T,nqTsD HjT kH\T,$<q du\T yTT<q$ & |<


nqTd ] +qy . y +& > j \T,b& T | < \ T, > j T H{ \ T, | X s
se\T,#sy~\T,|Hk\T,@ss $<sT\ ueq\qT,}V X,y]
H|D\qT |+b+~+#e#T.
|< |sq+,djT $ |sq+ e+{ y{ L& eucu<&T &\T>
=qk+#e#TqT.& |< $< u<q >+;sqT <rdT+< =+<]
n_bjT+.b+<T+f & e\+ $seT+, |jq+ #w , w+ eqT #d
| n y] u eq. eT] =+< s T w d + +< + | # s & q
n_bjT|&TTHsT. n_bjM dssTTq$ e. w|& |#dq|&T
>

\T>TT+~.n~ s+&T $<\T.1)eqd+

2)Xs+. ~$< >

=\+#Te& #]+# j |yT & n #|e#T..

|sq+ : &\ <s uc H|D\qT |+b+~+|e#T . eT+ |<\qT


#~$+#&+
,djT $\T,yk\T,<\
T,y~\T #~$+#&+
yTT<q
jT \ <s
e<$T,q bsX\ |sq H|D ds+>,V+> =qk+#e#T.

Kq+ :|\\ ns\T Hs& eTT+<T>,y]# ss\ ^\qT,ueT\qT


^sTT+,+eTT\ ]+|\ ns\qT #|+#e#TqT.|Pd\T,<s|
eTT\T,|+& ns\qT L] #|+#e#T. |<+ ns\qT,y+
|<\qT sTesT> #d $<sT\# d]#jT&+ e\ $<sT\ V+>
Kq keTs |+b+~+#>\+.

63

|sq+ :
yTsT| n{\qT #|+,#~$+ |sq H|D *+#e#TqT.
< : |\
\|
\T|

| &
& |
\.

|<\qT b<u+>+ +& # yjT+, |{\qT #|+ }VX


qT $<sT\ n_bj\qT qT>=q&+, = |<\T,= y\ <\qT
ysTT+#&+, $\T,K\T,yk\T yTT<\>T se\qT V+> e<$T
<X sV+#e#T.
bs u<q |j>|& |]s\T :
<T \+ |\\ # wyTq$ f| ]ssY, f*$H e+{ k<H\T.
Te+{$ |j+q|&T $<sT\T bs &> Hs>\sT.
dV bsse\T :
bsX\ u<q eyT +& $<sT\ s sbq ksd
k+d s e \T,bs X \ | , | d | < s q X\\T,u c

& \ qT

sV+#& b<jTT&T |jT+#*.uc|j>X\\T yTT<q y{


sV+#&+ <s ucu<qqT deT>+> k~+#e#T.ucu< |uqT {
ss

\ dV bs se\qT sV+#e#T.e uw &\
qT s
+&T s\T>
eZ]+#e#T . n$

1)uc &\T

2)kV &\T.

1.uc &\T :
b<$T,q ksTT $<sT\ ejTdTqT { eqd $k { $$< &\T.
b<$T <X :` <X $<sT\ XeD,uwD,|sq,Kq H|D\qT |+b+
~+#& & |< |j+#e#T.
e<$Tq<X : <X ucCq+, ysD |]Cq+, |+b+~+#T $
|j>|&TsTT.
< : 1)u\ >j\T, 2)n_qjT >j\T, 3)|<|sq b{\T, 4)n+bd |<\T,
5)n+] |<\T, 6)@ b_qj\T, 8)<\T, 9)bT y| qT+ #~$H
$<+> qT+& |<\T. < :`s+>q>s+,$$, sTysT............yTT<\>Tq$.

64

2)kV &\T :
>j\T,<\T, $T $\T,e#q $\T,yTT<q |jT\qT $<sT\#
ysTT+#e#T.
< : 1)= |{\qT y] }V qT <\qT #|+#e#T.
2)= >jT u>\qT $T*q b<\T |P]+|#jTe#T.
3)= |<\,y{ H<s+> q q <\qT #|+#e#T.
4) = |<\ $+ #|+#e#T. +qT uc&qns &\T,|<
sD &\T,y &\T.>&`qT&|<+< |V[ |< |sq &, s#H &\T
yTT<q y{ |\\# sV+#e#T.
& |< |jH\T :

~ |\\ Xs $k |j>|&TT+~.
|\\ ueHX |+b+~+#e#T.
&\ <s VsZeT>T = eqd X* $<uk

|j+#e#T.

$< Hs&+ $<sT\ d |+b+~+#e#T.


u<q| $dT>T #+<+&,be d| nudq| X<qT #|+#e#T.
nud+q $wj\T be \+ C|eTT+#T& &&qT.
$<sT\ dHX\qT |+b+~+#e#T.
deTjT d],$y#q, Cq+,d CH |+b+~+#e#T.
#q,#sD,nqTuy\qT *+#e#T.
|\\ dV<jT,kqTu,dVs uy\T n_e~ #jTe#T..
Vd |P] |d+> <sD,yTs+(e+), qH X\qT
|+b+~+#e#T.
Xe\ q+<qTu *+|e#T.
$<sT\ deT> eT]eT |+b+~+#e#T.
sT\ *dyT*d J$+# due+ n_e~ #+<TT+~.
$<sT\| sT\ &,~ e+{$ +&e.

65

HjT \D\qT HsT+{sT.

deTd\ |]cs qT>=q& |j>|&TT+~.

d+ #H $<H nudq+ y| eT[fl+|e#T.

$<sT\ nqTuy\qqTd]+ y] nudqqT y>+> =qk+|e#T.

$<sT\ $Xd+, >V+ *,n|jqsTTH d+w+>

n+^]ksT.
& |<`|]$TT\T :
& |< $<u<q >+;sqT <rdT+< =+<] n_bjT+.
$< e\+ &> esd] mTe+{ |jq+ < y] nqTeq+.
~ nbV eyT.
$<sT\ \e++> u~+#&+ e\ u<H<X\qT k~+#&+ w+.{
$<sT\
$<| dV +> d, @>\
qT *+
Z b+ d| nu dq bZH
n\d #+< +& +&\H & d <w
|T= sV+# u<q
|<
jT

& |< .n+> e\+ &\T e+ & |< <T.


& |<
e\ $<sT\
CH |+b+~+#Te&+ uT $wjT + |, $<
|, J$+ | L& sD yK] y] n_e~ #+<TT+~. $<qT|P]>
& |<H u~+#bsTTH,nudq $<sT\T be d|V+
bZq& |j>|&T u<H |<jT & |<

+:\T>T y#+ (H\T>T <T s>) bs\ @<H bs &


|< sb+~+#+&.

66

2.5 &\H |< (jq |<):


e\ eT< *$ \ ed+ |dT+~. es @s|q e\ |\\
|esq L& y$<+> |dT+~.

nq+yTq yjTT

u<\Tq|&T

$<sT\+<] keTV+> |< u~+#&+ m+es dT?


$<sT\ yjTT keTs\qT <w +#T= XjTT*
y] |+b+~+#+<T jq |< # |j>].V*H bsY VsY nH
b<sTT qq |< sb+~++~. nyT] &\H q>s+ yT
qT | #dTq bsX\ yTTyTT< |< |yX|&+ e\ |<
&\H |< nH |sT e+~.$<sT\ e> keTs\qT >T]+,e> $<sq
neds\ qT> u~+# |<. { B e> |< n L& n+{sT.
|< jH\ dVjT+ u<q k>TT+~. { jH\ |< n
L& B n+{sT. |< e<$T <X =+ es,q <X be>
$j+#e#T. Xj
T T\
qT,T~ $k { s>

$<sT\
qT e
T, eT< eT,
n\ksTT\T> eZ]
+#*. s>

bs+X >]w, w |D[\T j
sT #dT =
y{ d+es,eT&Tek\,H\,ys qT eZ]+#Ty*. s>
bs +X\ > D + ,u w , $C q Xd + ,k+| T X d + ,+> + | < qy T q $>
eZ]+#Ty*.Kq+,# |qT\T,&\T, | yTT<\>Tq$ n|<q esZ+>
|s=H*. yTT< esZ be \+ {sTT+#*. n|<q esZ e \+
{sTT+#&+ sT>TT+~. = $wj = >~ |+#& +T+~.
n+<T d++~ |sD\ bT >+<\jT+ +T+~.
b<jTT& d\V d+|~+|\sTTq sT y $<sT\
T d+ s
+&T eT&T >+\T
>+<\jT+ w #ksT. y] w =*# sU|{\T +{sTT. sU|{\T
e> w, s> d$Tw w *|T> $&$&> +{sTT.b<jTT&T
s> bs+X\+{

jH\T> d<+ #d $<sT\k&T. $<]

jH\qT |P] #dq y+H b<jTT&T y{ |]o*+, e>+>qT,


< keTV+>q sT y jH e&+ sT>TT+~. jH |<

|uX*jT q $<] d+es\ |]$T >\ sTqT sT H\H |P] #d eTT+<T
k>e#T.eT+< >eTq+ nu d+# $<] sTqT |P]#j
T & s
+&T d+es\T
L& |e#T.
67

<VsD esZ+ =+<sT $<sT\T \T>T 8e s> jH\qT,


+>+ 6e s> jH\qT, >D+ 9e s> jH\qT |P]#d
+&e#T. <VsD n+X\T >eTd nudq+ yjTT u<+ dw+>
>T]+#e#T.
jH\qT e&+ C>\T :
1. ksTT qT>TD+> $<sT\ jH\T y*.
2. jH\ bT s> >+<\j\T y{ dV]+# |d\T \b*.
3. $<sT\T #j*q $<T\qT *jTCj*.
4. $<sT\ d+<V\qT m|{|&T e #j*.
5. $<sT\T ]=sT #d yjT+& C> eV+#*.
6. | $wj\qT d+#*.
7. $<sT\T +sd+ #jTe\dq u>\qT d+#*.
euw jH\T:
b<$
T <X
$<sT\
q+ |]D +&<T . qT jq
|< <X neT\T s|& M\T<T. e<$T <X =+es, q
<X
#es |<
$j+#e#T.e< $T <X
bs >+<+
bs\qT
n<|& u~k&T. |y#+ u<q |< nqTd]+#e#TqT.
yds#q,Us#q yTT<q *s#H H|D |+b+~+#{,$ks|sH,
eTq |sH |+b+~+#& = jH\T ee#T.
| jq+qT |<+, ><+, |y#+, ysD+ yTT<\>T
y{ n+X\qT |]>D rdTy*. $<+
> n s\ #+~q bs+X\T
n jH\ +& #dTy*. $<yTq |j y$<eTTq jH\
e\ eqd+> > @s&<T. me V+> HsT+{sT.
|jH\T: 1. $<sT\ djT+w |+b+~dT+~.
2. |ue+Tq $<sT\T $<sq eT+<T<T\ +&e\dq |<T.
ss> s>T\qT |P] #dTe#T.
3. | s>T\ du\qT n<jTq+ #jTe#T.
4. uc H|D\T e~ #+<TsTT.

5. >+< |]o\H keTs+ |sT>TT+~.

68

6. \ sjT |{\H$ be&+ e\ d#> #<Tee#T.


7.$$< n+X\ y\Te&q eT+ s#q\qT |]+#\H n_w,sDyTq b{
ue+ |sT>TT+~.
|]$TT\T:
1. jH\T jsT #jT&+,y{ yqTy+H~<+ e\ b<jTT |
us+ me neT+~.
2. { $<sT\qT #d yd neX+ +~.
3. jH\T #jT&+ me \VsD+, <qejT+ sT>TsTT.
4. =+<sT me bs\T, eT]=+<sT e bs\T nu d+#&+
e\ deTejTdTq

$<sT\ V#T >TZ uy\T \T>TsTT.


5. ~ eT+<>V\ | s<T.
6. >+<\jT+ |d\qT u<+> #dTe&+ w+.
7. $<sT\ keTV w neX+ e. { k+|TsD+ s>&
neX+ +&<T.
8. y #s neX+ +&<T.
9. ~ e\+ e<$T q <X\ $<sT\ |]dT+~.
|]$TT\qT n~>$T+# $<H\T:
1. $<sT\+<] n|&|&T >~ Lsu{ keq $wj\T MT<
keTV+> |qdd d$Tw uy |+b+~+#e#T.
2. jH\T ~<|
&T eT< eT< y] w \TdTe& |d |={q
~,
~ \TdT=qe#T.
3. $<sT* = esZ\T> $uk+. { j esZ\ +]H neX+
<T.
4. eT+<>V\sTTq $<sT\| b<jTT\T | X< eV+#T neX+
rdTe#T.
+ : $<sT\ jq |< = jH\, y]
nudq y>>eT+ T #]+#+&.

69

2.6 <s u<q

\qT b|~> rdT= u<q #d |< <s |< n+{sT.

BH sb\ |<
n L& n+{sT. $<sT\
ksTT,eqd X \
qT,ke
|]ds\qT, | nqTuy
\qT <w
|T= y] djT nu dq bV+#&y
T
|< jTT eTTU<X+. s> s+s+ b<jTT&T u~d +f
$<sT\T Lsm|& @ #s\T $q&+ # w+. { @<q #s\
eT\+> (\ <s)

$wj\qT u~d ysT ds+> n\d

nudksT.{ b<jTT&T $<sT\ ksTT,n_sT#T\ qT \qT


j
sT #dT y*.b<jT
+< $< $<q+ +& X
+<$<> \qT
jsT #j* n

yT

n_bjT+. |b<q <s+> yTT< b<$T

<X <s u<q |< |yX|&+ ]+~.


<s u<q ` H|<+ :
$<sT\ djT+n<jTq o,>sy , d+|
|+b+~+#& ke \qT nqTd]+#\ XsY ujYT |f $T{
n_bjT|&+~.1977 d+.. $T{ k+|T|jTT

(SUPW) s e\qT

bsX\ |yX |{\ dbsT #d+~. >+BJ, CsY VQdH e+{ eTVjTT\T
|b~+q bb~ $<(Basic Education)

L& |nqTuy b<q

+~.CrjT $< $<q+ (1986) L& bsX\ | nqTuy (Work Expe-

rience) *+#\ d++~.


$< u<q \ >\ kq+:
=s] d+|T+(1964`66) $<sT\ s> >~ |j>X\,&
d\+,|sq y$< u]yTq

nudHqTuy\qT *+#\ #|+~.

dH X,yjTT deTV\

eTTK,$<sT\ n+sZ

dH X\qT y* rj\,M{ d+ , d# yesD $< d+d\T


*+#\ *|+~. H|<+ <s u<q b |~jTq \qT
eT&T s\T> $u+#e#T.

70

1. X<q \T (Exploratory Activities)


2. sD \T (Constructive Activities)
3. |<sH \T (Demonstrative Activities)
1. X<q \T (Exploratory Activities) :

$<s T \

keTs \qT,

n_sT #T\qT, d \
qT H|
D\qT y* y] |]o\HX
|+b+~+#&
$ |j>|&TsTT. b&+, H\T yjT&+, edTe\qT d]+#&+,
d+uw+#&+, |j>\T #jT&+ yTT<q d+<s\ $<sT\ XjTT\qT
y* rjTe#T.
2. sD \T (Constructive Activities) :

|sq, # |qT\T

#sTT+#&+ <s \qT sT|e#T.


3. |<sH \T (Demonstrative Activities) :$<sT\ < +& |u
eT\
qT y* |<]
+|>*
q
Z = eTTK \T yk\T,$\T yTT<q
$
ysTT+#&+
,<\
qT Hs
D
#jT &+ yTT<q
$. sVD $<H { \qT
eT&T $<\T> eZ]+#e#T.
1. yjTT \T 2. T \T 3. keTV \T.
1) yjT \T : $ +{qT,s>

> sV+#T \T. $ $<sT\
T
e>+> sV+# \T. <\T d]+#T. s> y{ #|.
2) T \T : $<sT\
T T> @s& ]=sT dV s+ sV+#T \T.
|sds dVs uy \ <s $<sT\ jT+<T |+b+~+|e#T.
<: & sVD,bsX\| sVD.
3) keTV \T : s> yTT+ MT<>, |< > sV+#T \T
keTV \T. <VsD bsX\~He+ .
<VsD:` \qT sb+~+#T b<jTT&T nqTd]+#e\dq n+X\T.

$<sT\ yjT u<\T.

$<sT\ ke neds\T.

$<sT\ n_sT#T\T.

$<sT\ |]ds\T.

$<sT\ ueq\T.

71

s+|&q bs+X\T.

n+<TuT q |sD\T.

uceds\T.
$<sT\ eTH$CqXd d<+\qT nqTd]+ sk yTT<\>T $<y\

n_bj\qqTd]+ $<u<q
X
+<$< #\ beTTKqT d+]+#T=q~.
{ b<$T <X $<q+ eTTK b eVdTq~.s> >~ $<sT\
b<jTT&T #d y u<q $dT>T *dT+~. n+<Te\ nudq d
V+ >TZT+~. = d+<s\ $<sT\T & s eqT=H |e<+
\T>TT+~. $<sT\
&eyq
T(drop out)n]&
,& e $<udqqT
=qk+#& u<q$<H |j+#T =qe#TqT.
y] nudqqT yTsT>T|s#& nudq| d *Z+#& & deT+>
se& $<q+ m+ |j
>s
y
T q
~.M{ \\qT k~+#& b<jTT\T
w #d nudq dT\ueTsTT, XXeTeT+~.
<s u<q |< ueq\T:

b<jTT djT+> nudH \T sb+~+#&+.


sb\T,nHwD\T, |j>\ <s nudH bV+#&+.
e>yTq, T \qT n_e~|s#&+.
yjT u<\ qT>TD+> \qT jsT#jT&+.
sVD k |]ds\qT $j+#&+.
sVD s k,nu dq k |<]
+#&+
<s d
s
y
T q

s> >~ @sT #jT&+.


<s u<q ` kbH\T:

u<q n+X D+> #<e&+.


eTTU+X\qT >T]+ |{ jsT#jT&+.
= n+X u~+#T nqTyq \qT jsT#jT&+.
s> \qT neT\T |s# $<H ssTT+#&+.
nudH keT, u<H keT deTLsTe&+.
\T #d u<q #jT&+.

72

djT+ nudqqT bV+#&+.


|]o\q, |]X<q\qT eT<+ #jT&+.
\ <s+> eT+q+ #jT&+.

<s u<q ` @sT

$<sT\
qT T> $u
q. ( $u
q $<sT\
yj
T
n_sT #T\T, d \
T,

ejTdTqT { +&*).

T HjTD jT$T+#*.
#jT<q \qT m+|#d $<sT\ y*.
#q, |]o\q\qT |+b+~+#T \T> +&*.
$<sT dKqT,|sds dVs |+b+~+# $<+> T$uq

@ss#*.

\qT +#&+, |]o*+#&+, |#jT&+,

|]eD\qT *jT#jT &+ yTT<q


n #s \qT $<sT\
T *d | #d>
#&*.
sVD >eT+#e\dq n+X\T:

$<sT\ nudq n_e~ <X\T.


$<sT\ nqTuT\T, n_e~ d++~+q n+s <w.

$<sT\ >T]+#<q sq\T / |\_ (Achievement).


bsX\ y\T|\ #d \T.
\T sV+q sTy y{ d++~+q $es\qT nudq k+,
k+ s|+ qy<T #jT&+.

k + :

^dq \T.
|<\T, >|\T, #sT\T.
y s|+ ueq\ |s+|s.
\T #dTq|{ b{\T, d+b~+q n_q+<q |\T.
|qD |\T(Review sheets).
n_K\T(Records of Work).
~q #s |d\T (Diaries).

$<sT\ nqTuy\ &sD.

$<sT\ n\yT,d\ d++~+q de#s+.


73

u<H|j>\T

$<sT\ |> >T]+#& |jTT+> +T+~.


$<sT\ $Xk |+b+~+#& M\eT+~.
nudq >e\qT s+#& dT\ueTeT+~..
$<sT\qT nudHqTKT\T> #jT& |j>|&TT+~.

b<jTT $<T\T:

$<sT\qT D+> |]o*+#*.


$<sT\ uwD X* >eT+#*.
y] |sds dVs $<H >eT+#*.
dVjT]> +& y] bV+#*.
$<sT\
T eT nu dH |*
\qTyT $Xw
+
#Te& d+d<T \
qT #j
*.
sVD sTy $<sT\nudH |*\qT ]sT #d +#*.

euw <s u<q:

uc u<q nudH\T #TsT> k>&

\T |j>s+> +{sTT.
1. <\T : < eTTK $wj y\ yd y{

U\T |{ y{

$<sT\# |P]+|#jTe#T. < eTTKyTq |<\T /b\, |sqT U\


ysTT+#e#T.
2. \<\qT n\+ : = ueT\qT $<sT\ y]# k+ y\
<\T ysTT+#e#T. keTV+>qT, e>+>qT #sTT+#e#T.
3.|]ds\qT <]+#&+ : $<sT\qT s> >~ qT+& uV ||+#+ rdT
yfi*.ysT #dq n+X\qT / edTe\ |sqT ysTT+#&+#j*.
4. uc&\T : + = neTT\ \| ns\T yd y{
T yd $<sT\ eT< +#*. y{ @<H $<] # rsTT+
n ns+ bs+ueTjT = |<\qT $<sT\ # ysTT+#*. +
$<sT\T keTV+> / e>+> bZ+{sT.
<VsD: n - neT ,n ,nq ,n ,ns+..........

,eT\,qT......................

5. $$< |jT \ |sq


+ : |<\qT, >
j\qT, d+uwD\qT >< u>\qT |j
qT
>TD+> |sq+ #sTT+#e#T.
74

6. HsD+ : b<jTT&T @yq n+X |yX|{ < $<sT\ #


Hs|+> |<]+|Cd nudq \qT =qk+#e#T. M{e\q $<sT\
d+uwD H|
D+, ueH X , qH H|
D\qT, k+|T s
D
qT |+b+~+#e#T.
7. qqT >T]+ |]#jT+: H T++,H $TT&T, HqT #dq eT+ | yTT<q
n+X\ MT< = y\T ysTT+, q |d jsT#sTT+#e#T. ~
ss ~q#s, djT #] yjT& esZ+ #|T+~.
+: yTT<{, s+&T s>T\ <s u<q @$<+>
sV+#>\sT.#]+ y~> deT]+#+&.

2.7 jo\ nudq $<q+(Active Learning methodology):


$<sT\ nudq b<jTT&T dVjT |&&+, nudq keTs\T,
djudq+,djT|sq+,djT+> >V+#&+,yT |P]> \ bZq&+,
$wj
\ d++~+q \qT eTqdT }V+ +#&+
(Mind Mapping), ^d
u>\qT >T]+#&+, #<e&+, yjT&+, d+Xw+#&+,d+uw+#&+ yTT<q <X\T
+<T HsTT. M{ #> \TdT= s> >~ neT\T #jT&+ #b<jTT
u<. | u<H $<H |]o*+#|&T b<jTT u<H $<q+,<<+
(Approach)

yT\e\T, VdksD,$wj\qT $e]+# $<q+,b* #| $<q+,

|+# $<q+, u<H|sD\qT q deTjT+ |j+#$<q+ yTT<q y{


b<jTT, b<jTT eT< u<\T+{sTT. |]o\q d+ bsX\\ yfifl
#b<jTT\T s>>~ u<Hudq\ q TbqT eT$> u$+#Ty*.
| b<jTT,| $<] @< < |\T keTs\T+&e#T. y{
#b<jTT\T >V +#*.b<jTT,$<sT\
|]#j
\T,d ++<\qT |{w
+
#dTy*. y] H|D\qT, keTs\qT, n\yqT, eT+ >TD>D\qT nqTd]+#*.
bsX\ Xu,$<sT\ eTD, u<H$<q+,esZ<s+,djT eTD,sT\
dVjT|&+,$<_e~ ,d++<\T, yTs+, Vk, yjT&+ H|D+
#~y$<q+,u<H|sD\qT #d |<T\T, $<|syTq sb\T, de|syTq
sb\T,dyTueq,HjT \D\T, $de+yTq u<H $<q+, bsX\
y\qT sb\qT eTT+<T+& sV+#>*
>
X keTs\T, T+u\ sT|=H
| + & T > \ bZ q & + , b< T | $< H\T, \T nu d q
]sT\sVD,bs|<+ (Lesson plan) yd$<q+
75

| > d +#

$<+> mHH |\qT |]o*+#>\sT. n+{ >V+, eT|s


n< j T q+ # j T &

bs X \\ eTT y fi T qT D s T \ T > V +#*.

#b<jTT\T |sE bsX\esD ]> bsq yTT<q sb\qT


|]o*+#*. nedsyTq y{ rdT= neds+ y{ e~*|{*. byH
+f y{ =\+#T= dsq y{ nqTd]d ||, |~q+, Xu |<+>
+T+~.

+: (n) D d+ MTsT yfifl bsX\ u<q MT eTqdTqT Tq


n+X >T]+ y~qT deT]+#+&.
() MT u<q MTs >V+q b\qT y{ sD\qT T\T>
#]#]+#+&. jq+> deT]+#+&.

+:MT <s b<jTT&T / b<jTTs\T mesT?


MTsT m+<T <s+> rdT=HsT jq+> deT]+#+&.
@b<jTT\ nedsyTq \D\qT |{ |s#+&.

2.8 VQfi s> u<q.


(Multigrade Teaching)

us<X s+>+ +<q 45 ] |s+ 14 d+es\| |\\+<]


s+< b<$T $< n+~+#*. = s> = b<jTT&T jT$T+#
&*. = sD\ e\ >e\ bsX\ = s> = b<jTT
jT$T+#&+ ] |s+> M\T|&<T. +{ bsX\ b<jTT&T s+&T < n++f
me s>

T \ $<sT\
u~+#e\d +T+~. { u<q
H VQfi s>

u<q
n+{sT.
$$< u<q |jT\T : VQfi s> u<q b<jTT&T q {sTT+q yTT+
s>

|j
+#T=q &T . s>

qT u~+#Tq|&T $T*q s>

T \qT
@yq u<Hudq sb\ bHT #j*. n+<T b<jTT&T |\T$<q
u<q |jT\qT |j+#T=q& |jT+#*. |sD+ = VQfi u<q
|jT\T $e]+#&yTq~, $ eyT> b<jTT&T q dH X |j+
eT]= = |<T\qT sb+~+#Te#T.
1. | u<q
2. T \ sVD
76

3. s> HjT dVjT+.


4. deTejTdT\ u<q (Peer Group Teaching)
5. djudq (Self Learning)
6. nqT+< |sq+
7. s> y\T|\ sV+# \T, (|sq\T)
8. yTT+ s> | $j>+.
1. | u<q :VQfi s> u<q b<jTT&T q |P] s>
$j+#T=q&T. { |us { #sDyTq |<+ jsT #dTy*.
< |s+ q $j+#Ty*. VQfi s> u<q @ s> nsTTH bsX\
|\+ =+es eyT | u<q neX+ +T+~. $T*q \+ |\\T
s sq |jT bZHT #j*.| = bs+X | u<q bs+_+,
bs+
deT>s
b |P] ueq> n+~+#T #j
*. n+ +& bs+X d++~+q
$$< | n+X\qT $e]+#&+,$<sT\ d *+#&yT +&, dj<jTq
jH\ e&+, yTT<q$ L& | u<q <s #j*. bs+X+ eTT+q sy
eT+q+ #d n+<T nqT>TD+> |desD u<q#d b<jTT&T eTs\ |
u<qqT
|j+#*.
2. T \ sVD : | u<q sy $<sT\qT nudq seT+ eT>+
#jT& #\ es |< |j>|&TT+~. s> { qT ssTT+#*. |
TqT *yqysT, k<sDT\T, eT+<>V\T+&TT $TXeT keTs b+<
@sT #j*. ysT |sds+ dV]+#THT #&*. s+>+ bMDqT b+~q
$<] s+>+ \T sV+#|&T T HjT&> eeV]k&T. ys s+>+
\T sV+#|&T ys=&T T HjT&T> eeV]k&T.
3. s> HjT b : VQfi s>T\qT sV+# b<jTT&T s> |
u<q eT>eTsTTq|&T ys= s>, s> HjT dVjT+ sV+#e#T.s>
HjT&T b<jTT |us |+#Te&+ <s n | dT\us+ #k&T. nudq
n+X+ HjT >\ keTs { n&T s $<sT\ qT+& b+< n_eH {
s> HjT jT$T+#*. n|&|&T HjT esTd +&*. s> HjT |
s> qT+ rdTe&+ Xw+. <s |+ s> qT+& jT$T+#e#TqT.
|,djT+

77

nu d q y T T< \ > T \qT s V +# | & T ,sV & > ,d + < q s > , d V ]>,
esZ<s&T>,|sy&T> s> HjT&T eeV]k&T.
$<sT\qT | u<q d<+#jT&+,\ sVD e\dq |sD\qT
d]+#&+, y{ |j+#&+,$<sT\T #dq | eed+ #d |<]+#&+qT
s> HjT&T dVjT|&&T. $<sT\ eT D uT |*\T >T]+ b<jTT
*jTCjT >\&T. |s
q sVDqT dV jT+ #k&T . b<jTT | us+ dT\u
s
+

neT+<q ueq, n |qT\ |< $j+#&+ >, HjT n


|qT\ $j+#&+ > eT+ |< <T.
4. deTejTdT\ u<q : ( Peer Group Learning)
s> $<] eTs= $<]>, me eT+~ $<sT\> u~+# #sqT
deTejTdT\ u<q n+{sT. +<T deTejTdT\T u<\T> nud\T> +{sT.
deTejTdT\ u<q ~$< |jT. bs$wjT+ bMD q $<] bs$wjT
u<&> eeV]+#>\&T. n< $<] eTs= bs$wjT u<q nud&> +{&T.
$<sT\
nu dq b\qT >T]+| ysD+ d+ deTejTdT\ u<
\T b<jTT
d+|~+#>\sT. { $<sT\ dVs uy |+b+~+ nudq seT+ #TsT>
bZHT #ksT.
5. djudq :
VQfi s> u<q b<jTT&T | u<q bZq s>T\ nudq
keT < sVD keT |j+ $<sT\qT eT+yT () nudq
|jT bZHT #d nudq+b+< $<H djudq+ n+{sT.
<VsD:` djudqqT $<+> sV+#e#T. yTT<{ s> yTT<{ T
dH bs+ |\qT,+Te\qT >T]+#e#T. s+&e T = s+>T\T, yTT\T, |+&T
s\qT #jT&+,eT&e T >D+ L&\T, rdy\T >T]+#&+,H\Ze T =
|{\qT #d ^jT&+, y +& = \ <s nudq b+<T y] &$TH,
_+>, n+] yTT<q &\ <s nudq b+<> y] bV+#e#T. +qT
y] \ <s |j>\T #d nudq b+<& M\T*+# $Cq Xd |]s\
|{qT n+~+ y] nudq =qk+#e#TqT.
+ :` VQfi s> u<q |jH\qT, b\qT jq+> deT]+#+&.

78

6. |sq <s nudq :


|sq $<sT\ dsyTq #s. VQfis> u<q B L&
eT+ nudq+> |j+#e#T. ~ = \qT, bs+_+#+<T b<jTT
dV]dT+~.
|sq $<sT\T @yT$T |]o*+#* nH y{| esZ<s+ eV+#*. ysT
>eT+q $wj\qT qy<T #dT=, y{ >T]+ s>>~ nH s>T\ $<sT\
#]+|#d nudq>$+#e#TqT.
7. nqT+<|sq+ :
nqT+< |sH VQfis> u<q djudq |jT <s s|e#T.
|sq+ <s $<sT\ nudH keTs n~|s#e#T. |sHX |sT>TT+~. nqT+<
|sH
\T> q\\|jT (Operation Black Board) <s q |d\qT |j
+#T=,
>+<\jT+, ~q|\T, ys|\T yTT<\>T y{ |j+ nqT+< |sq+
$<sT\qT eT>T\T> #d b<jTT&T deTj s u<q se\
$j+#Te#T.
8. s> #s :
VQfi s> u<q T = d+<s\ yTT+ s> se\qT
sV+#e\dq neX +T+~. n{ d+<s\ b<jTT&T @b_qjTq+, H
sD+, M&j |\T\ |<sq, s&j |d+>\T, f|Y]ssY <s |d+>\T yTT<q $$<
sb\qT #|{ $<sT\ nudq =qk+#e#T. | u<q sTy Te+{
se\qT ]|+#e#T.
+ :` MTsT u<q D y[flq bsX\ VQfis> u<q
m sV+#s $e]+ y~qT jsT #jT+&.

2.9 e+{k] |<:


|]#jT+: &sY yT]j e+{k] X $<+ |d<Ts\T. yT X
eTqd + <s+> |b~+q u<q $<qyT e+{k] |<. <X+
+q yT]j e+{k] (1870 ` 1952 ) e y<Ts\T. yT ||+#
|d~ #+~q $<y> |d~>+#sT. yT syT $X$<\j nqT+<+>
q feeble minded children +< H#]> +&ysT. +<+ |\*
sp |]o*+q e+{k] y] CH+~j\ X b* >T]++~.
79

$<sT\ XjTT* |+ #jT& y] CH+~j\qT |s|d


deTse
++> nu d+#>\
s yT u$++~.nk<sD X>
\
Xe\qT |]o*d
n<jTq+ #dq e+{k] k<sD Xe\T eT]+ deTs+> $<udq+
#jT& q<q |< |b~+#sT. |* k~+#>ZsT . ~jT e+{k]
|<> |d<eTsTT+~.
syT q>s+ eqd \jT+ y<Ts*> |#dq
e+{k] m&sY dH nH $<y $+>T\T ~s+<Tq u\u*\T d+
sVdTq $<X\| nqTs \>&+ e\ n+<T b<sTT> #] |#d+~.
yT n& u~+# n+X\qT |<T\qT d |]o*d <T $<y\sTTq
sk, bu esZ\qT, d#q\qT d+dsD\qT ne>Vq #dT+~.yT syT
|uT + y] ] dV jT+ The childrens homenH X >V sV+#sT.
yT J$XjT+ |*+, e+{k] |< $<+ neT\T e+~.
| u sTTw y T q C H + ~j \ s D +> | \ \ eqd
$+>T\esT. { +~j\ d]jTq D

e&+ <s nTe+{

|\\T eT+ CH eT]jTT $k b+<>\s yT |j>\T s|+#sTT.


{ |< XdjTyTq~> |]>D+|&q~.

+ & s Y > s H , qs bs X \,

|\\ >V+(Childrens home) nH$ k<sD+> C #+~q bsX\\T.

The Montessori system is a distinct step forward on Frobelion lines


in the history of Educational methods n |< |X+d+#&+ ]+~.
u<Hudq |jT XdjT << C&+q e+{k] $<H Scientific

concept of child education n eeV]dTHsT.


<X\T / \\T:

|\\ dV J$ $< &&TT+< e+{k] <X+.


= Xe eqd+>, Xs+>

y$<+ *Z +{sT.

=sT | X e >*Z +{sT. { $<sT\ (|\\) jTT


e
deTV+ q+| #jT L&<T . { = $<] | X< eV+#*.
n+ $<sT\ w |s+ y] esZ+H #s\qT s|&

80

=sT | y>+ $< Hs>\sT.


=sT | n_sT#T\T, d\T *Z +{sT.
Xs+> eT]jTT eqd+> &\Tq |\\+<] y>+ Hs&+ n+

Xw+ <T.

$<sT\ >VDX, esD(Expressing capacity)X #sD X nH y{

>eT+ eT&+{ >ZT |jT+#&+ b<jTT u< neT+~.

CH+~jT D:

Five senses are the gate ways of knowledge


CH_e~, CH+~j eTTK sDyTq$. J$++ Cq+ b+<&+
CH+~j\T # eTTK+ eVksTT. { y{ q D y\q~ yT
<X+. XXe <X CH_e~ s>&+ e\ +~j\ (senses ) D e&+
s>*.CH_e~ &&$ qT, #$, #s+, eTT, H\T. |+#~j\
D sTTe& && (Didactic apparatus) k<H\T |\\ e&TsTT.
djT nudq (self learning ) : bsX\ b<jT u<q eTTK+ Z+,
X nudq yTT<{ kq+ e&+~. yT n_bjT+ |s+ djT nudH
yTq nudq. $$< u<Hudq |sD\qT (Learning Materials ) T>
|]o*+ |j> |Ps+> y{ q bsX\ |yX|{sT.
|\\T |]s\qT

|j+ $$< $wj\qT nud+#&

M\eT+~. | \T+f |]s | \qT d]~<&


|j
>|&
T sTT. sT \
dVjT++&H dT\u+> #<e& yjT& >D+X\qT yjT&
|]s\T |j>s+> +{sTT. nudq b\Tq (Dyslexia) $<sT\T
L& dTHjd+> y>+> nudq #jT& |< neX+ *ZdT+~.
d# ` jTeT+ : k++ |\\
jTT qV. { |\\
|Ps k++
qsTT y] keTs + |+b+~+#Te& k< |&T T+~.]q
yTq
T uT

(#T\T T= \&*, H{ fi+ yj*, e{&L&<T) es $<T\T


& |]ds\qT+& =\+#\ yT <+#sT. H&T $TfiH bsX\
$<sT\qT Xs+> eqd+> b<jTT\T +#s< |uT+ #{
e&+ d+<s+ >eTHs+.

81

e+{k] |< #s\T : e+{k] bsX\\qT |\\ >V+ n


n+{sT. n+<T +{ |]ds\T> & |]ds\T L& +{sTT. msTT
+{ | ><T\T neTs& +{j $<+> bsX\ = >~
= #s {sTT+#&TT+~.
<VsD :|sq eT+~s+(Reading Room),uT+# >~,# |qT\ >~ yTT<q$
+{sTT. n ><T\ e\dq dH\T \\T eT+> neTs& +{sTT.
|< \ sjT |{ <T. & \T e. VQeTT\T e. CH+~jT
D k<H\T +{sTT. = $<] q qq \T #jT& d#
e&TT+~. 6d+eseTT\ |\ +& $<sT\ eT&T $<q D\T
e&TsTT.
J$ |j>|& D : sT\| <s|&+& y] |qT\T ys
#dTe& D e&TT+~. J$+ |\\T s>+>,eTD>
|s>& &&, #T\T Xu|s#Te&+, \T &+,><T\qT Xu|s#&+,
>fi ]
+#T e&+, |+&T
eT&+,b<s
\
s+>T\T yjT &+, \<Te&+, b&sT
|PdT e&+ yTT<q \ D eTTK$Te&+~.
<VsD : ed
(& $Hk\T), yjeT+, edTe
\qT q$<+
> neTs&+,
#|qT\T, b\T b&&+ e+{ J$ |j>|& \T H]+#&TsTT.
CH+~jT D sTy yjT&+, #<e&+ eT]jTT >D+[Reading - wRiting -

aRithmetic - 3 Rs] u~+#&TsTT.


b<jTT b : e+{k] bsX\ b<jTT\ b k+|<jT
u<q #jT&+ <T. |\\qT |sy+#&+,y] esZ<s&> eV]+#&+.
&T\ u~+#y] dV] (Facilitator) n n+{sT.
e+{k] |< b<$T d\T :
1.~ <T eTqd
Xd d<++ |q <s|&
+
~. eqd $de nqTd]+
u~+#\H d<++ <s+> +~.
2.Xe\ eT<>\ e> u<\T, d\qT >eT+ $< u<q sT|&+.
3. ~ keTV u<q esyTq u<H |<. e>yTq X< #|&TT+~.
4. $CH|sD\, k$wsD |< beTTK sTTe&+~.

82

5. |&]#Y, bu ,+&sY>sH |<T\qqTd]+ \|s#&+~.


6. ~$<] djT+ w| <s|& +T+~.
7. $Cq deTTbsq+ |\\ eT eTT> <wdesD #dTe\d +T+~.
+<T CH+~j\ D b<q+ n~+> +&&+ e\ $< n e
b<qe&+ ]+~.
e+{k] $<$<q+ <s\T :
1. e Xs#s\T
2. |+#+~jT d++~ CH_e~.
3. djT+ nudq+ <s $<.
4. djT+ $d+ ` d#.
5. +&s\ D <s $<.
6. yjTT n_e~ d#.
7. |\qT djT+> >T]+ de]+#Te&+.
e+{k] $<$<q+ Xeq Hse\dq n+X\T :
1. #> uw+#&+ ` edTe\ |sT,duy\qT >T]+#&+.
2. |eTT y& \TdTe&+.
3. s,>TsT,dT<eTT,s+>T\TyTT<q y{ ]+#&+,+#&+,
^jT&+,Hs&+.
4. +~jT D,# |qT\qT #sTT+#&+.
5. <V b]X<+,eT <TdT\qT,|d\qT deT+> +#T=HT #jT&+.
6. @jT edTe\qT m&& +# *jT C|&+.
7. \T, b\T, <\T Hs&+.
8. esTd q&e&+, |sT>&+, qq sTe\qT yjT&+, <TdT\T <]+#&+,
$d]+#&+ yTT<q$ Hs&+.
9. #d,Xk\T >T]+#&+.
10. |+|&T +Te\qT, |P\ yTT\qT |+#&+ +{ keqCH
d++~+q n+X\qT H]+#&+.
11. | k+<s >T]+|CjT&+.

83

| n+X\ uT b&T>T`b{, e`dq+, >T+&+`#<s


+
,*`sTe
&\qT =\\T, CsTT+|\T, sT#T\T, ydq\T, s+>T\T >T]+|#jT&+,
dseTT\T, <qT\T`< esT\T yTT<\sTTq XeD keTs,ne<H
d++~+q n+X\qT Hs &+.. M n $CH|s
D
\(Teaching apparatus) <s
Hs&+ sT>TT+~..
e+{k] $<$<q+ |jH\T:
1. |\\ d#, d+\T+&&+.
2. |sq $< $<H e<* <T XdjT ueq* +&&+.
3. djT s#sD |TqqT >T]+#&+.(Dignity of labour)
4. H $\Te\qT |+b+~+|&TsTT.
5. eT D |+b+~+|&TT+~.
6. |sds >sy<\T+{sTT.
7. *d yT*d +& n\yTqT * +{sT.
8. dKqT, dVuy |+b+~+#T=+{sT.
9. BqT, n_yX b+~ d+uwDX\Ts +{sT.
10. dKqT, j>qT n\es#T=+{sT.
11. <js V<jTT dTT +{sT.
|]$TT\T :
1. \ jTeT+ <T.
2. |sD\T me y*.
3. me |T& y*.
4. deTqjT u<q M\T <T.
5. +~jT D b<q me. ueH | s+.
+ :`1

& |< |\ s+>T\T, ydq\T, |]#jT+ #jT& @$T

#jT>\s $e]+#+&.
+ :`2

MT dMT|+ +&sY >sH /

e+{k] bsX\qT d+<]+

n#{ u<H |<T\ >T]+ |]o\HyTq yd+ yjT+&.

84

e+{k] |< ` +&sY >sH |< >\ u<\T


e+{k]

+&sY >sH

1. |sys\T |

1. >TsTe +<+>qT,

~ #d +T+~.

rs]>qT eeV]k&T.

(b<jTT b e).

b<jTT esZ<s+
+T+~.

2. e>+> |\*

2. Xe\+<]| <w

b<jTT&T >eT+#*.

+T+~.

3. \ sjT |{ +&

3. \ sjT |{ |s+

$<sT\T w #jT>\sT.

b<jTT&T 30 $Tc\
bT u~k&T.

4. Xe q |]s\

4. ke

&T+T+~. $dT>T *

|< |jd

eTq+> LsT+T+~.

b<jTT| <s
|&e\d +T+~.

5. Xe $Xk |

5. b<jTT |ue+ +&&+

b+<TT+~.

e\ |]$TyTq $Xd+
\T>TT+~.

6. nudq|]+# k<q

6. n+<s *d |

d+| e>+> @sT

#jT& \\T @sT

#jT&+ sT>TT+~.

#jT&+ sT>TT+~.

7. \+, <q ejT+ me.

7. \+, <q ejT+ e.

8.Xe\ d# me.

8. Xe\ d#

9. w e>+> k>TT+~.

9. w d$Tw s|+> k>TT+~.

& |< & d b|~> s|\q #dq s+&T |<T*


deTqsTT+ b<$T <X $<sT\ u~d d*\qT k~+#e#T.

85

2.10 Us#q u<q :

eqe&T d+|TJ$. |sds ueesD ue>VD\

uw |<qk<q+. uw s+&T sb\ +T+~.


1. eT+.
2. *+.
eeVs+ uwD n~ b<q+ q|{ y>|s#
q

ds+, XXs|+ +&+ M\T|&<T. { esD u>+> s> u<q
<s uwDkeTs+ |+b+~+#Tq | $<] <q+s+ Kq keTs
e~ |s#T=+{&T. n{ keTs

b+~q $<sT\qT y]ksTT { $$<

sb\ * s#q\qT #jT>*q y]> r]~<*. +<T q esZ<s+


#jT&+ b<jTT& u<. uwD+ s#q |H~ nsTT Kq+ |H~|
]+# ue
q sD+ e+{~. { b<jTT&T $<sT\
# K\T ysTT+#&+

e+{ b<$
T ksTT * s| s#q
\qT+ <, yd+,$eTs yTT<q
nTqksTT
s#q
\ es #sTT+#*. eTqdT uy\qT Kq s|+ y\Te]d n< *s#
q

neT+~. @<q
n+X >T]+q ueq\qT $XB]+, eT|s
# ucX*

yjT&yT s#q nqe#T. * s| s#q syT Us#q. s+,CT,eT,
N{ yTT<q$ K |sjT|<\T. eTm<T |s+ q y] |
|jHs+ #d y |PsyTq esD Us#q.eVsY HVQ >sT q
es +~s|jT<s ydq K\T ||+#|d~ b+<sTT. \T>T >TsC&,
oo yTT<q |eTTKT\ K\T kV ksTT d+]+#T=HsTT.
Us#q neX
$$< d+<s\ Us#q sV+#&TT+~. <q+~q Jeq
eeVs\T |s+ q e\ d+d\ de+> sV+#& Us#q
# |jTT+. nf <sb+\ +<T$TT\T j>e\T |sds+
\T|e& K\T |j>|&TsTT. $<sT \T bsX\ d++~ eeVs\T
L& s\ <s sV+#e#T. ysT eT neds { b<jTT
d\ey\ \T| Us#q
#jT e#T. e*dq |d
\T, yC
, &|]s\T
<sb++ qT+ Ksd |+#e#T.

86

ksd d+|T deyX\, CrjT~Hy\ <sb+\ |eTTKT\qT s\


<s V+#e#T. $<]<X |Psj u$wT <>s+ s\j\
<sUdT\T |T=H neds+ *q|&T ,n~sT\ yeT\yTq $|\T
#jT&, ys|\ d+b<\(Editors) eT e>,kedeTd\T,
n_ bj \T \ & U s # q H s & + m+ ned s + .+ $d y T q
|jqeTTq~ qTH bsX\ $<sT\ $$< Us#q\ D ee\d
q< b<jTT&T >T]+#*.
<X+/\+

$<sT\ *s#H keTs |+b+~+|#jT&+.


eT deT+ y] de#s\ <q|<H dV]+# s

|Ts\T s|& e\dq *s#H keTs e~ #jT&+.


K\ s\T : K\qT eT&T s\T> eZ]+|e#T.
1. e> K\T.

2. k+|T K\T. 3. ybs K\T.

1. e> K\T : *<+&T\,$TT\,+<Te\ rjTT\ yd K\T


e> K\T. M{ e>, T+ eTeTT\T, de#s\T +{sTT.
2. k+|T K\T : k+|T K\qT s+&T s\T> eZ]+#e#T. yTT<{s+
de d++~y
T q
$( Social). s
+&es+
s\j\(Official) #+~q$. $<sT\
T
& s d+<sq b<jTT\ d\e N{ |+|&, bsX\ | s
e\ |eTTKT\qT V+#&, $$< ys|\ n_bj\T \&
K\T yjT+ neds+ neT+~. K* k+|T K\T> eZ]+#e#T.
<> <sUdT #jT+, deTd* n~sT\ <w rdT=be&+ e+{$
s+&es #+~q K\esTT.
3. ybs K\T : eTq e\dq |d\qT $$< edTke ybs d+d\
qT+& |+#Te&, ++<yTq de#s\T \TdTe& K\qT
ysTT+#e#T.
+: $$< K\ qeTH\qT 5e s> $<sT\qT
<w |T= jsT #jT+&.

87

Us#q u<q |<T\T: $$< <X\ |\Tsq K\qT yjT&+ Hs&


b<jTT&T = |<T\T b{+#*. n$
1) nqTsD |<. 2) |Xs |<.

3) #s |<.

1) nqTsD |<:
nqTsD|< b<jTT&T $<sT\ H]+#<\q K qeTHqT
q\\| yd #|+#*. U s#q b{+#e\dq d#q\qT b<jTT&T
#|>$,qeTHqT nqTd]+ KqT yjT>\sT. U |< nqTsD |<
n+{sT. +<T b<jTT s#q <s+> +T+~. +<T$<sT\T
nu dq n~ u> ke eV+#sT . d\e sT KqT ysTT+#&+
+<T
<VsD> #|e#T. =+<sT b<jTT\T dsds |< eyT
nqTd]+#&+ deTsjT+ <T. sD+ |< |]$TT\T be> HsTT.
2) |Xs |<:
= d+|Tq\T, n+X\T #| y{| = |X\T d+~d n+<T $<sT\
d+<q\qT <s+> #dT= b<jTT&T Us#qqT H]+# |< |Xs
|< n+{sT. de<q+ #|&+ $<] b<jTT&T q <s\T(L)
dV]+#*. ysT #|q de<H\ uT m KqT yj\H d#q\T
L& b<jTT&T e>\&T. |< $<sT\T V+> nudq
bZ+{sT.
3)#s |<:
K me]? m+<T?m yj*? eTT+<T> $<sT\
# #]+|Cd
sT y
KqT ysTT+#*. $<sT\qT T> $u+, = T = $wjT+
y*. $wj m yj*? U ds|+ m +&*? nq $wj\qT
#]+ sTy K ysTT+#*. $wj\qT d{> #|& |<
k<|&TT+~. b<jTT&T k+|T K\T, yD K\T |< #>
u~+#e#T. +<T $<sT\T #TsT> bZ, nudq+ |{w+> kksT.
U s#q b{+#e\dq kbH\T:
1. K ydTqy] sTHe K m&eTy|q yj*. ~,d\+ K jTT &
| |u>q yj*.
88

2. me] KqT ydTH+, < >ZT y] d+u~d K m&eTy|q yj*.


nj! ne! eTVXj! $Te! |jTyTq k<s! yTT<q d+u<q\T
d+<s+> |j+#*.
3. +<T $TT\ yd K eT e *| be] ydTHs y] eT
de#s\qT \T|>sT yTT<\T |{*.
4.\T|e\dq $wj |]#<\T> $u+ yj*.
5.de#s+ *> ns eTjTT d{> $e]+ #b*. <VsD |d\
d+d K nsTT e |]#<\ nedsyTq $wj\qT e+ \b*.
6. K ydq sTy K &y| +~ u>q be] KqT yks y] >\
d++< \T| [eT $<jTT&T / $XdjTT&T / eT $TT&T / Xj_w
yTT<q$] yd < +< d++ #j*. #y\T K bD+ e+{~. N{
bD+T y\T d<eTT dTeTr! nH&T <q $.
7. K qT b \ e+| + # & >qT me] | + | + # y] s T He
(|sT,+{H+sT, M~,}sT, yTT<qn+X\T) K|q yj*.
8. K yqT u>q mesT ydTHs y] |sT, sTHe +&*.
9. KqT e+|+#& q bdT k+|\T n+ bdT &u yj*.
$<+> Us#q b{+#e\dq jTe\qT, b<jTT\T
u~+#*.eT&e s> bs+_+#& Us#H H|D+ (d\eN{)
H\T>T, <es>T\ (e> K\T,ybsK\T) $d]+#*.
nse++>,dsfi+>,neds\qT>TD+> y#s <s b<jTT&T K\qT
Hs*. n ]q|& d++> Us#q#jT& $<sT\T d
#|ksT.

2.11 yds#qu<q
yd+ qq >< |jT. ~ \T>T uw +>uc kV |ue+ e\
sb+~+~. B +>+ Essay n n+{sT.
yd+ n+f $wjT $XwD n \eT] yTXs+ nHsT. $wj\qT #>
$e]+#&+ n ns+. n+X+| $]$> yd s#qqT ydeT+{s +<Xss+
$e]+#&+~. n bNq \+ y<\ {> *d bsTT +&$.
89

n{ y<\qT $u+ H\T>T y<\T> @ssq+<T e\ w<bjTT y<ydT&T nH


|sT e+~. $ ^TssTT ><+ nsTT >< ^TssTT yd+ n |U V+B$
seT#+< X >] n_bjT+. $+ Lyric m+ b<q+ +T+< e#q s#q\
yk n+q me

b<q+ +< ucy\ n_bjT+.The true essay is

essentiality n ucy\T n_bjT|&sT.

yd+ nq |<+
\T>T yTT< y&T <T . yd #+~ s >TsC& nbse
|+T\T>sT yd+ nH |< 1910 |j+#&T. ||+#kV+ |+ s#sTT
eHfH (1571) s+q yd+ yTT<{~> #|THsT.+>+ steal eT]jTT Edison
spectator | ydq yk\ |sD bqT>+{ \ qsd+Vse \T>T s+#q k

yk\T $\DyTq$> |s=qe#T. $ \T>T yd |jT >T]+|qT #sTT.


uH |T+Te yd+ nH |<+ #|&+~. \T>T 19 eX_ ~rjs+
qT+& yd+ me> y&T e+~. $<sT\ uy\qT, #q\qT e]+#&
dHqT |+b+~+#& yds#q u<q

#\ neds+. |jT $<sT\

y #sqT u> e~|s#*. eT&e s> es $<sT\ # KqH|D+


|+b+~+q sTy H\T>T, nsTT<T s>T\ qT+ q |\\ |]#jTyTq, u>q#
n+X\| y] k+e\ qq yk\qT ysTT+#e#T. e< $T s>

T \ $<sT\

yd+ ssTT+#& eTT+<T y #s sV+#*.
y] qq $wj
\ MT< ysTT+#*. yd+ $wj
eZs
D
#d |]#<
\T>
yj\ n<|&T eTT+<T> d+#e#T .ykq bs+u+ ,$wjT$esD, eTT+|
nH |<q \D\T *jTCj*. n<|&T yd $wj deT>+> #|e\dq
|<T. yk\T yjT& nedseTsTTq |]o\H >+<\qT d+#*. >+<\j
d~j>+ #dTH bV+#*. <X dsfieTsTTq uw, Crj\T, kyT\T,
n\+s\T, d+<s+> |j+#&+, sTwyTq ysD+, $wjT esD esTd
eT+, yTT<q n+X\| $<sT\ q ne>Vq *+#*.
q s>

T \ $<sT\
yd+ ysTT+#|&T ksTT q n+X\ L&T=q$,
(d$<) deTkyT q
$, (sT<> deTd) m+| #jT e#T. }VyT q
(HqT <X< &)
yTT<\>T n+X\qT ysTT+#e#T.
yd u<q <X\T :`

$wjT CH |+b+~+#&+.
$ks |sq Cq+ |+b+~+#&+.
90

uyqTeT+> |]#<\T> $u+ yd n\yT |+b+~+#&+.


*K s#H H|D\qT |+b+~+#&+.
$wjT dsD $<H\qT *jTCjT&+.
eT\>+<\qT |seTs (reference) >+<\qT |]+# n\yT |+b+~+#&+.
$<sT\ dH X y* rjT&+.
|<|j> H|D e~|s#&+.

|]o\H X |+b+~+#&+.

s#q\T $eTsH <sD +&&+.


\H X, #H X eT<+ #jT&+.

$<sT\ # eT k+X* s#q\T #sTT+#&+.


$$< s#HT\qT |]#jT+ #jT&+.

yd+ |<qyTq s\T : Kq rdT=q n+X\qT { yk\qT $$<s\T>


$u+|e#T. n+<T |<qyTq$ = |]<+.
1. esH
yk\T :` $<sT\
|]#jT yTq
n+X\qT, y] nqTuy
\qT, = dyX\qT
y]wyTq $wj\qT, d\qT, |eTTK e\qT, dVT\qT, Xdy\qT, dT+<syTq
| <X\qT $e]+ esHyTq yk\T ysTT+#e#T.
2. <H yk\T :` yd+ <> yd |< #| y]# y #s #sTT+q |<|
yd s#q #sTT+#e#T.

bsD <\qT, <\qT ksTT qT ysTT+#e#T.

3. #] yk\T :` <X k+bs+ d+|Tq\T, >+BJ, dTudt, HVA e+{


CrjT HjT\T, eTV*|s+, V+| e+{ |d< #] d\T, yTT<\sTTq y{ \T
#|+, #]+ |<| ysTT+# yk\T esZ #+~q$.
4. ueH yk\T :` \yTq dyX+ #|q|&T, # <\qT $q|&T,
$<sT\ = #q\T, d\T, \T>TsTT, Te+{ ueq\qT #q\qT eT|s
ysTT+#$ ueH yk\T. $ $<] djqTuy d++~+q yqqT e#T.
$<sT\ eqd dT\T,yjT u<\T,q+<qTu,d+ks+ +{ yk\
y\&esTT.
5. }V yk\T :` $<sT\T eT u$wTqT >T]+, \\ >T]+ }V+ eT
n_sT qT mTe+{ e yfifl* (< b<jTT&T, y<T&T, HjT&T,
|Cde&T yTT) }V+ ysTT+# yk\T e #+~q$.
6. d+y< yk\T :` | }V yk\T> ]X |+# #sj+XeTT\|q
L& yk\qT ysTT+#e#TqT.

91

< d $< nedse? >=b \+>=b? <T $Cq+ yT\T #dTq< &T
#dTq<? yTT<\>T n+X\qT d]+#e#TqT.
7. $eTsH yk\T :` eTT #~$q |d\ >T]+ >eT+q eTTK d+|Tq\qT
>T]+ < ke n+X\qT>T]+ e<$T, q s> $<sT\T $eT]+#>\sT.
$eTsH yk\qT ysTT+#&+ e\ $<sT\ |]o\H Cq+,$eTsHX |+b+<TsTT.
8. yC yk\T :` yC n_e~, de+| < |ue+ yTT<q y{ >T]+
yk\T ysTT+#e#T. $<sT\ |]o\q, |]X<q d\qT |+b+<TsTT.
9. sjT yk\T :` $<sT\T sj\ >T]+ \TdTy*. n+ sj\
|y+#s<T. |\ |#T]+# sjT $wj\qT >V+|Cd n+X\| e<$T
qksTT $<sT\# yk\qT ysTT+#e#T.
10. kV yk\T :` $$< s#q\qT, kV |d\qT #<eeT y{ $Xw+ yk\qT
ysTT+#e#T.
< qq >+<+, qq $ yTT<\>T n+X\qT d]+ yk\T ysTT+#*.
yd\D\T :` $<sT\T #> yk\T yjT& n<|&T eT yk\qT, y{
\D\qT $<sT\ *jTCj*. yd+ yd|&T yk d++~+q +~
uV\D\qT $<sT\T b{+# n<|&T d+#*.
+:`

1. neX+ (e]H)
2.o]

|eTTK s#sTT\

3. |]#< (|s)$uq

yk\qT d]+#+&

4. | o]\ >T]+|

jq\T> deT]+#+&.

5. sTwyTq, dwyTq Kq+


6. eT+ <d]
7. $seT V\ b{+|
yk d++~+q n+s \D\T> +~ $wj\qT |s=qe#TqT.
1. $wjT|seTsTTq \D\T :` yk e&q o]qT >T]+ n+X $e]+
e]+# e $<sT\ *jTCj*.
` esD+ bs+u+, $wjT$esD, eTT+| nH eT&T |<q \D\T +&*.
` ydbs+u b<+, |]#jT+ n L& nqe#T.
` yd bs+u+ w Hd <T]+, $<H ds|P e+{ d>,
<>, bs d *+# $<+> yTT<\T |e#T.
92

s+&e |<q \DyTq $wjT$esD $wj d{>qT, $XwD #d $e]+#*.


$wjT+ $$< uy\T eT+ #|&+ s>*. | |n+X = |]#<+
+&T #&*.
eT& e \ D y T q eTT+| eTTU+X d +# e\ >, d j T
n_bjT+>, d+<X+>, $> (dsH:dTHueqTeTyT eTV\+ )
yk eTT+#e#T.
2. \|syTq \D\T :` yd+ y& uc X*,$wj $XwD+ #dq rsT, uy\qT
eT+ y\&+# H|D+ e \|syTq \D\T. yds#q {\ dek\ L&q
uw y&s<T. dsfiyTq uw s> ksTT qX* yk\T ysTT+#*. esTeT\
|<\qT >T|+#s<T. Crj\T, kyT\T, \T, d+<s+> |j
+#*. uy\qT
eT|s dsfiyTqX* #|&+ e\ yd+ #~$+# \D+ (Readability ) * +T+~.
<wdesD\T
$<sT\ yk\qT b<jTT&T d]~<|&T >TC> |\qT >T]+#*.
$<sT\ <c\qT e>, keTV <c\T> eZ]+#Ty*.

keTV <c\qT

s>>~ b<jTT&T $<sT\+<] $e]+ ysD >T d#q*y*. e>


<c\qT $<sT\ |sT #|+& |s= de]+#*. b<jTT&T $<sT\ yk\qT
~<|&T ysT eT |\qT \TdT=q& M\T> = ns d+\qT |j+#*.
n

R ns<w+.

R y<w+.

R ysD <w+

R $wjT<w+.

yds#q \+ $<sT\ * s#H H|D, dHqT |+b+~+#&yT


=+<sT u$dTqT> yds#
q
e\+ ns
<
c\qT d]~<&
<T. ns
<
c\qT d]~<&

Kq+ ( Dictation ), <wKq+ (copy writing)\qT #sTT+#*.

yds#q ` u<q |<T\T: $<sT\ yds#q n_e~ #jT& +~


|<T\qT b<jTT&T u<q b{+#e#TqT.
1. nqTsD |<: ~ b<$T s> $<sT\ q~. b<jTT\T @<q
n+X+| yd+ yd #| < <s+> #dT= += n+X+| $<sT\qT
yjTeT #|e#T.

93

< b<jTT&T +TeqT >T]+ ydq yk nqTd]+ $<sT\


T ys= +TeqT
>T]+ yjT>\sT.
< e, ,|* yTT |] n+X\qT >] b<jTT&T yk*ee#T.
2. n_esq |< : |< e<$T <X $<sT\ #\ |j>yTq~.
b<jTT\T @<q + < | <X #|+ = $wj\T #| y{
<s+> #dT= $<sT\T s#q #d |< n_esq |<. $<sT\ }VX
e~|s#& ~ eTyTq |<. < : e>eT+.
3. #s|< : b<jTT&T #]+#ujT n+X\qT yTT< $e]+#*. $<] deTV\
eT< $<sT\# ysTT+#e#T. ~ e<$T s>T\ |j>|&TT+~.
< :` d\ $< nedse?
4. |jT|< : $<sT\ djT+> n+X rdT= nedsyTqe&T b<jTT\
d\V\T rdT= yd+ yjT& |jT+#&+ |< eTTK+.
5. dyX |< : (Situation method ):

$<sT\ = \qT #| <\qT #|,

= dyX\qT |<]+ y{ <s+> yd+ yjTeTq&+ |< |.


6. |X+k |< : |< s#sTT, |eTTK e yTT n+X >T]+ |X+dd
ysTT+#&+.
7. <s|< : |< eTTK+> b<$T s>T\# yd+ ysTT+#&
<+q n+X\qT <s+> #dT= $<sT\qT = T> $u+#*. = n+X
= |]#<+> y] ysTT+#*. n |]#<\qT qT+& &]+ e]
yk ysTT+#e#T.
8. dH |< : $<sT\H @<q n+X yqTeT <

q $wj\qT

eT+> d]+ djT+> yjT&+ |< b<q+. |< $<] d# n~+>


+T+~. dj_sT q n+X d]+#& neX+ +T+~.
< HqT &sTH ..... HqT <X |<q eT+H....
yds#q u<q eT+ :` yds#q u<q 4 kbH\T b{+#e#T.
1. bs+u+

2. |<sq

3. |q]eTs

4. +{|

1. bs+u+ : kbq+ @ n+X b<jTT&T u~+|uTH& n+X <w


|T= qTFsD+

#j*. |Ps Cq+ | = |X\T yd q u<H|sD\qT

#|+ |sD y*. sTy |dT yd+ o]qT |]#jT+ #j*.


94

2. |<sq+ : kbq+ u~+# $wj #]d $wj\qT eZ]+ #b*. s


$wj\qT, |]#<\T> q\\| yj*. ydq n+X\| #]+|#j*.
#sqT <s+> #dT= $<sT\qT s> yds#q #jT& b<jTT&T
bV+#*. ydq yk\ <c\qT >T]+ $<sT\ #H y{ de]+|#j*.
3. |q]eTs : yd s#q
u<q
sT y eTTKyTq
n+X\qT >T]+, yds#
q
jTe\
>T]+ = |X\T n&>e#T.
4. +{| : ~ e] kbq+. u<q|PssTTq sTy nd+|Ps yk\qT |P] #jTeT
+{|> ee#T. = n+X\| yk\qT yjTeTqe#T. $<sT\H o]\qT m+|
#dT= yk\T ydT= seT #|e#T.
+ :` |d<yTq \T>T yd d+\H\qT d]+, |{ e+&.
2.12

du<q (Micro Teaching)


#b<jTT\T D u>+> u<q nqTue+ d+ =+\+ &T\

y[ u~ksT.bsX\ s> |y+#>H + qesT. u<q


|$T+# >H &&+, be+, { #|& ys={ #|&+, kbH\qT
eTs be&+ +{ d+<q\T @s&&+ dV+. B |]csyT$T{? n m+<s
+#sT. nyT] d+jTT sc\ kH bsY $X$<\jTeTT yT
s$T& { mH nHysT eT] =+<] \d u<q
D
sT\
T m<TsH +<T\qT
y]+#& = esZ\qT nHw+#sT.
n< sTy \+ du<q ueq> sb+~+~. du<q nH
b]uw |<+ 1963 y&&+~. s+>+ ]q |\T |j>\T, |]X<q\T
] |*\T Xq+> e#sTT. qT u<q |< eTq <X+ L&
b<jT D d+d\ neT\T|s#sT. du<q ue+ >o\yT+~.
D d+d #b<jTT\ es|k<+ nsTT+~. ~ u<HqTuy
*+#&yT +& $$< u<HH|D\ n_e~ # esZ+ yd k<q+>
s|+#&+~ .VAsdt sH
B d<+r]+ D
qTL\+#XsT. d u<q

u<q |< <T . ~ u<H|syTq yTfie (Technique) eyT .

95

~ D d+d #b<jTT\T eTu<q H|D\qT e~#dTe&


|j+# $<qyT Dq+s+ b<jTT&T bsX\ nqTd]+#
u< q | < m+ e + < T . D s T \ T s > | y +# & | P s y T
u<HH|D\qT ]+#&~ esZ+. Be\ DsT\ ujT+=\
$Xd+ u~+#>\T>TsT .
\\T :
1. #b<jTT\T du<q ds| duy\qT,<X\qT \TdT>\T>TsT.
2. du<q |jH\qT ne>Vq #dT=+{sT.
3.du<q $<H nqTd]+ u~+#>\T>TsT.e |Ps (Pre- Service)
b<jTT\ u<q
H|
D $k <V< |&
D
d u<q
. s>

u<q

b<jTT&T m<Ts=H d+w\qT <s+ #d,u<q |]|w n+~+#&
du<q &&TT+~. B bs+ &$,|]~ ~+#&TT+~. du<q
30`40 $<sT\ <T\T e\+ =~eT+~ eyT b<jTT&T u~k&T.
<X+:
1. b<jTDd+d D b+< y] uj b>=& eeT+~
$<sT\
< k<s D
sT\
5$Tc\ ee~ ueqqT nud+#jT &
&&|jT.
2. du<H $<qeTT e\+ H|D rdT= < d+|PseTT>
k~+#es nud+#jT&+ sT>TT+~. nf ={> n H|D\T
k~+#e#T.
3. DsT\T #d |\qT y+H qT>= |qs\H #jTe#T. X<yTq u<qqT
k~+ $Xd+ |+b+~+#Te#T.

u<HudH d u<q eT+

k<q+. $<y\ n_bjT+ |s+ eTq $< eqd Xd+,ke Xd+


|e+q d<+\ yde s| \q nudyT d u<q. D \eTT
u< H u d + # j T & nqTd ] +# $w | j T d u< q . B < T
eTTK\D\T+{sTT.

96

du<q kbH\T:
#b<jTT&T D]> du<q #jT& eTT+<T = n+X\qT
\TdTe\dq nedseTT+~. b<jTT&T e&q d#q\qT $<H ns+
#dTy*.
1. d bs+
<T $Tc\ |P] #jT& M\T> +& n+X\T < uymqT
y*. n+<T q u<q |<+ d<+ #dTy*.
2. \+:
d u<q +~ $<+> sV+# e\d +T+~.
1. u<q

2. $eT]+#&+ <

5 $Tc\T

` 10 $Tc\T

|]|w+
3. + ]
bs sdTe&+
4. |qs<q

15 $Tc\T

5 $Tc\T

5. |q]eTs <
|qsY |]|w+

Plan
d+d<T&T e&+
bs jsT #dTe&+

Refeed

|qsY |]|w+
10 $Tc\T

10 $Tc\T

Teach
u<q

Feedback
|]|w+

5$Tc\T

Reteach

|qs<q
5 $Tc\T

97

10 $Tc\T

Replan

bs ] jsT
#dTe&+15 $Tc\T

$<+> H|D k~+#& H\T>T ksT u<q #jTe\d


+T+~. u<q deTjT+ M&j yTsqT y& u<qqT ]sT #jTe#T.
<q+s dMT n~ |j>|&TT+~.
3. $<sT\ d+K: d s> <T>TsT < sT>TsT $<sT\T+f #\T.
< DsT <T>TsT < sT>TsT +<+> @s& d u<qqT
sV+#Te#T. $<sT\ d+K e> +&&+e\ eTD deTd
+&<T.
4. H|D+ :
+<T H|D d]+ < k~+#+ es u<H se
sVdH +&*, nud+ LdT $< <! |\T nudHqTuy\ <s
#b<jTT\T j H|D\ HsTqT d+b~ksT.
5. |]|w < eT+q+ (Feed back or Evaluation)
d u<q yqT y+H eT+q+ #jT& neXeTT+~. Be\
u<q b\qT \TdT= y+H de]+#T=H neX+ \T>TT+~.
u<H H|D\T:
uc H|D\T ysT, u<HH|D\T ysT . = eTTKyTq u<H
H|D\qT +< |s=q&+ ]+~.$$< n+X\qT u~+#|&T ysT ysT
u<H H|D\ neds+ @s&TT+~. @ ksTT @H|D
$j+#Ty \TdTe&+ eTTK+ .
1. | d+<q ed+. 2. |Psu<Hb<+ (u<q |Ps+ b<+)
3. kMT|+ 4. eTq+ ` nX_ #s\T 5.|]|w H|D\T 6. y>+> |X\&>&+
7. |X\qT jsT#d H|D+.
d u<q |jH\T :
1. du<q |< k<sD s> u<q >\ wqT ZdT+~. k]> |<
s>, |< n+X\qT m<Ts=H +~ +&<T.
2. H|D+ k<q D b+~q n<|&T $Xd+ u~k&T.
3. |\\ d+K,u~+#e\dq n+X+,\+ |]$T+> +&+ e\ u<q
98

H|D\T ]+#& nqTL\ yesD+ @s&TT+~.


4. d u<q |<q+> ]w u<HH|D\qT d+b~+#& <+#&+~.
qT B neds $wju<q e <T. ~ yd$ u<q.
5. d+ qT+& d dT\u+> ese#T.
6. <X,XeD |]s\ <s $<] D] q u<H $<q+ b\qT >T]+
de]+#Te& M\T \T>TT+~ .B e\ u<H keTs+ |sT>TT+~.
7. n~sT\ u<Hudq s>T\qT @sT #d +~ +&<T.
sVD KsT\T >TZsTT.
8. |syD dV |Ps+> +&&+ e\ ujT+ =\bT+~ .<c\qT dT\u+>
#]+ y]+#Te#T.
9. +<T b\qT >T]+ y+H de]+#Te& neX++~.
|]$TT\T:
1. u<q H|D\ |< |. u<H+X\ b<q >TZT+~.
2. n u<q |jT\ d]b<T.
3. d u<q nuk\ |jT neT\T # \+ |&TT+~.
4. u<q q q eTT\T> k>&+ e\ d\T dq\TsTT.
5. ]sT #jT&+, ] #&&+ KsT w+ L&q |.
2.13 uc |j>X\ : (Language Laboratory)
<T \+ $<k+

Xd+ u<q nudq

|jT $|y*

+~. $< k+ Xd+ uc u<q es+ +{~. uc |j>X\


qq $wsD. euwqT , eTs= uwqT HsT=H y] uc
|j
>X\ m+ |j
>]. +<T $q&+, e{&&
+
nH s
+&T uc H|
D\
b<q+ +T+~. nsTT #<e&+,yjT&+ nH H|D\ uc |j>X\
q kq+ <H #b*.$<sT y$<\T, uc_sT#T\ &\T, uc
keTs\ ksTT u<* >T]+q $<y\T $<sT\ e> nudH ~
&&TT+< u$+#sT. #TsTq $<] q nudq y>+ eTT+<T yfifle#T.
99

yq&q $<] q<q


y>+
<q+> nuk\T eTfl eTfl #d
eTT+<T
k>e#T. ]d+ eTs=sT y +&*q |
<T . s>

yTT *| bs+
,
ksTT #| &+ e\ =+<sT d]> >V +#
b
e#T. b<jTT uwD+,|sq
+
n+<] $|+#be#T. +{ b* de]+#& uc |j>X\
| edT+~. | $<] eTk+ $& jT+* (Ear Phones) $jksT.
nedsy
T
d{ (cassette) \T ] $q>\T>T&T, qse
TsTT+< nqT=q|&
sTy nuk yfi&T.
n | $<] q |> ne>VqqT H s]+#T>\&T. eTfl eTfl
$wjT+ #| XeT b<jTT |T+~.uc |j>X\ u<q,
nudH, eT+H L& &&TT+~. = nuk* $ $<] q
yT*

]s T

# k & T .

s T y

b< j T T\

yT\

y{d]#dT=+{&T,qqT qT de]+#T=+{&T.
\T>T euw>>\ysT +>+
,|+,sH e+{ nquw\T HsT y\+f
uw\ #sD M] = { ns+ e&+, n\yT |&+ weTeT+~.
+>+,|+,sH uw\T euw> *q ysT uwqT ]sT #d #sD
$<H $<sT\ $|d j uw\T HsT=H y] # |j>s+>
+T+~. eTq+ m+ +>+ H]H,+>jTT #]+#&+ wyT ><! n+<Te\
+> +>jTT\ #sD\ ]sT\ <s $q&+ eT+~. n> uw yssT
|<\T, qT&s\T, Crj\ |j>+ nH$ euw>\ y] H{y+ $q&+e\
|\Tfifl |T&sTT.
n+<T uc|j>X\ HsT<*q uwqT euw> *q
|DT\T e{&> ]sT #d +#TsT. ]sT\T $+ $<sT\T y{
nqTd]+ #]ksT . y] #sD u>T|&T T+~. \T>T uw ns
\d+K
n~+. | #sD *| +~. e{&{, yjT& kV+ +~.
+>+ ydq ns\T = |\sT. = ns\qT nH s\T> |\TsT.
<VsD :Cut, Chalk, Call |<\ C m|\Ts >eT+#+&. \T>T
+{ +~ <T \T>T euw y] eTq #sD } e+{$
+~s+> +&e#T. { nH~ yjT&, |\& & q |<+.
100

> +>+ qT+ eq Bank e+{$ |<\ #sD y$<+ +~. \T>T
q | Coffee nH # X+
| <>s
Z >
H n~ |\
+| <T. V,eV
nH |<\T yjT&+,|\&+ &\THsTT.
<:` eT+~ nH~ eTH~ n |\T+. <+ #,,\T yjT+.
|\T+. #+<eeT,#|,#*,+{ |<\ = #sD d++<yTq u<\T
\T>T e uw yfifl = e#T. M{ n~>$T+#& uw |j>X\
| edT+~. \T>T qT&s+, |\Tfifl, Crj\T, kyT\T, HqT&T\T
yTT<q y{ #> HsT e& \T>T |+&T\ e\ dT
$<sT\ |j>X\ \_ksTT.y{ <s+> rdT= eT+uwqT
HsT>\sT. | e MT< euc |ue+ +T+~. s uw Xu\qT
#]+#|&T euc#sD q |uy #|T+~.<VsD =+<sT
d\ t nq d t nq&+ |finq |\ nq&+ fi<T\T \ |\&+
X qT w > |\&+ eTq+ >eT+#e#T. +{ <c\T q y]

uc|j>X\ <s eT+ uc#sD HsTe& neX+ *ZdT+~.


uc |j>X\ +& ke ` n~ | #d$<q+ : u c | j > X \
XeD $u>+ (Booth), d\V<sT $u>+, +{ syT nH eT&T $u>\T+{sTT.
1. XeD $u>+ (Listening Booth) :
uc |j>X\ sy eT+~ $<sT\T k] nud+#&
M\T+T+~. n+<T $<] e\dq \,, d\V<sT\ e{& M\T>
nu dq bqT, #$ |T= $q& jTsYb qTq nedsy
T q
f| qT +{
syT qT+ HsT> $q&, $<] q e* ]sT #jT&,qT $H ]sTqT
|,yq | eTfl $H+<T nedsyTq MT (d#Y)\T +{sTT. | $<]
{sTT+q $u>+ $T*q H\T>T $u>\ H\T>T n&T>T\ mTq s\
>&\ ysT|s +&,$<] sT\ |yTjT+ +&,sT\ e\ q |
u+>+ \>+& q nuk* qT #dTe& M\T> +T+~.$<] q
qq, nedsyTq f|qT mqT= $+, nedsyTq|&T d\V<sT\ bH

101

e{&Tq d\V\T d#q\T b+<& #d ]ssY, $<sT\T ]q f|*


$|+#jT +\T yTT<q
$ +{sTT. uc |j
>X\ | #d rsT: d\V<sT
edsY f|qT $|k&T. < | $<] q $u>+ ]sT #dT+{&T.

sTy | $<] qT ]sT #dTq f|qT $+{&T. <qqTd]+ qT ]


|\T&T. q #sDqT H ]sT #dT+{&T. sTy qT edsY f|
q #sD d]#dT+{&T. nedsy
T
nuk =qkk&T . s $<sT\

|yTjT+ +& qT #> #sD #jT>*> es q nuk =qkk&T.


q nedsy
T q
f| * mqT= $Hd# $<] +T+~. n X, y>+
,keTs +
<s+> nuk\T #k&T. sT\ d+ >&+, yq yfifl&+ y>+ |+#&+
+&<T . |jT e>

y
T q
~. qT $H f| q Bq+H +T+~. n+<Te\q
q neds+ n|+q|&T ] f|qT $q&+, eT< y+&+>Y #d ]
$q&+ e+{ #s\T #|f M\T+T+~.

uc |j>X\ e\ *> |<q |jH\T


1) uw eT<q+ $<] |s|+,uwqT Hs\H |q d sdT+~.
2) qT HsT=H uw euw> >\ |DT\qT+ HsT> $H neX+ +~.
3) nuk* u> #jT& qqT qT yTsT>T |sT#Te& M\T+T+~.
4) $<] q H <c\qT d]#dT=H M\T+T+~.
5) sT\ |yTjT+ <T { _&jT+, d>TZ e+{$ +&e. s>
sT\ ujT|& d>TZ e{& ysT+{sT.
6) $<] yjT X\ q+ y>+ nuk\T =qk+#e#T.
q nedsyTq+ deTjT+ \_dT+~.s> +{ neX+ +&<T.
7) u c | j > + ,eeV ] u c $j > + nH $ # s D + >
\_ksTT.Language is Caught nH ydy ~ <sq+.ysD+,uc sD+
e+{ Xk+X\qT Hs&++f uwqT $ $$< dyX\ |j+#&+ <sH
uw |T|&TT+~. n+{ neX+ |j>X\ \_dT+~. $<] HsT>
eT+uc |j> y\s|+ $+{&T. n> nud+ #sD,
|<|j>+, ysD+ nqTue |Ps+> HsT+{&T. n~ ds+> +&&+
sT>TT+~.
102

8) s $<sT\
nuk\qT | +&,nedsy
T q
$<] d\V<sT d#q*k&T .
$<] | X< #|,y] b\qT >T]+ y+H de]k&T.
9) yqT &q $<sT\d+ #|q bsH ] nH ksT #|&+, #<e&+ e+{
XeT b<jTT\ +&<T. k] ]sT #d d]bT+~. n> $<sT\
d]> $|+# be&+ nH deTd +&<T.
10) $<] d# +T+~. n u>keT+ +T+~. w|Ps+> qqT
qT de]+#T=+ eTT+<T yfiflM\T+~. n+<Te\ nudqse $<]
#TsT>Z b\T|+#T=+{&T. uc |j>X\ e\ nH |jH\Tq|{ B
= +<T\TL& b<T.
|]$TT\T :
1. $<q+ KsT L&q~.

2. =+eT+~ $<sT\ |]$TyT+~. $<sT\

d+K |] ~ |s<T.

3. ]sT\qT sT#T> esTd +&*.$<sT\

neds\qT,]> esT\qT >T]+ bs\ s#T> esT\T rdTy*.


4. uw |<qyTq,|sq+,Kq+ nH s+&T H|D\ $wjT+ ~ | s<T.
s+&T H|D\ <X|]s\T neds+ nesTT. u$wT |j>X\
$& jT+\bT <X|]s\T,M&j,{.$.( T*s\T) ed #<e&+
yjT&+ nH H|
D\ n_e~ B $<sT\
T $j+#e#T. uc |j
>X\\T
|&|& y| edTHsTT. eTTK+> CIEFL, CIIL e+{ d+d\T eTT u~+#
nH uw\ $wjT + M{ y&TTHsTT. |&| & bsX
\ ksTT M{ $j>+
bs+u+ nsTT+~. \T>T euw \T>TqT ~rjT uw> > HsT=Hy]
+{ |j>X\\T H\=\&+ neds+. |<,>jT,y* $|+ \T>T
>=|<q+, eT<q+ $<sT\ n+~+#& w s>*. >=|e\, s#sTT\,
e\, |+&T\ |d+>* ,e >H* , |<|sH, ]sT #d n+~+#*. eTq
uw d#yTq #sD y] \b*. \T>T |<eT uw> q
$<sT\ d+ n+{ ]sT\T $H nsT<q neX+ *+#*. <VsD
d. HsjTDs& djT e >q+ $H neX+ *+#e#T. |T+k\ b&q
sTDl,|w$|+,+re],eT~ #+<XKs Xd e+{ |+&T\ |< |sq+
]sT #d $|+ $<sT\ # uc CH #sD H|D n_e~
|s#e#T.
103

@yRVLi c 3

xmsRN][aRPLi
3.0.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.0.

mx sLjiRRVLi
VxqsVNRPVs xmsRLi c DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi
uy rysVLSQV c xmsRLi
FyhSV c xmsRLi
xmsRLi c @sXj syyV
dRWV (sVTNSLSV)/ rysVRV / xqsWNRPVV
aS{qsQRV c ryLiZNP[NRP xmsyV
@ryV c uyNUPRV

xmsLjiRRVLi

xtsQ sWss NTPs*Ts INRP sLRiLi. RsV \sLijs @sxqsLSsV sLRis[LRiVN][sysNTP Rs


@FyRWsV BRLRiV][ xmsLiRVN][sysNTP, ysV sQQNUPNRPLjiLiRysNTP xtsQ[sxmsy][ RNRPs
xmsLjiRRVLi DLiy. AxmsLjiRRVLi xtsQ, [s \sxmsosV @sXjxmsLRRiysZNP[ gSNRP A\sxmso[
\sbPys (Sharpness) ryjLiRysNTP DxmsWgRixmsRVRVLij.
BRLRiVV sW[yss ss @LRiLi [xqsVN][sysNTP yLRiVxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRs
VxqsVN][y. @[ sRLigS gRiLiysV Rjs @LRiLi [xqsVN][sysNTP y xmsyNRPV @LSsV
VxqsVN][y. uy rysVLSQ xqssVgRiryRsNRPV FyxmsjNRPgS DLiRszqssj xmsR xmsLjisLi.
VxqsVNRPVs xmsRN][aRP xmsLjisWLi FsLiR? @LiRV[ sVsLi DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi FsLiR? @lgi[
xmsRs @sXj xmsLRi[ xmsRRV[s? C xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyysV C @yRVLi[ VxqsVN]LiyLi.

xmsRLi
N]s @ORPQLSV NRPzqs xmsyVgS LRiWF~LiRVyLiVV. N]s xmsyV NRPzqs yNSVgS
LRiWF~LiRVyLiVV. GNSORPQLSV NRPWy N]s xqssVRW[ xmspLji @LSsQryLiVV. Dy: LS, F sVV:
@, sWsVT, sVgRiVLRiV, HLSsRsVV. Bs lLiLiRV, sVWRV, yVgRiV, HRV @ORPQLSV NRPzqs @LRisLiR\sVs
xmsyVgS LRiWF~LiyLiVV. @LSs s*s @ORPQLS xqssVVyRVLi xmsRLiNSRV.DFyyRVVRV N]R
xmsysV xmsLjiRRVLi [}qsxmsoRV syLRiVNRPV xmsRQORPQ @sVys NRPLiRRLi sVVLi. sxqsV
ysVyRNSLiVV[ ARW sxqsVsosV RWzms [y xqsLiLijR ysV RWzmLi
s xmsysV [jLiy.
NTPRW xmsyLiVV[ A NTPRVsV [RVRLi y*LS [y [zqs RWzmsLiRRLi y*LS [jLiRsRV.
@LiRVV[s sxqsVso][ xqsLiRsV GLSV [RVsRV. A xqsLiR[ NRPWLRigSRVV, sxqsVsoV
104

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@sVRLi[ syLRiVsV gRiry*sVVVgS [RW. @xmsVRV ARW sxqsVso }msLRisV


VxqsVN][gRiLRiV. xmsLRiVlgiRRLi, sRsRLi, yRVRLi, RRsRLi LiNTPRVsV syLRiVsV [RVsVs
zms NTPRW xmsy\|ms @sgSxs NRPLiy.
C sRLigS NTPRW xmsy gRiVLjiLi xmsRQQsVsLi NRPLiRsRV. sRsRLi[s
NSLRiNRPFy AyLRiLigS uygSsV [jLiRsRV. BLiRV sVWLigS xmsRsXj
NRPgjiLiRRLi][ FyV yNRPLRiLi @Li[ @LiVVxtsQRsV ]gjiLiRsRVsV.

3.1. VxqsVN]s xmsRLi c DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi


BRLRiV sWsV ss[xmsVRV, xmsoxqsNSsV Rjs[xmsoRV sVsNRPV RVss
VxqsVN]LiVLiLi. @LiVV[ C sRLigS sVsLi VxqsVN]s xmsysV @sLids yRVNRP[
DxmsWgjiLiRRLi [RV. y[ N]sLis[ DxmsWgjixqsVyLi. ss VxqsVN]s [NRP Rjs
VxqsVN]s xmsyV "VxqsVN]s xmsyV' @s, ssLRiLi[ sWRysNTP, yRVysNTP
DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsysV "DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsyV' @s @LiLRiV.
VxqsVN]sxmsyV
DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsyV
Dy: NRPsVLi, xmsRLi,
ysVLRi
dsLRiLi, ysVLRi,
sRVsLi, @OTPQ,
NRPsV
s[RLi, NRPsV

3.2. uy rysVLSQVcxmsRLi
uy rysVLSQV yVgjiLi[ aRPsLi, xmshRisLi sxtsQRV gRix rysVLSQ s gRiRLi[
VxqsVN]yLi. BRLRiV sWsV ss[xmsoRV RVs N]R xmsysV DxmsWgjiLiRys
gRizLiRsRV. INRP sxqsVsosV [y NTPRVsV [y INRP xqsss[aSs ssLjiLi[xmsoRV N]R xmsysV
DxmsWgjiLiRRLi LRigRisRVsV. N]R xmsysV DxmsWgjiLi[ xqsLiRLSs y @LSs
VxqsVN][sRV. xmsoxqsNSsV / gRiLiysV Rjs[xmsoRV N]R xmsy @LSsV VxqsVN][sRV.
BRLRiV xtsQ[s xmsysV xqsLiRLSs @LRiLi gRizLiRgRiLi. @LiVV[ xmshRis xqssVRVLi[
N]R xmsyNRPV xqsLiRLSs @LRiLi VxqsVN][sRLi][FyV @sxqsLRi\sV[ sxmnsVLiVsosV RWzqs
NRPWy @LRiLi VxqsVN]s RRsRLi N]srygjiLiRsRV. C sRLigS aRPs, xmshRis rysVLSQ
y*LS sWRs xmsRs @sXj [xqsVN][sysNTP @sNSaRPLi DLij.
xtsQLi, [sLi rysVLSQsV s sQQNUPNRPLRi [y sxtsQRV sQQNUPNRPLRi rysVLSQV @s
ssxLjiryLRiV. ysV C rysVLSQ y*LS sQQNUPNRPLjiLi[xmsoRV sVsLi VxqsVN]s
105

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mx sRsLids DxmsWgjiLiRRLi [Rsj xmsLjibdPs y*LS gRizLiRsRV. Dy: "LRi' @s[


@LRiLi[ BV, xms, xqs,@Ligji, AV sVVRgRiV xmsLSRV xmsyV DyLiVV. NSs ssLRiLi[
"LRi' @s[ xmsys xtsQ[ RLRiRV DxmsWgjiryLRiV. sVgjis xmsLjiRRV xmsy[ N]sLis
y}qsxmsVRV DxmsWgjixqsVLiLRiV. ryyLRiLigS xtsQ[ NRPLi[ [s[ FsNRP VsgS
xmsLjiRRVxmsRs DxmsWgjixqsVLiLRiV.DyxLRiNRPV LSsV gRiVLjiLi INRP NRPR xmssVsxmsoRV
LS, FyNRPVRV Li xmsysV DxmsWgjiryLRiV. NSds NRPRsV yRVsVsxmsVRVsLRixms, WFyVRV,
slLi[LiRVRV ... Li xmsysV DxmsWgjiryLRiV. sWRRLi y*LS NRPLi[ yRVRLi y*LS
DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi FsNRPVsgS @sXj LiRVRVLiRs gRizLiRsRV.
NRPXRLi:cVxqsVN]s xmsRLi c DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi xmsNRPsV LRiWF~LijLiRLiT.

3.3. FyhSVcxmsRLi
aRPs, xtsQ, xmshRis, [s rysVLSQsV ryjLiRysNTP syLRiV[ xmsR xmsLjisLi
RNRPgS DLiy. BLiRVNRPV RgjisV yRNSV LRiWF~LijLiRyLiVV. gRiR, DxmsyRNRP FyhS[
sWRs aRPsXjNTP xms[NRP aRPR dxqsVN][sRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij. xmsR FyhS y*LS NRPWy N]R
xmsyV xmsLjiRRVsVsoyLiVV.gRiR FyhS[s N]R xmsyNRPV @LSsV xqsLiRLSs VxqsVN]LiLRiV.
FyhSLiRLi[ xmsyNRPV @LSsV xmsRLi, r~LiR yNS[ xmsWgjiLiRRLi, slLi[NRP xmsysV
xmsRLi Li @ry y*LS N]R xmsRs @sXj xmsLRiRVN][sRV. B[sRLigS DxmsyRNRPLi
y*LS NRPWy syLRiV xmsRLi N]LiRs[VLRiNRPV @sXj LiRysNTP @sNSaSV DyLiVV.
gRiRgRiLi [jLi[xmsVRV sWRs xmsyV, xmsLSRV xmsyV, yyLSV, soR @LSV,
xmsNRPX c sNRPXRVV, xqsLiRVV, xqssWryV, r~LiR yNS[ xmsWgjiLiRRLi sVVR\ssds xmsLjiRRV
xmsRLigS sWLjiFyLiVV. xmsRys y}qsxmsoRV xmsRLi[ NRPs DxmsWgjiLis sWRs
xmsWgS yRVN]LiLRiV. C xqsLiRLRiLi[ syLjiNTP zqss xmsRLi DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLigS
xmsLjisLRisLi LiRVRVLij.@[sRLigS DxmsyRNRPLi[s xmsRs DxmsWgjiLi DxmsyRNRP yrys
yRVRLi s zqss xmsRLi DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLigS sWLRiVRVLij. C sRLigS FyhRixmsoxqsNRPLi[s
FyhSsV [jLi[ xqsLiRLRiLi[ syLRiVNRPV "zqss xmsRs' |msLiF~LijLi, RRsVgRiVLigS
xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyyV yLiVVLiRRLi, Rgjis @ryV [LiVVLiRRLi y*LS "DxsmWgjiLi[ xmsRLi'
@sXj LiRVRVLij. xmsRLi @sXj [RVysNTP N]s NRPXysV VxqsVN]LiyLi.
106

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3.4. xmsRLi c @sXj syyV


1.

ysV [y sxqsVsosV RWxmso.


LiRVsoV, xmsORPVV, sVVNRPV, V, xmspsoV, xmsLiRV, sRLi BLiR[ DxsmWgjiLi[ sxqsVsosV
[NRP y ysV syLRiVNRPV RWzms, y }msLRisV }msV [RVsRV. yLiVVLiRsRV.
FyRsVNRPRaRP[s syLRiVNRPV gS zqss [y xmsLjixqsLS[ ss ys[ sVVR RWFy.
2. N]R xmsyNRPV @LSV zmsLiRRLi:
xmsR, gRiR FyhRigS[ Ds xmsyNRPV @LSV syLRiVsVLiT LSRLi y*LSxmsRLi
@sXj LiRVRVLij.
DyxLRi saRP*Li
c
xmsxmsLiRLi
sVRVRV
c
}qszRVRV, xqsWLRiVRV
NRPLRisVV
c
[LiVV, GsVgRiV ]LiRsVV.
sVRVRV X aRPRVso
xqs*LRiLi X sLRiNRPLi
FyxmsLi X xmsoLi
xqsLi][xtsQLi X RV:Li
@[ zqss xmsyNRPV Rgjis slLi[NRP xmsysV xmssVsRLi, yRVsVsRLi [RW.
NRPXRLi:c \|ms xmsysV r~LiR yNS[ DxmsWgjiLi yRVLiT.
3. aRPLkiLRigSsV gRiVLjiLiRV:
sWssos aRPLkiLRiLi[ NRP, soV, sVVNRPV, yVNRP, RLiyV, sVR, [R VV, s[, yd,
NRPRVxmso/DRLRiLi, NS @[ V VVNRP gSV s[LRiV, NSLiRLi, N]sVV, lLisVV, ANRPVV,
xmsoso*V, NSRVV, xmsLiRV sVVRgRiV gSsV zmsLiRRLi, yLiVVLiRRLi [RW.
4. DyLRi [RLi c @LRi[RLi Ds xmsyV:
NRPVT c
gRiVT
NRP c
gRiV
NSLi c
gSLi
NRPLRiLi c LRiLi
xmsT c
T,
RV c
V, Fy c
C sR\sVs xmsysV syLRiV[ zmsLi, yLiVVLiy.
5. yyLRi (@s[ NSLSs[) xmsyV
1. LS c
Wxms, (RVNRPLS)RLiRVRV
2. RLRi c
WsV, s
3. NRPLRisVV c
[LiVV, ]LiRsVV, sVNTP
4. gkiR c
gRiskR, NSgjiRLi\|mss gkizqss gkiR
107

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B DyxLRi zmsLi, yLiVVLiRRLi [RW.


6. xmsLSRV xmsyV:
1. CaRP*LRiVRV c
bPsoRV, FyLRi*dxms
2. gjiLji
c
FyLRi*, CaRP*Lji
3. xmsoxqsNRPsVV
c
F~RsVV, gRiLiRsVV
4. gRiVLRiVso c
DFyyRVVRV, AyLRiVRV.
7. soR @LSV:
dsLRisVV
c
ds[ xmsosj (sLisj) ysVLRi
xmsxmsLiRsVV c
xmsLiRWRsVV (WsV, ANSaRPLi, dsLRiV, gS, @gji) ][
NRPWRVN]sj.
[xsVV
c
RzLiRRVsj(aRPLkiLRisVV)
ssRLRisVV c
sssVVs RLjiLiRVsj (N][)
8. xmsNRPX csNRPX:c
1. LS
c
[RV
NRPXRLi
2. @gji
c
@gji
yyLSV, xmsLSRVxmsyV
3. NRPR
c
NRPR
soR @LS sVRgRi
4. RVsVVs
c
sVVs
[y sV gRisVsLiRLiT.
9. xxqs*Li
c
kLRiLi
xmsNRPgS RRWLRiV [RVLiT.
1. xmsRNRPLi
c
xmsyNRPLi
2. sLRiLi
c
yLRiLi
3. s
c
s[
4. B
c
C
xxqs* kLRi [yV FyLiRNRPF[ xmsy @LSV, yV sWLjiFyRVs VFy.
10. xqsLiRVV:
Dy: sV}aRP*LRiVRV
c
sV + CaRP*LRiVRV
syxqssVV
c
sR + @xqssVV
xmsLi]sVj
c
xmsj + ]sVj
LiyNRPV
c
LiR + ANRPV
xqsLiRVsV sRkRVV y*LS sWRs xmsRxqs*LRiWxmsLi @sgRiRLi @soRVLij.

108

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11. xqssWryV:
Dy:c LSsVORPQ VV
lLi[LiVVLis
xmsLiRFyLiRsoV
sVVNRPLi
sXRNRPFRsVV
xqssWxqsLi[s xmsR xqs*LRiWxmsLi, @LRiLi syLRiVNRPV [RxmsLRiy.

3.5 dRWV (sVTNSLSV)/ rysVRV / xqsWNRPVV


Dy:c 1.

NRPRLi[ zmsV sN][xqsVN]LiLRiV(sN][xqsVN]sV)


gkiR AaRPLRiLi][ sVVNRPVQ\|ms s[V |msVN]sj (sVVNRPVQ\|ms s[V |msVN]sV.)
yRNRPV RgRiVV s[LRiV,
@RVgRiVNRPV sVRVgRiVRV.
2. NRPxtsQxqsVsVVV NSsTNRPVLiRV
@RVxqsV]NRPs[ NSNRPRVgRis[
3. s[VjsgRi sR sVRVNRPVN]LRiZNP[
xmsL][xmsNSLRiLi BRLi aRPLkiLRiLi
xtsQ[s @LRi rLiRLSs |msLi[ B xmsWgSsV syLRiVNRPV xmsLjiRRVLi
[RW.
#
LiRVsocxmsORPV @LRiVxmsoV:
NRPVNRP
c
sVVLRiVgRiVRVLij
zqsLixLi
c
gRiLjixqsVLij
gSTR
c
JLiR|msRVRVLij
N][LiVV
c
NRPWxqsVLij
R*s @sVNRPLRi:
VxqsVxqs,
RNRPRNRP, RsVRsV sVVRgRiV ys xmsLjiRRVLi [RW.
VgRiV xtsQ[ xqsLixqsQXR uy xmsyV FsNRPVsgS NRPzqs DyLiVV. BLiRV[ ALigRi uy
xmsyV zLiRWryds xmsyV NRPWy ][ [xqsVN]yLiVV. yNTP xqssWyLRi VgRiV xmsysV
NRPWy VxqsVN]s[ [RVRLi xmsRs |msLiF~LijLiRRLi[ INRP gRis[V. DyxLRiNRPV
lgi[RVLi(xqsLi) c
Fy()
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FyhRiaS(xqsLi)
NS[ (BLi)
}msxmsLRiV (BLi)
NRPVLki(zLi)

c
c
c
c

T
NRPaS
NSgjiRLi
AxqsssVV

3.6 aS{qsQRVcryLiZNP[NRP xmsyV:


ARVsNRP aSxqsQ, ryLiZNP[NRP LRiLigS[ DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsysV RV[RVRLi.
gRiR, NRP, LRiryRVsNRP, s Byj aS{qsQRV xmsysV, xqssWyLRi ryLiZNP[NRPLi, NRPLixmspL`i
(xqsLigRiNRPLi), yLi sVVR\s LRiLigS[ DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRs syLRiVNRPV RV[RVRLi
y*LS yLji xmsRLi |msLiF~LijLiRsRV.

3.7 @ryV c uyNUPRV


FyhRiaS[ syLRiVV zqss xmsRLi DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi NRPLi[ FsNRPVsgS DLiVLij.
sWsV sxtsQRVLi[ NRPWy C sRLigSs[ DLiVLij. FssLRiV C lLiLiTLi sVR (zqss
xmsRLi/DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi) RNRPVs sLSsVLi (@LiRLRiLi) NRP DLiL][ yLRiV xmsRLi \|ms
gRi xmsVsV ryjLisV gRiVLjiLiRsRVsV. NS syLRiVV zqsxmssRs |msLixmso [xqsVN][sRLi][
FyV ys DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLigS sWLRigRi. ksNTP Rgjis @ryV DFyyRVVV
By*.
uy NUPRV : FyhRiLi sVVgjiaSNRP syLRiVNTP B[ @ryNRPV RLRigRi[ sLRi*zLi[ uy NUPRNRPV
[RLi FsNRPVsgS [RV. INRP sRLigS uy NUPRV NRPWy uyry[. uy NUPR[ syLRiVNRPV
@xqs DLiRRV. sWRs xmsy @xqss[ yLjiNTP AxqsNTPs NRPLiRRLi][ FyV Dy=xLigS
@LiRV[ yLjis Fys[V [RVRs[V uy NUPR ORPQ Li. Bs uy rysVLSQsV xqsVLigS
F~LiRysNTP sVNTP DxmsWgRiNSLRiVsoyLiVV. uyrysV NRPWy uy NUPRVgSsWLRisRV.
AL][gRiNRPLRi\sVs F sVsxqsy*s syLRiV[ GLRiLRiRsRVsV. \sRVNTPNRPLigS[ [y VgS[
C uy NUPRsV sLRi*zLiRsRV. xqsLiRL][R xmsR xmsWgRiN_aRPs syLRiVNRPV NRPLiRRLi
uFyyRVVs INRP sVVsj.


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: uy

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@yRVLi c 4

DsRryLiVV rysVLSQV c |msLixmsoR


4.0.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.

mx sLjiRRVLi
[V yRVRLi
yxqs LRiRs
xqsLixtsQ yRVLRiLi
RLSs[jNRPsV sLRi*zLiRRLi
xqsXyRNRP aRPNTPs |msLiF~LijLiRysNTP sWLSV
lgi[RWV
NRPR c NRPysNRP
NRPsR*Li

4.0. mx sLjiRRVLi
LiRVLi sVLiT sVsVxtsvsV s[LRiV[}qsj xtsQ. FsRVgRiVRVs bPaRPVsoV Rs xmsLjixqsLS
sVLiT xtsQ s[LRiVN]LiLRiV. FyhRiaSNRPV ss RLS*R xmshRisLi, [sLi \ sxmso[
bPORPQF~LiRVyLRiV. aRPsLi, xtsQLi, xmshRisLi, [sLi sLi \sxmso[ Fyys NRPgjiDLi[
xtsQsV xqssVLRisLiRLigS DxmsWgjiLiRVN][sRV.
sgRix, s sQQNUPNRPLRiNRPV uy\sxmsoV ][xRxmsRVyLiVV. INRP sQQNTPNTP xtsQ[
xqsLixmspLRiyQ*s NRP gjiLi[s C \sxmso[. uyxqssLi[ AxqsNTP , Dy=sV
|msLiF~LijLiRVN][sRLi][ V ysVV s[LRiVN]s xtsQ VVNRP xmsWysV F~LiRysNTP
xqsRVxms[ NSLRiNRPs[V DsRryLiVV rysVLSQV. dsNTP FyRsVNRP \sxmso[ xmsoyj.
xtsQ[ DsRryLiVV rysVLSQVgS y ys }msL]ssRV. sVs sy sysLi[
sLRi*LiRTs rysVLSQ[ DsRryLiVV rysVLSQV ALRiVgS }msL]yLRiV. C ryVsLSQsV
bPORPQ NSLi[ y][FyyRVVV |msLiF~LijLiRVN][y.
1. [V yRVRLi
2.
3.
4.
5.

yryV yRVRLi
yNSRVLRiLi
xqsLixtsQ yRVLRiLi
xtsQ\|ms @jNSLRiLi ryjLiRRLi
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6.

xqsXyRNRPR sVVRgRiVss.
4.1. [V yRVRLi:
[ INRP ryzRxmsNTPRV. [V yRVRLi INRP NRP. sVs ysV BRLRi VNRPV
RV[RVszqs ssxmsoRV sVs FsRVLRiVgS DLi[ xtsQ y*LS RV[ryLi. sQQNTP FsRVLRiVgS
[s xmsORPQLi[ (s[lLi[][ [y s[lLi[ FyLiRLi[) DLi[ [ (V) y*LS RV[ryLi.
LiRVsoNRPV, sVRVNRPV ZOP[QsVxqssWyLSsV RV[RVRLi, yLji ZOP[Q sVxqssWyLSsV
VxqsVN][sRLi, BRLRiVNRPV xqsRVLi [RVysNTP zqsFnyLRixqsV [RVRLi, AbdP*LRiRyV, aRPVNSLiORPQV
RV[RVRLi sVVR\s yNTP [sV DxmsWgjiryLi. D][gS N][xqsLi RLRixqsV[RVRLi,
s sLiRVN][sRLi, zmnsLSRV [RVRLi sLi y N][xqsLi NRPWy [sV DxmsWgjixqsVLiLi.
RLjiR[, ryzRNRPR[ [ gRiVLjiLi xmsryssVyLiVV. ALigRixtsQ[ "[' INRP
xms[NRP ryzRxmsNTPRVgS AsLRiLiLij. ys xmssLi LRidRV xtsQ\|mss xmsTLij.
sL`i sxx NSLSgSLRiyxqsLi[ Rs NRPVsWlLi BLijLRiNRPV LSzqss "[V' g]xms
[ryzysNTP sRLRi+sLi.
[LRiRs c D[aSV:
c
RWLRi FyLiy[ DsyLjiNTP xqssWyLSV RV[RVRLi
c
BRLRiVNRPV sNRPLigS xms[s ys RV[RVRLi
c
xmsRWLRiVsV, NSs Ay [RVRLi
c
xqsLiLiR LiRysV |msLiRVN][sRLi
c
RsV sR @sxqsLSsV sLRis[LRiVN][sRLi
c
xmsaRPLizqsLiRRLi
c
NRPXRRV VxmsRLi
c
sV[yNRPV @ORPQLS ANRPX NRPLiRRLi
c
NSsNRPaRPNTPs |msLiF~LijLiRRLi.
c
sVTNSLSs DxmsWgjiLiRRLi.
c
ANRPL<RiRV\sVs RxqsWLjis @yV [xqsVN][sRLi.
[[s LRiNSV:
[[ LRiNSV: 1. sQQNTPgRiR [V,
2. ryLi{mnsVNRP [V

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4.2. yxqsLRiRs:
ssQQNUPNRPLRi lLiLiRV syVgS LRiVgRiVRVLij. INRP ygRiWxmsLi. lLiLiRsj RLRiWxmsLi.
C lLiLiRV LRiWFy ssQQNUPNRPLRi[ [s xms[NRPR ysNRPVLiVLij. RLRiWxmsLi aSaRP*RLi.
sWssyNRPV RLRiWxmsLi sVVRLi sLij. RLRiWxmss[V [NRPF[ ARVsNRP sWssos
sRLi[ BLiR @sXj LRigjiDLi[jNSRV. s[ sWssos sys dNRP sVLiT sVgRiVsNRPV
dxqsVN]s ss xmnsVsR RLRiWFysj. Fyds yRVLi ysLRiNRPV RLRiWxmssVV[
DLiRRLi ss[ sVsNRPV LiLij. xqsLixqsQX, xqsLixmsyRWV, RLjiR, BxqsxmsoLSV
dssVLiT sVLi RVsV lLiLiTLis gRizxqsVLiLi. RLRiWxmsLi[s yxqsLi NRPWy ARVsNRP
ryzRLi[ INRP @LiRLSgRis[V.
yxqsLRiRs D[aSV:
1. [s rysVLSQs |msLiF~LijLiRRLi
2. xqssWyLSsV }qsNRPLjiLi[ rysVLSQs NRPgjiLiRRLi
3. xqssWyLSsV sZaP[ztsQLiRRLi
4. xqssWyLSsV ssLjiLiRRLi
5. xmsRsXjs NRPgjiLiRRLi.
6. xmsLji[yV (}msLSV)gS sLi yRVRLi.
7. sLkiR xqssVRVLi[ yRVRLi[ RLkiRVss*RLi.
8. xqsXyRNRPRsV |msLiF~LijLiRRLi
9. DsRRaRP[ xmsLjia][Ry rysVLSQs NRPgjiLiRRLi.
yryV @LiRV[s sxtsQRWs ssR LRiNSVgS sLixmsRVyLiVV. xmsxqsVRLi
FyhRiaS[ xms[NRP {msLjiRVRV yxqsLRiRsNRPV ZNP[LiVVLiRTyLiVV. @LiVVsxmsNTP y sVLij
syLRiVV yrysV xqs*RLiRLigS NRPsVsysLi[ yRVysNTP @yV [xqsVN][sRLi [RV.
\lgiQR[ Bs*Ts yrysV NRPLihRixqsLi [zqs [y RW yRVRs[V xmsLjiFy @LiVVLij. sVgRiy
rysVLSQVgS C rysVLRiQLi syLRiVNRPV y @sxqsLRi\sVs[. yxqsLi yRVys
NRPsVxmsR[ s[LRiVN][y.
1. xqssWyLSsV }qsNRPLjiLiRRLi: yrys yRVysNTP FyLRiLiLiRysNTP sVVLiRV
syLRiVsV xqssWyLS }qsNRPLRiNRPV }mslLi[zmsLiy. T[s gRiLiyRVLi[ G[V
xmsoxqsNSV yxqsLi yRVysNTP @sxqsLRisW DFyyRVVRV xqsWLiy.
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DFyyRVVRV ysV }qsNRPLjiLis sxtsQRWsV, xqssWyLSsV syLRiVNRPLijLiRsRV.


syLRiV sVj[ ysLRiNRPV }qsNRPLjiLis xqssWyLSV xmsj\sV[ yryV yRVRLi, sNRP
@ryV [RVRLi xqsVRLRisVsoRVLij.
2. sNRP @xqsLi:
yryV yRVysNTP sVVR sVV sNRP @xqsLi. yxqsLRiRsNRPV G[s INRP
bdPL<jiNRPxqsWLiRsVs syLRiVsV N][LRisRV. [y DFyyRVVRV bdPL<jiNRPsV xqsWLiRsRV.
syLRiVV Bs xqssWyLSsV AyLRiLigS [xqsVN]s yNTP DxmsbdPL<jiNRPsV xqsW
Liy. @VzmsRxms
yxqsLi y}qsxmsVRV xqssWyLSsV xqsxtsQLigS INRP NRPsVxmsR[ @sVLji[ @j sVLi
yxqsLi @soRVLij.
3. \ZaP:
yxqsLi[s sxtsQRWs @sVxqsLjiLi \ZaPsWLRiVRW DLiVLij. sxtsQRVxqsxtsQR, DRxmsR
xmsWgRiLi, xqssxtsQ LRiRs[ @sxqsLRiLi. INRP yxqsLi[ @sVNRPWLis \ZaP BLiN]NRP yrysNTP
NRPVRLRiNRPFsRV.

4.3. xqsLixtsQ yRVLRiLi:


uy rysVLSQV ygjiLi[ INRP xtsQLi. Bj ssQQNUPNRPLRi rysVLRiQ LigS
xmsLjigRiLixmsRVRVLij. xqsLiztsQLiRRLi[ syLRiVsV xqssVLRisLiRVVgS dLjijy. xqsLixtsQLi
INRP xms[NRP yRVLRiLigS xmsLjigRiLiRRVRVLij.
xmsxtsQs sssVRWsNTP RNRPs xtsQLi @sxqsLRiLi. xtsQLi[ \sxmsos xmsRLji+LiRRLi
y*LS sVsLi BRLRiVsV ANRPVN][gRiLi. xqssVLRiR][ NRPWTsxmsoRV sWRs[V xtsQs INRP NRPgS
gRiVLjiLiRRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij.
ryyLRiLigS @LiRLRiV sWRVyLRiV. xqsNRPLixmsLi [NRPVLiy Rs sW][ }msORPQNRPVsV
ANRPVN][sRLi @LiRLjiNUP xqsV ryRLi NSNRPFsRV. C xms[NRP\sxmsoryRsNRPV s[jNRP\|ms
sWRRLi sVV FyxmsjNRP. sVs uy\sxmso[ lLiLiRsj xtsQLi. C xtsQsNTP
RgjisLiR bPORPQ VgRiV yRNS[ LRiWF~LijLiRTLij.
yLjiRNRP NSLi[ LSNUPRV xqsLiLiR\sVs NSLRiNRPFyNRPV, FyyxmsLRi\sVs sxtsQRWNRPV
xtsQ yRVLRiLi gS DxmsWgRixms[j. ry*RLiRQ FLSLi[ Fys yRVNRPV g]xms
DxmsyryV ss FsLiRL][ LRidRVVV D[RV\ Ay ry*RLiRQ FLSLi[ RVLRiVNRPVgS
FyyLRiV.
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xtsQ yRVLSs |msLiF~LijLiRysNTP sWLSV:


1. syLRiVsV VgS sLiy. @s VNRPV bdPL<jiNRPsV xqsWLiRsVs Fy.
bdPL<jiNRPNRPV Rgjis xqssWyLSsV }qsNRPLjiLiRVN]s LRisVy. }qsNRPLjiLis sxtsQRWsV
sVgRiy sV RLjiLiRsVy. syLRiV sVR xqsLixtsQV
][V[xqsVN]s[xmsVRV DFyyRVVRV gRisVsxqsW Rgjis xqsWRsV By*.
2. [s xms INRPLjis A bdPL<jiNRP\|mss sWTLiy.
3. RLSs[jNRPV, ryLRixqs*R xqssWs[aSV sLRi*zLiy. syLRiVV @LiRLRiW
Fys[V RWy.
4. xmssVVVsV A*sLi yLji DxmsyrysV sszmsLixms[RW.
5. BRLRi FyLiy[ Ljilgi[ ryLRixqs*R xqssWs[aS[ syLRiVV Fys[V [RW.
6. yxqsLRiRsF, sNRPQXR*xmso F[ Fys[V [RW.
7. ANSaRPy, RWLRiRLRi+s sVVR\s y[ xmsryLRisV[V RNRPs @LRisLiR\sVs
RLSs[jNRPV sVVR\s ys NTPLi xmsLjibdPLiRsVs Fy.
8. gRiLiyRW[ xmsoxqsNSsV Rjs sxtsQRWsV gRizLiRRLi y*LS xmshRisLi[
AxqsNTPs NRPgjiLiy.
RNRPgS sWRRLi, ysV FsRVyLjiNTP @LRisV[VsRLigS xqsxtsQLigS xmsRLi
][uyV[s DyLRi sVVR\sys xtsQ rysVLRiQLigS }msL]ssRVsV. xqssWs[aS[
DxmsszqsLiRRLi s[jNRP\|ms G\y INRP @LiaRPLi\|ms RLjiLiRRLi, Bs bdPL<jiNRP\|ms sLis[
DxmsszqsLiRRLi sVVRLiVVss DsRryLiVV rysVLSQVgS }msL]ssRVsV. INRP sQQNTP VVNRP
sVWLjisVR*Li @Rs xtsQ rysVLRiQLi AyLRiLigS sLRiLiVVLiRysNTP dsVLij.

qx sLixtsQ: BLRiVsoLji sVR xqsLixtsQ Ljilgi[xmsVRV xtsQrysVLRiQLi N]LRisRys N]s


xqsLiRLS[ RWxqsVLiLi. xmsbPLisxmsVRV yNTP xqssWyyV Fs Fy @s[ gRiLRiWNRPR
[NRP FssLji[ RWxqsW yVV xmsRLi, slLi[NRP\sVs yVV xmsRLisVVR\ss [RVNRPWRRV.
xmsaRPNRPV Rgjis yV xmsRLi, @Tgjis yNTP sWRLi yVxmsRLi, @LRisV[VsRLigS,
RNRPs ssQQNUPNRPLRi DLi[ sRLigS ztsQLiRRLi @sxqsLRiLi. @lgi[ rys NRPgjiLi[ sxtsQRWsV
a][NRPLigS xmsRLi, RsV NRPgjiLi[ xqsss[aSsV xqsLigS xmsRLi DRLi NSRV.
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BLiLRiW*Q sVVRgRiV xqsLiRLS[ xmsaRPsV xqsLijLi[ yLjis AaRPLRiLi[ sVVLi[ sRLigS


yVV xmsgRigS. xmsbPLiRRLi, yVV xmsRLi s[ xms[NRPRV yNRPVyLiVV.
INRP sNRP xmsLkiORPQ[ ""dsss sVNTP syso?'' @s xmsaRPNRPV ""s[sV Fss sVV jgji
sszqs DLiVLi][ @s sVV'' @s RsVyLRiLigS xmsRLi xqssVRVxqsWQ Lji][ NRPWTs
INRP y[ @soRVLij. xqs[, xqssWs[aS[ DxmsszqsLiRRLi xms[NRP\sVs NRP. Rs gRiLidLRi
NRPLihRixqs*LRiLi][, xqsxtsQ\sVs sxtsQRV sQQNUPNRPLRi][ AxqsNTPNRPLRiLigS sWy.
DxmsyxqsLi[ xqsLiRLSs
rys NRPWy [TLiy. xqsdsVxmsLi[ xqsLisLis xqsLixmnsVssV [TLiRRLi gRiVLiVLij.
ARLRi+sLiRV\s DsRsNRPVsV, yLji sy[ Ljigjis N]s sVVQ\sVs xqsLixmnsVssV,
y xmsys xmssRV. FNRPV (DxmssWyV) xmssRV. {qs*RWsVysV
xmssRV. rysVRV, dRWV, sVTNSLSV xqsLiRLSs DxmsWgjiLiy.Dxmsyrys
sVVgjiLiRysNTP sVVLiRV @LiRsLRiNRPV }msL]s @LiaSsV NRPVxmsLigS xmssRV. INRP s xmsaRP
[y INRP s xqsWRs / xqsLi[aRPLi][ sVVgjiLiRRLi sVLij. a][RsV ANRPVN][sRs[V Dxmsyxqs
rysVLRiQLigS }msL]ssRV.

bdPL<jiNRPsV B sWRRLi (sNRPQXR*Li):


qx ssWs[aS[ DxmsszqsLi[yLRiV sVVLiRVgS RsVsV ysVV zqsRxmsLRiRVN]LiLRiV. G
sxtsQRWs FsxmsVRV G xqsLiRLRiLi [ Fy[ sLRiLiVVLiRVN]LiLRiV. NSds bdPL<jiNRPsV B sLis[
(N]s ssVuy xqssVRVLi ZNP[LiVVLi) sWRsVsRLi sNRPNRPV xqsyVgS DLiVLij. C
sRLigS sWRysNTP xgRiLiR xmsLjiRRVLi DLiy. xmsV xqsss[aS[ Fys @sVy
NRPgji DLiy. zqss sxtsQRWV sLis[ xqsVLRiNRPV RVN][y. sxtsQRWsV NRPsVxmsLRi
RNRPgS sQQNUPNRPLjiLiy. sVVLigS @sQQNTP[ RRV DLiRLSRV. dssLi][ FyV sNRPNRPV
ARsaS*xqsLi sVLiRVgS DLiy. B sLRi*zLiRgRisxmsoRV sNRPQXR*Li INRP DsRryLiVV
rysVLRiQLigS xmsLjisVxqsVLij.
NRPXRLi:c xmssVVNRPs, LRiRLiVVRsV dsVLRiV NRPzqssxmsVRV yLji][ G sRLigS
xqsLiztsQLiRgRiLRiV? N]s xqsLixtsQsV EzLi yRVLiT.
4.4. RLSs[jNRPsV sLRi*zLiRRLi:
RLSs[jNRP[ Fys xmsxqsLigjiLiRRLi INRP DsRryLiVV rysVLRiQLi. G @LiaRPLi\|ms

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RLSs[jNRP sLRi*zxqsVyLRiV, @LiRV[ RsV FyR GsV? @s sLSLjiLiRVN][y. RLSLiaSsNTP


xqsLiLijLi @sVNRPW\sVs @LiaSV, xmsNRPW\sVs @LiaSV lLiLiTLi\|mss sVVLiRVgSs[ sVLi
@sgSxs DLiy. RsV BuyLiVVuy][ xmss[VRVLi DLiRNRPWRRV. RLRi xmsORPQFyR ][LRi][
DLiRLSRV. sQQNTPgRiR @FyRWNRPV ysoLiRNRPWRRV. sryLRi\sVs sLi N][xqsLi xqsLiLijR
gRiLiysV Rjs DLiy. sxtsQRVLi\|mss xqsxtsQ\sVs @sgSxs DLiy. sxtsQRWV xqsxtsQLi
gS xmsgRigS. Rgjis DyxLRisV }msL]sgRigS. FNRPV xmsRLi sVLij. FsRV
sNRP zmss @LiaSsV slLi[NTPLiRysNTP gRi NSLRisV saRPkNRPLjiLiy. ysV xmsRs
sxtsQRWNRPV s [NRPWlLi[ @LiaSsV xqsxtsQLigS Fy. @sxqsLRi\sVs xqsLiRLRiLi[
ARLRi+sVWLRiV ysV, sWsV }msL]ssRVsV.
ysV slLi[NTPLi[ @LiaS {sRsV xqsVxqsxtsQLigS sZaP[ztsQLi xmsgRigS. @xmsoRj
LRixqssLiR\sVs sRVVR\sVs RLSs[jNRP @soRVLij. ZNP[sLi RRsgRigRiRLi, yRVgRigRiRLis
RLSrysVLRiQLi @sRRV. C rysVLSQs ryjLiRysNTP bPORPQ DLiy. xqssWs[aS[
sW[ rysVLRiQLi INRPryLjigS @sRRV. BLiRVN][xqsLi RLRigRigRij[ ss bdPL<jiNRPsV
zms syLRiV[ RLjiLixms[RVsRV. FyhRiaS ryLiVV[ Ljilgi[ RLSs[jNRP[ syLRiVsV
Fys[RVsRV. @LiRLRi FyhRiaS F[ Fys[V [RVsRV.
NRPXRLi:c dsV sy xqsLixqs[ RLSs[jNRPsV sLRi*zLiRLiT. ss[jNRPsV xqssVLjiLiRLiT.
xqsXyRNRPR:
FyN][[ sWssoRV sWRs[V xqsXyRNRPaRPNTPs F~LijRVVyRV. @LiRVss[
@sLiR\sVs xmsgRis ryjLiRgRiRV. C xqsXyRNRPaRPNTP sNSrysNTP xtsQ INRP aRPNTPsLiR\sVs
sWRsVLi. N]Lig]R sssV, ExsV RNRPs uy LRiWxmsLi[ xmsR s[V xqsXyRNRPR.
NRPyaRPNTP][ V xtsQ\|mss xmsV DLi[s[ Bj ryRsVsoRVLij. N]R yNRPV LRiWxmsNRPs
LRiVgRiVRVLij. sVLRiRLi, LSsWRVLi, gRiskR, NRPyaRPVLi Li gRiLiyds
xqsXyRNRPR[ LRiLiRTss[. xqsXyRNRPR @LiRLji[sW xqsxLigS Ds[. syLRiV[
kss |msLiF~LijLiRysNTP DFyyRVVRV ][xRxmsy. @xmso[ syLRiV [s xqsXyRNRPR
aRPNTP zLRiRLi NSgRiRV. ryzRLi[s xmsR, gRiy[ Fs[ xqsXyRNRP LRiRsVyLiVV.
gRiRLi[s NRPRV, NRPysNRPV, yNSV sVVRLiVVss, xmsRgRiLi[ FyV, xmsyV
sVVR\ssxqsXyRNRPR[ NRPWRVN]ss[.

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ssR xmsR,gRiR FyhRi gS [Rs y*LS syLRiV[s xqsXyRNRPRsV |msLiF~LijLiRsRV.


@sVNRPW\sVs @xqss xmsLjixqsLSV, AxqsNTPNRPLRi\sVs [Rs, sLR i VxtsQ\sVs sWLRiRLRi+NRPR*Li y*LS
syLRiV[ C rysVLSQs |msLiF~LijLiRsRV.

4.5. xqsXyRNRPaRPNTPs |msLiF~LijLiRysNTP sWLSV:


FsVsLi rysVLSQQ\y sLRiLiRLRi ryRs y*LS @sLRiRVN][sRV. ryzyLiaSsV
[jLi[xmsVRV DFyyRVVRV ryzRLiQ\|ms @xtsQ NRPlgi[V [RW. ryzRLi VVNRP
Ksys, xmsWys xmsgRi. syLRiV[ ryzys RRys[ NRPVRWxLi GLRi[
sRLigS NSLRiNRPsW LRiWF~LijLiy. sWssy sVsV |msLiF~LijLiRysNTP ryzRLi[s
@LiaSV RNRPs DxmsNRPLRiV. ryzRxmshRisLi NSLRiLigS xqsXyRNRPR sVVZRNP VRVLij. ryzRsVLiy
xqsXyRNRPR][ NRPWRVNRPVsRs[ ss @V DFyyRVV[ BV syLRiV[ NRPgS. @
LjigjisxmsVRV sVLi RVVsNRPsoV, LRiRLiVVRV |msNRPVsVLij LRiWF~LiRgRiLRiV.
FyRsVNRPryLiVV[ lgi[RWsV, xmsysV zms[R NRPLihRixqsLi [LiVVryLRiV. aRPRNRPxmsyV,
lgi[RWV AxqsNTPNRPLRiLigS DLiRRLi s syLRiVNRPV y\|ms sxqsVgRiVNRPgRiRV. dsxmsyV, lgi[RWV
xmssQQNTP Fs \sNRP sRLi gRiRFy[ sRsVLRi VyLiVV. NRPLihRixqsLi [RVRLi y*LS syLRiVV
ysVV NRPWy @Li lgi[RWsV, xmsysV yRVysNTP xmsRVQryLRiV. DFyyRV V lgi[RWV,
xmsyV, NRPsRsV yRVysNTP FR=zxqsW DLiy. G INRPsQQNTPNTP @ds sxtsQRW\|ms xmspLji
@sgSxs DLiRNRPFsRV. BLiNRPsV s[LRiVN][szqsss NRPWy DLiRsRV. NSds ysVV s[LRiVN]s
sxtsQRWsV BRLRiV][ xmsLiRVN][sRLi yLjiNTP AsLiRyRVNRPLi.
qx sdsVxmsNSLi[ sVsTs ryzd xmsRVLRisV syLRiVNRPV xmsRLji+Liy. xmsoxqsNRPLi }msLRiV,
LRiRLiVVR sVVR\ss syLRiVV VxqsVN]LiLRiV. @[ xmsoxqsNRPLi [xms Ds sxtsQRWsV
VxqsVN][sysNTP NRPVRWxxmsRVyLRiV. ys sVWLigS NRPWy xqsXyRNRPR |msLiF~LiRVRVLij.
syLRiVsV xmssVVV LRiRs[ ZNP[LikNRPXR\sVs sssV, @LiaSsV r~LiRsW[ yRVsVy.
yLRiV yzqss ys DFyyRVVV xmsLjibdPLiy. ""RNRPgS yRVysNTP xmsRVLiyso'' @s
@sLiRs sRyV xmsNRPRLi @sxqsLRiLi. @j syLRiVsV Fy=zLisV @soRVLij.
DFyyRVVRV Rs xqssV NRPWy xmssRV. yzqss ys xmsLRixqsLRiLi sWLRiVN]s
RWRsVssRV. Ry*LS BRLRi syLRiV \ZaPs VxqsVN][sysNTP @sNSaRPLi GLRiRVRVLij. G
sRLigS yRW, yRVNRPWRRV @s[ sLSLRiNRPV yLRiV LSgRiLRiV. AL][gRiNRPLRi\sVs F RRQ*Li][
syLRiV[ xqsXyRNRPR |msLiF~LiRVRVLij.
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syLRiV NRPV N]s xqsWRss NRPRV, yryV yRVsVs xmssRV. yRVRLi


xmspLji @LiVVs RLS*R sVR RLRi GLSV [RW. yLRiV RsV @FyRWsV G sRLigS
sVyL][ xmssVy. RLRi xmspLji @LiVVs RLS*R DFyyRVVRV sV @sLijxqsW Rs
@FyRWsV Fy. C NRPXRLi y*LS NRPWy syLRiV[ xqsXyRNRPR |msLiF~LijLiRsRV.
@lgi[ syLRiVNRPV INRP NRPRsV Fy. sVVgjiLixmso xmsNRPWRRV. @LiRV[s dss NRPWy
DFyyRVVRV xmsNRPWRRV. s[LRiVs[LRiVgS IN]NRP VsV NRPRsV sVVgjiLiRsVs xqsWLiy.
B [LiVVLiRRLi s G V G sRLigS sVVgjiLixmsosV Bs*gRi][ NRPR[s dss gRiVLjiLi Fs
A[LiRRLi LjigjiLi][ VxqsVN][sRV. xqs\lLis sVVgjiLixmsosV, dss zmss VsV @sLijLiy.
FysLiRVNRPV BRLRiVsV sVRVN][y. xqsXyRNRPR |msLiF~LiRysNTP Bk INRP sWLRis[V. NRPR
LRiWxmsLi[ DLi[ ys yNSVgS, xqsLixtsQVgS Ds ys yryVgS sWLRisVs syLRiVNRPV
xmssRV. syLRiVV ARWxmsNTPRV Fs sLRi*zryL][ gRisVsLiRsRV. xmssVVV sR
RLjiRV, ARNRPRV sVVR\ss yLiVVLi RjsLiRsRVsV. sLRigS DFyyRVVRV xmsVNRPV
Rs xqss By*.
NRPXRLi:c xmssVV LRiRLiVVR sR RLjiRV, ARNRPRsV }qsNRPLjiLiRLiT

4.6. lgi[RWV:
ryzRLi[ lgi[RWV INRP xms[NRP aS. lgi[RWsV ALigRiLi[ "sLRi=Lki\lLisV=' @s
@LiLRiV. xmszqszms xXRRWV sxtsQxmsLigS, sLRiLigS, xqs*RLigS, sVXRVsogS DLiLiVV.
@LiRVNRPV RgjisVgSs[ yLjiNRPV[bPLis lgi[RWV NRPWy sVXRVsVRVLRiLigSDLiLiVV. lgi[RWsV
lLiLiRV syVgS sLiRsRV. 1. NRP N][xqsLi, NRPsoV, LRiRLiVVRV LRiWF~LijLiss . 2.
NRP[ @ss. zmssV LiRysNTP, sRxmsoRysNTP. RVVFy[ FyV, [FyV
sVVR N][sNRPV Lijss[. zmsV aSNRP sWRVLSsNTP, gSs sWRVLSsNTP ANRPL<jiLixmsT AsLijryLRiV.
NRPNRPV @LRisV[VV ANRPL<RiRV\sVs NRPR[, sxtsQRW[ sLjixqsW zmsNRPV AsLiRLi
NRPgjiLi[LiRVNRPV |msRV LRiLis lgi[RWV VgRiV[ y DyLiVV. @ssVRVgSLji "RLiRsWsVLSs[
LSs[' y xmszqsR\sVs lgi[RVLi. RaRP[ zmsV, |msR FysV @sVxqsLjiLi
FyRsNTP FyLRiLiryLRiV. lgi[RW[ @LRiyNRPLi[ xmsoNTPLi\|mss xmsyNRPWLRiVNRPV Dy=s
NRPgjiLi[ RVNRPV FyysR DLiy. @lgi[ NRP NUPRNRPV xqsLiLijLi FyV, sVNRP,
LRig][s[, gRiVRVgRiVRV gRiVLiRLi, VVlLi[NRPVV, NSgRi, g] sVVR\ss A][FyV Fy[
FyV.ds[ \syjaSxqsQ LRiryV BsVT DyLiVV.
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zmsV FyRVN]s[ FysV y. RVLi.ZNP. [sNTPgSLRiV AsRVxmso FyV, xmsLiRVgRi FyV,


FsgRiy FyV, F~RVxmsoNRPRV @s sLiyLRiV. C lgi[RWsV gRiVLjiLis @sgSxssV
DFyyRVVV syLRiV[ GLRiLRiy. syLRiVsV yLji NRPyaRPNTP][ BLi lgi[RWsV
yRVysNTP FR=zLiy. syLRiV[ xqsXyRNRPRsV |msLiF~LijLiRysNTP lgi[RWV
y sLRiNRPV ][RRyLiVV.
NRPXRLi: lgi[RWV N]sLis LRiLiRLiT.
4.7. NRPR c NRPysNRP:
"NRP`' @sV xqsLixqsQXR yRVsoNRPV xqsLiztsQLiRV, xmsV @s[ @LSVyLiVV.NRPR sXyLiRLi
NRPj "NRPR' @s xmssRV. NRPR[ sxqsVso (BsXRLi) @LiR xqsLixmnsVsV sLRiVxqsNRPsVLi[
xmsRVyLiVV. sLRisV @jNRPLigS DLiRsRV. NRPR y kLRiQ\sVsj NSsRV. sVR[ DxmsNRPRVLiR
sRVsV. xmsLiRRLiRNRPRV BLiRVNRPV xmssVV DyxLRi. BLiRV[ NRPRV NRPs[Rs[ NRPRsLi (Narrate) [RVTyLiVV. "NRPR' INRP Fyds xmsNTPRV NSgS "NRPysNRP' INRP ARVsNRP xmsNTPRV @soRVLij.
NRPysNRP kLRiLigS rygjiFNRPVLiy F~LijNRPgS DLiy. kLRisLRisVLiys sRVsVLi [RV.
ysLjiNRP xtsQ[s[ NRPysNRPVLiLiVV. xmshjiRNRPV xqsLisVaRPLSRVV NRPgjiLi[ xqsLixmnsVsV
ssR LRiryRNRP\sVs xqsss[aSV ds[ DLiRsRV. FyhRiNRPVV EzLiRs @RVR\sVs sVVxmso][
sVVgjiRW. sNRPsWLRiRLjiR, z][xms[aRPsVV, RaRPNRPVsWLRi RLjiR sVVR\s NRPR[ NRPysNRP ORPQV
N]s NSssxqsVyRVs, ys dLjijj[ RNRPs NRPysNRPsoyRVs BLiRgRiLi xsVsVyzqsQ
gSLji @FyRVLi. "NRPysNRP' ALigRiLi[s "uyL`iQrLki' @s[ xmsysNTP xqssWyLRiNRPLigS yRRVRVsj.
Fyds NSLi[s "@gji xmsoLSLi'[ @LS*ds NSLi[ FyaSR ssVLRi+NRP gRiLiy[
zmss NRPysNRP ORPQsV xqssVs*RVLi [xqsVN]s, "NRPysNRP' LRiRy bPs C sRLigS xmssRV.
INRP LRiNRP\sVs FsRVgRiR, sRNRPdLRiV, sVVgjiLixmso, xmsLjisVR FyRV, A FyR RNRPs FxtsQ, FyhRiNRPVsNTP
BLijs NRPLiRs uy\ZaP, sR xqsysV xmsFyjLiRV, dss][FyV s[ys, ss
sNSrys, NRPLiRgRij NRPysNRP. ARVsNRP "NRPysNRP' xmsj ssVVry sVLiT INRP gRiLi NSxmsLjisV[
RRsRgjis sxqsQX NRPj. Fyds\sVs NRPR VVNRP ARVsNUPLRi[ "NRPysNRP' @ssRV. xms xqssWLi[sV
NRPRV RryLRixqs*ysNTP sVVsV}ms sNRP xmsyLRiLi[ DyLiVV. sxmsRVV dLjiNRP xqssVRW[
@RVR\sVs AxqsNTPNRPLRi\sVs sxtsQRWsV NRPRVgS xmsVN][sRLi xmsLjiFy. s[y[ [aRPsWRLigS
Ds NRPRV xmsoLS[ry[ @jNRPLigS ][V [xqsVN]yLiVV. LRiRLi[s DFyy[ BLiRVNRPV
ryORPQLi. Fyds\sVs xmsLiRRLiR NRPRV, NSbdPsVd NRPRV, [y xmsLiRsLiaRP NRPRV xmszqsj F~LiyLiVV.
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VgRiV[s xmsoLS[ryds NRPyLRiWxmsLi[s[ DyLiVV. y LSsVLigRis NRPRV, sVLSR


LSsVsNRPRV, yyyLRi NRPRV, }msRLSbP |msRsV NRPRV sVVR\ss xmsdsNRPLi[ x
xmsyLSs ARLRisV F~LiyLiVV.
NRPXRLi:c "dsRLijNRP' [s NRPRsV N]sLis }qsNRPLjiLiRLiT.

4.8. NRPsR*Li:
R NRP[ @gRi{mshRiLi NRPsy*sZNP[ Bs*TLij. xqsLigkiRLi sssLiR}qsxmso, R[sLi, bPLi,
yLi, RWzqssLiR}qsxmso sWRs[V AsLiys NRPgjiryLiVV. NSds NRPsR*Li A[RysVXRLi. Ry*LS
Li[ AsLiRLi sLRiLiRLRi\sVsj. xqsLigkiRLi,yLi[ [s zqsLRiR*Li, NRPsR*Li[ DLij. DRsV NRPsR*Li
sLRisWs, WR, sxtsQRV NS NRPdR\sVsj. NRPsR*Li @s[ ss y xmsoLSRs\sVsj. NRPsR*Li
s[V][xmsLRiLigS NRPy xXRRVxqsLiLijgS xmssRV. BLiRV[ sLRiy aRPNTP FyysLi szxqsVLij.
Bj xmsysLigS sWssos @sVWRV\|ms AyLRixmsTs INRP RNRP.
NRPsR*Li VVNRP @xqsxtsQ\sVs xqs*LRiWFys gRiVLjiLi \|qsLi @gRizqss B @yRV.
(If not asked, I know. If you ask me, I know not.)
NRPsR*Li VVNRP xqssVgRi xqs*LRiWFys sLRi*LiRRLi NRPxtsQLi. (ssR sLRi*RyV T. Fs`.
sVVR xqsLisR=LRiLi ANRPLRi gRiLiRLi[ }msL]syLiVV).
sVs ryzRLi[ Fs[ LRiNS\s NRPsy*V saSLiVV. LRiVxms s[LiNRP NRPsoV NRPsy*s
INRP DRsVLigS sTzmsLiyLRiV. NRPsRsV xmsLiTRV ryLiVVsVLiT srysWsLi[sNTP dxqsVN]s ss
sVsVxV dsLRiV. NRPsy xqssLi[ xmsRV NRPsR*Li, xmsNRPX NRPsR*Li, AyNRP NRPsR*Li,
[aRPNTP NRPsR*Li, xqsLixmnsVxqsLixqsLRi NRPsR*Li, sWssyyR NRPsR*Li, xqsW{mnsRRQ* NRPsR*Li, xqsV
NRPsR*Li, xqsX NRPsR*Li @s y ssVyLiVV. xqsLixmnsVxqsLixqsLRi NRPsR*Li "@sxmsLi'[.
RVLigRixmspT sLiNRP aRPLRi (1914 DgSj xqsLiNRP).
"VLRi ZNPV[ NRPV[ RVVsRsR xqsgRiVRRV
RVVsNRPV ZNPV[ RVVsRV NRPV[ }qs*y xmsysLiV }qsRVLRiRV' @s [bdPRVVsV
xms[jLiyRV. [soxms NRPXxtsQaSzqsQgSLRiV Rs NRPsR[ "bPjRVsVV[ bPsoRV [ ][LiVV
FyLigRisVVs gRiLi xmsVNRP[][LiVV/ jsaRPLisVVg]LiRV LRis[][LiVV/ xmspLji gRiVT sVLiT
Fs[][LiVV/ R Rxmso xmspV \RsWxqsxmsoxmspV /ELRiWLRi BLiLi ELRiZNP[ xmspyLiVV/
bPjRVsVV[ bPsRVLRiVgS/ NRPVsVNRPV xmspLji N]NRP[s xmspso [][LiVV'.
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NTP ssVVs][ xmsLRisWRVRVyRs, @RRV ARVLi[ LikgS DLiRs


R sgRiLSRyRyQ*s
sLigRiLigS Fs F~TyLRiV.
saRP*yR xqsRyLSRVgSLji NTPsLRirys FyV c sNRPsy*sNTP xRNRPs DyxLRi.
EgRiVRV ZNPLRi yxmsoN]s
rygRiVRV RLRigRiV sVN]s
FyNTPFso RsgRiVsVV RLixmsoN]s
yNRP yNRP yNRP yNRP c @s NTPsLRirys @s[ sj @LiVVxtsQLigS xqssVVRVs[
NRPzqsFsys sLjiLiyRV saRP*yR.
@VRRV NRPsy*sNTP "sVxmsrysLi' DyxLRigS }msL]ssRV.
"$$' "ryLji' sVLiT DyxLRi
NRPW N][xqsLi, NRPW N][xqsLi
ccccccccccccccccccccccccc
RVV [Ljis ryLjiNTP
NRPXRLi:
sVVxms[ gSN][
xmsNRPX gRiVLjiLi INRP NRPsR
ys s}qs, sLRiR s}qs
yRVLiT.
sVdNRP NRPsVVN]}qs
yLji Rzmss ryLjiNTP
FsLiR NRPxtsQLi
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
ys s{qs sVV[ INRP
sVLRiVxmso sVLjizqsLij.
BLi sVRVRVsNRP sVRVRVsNRP Fs[ }msL]ssRV. ARVsNRP NRPsR @RRVsLi
[RVysNTP DFyyRVVV FR=zLiy. DRsV NRPsR y*LS syLRiV[ xqsXyRNRP aRPNRPVsV
|msLiF~LijLiRsRV. y y*LS syLRiV[ AsLiRLi, @sVW NRPgRiysNTP, xqsRQsLRis
GLRiLRiRVN][sysNTP dsRVLij.
xqsXyRNRPRsV |msLiF~LijLiRysNTP DFyyRVVs sRVV:
c
NRPsR\|mss DFyyRVVsNTP @LRiV DLiy.
c
Fyds ARVsNRP NRPsR\|mss syLRiVNRPV @LRiV NRPlgi[V [RW.
c
xmsyV, lgi[RWV, NRPsR sVR gRi [ysV VFy.

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c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

@NSLSj NRPsVLi[ NRPsRV yRVysNTP FR=zLiy.


sVVR lLiLiRV Fyy][ yRVsVs A RLS*R FyyV |msLiRVNRPVLiW F[VV
DFyyRVVV RWy.
RLiRxqsV=, RV, Fyxqs, sVVR\s @LiaS[ syLRiVNRPV @sgSxs sVLjiRVV y
xmsWgRiLi[ sVLi RLkiRVsV By*.
xmsNRPX, sR, rysWNRP @LiaS\|ms NRPsRV yRVsVs FR=zLiy.
G\sy sxtsQRWsV ORPVQLigS xmsLjibdPLi A sxtsQRWsV NRPsy LRiWFysNTP sWLRisVs
xmsRLi.
ryLRixqs*R xqssWs[aS\ZNP NRPsRsV yRVsVs, gSsLi [RVsVs xmsRLi.
NRPsR LRiRs FsV sLRi*zLiRRLi.
FyhRiaS xmsNRP[ DRsV LRiRs xmsRVLjiLiRRLi.
DsR xmssWsV gRiVLjiLi xNRPLjiLiRRLi.
NRPXRLi:c TsWxqsxmsNRPsV RRWLRiV [RVLiT.

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@yRVLic5

uy ][uysV gRiVLjiLiRRLic syLRi sWLSV


5.0 xmsLjiRRVLi
5.1 RxmsVVc ][uyV
5.2 ][uysV gRiVLjiLiRRLi
5.3 ][uyVc LRiNSV
5.4 ][uyNRPV NSLRiV
5.5 ][uy syLRi sWLSV
5.6 y][ FyyRVVNRPV yNRPLRi [Rs[ N]s sVNRPVsV

5.0 xmsLjiRRVLi:
xtsQ FyRsVNRP \sxmso[ xtsQLi, [sLi, ssQQNUPNRPLRi rysVLSQVgS DyLiVV.
xqsLixtsQ[ RxmsVV ][V [xqsVN]y, ][uyV ]Ljiy ys xqsLjijRVN][sRV. NSds yR
xmspLRi*NRPLigS @LiVV[ @s zqsLRiLigS DLiTFyLiVV. NS ][uyV [NRPVLiy yRVRLi LRigS.
[sLi INRP sQQNTPs g]xmsysgS sVRgRiRs xmssVV ALigRi LRiRLiVVR [NRPs @FyRVxmsyLRiV.
syLRiVV yryV y}qsxmsVRV, BRLRi [s @ryV [}qsxmsVRV ][uyV [NRPVLiy
yRVRLi LRigS. yLRiV [}qs ][uyV G[V xqsLiRLS[ [xqsVyL][ DFyyRVVV gRizLiy.
syLRiVNRPV yLRiV [}qs ][uysV RWzms, sLis[ xqsLjijy. A RLRi sLis[ LRigRiNRPF[ jRRLis
AbPLi[ xmnsyV zqsjLiRNRPFsRVsV.][uyV FsLiRVNRPV GLRiRVRVyLiVV, FsLi ][uyV
LRiVgRiVRVyLiVV. ys G sRLigS xqsLjijy[ RWyLi.
5.1. RxmsVV c ][uyV:
sNRPLigSsW, RxmspLRi*NRPLigSsW ssQQNUPNRPLRi LRiVgRiVRVLij. syLRiV [sLi[
RxmsVV, ][uyV ][V [xqsVN][sRLi xqsxLi. @LiRVs Rjs[ yLjiNTP RV[RWsVNRPVs[ y
sQQNUPNRPLRi xmspLjigS LRigRiRV. @Li[NSNRP uyxmsLRi\sVs sRVsV, sLiRsV RVs yLRiVgS gRiVLjiLixmso
F~LiRRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij. INRP xmsys INRP][ xqsLjigS yzqs lLiLiRs ][ LRiWFys sWLji yzqss
@j "RxmsV'gS xmsLjigRiLiRRVRVLij. yzqss sQQNTPNTP xqs\lLis xmsRLi G][ VxqsV c @LiVVy sxtsQRWs
sQQNUPNRPLjiLi[ xqsLiRLRiLi, RNRPs GNSgRiR [NRPFsRLi, s[gRiLigS yRVRLi, RVW Ds xmsLjixqsLSV
BLijNRPLRiLigS DLiRRLi s BLi RxmsVV LRigRisRV. N][sVLi,ARVLi @s[ xmsy xqsLjigS
yzqs N][sVLi, ARVLi @s s[L]NRP ][ yzqs[ @j RxmsVgS
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xmsLjigRiLiRRVRVLij. yzqss sQQNTP yzqss yss sVL]NRPryLji Rjs xmRsV


sV gRiVLjiLi syLjiLiRsRV.
y}qsxmsVRV Rs RVW @syysNTP LigRiNRPLRi\sVs aRPV Gds [NRPVLiy RWxqsVN][y. GNSgRiRNRPV
LigRiLi NRPgjiLi[ FyV, xqsLixtsQV [NRPVLiy RWRVN][y. zqss sxtsQRWs[ NRPWy @aRPR
sVVR\s NSLRis [xmsLigS yRVys "RxmsV' @s, uyxqs*LRiWxmsLi RVNRPVLiy
[}qsF~LRiFyVsV "][xtsQLi' @s ssxLjiLiRsRVsV. "RxmsV c ][xtsQLi' C lLiLiRV xmsysV sxtsQRV
xqsxtsQR N][xqsLi BNRPR xms[NSLRiLi[ DxmsWgjiLiRRLi LjigjiLij.
VgRiV xtsQ[s @RVV, xVV sLRiVxtsQLigS xmsNS, yRW. RxmsVgS xmsNTPy,
yzqsy @LRiLi [RLigSs, @LRiLigRiLiNSs ][V [xqsVN][sRV.
DyxLRiNRPV NRP,, DyLRi[ [RLi DLij. "NRP' @ FyLi [NRPgS, "' sVFyLi I
xmsVNRPVRVyLiVV. C @ORPQLSsV DxmsWgjiLi[xmsoRV gRiR szLiy.
sLRi[RLis @LRi[RLi Ds N]s xmsyV.
LRisVV c
xmnssVV
NRPXRLi: [sLi[ RxmsVV c ][uyV
[NRP c
[ (V)
GLRiRysNTP NSLRiV Gs?
NRP c
NRP (RNRPV)
sWsLi xqssVLjiLiRLiT.
NRPc, gRi c xmnsV,
RcR, c LRi&V
c hRi, R c R, xms c xmns, c , s c , LRi c , c DyLRi [RLi s[LS, C sLRi[ysV
FyRsVNRP ryLiVV[s syLRiVV gRiVLjiLi[ sRLigS [jLiy. DyLRi [RLi, @LRi[RLi NRPLi[
xmsy sVR [ysV zmsV gRizLi[ FsNRPVsgS @ryV [LiVVLiy.
sVLi aRPs\sxmsoLi sVLi xtsQNRPV yLjidxqsVLij. sVLi xtsQLi (DyLRi) xqs\lLis
xmshRisNRPV, sLRiVxtsQ [sNRPV FyxmsjNRP @soRVLij. DFyyRVVRV uy\mso
sx
C NRPsV xmsLjisWs
gRiWLji sxqsxtsQ\sVs @sgSxs NRP DLiy. ARLRi+sLiRVRVgS zqsLiy. yL
s RiVV ARW\sxmsoV
ryjLiRRLi[ [}qs aRPs, DyLRi, xmshRis, [s ][uyV, y][FyyRVV N][xqsLi RsVyRV
FyhRigRiLiRxqsLixqs sVsLjiLis sVVR xqsLisR=LRixmso "VgRiV c uy[ Rs' ANRPLRigRiLiRLi[
ryxLRigS VxmsTyLiVV.
@xqss[ RxmsVV/][uyV LRigRiRLi y sLRiNRPV xqsxLi. GsWRLi RxmsVV/][uyV
[NRPVLiy syLRiVV @zqsLiys AbPLiRRLi @sLijLiRRgjis[ @LiVVsxmsNTP @j @s FsR
ARLRi ryRLi NSNRPFsRV. INRP sRLigS FyLi[ @xqss LRiVgRiVRVsj @sysNTP Asy[
RxmsVV/][uyV. BLi xqsLiRLS[ DFyyRVV xqsxNSLRiLi syLRiVNRPV @sxqsLRisVsoRVLij.
RxmsVV/][uyV syLRiV @xqss[ GLRiTs [FyV. NS NSLRisV NRPs|ms ys
]gjiLiy. DFyyRVVNRPV BLi xqsLiRLS[ xqsxsLi y @sxqsLRiLi.
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syLRiVV RsV RxmsVV/][uysV VxqsVN]s xqsLjijRVN]s[LiR sLRiNRPV DFyyRVVRV sLRiLiRLRiLi


aRPsVLiy. ][uysV xqsLjijRNRP F[ @s zms sVsxqsV[ LigS yVNRPVLiLiVV. DRL][RLRi
ys xqssLjiLiRVN][sRLi NRPxtsQLi. yNRPs[V xtsQ VVNRP FyRsVNRP sLSLi (sentence is the basic unit of language). INRP yNRP sLSLi[ ][uyV Ljigji[ @Li[ BRLRi yNS[
LRiVgRisRV.
DyxLRiNRPV
s[sV sysVNRPV RVVgS c s[sV syLRiV
AsV sLij RVVgS
c AsV syRV
@RRV syRV RVVgS c @RRV sLij
yLRiV syLRiV RVVgS
c yLRiV syRV
@s RxmsVgS yRVRLi LRigRisRV. FyRsVNRP RLRigRiRV[ NRPLRi, NRPLRi, NTPRVV, y
xqsLiLiy gRiVLjiLi, sRssVV gRiVLjiLi, yNRPLRiLi [jLiR xmss[RV. A [ysV xmsLjiRRVsVVs
DyxLRi yNS][ RV Fy. FsNRPVs sVLij syLRiVV [}qs ][uy syLRiNRPV xqsWRssV
Fy.

5.2 ][uysV gRiVLjiLiRRLi:


uFyyRVV RR[ sVVQ\sVsj ][uysV gRiVLjiLi, NSLRisV gRizLi,
ys syLjiLiRysNTP sWLSsV VxqsVN][sRLi. DFyyRVVV syLRiV yxqsLRiRssV
xqsLjij[xmsoRV, xmsLkiORPQ xmsysV j[xmsoRV ][uysV gRiVLjiLiy. syLRiVNRPV yLRiV [zqss ][uysV
RV[RW. RxmsLiVVs LRiWxmss[V][ ysNTP xqs\lLis ryRVLRiWxmss[V][ RV[RW. xms syLjiQ\|ms
xms[NRP aRPR dxqsVN]s RV Fy. RxmsVsV xqsLjijRVN][ysVN][ys[ @FyRVLi syLRiV[
DLiVLij, NRPsVNRP DFyyRVVV zmss @LiaSsV gRizLi syLRiVV [FysV xqsLjijRVN][gRiLRiV.
RLRigRigRij[ syLRiV][ xqsLixtsQV Ljilgi[xmsVRV yLji sW[ ]lLi[ ][uysV
gRiVLjiLiy. syLRiVV [zqss ][uysV y xqssLRisV syLRiV][ RLjiLiy. ][uy sVWLigS
xtsQ VVNRP LRiWxmsLi[ Ljilgi[ sWLRiVV, y sVWLigS xtsQ[ Ljilgi[ @sLSsV ssLjiLiy.
Dy:c lLi[NRPVclLi[V, NRPVc NRPV, xmssc xmns sLi xmsy[ DyLRi [ys, @LRi[ys
syLRiVV gRizLi[V [RW. uy xmsLRi\sVs ][uyV INRP syLji sWRs[V [RVRLi [RV.
INRP V syLRiVV sWRs[V [RVRLi [RV.RLRigRi gRij[ ysVLij [xqsVyLRis @LiaSs
DFyyRVVRV gRiVLjiLiy. @xmsV[ ][xtsQ syLRiNRPV @ryV [LiVVLiRysNTP dsV DLiVLij.
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"sRV' @s[ ys "sRV' "[RV' @s[ ys RV' @s kLRi LRizRLigS


yxqsVLiLRiV. xxqs*, kLS sxtsQRVLi[ ][uyV [xqsVyLRiV.
scINRP s L][V
s[c WsV
NRPRW; @sosV NRPy!
NSRVc [RV! @NSRV

5.3 ][uyVc LRiNSV


@) zms ][uyV/ [s][uyV:
VgRiV zms { zms sVLiT sLij. NUP. xmsp 575 [s RsLiRVVs NSLi[
s[RVTsjgS sLixms[ INRP aSxqssLi VgRiV zms[ Dsj. @xms zms NRPsVxmsLjisVLi F~Lij
s[ VgRiV zmsgS LRiWF~LijLij.
NRPXRLi: NUPaRP.1000NTP sVVLiR VgRiV xtsQ gRiVLjiLic gRiLiyRWNRPV
s ssLSV }qsNRPLjiLiRLiT.
Dy: ELRiVNRPV RVV spLRiV @s ][xtsQ LRiWxmsLi yryLRiV. RV, so, sp, , [ V VgRiV xtsQ
sVVRLSso. uy xqs*LRiWxmsLi G sRLigS DLiy[ yNRPLRi aSxqsQLi[ xmsTLij. yss
VxqsVN][NRPFsRLis ][uyV LRiVgRiVRVLiLiVV.
Dy:

IxmsV

c Rx msV

ELRiV
c spLRiV
DLiRV
c soLiRV
FssRV
c RVsRV (VsRV)
xmsyj[s[ @RVVLiLiVV. xmsR sVRLi, @Liy[ @RVV LSso.

IxmsV

c RxmsV

Fso
c FD
FLiVV
c FB
xmspsoV
c xmspDV
[R[V
c [RJV
@ORPQLRi xqs*LRiWFys xqsLjigS gRizLiR sLiRVs ][uyV GLRiRVRVLiLiVV. xxqs* kLSV sVVRgRiV
gRiVLiyV yRVRLi[ RxmsVV [xqsVLiLRiV. Dy: [RV sVLiRVNRPV RV sVLiRV, s[sV NRPV ssV
@s yRVRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij.
139

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A) @ORPQLRi/xmsR ][uyV:
1. @ORPQLRi ][uyV NRP/, R/R, /LRi&V, /hRi, R/R, s/, R/R, R/R, xms/xmns, /, sV/RV,
LRi//,/, aRP/xqs/xtsQ B VgRiV xtsQ sLS DyLRi[sV, @LRiLi[sV [ yV DyLiVV.
NSRVLi c aRPLkiLRiLi
RVLi c RLi
NRPLRiLi c [LiVV
LRiLi c gSTR
NS @ Fy, sVFy [ysV Fy. VgRiV xtsQ xms[NRPR G sRLigS
DyLjirysW A sRLigSs[ yRVRLi @soRVLij. BLiRVNRPV N]s @xmsyRVV [NRPF[RV.
Dy:c "x'sV c "Lix'gSsV, sVLij c "sVsj' gSsV DRLjiryLi
BNRPR DyLRissVxqsLjiLi [sLi LRigRiRLi [RV.
2. F~V][ @RV [Lji[ xVV GLRiRyRVs ssLjiLiy.

RxmsV

-c

IxmsV

[LRiVN`PD
c
[LRiVNRPV
ANRPVsB
c
ANRPVs
3. FyRsVNRPryLiVV sVVgji}qsxmsNTP xV sLkiNRPLRisV Fy. C xV sLkiNRPLRi xmsLRiV
uyV, xqsLRiV, sVFyVV, @sVyzqsNSV, @LiRxqssVVV, ExtsQsVVV. sWRsVNRPRaRP[
xqsLijNSLSV ssLjiLiRysNTP NRPWy Bj DxmsWgRixmsRVRVLij.
xV[ ""NRP sVLiT sV'' sLRiNRPV gRi @ORPQLSsV xmsNRPgS LRiWF~jLiRsRV.
xmsLRiVxtsQsVVV
NRP
R

R
xms

sVFyVV xqsLRisVVV sVFyVV @sVyzqsNSV

gRi
xmnsV

LRi&V

hRi
R
R

R
R
R
s
xmns

sV

@LiRxqssVVV c RV,LRi,,,s
ORPQ c xms[NRP\sVs sLRisVVNSRV.

ExtsQsVVV c aRP,xqs,xtsQ,x
N`P + tsQ + @ = ORPQ c xqsLiRVVNSQORPQLRiLi.
140

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sLRisVV
""NRP''
""R''
""''
""R''
""xms''

4.

@sVyzqsNSORPQLS DyLRi xqsxtsQLigS DLiy.


IN]NRP @ORPQLSs DyxLRi][ zms[ syLRiV sVsxqsV[ sFRVLij.
IxmsV
c RxmsV
NRPXRLi: [sLi[ ][V
ssVV
c
gSssVV
[xqsVNRPVs[ ][uysV xmsNRPgS
A
c
AgRi
RRWLRiV[RVLiT.

5.4. ][uyNRPV NSLRiV:


@) xqsLjiNSs DyLRisV ssRLi: syLRiVV ysVV sszqsLi[ xmsLjixqsLS[ RsV][yLji sW[s
xmsRxqs*LRiWFysV gRiVLjiLiRVN]LiLRiV. zmsV ss[ sWds xqs\lLiss[ @s xms[Li. @LiRV xqs\lLis
DyLRi [ss NRPWy DLiLiVV. T yysLRiLi[ xqsxsyLRiV sVR NRPWy qx s\lLis DyLRi
[s ys ssRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij. @ sss sWV yR[ NRPWy xmsLiryLiVV. NS
T[ zmsV xqs\lLis DyLRi][ NRPWTs xmsysV ss[V DFyyRVVRV yLji][ yNRPRLRi
LRiFy. @xmsV[ xqs\lLis DyLRisV zmsV gRizLi[ @sNSaRPLi DLij.
A) ][xtsQxmspLjiR\sVs DyLRi[ xmsysV DRLjiLiRRLi. C ][uyV yR[sW][V [xqsVNRPVLiLiVV.

xqsLjiNSs DyLRi

xqs\lLis DyLRi

sVRsLi
sVyxLi
gSQQxmsNRPLi
xmsNRPLi
sVLSs
sVLS
xqsLixqsVNRPVRLi
xqsLixqsQXRLi
FsRV
sRV
[VLRiV
FssLRiV
sLiNRP[xqsVRV
s[LiNRP[aRPVRV
NRPXRLi: DyLRi[ ][uyV Ljilgi[ N]s xmsysV xmsNRP xmsLRiRLiT.
B) @LRi[RLi RVNRPFsRLi:c
@Fy, sVFy [yV gRizLiRNRP FsRLi][ C ][uyV LRiVgRiVRVLiLiVV.

IxmsV

RxmsV

NRPLRisVV ([LiVV)
xmnssVV (xmsLiRV)
xmsyssVV (sVVsVV)

LRisVV (gSTR)
xmssVV (sWLixqssVV)
xmsyssVV (yssVVgS BRV)
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NRPXRLi: syLRiV yxqsLRiRs xmsoxqsNS[ NRPszmsLi[ [s ][uysV gRiVLjiLi


xqs\lLis xmsysV yRVLiT.
D) ][xtsQ xqssLRi c D[aSV
syLRiVV y}qsxmsVRV GLRi[ ][uysV DFyyRVVRV xqsLjijy. ][uy xqssLRi
D[aSsV VxqsVN]LiyLi.
1. [s][uyV syLRiVNRPV RV[zqs [s @ryV [LiVVLiRRLi. RLS*RyLRiV
ys FyxqsVyL][ [][ gRisVsLiRRLi.
2. RLRigRigRij[ syLRiVV sQQNTPgRiRLigS [y VgS [}qs ][uysV syLRiVV
gRizLi[V [RVRLi.
3. syLRiVLiRLRiW IZNP[ sR\sVs ][uyV [xqsVLi[ [Ry syys (Teaching
Technique) sWLRiVN][sysNTP sWLRiLi NRPLiRRLi.
4. xmsLjixqsLS uyssLRiLi[s ][xtsQxmspLjiR xmsysV xqsWLi ys syLjiLiRRLi.

xqsLjij[ sysLi:
syLRiVV yzqss A yrys jjs RLS*R sVL]NRPryLji ][xtsQLRizRLigS A yrys
yRVsVy. sVRsVR y sLSsVLi][ NRPWTs gkiRVs [VxmsoxqsNSs yxqsLi yRVysNTP
DxmsWgjiLiy. INRP }ms[ INRP\sxmso sWRs[V yRVsVy. ][uysV xqsLjijj FsRsV\sxmso }ms[
syLRiV[ yLiVVLiy. ][uy yVgRiV, HRVryLRiV RW yLiVVLiRRLi DRLi. ][uyVLi[
xqsLij sVVR\s yNRPLRisV yRVsVs Fy. syLRiV xqssVORPQLi[ R @LiaSsV jy.
@xmsV[ syLRiVV ][uy gRizLi xqsLjijRVN][gRiLRiV.

5.5 ][xtsQ syLRi sWLSV:


1.

DFyyRVV ARLRi+ xqsLixtsQV:


DFyyRVV sWV xqsLixtsQV @RLRi+sLiRLigS DLiy. @Rss syLRiVV
@sVNRPLjiryLRiV. y sLRiNRPV ][uyV RgRiysNTP ARLRi+xqsLixtsQ ][RRVRVLij.
2. ryyLRiLigS @LiRLRiW [}qs [s ][uysV N][UNRPLjiLi sZaP[xtsQ [zqs ssLjiLiRRLi. syLRiV[
ryyLRiLigS NRPszmsLi[ ][uy][ NRPWTs xmsysV sZaP[xtsQ[zqs ][uysV xqsLjijj yLRiV y*LS
@LiRLjiNUP xmsRLji+Liy. C xmsNRPsV syLRiVV xmsL][ RWRRLi y*LS ][uyV
syLjiLiRVN][sysNTP xmsRVRLi [ryLRiV.
3. sQQNTPgRiR xqssLRi: N]LiRLRiV syLRiV[ y [s ][uyV NRPsRVRVLiLiVV.

142

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AFyRVR][ yLji ][uysV xqsWLi Fy. ][uyV FsLiRVNRPV GLRiRVRVyW VxqsVN]s


A NSLRisV syLjiLiRsRV.
4. xmsVsWLRiV yLiVVLiRRLi:
syLRiVV @ORPQLSNRPWTNRPsV NRPLi][ RWRRLi, sy*LS ssRLi, [][ yRVRLisVVR\s
sVWTLi y*LS bPORPQ F~LiRVyLRiV. yRVRLi sVWRV [y yV ryLRiV [LiVVLiy. Dy: "bPORPQ'
@s[ xmsys xmspLjigS yLiVVLiy. bP,bP,bP @s INRP ys NTPLiR INRP yzqs RLS* @ORPQLRiLi"ORPQ'
INRPys NTPLiR INRP zmsV yryLRiV. Bj y F~LRiFyV. @ORPQLS @LRisLiR\sVs NRPLiVVNRP syLRiVNRPV
RVNRPVLiy FRVLij. C [Fys T[ DFyyRVVV, BLisRRRLiRVV xmsLRis[ORPQ
[zqs xqsLjijy.
INRP xmsys sVWRV [y yV ryLRiV yRVsVs xmssRV. xqsLjigS yzqss xmsxmsys
DFyyRVVRV RWzqs xqsLjijy. [NRPVLi[ syLRiVV sVVRryLjigS yRVRLiFyLRiLiLi RLS*R
LSsVLSsV ][uy][ yRVRLi LRigRisRV.
5. xqs\lLis DyLRi gRi xmsyV yzqss @V:
@ xqsx DyLRi][ NRPWTs xmsysV }qsNRPLjiLi y FsRVLRiVgS xqs\lLis ryRV LRiWFy
yzqs RLRigRigRij[ s[RkRW. syLRiVV ys RWzqs xqs\lLis LRiWFys VxqsVN]s ][uysV
syLjiLiRVN][gRiLRiV.
6. yNRPLRi sLiRsV: yNRPLRi ][uysV ssLjiLi[ yLRiVsV RLRigRi[ s[RkRW.
7. yNRPLRi[Rs:
@sxqsLRi\sVs s[VLRiNRPV yNRPLRi[Rs @LRisLiRLigS rygS. @xmsV[ @xqssLi xqssLigS
LRiVgRiVRVLij. N]LiRLRiV yNRPLRi[Rs syLRiVNRPV ARNRPLRiLigS [RVRLi[ gRiRszLiRLRiV.
@LiRVs syLRiV sQQNUPNRPLRi[ yNRPLRi][uyV NRPVgRiVyLiVV.
[s ][uysV syLjiLiRysNTP gRi syyV
1. syLRiVV RW yRVRLi (RXxtsQ[sLi)
2. DFyyRVVRV xmsoRW syLRiVsV yRVsVsRLi (DNRP[sLi)
3. @ry y*LS [s ][uysV syLjiLiRRLi
4. xmsL][ INRP xmsLji[RLi RW yR [LiVVLiRRLi.
5. syLRiVsV xqsWORPQ xmsLjibdPs (aRPRgS ssRLi) [RVRLi.
sxqsQXRxmshRisLi sVVR\ss NRPWy [s ][uyV LRigRiNRPVLiy syLjiLiRysNTP FsNRPVsgS
xqsRVxmsRVyLiVV. yxqsLRiRs[,
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@ry[ ][uyV FsNRPVsgS DLi[ A yrys [y @rys xmspLjigS yRVsVsRLi


sVLij. @Li[NSs syLRiVV yzqss ysDFyyRVVRV RWRNRPVLiys[ xqsLiRNRPLi |msNRPWRRV.
\|ms xmsRRVsV FyLiRRLi y*LS syLRiV [s ][uysV yyxmso syLjiLiRsRV.

5.6 y][FyyRVVNRPV yNRPLRi [Rs[ N]s sVNRPVsV:

xqsLiRV gRiVLjiLi @sgSxs NRPLiRRLi


DRVsNRPRV xmsLRi\sVs xqsLijRVgRiVcsRVxqsWLji xqsWdNRPLRiLi. Bj RxmsNRP [RVszqss
(sR) xqsLij. sRkzqs yRVxmss[RV. VgRiV[ RLRiRVgS s[j DNSLRiqx sLij. DNSLRixqsLijNTP
N]s DyxLRiV. {qsyLSsVVNRPV ORPQ VRV ][\ @LRiNRPV sRV. yLRiLRiLi[
NSRVNRPxqsLRiVV s sxqsVLiLRis @WR[s yLRisVN]LiLRiV. @R xmsLjizqs FsVy
xqsLRiVN]s sLiy.
\|ms yNS[ gkiRV gkis][ DNSLRi(sR)xqsLij LjigjiLij. xqsLij NSLSs ssLjixqsW
s\|ms C sRLigS yRW.
][RV + H = ][\
yLRiV + @sVN]LiLRiV = yLRisVN]LiLRiV
FsV +Dy = FsVy
IN]NRP DyxLRi[s sVVR xmsRLi[ DLi[ sLji @RVsV syLRiVV
gRisVsLi[V [RW. xms xmsRLi sLRi "D' NSLRis[V DLij. lLiLiRs xmsRLi sVVR @RVV
sLRiVxqsgS H, @, D, V Dss. Bs[NSNRP sVgjis @RV][ sVVR[V DyxLRiV
FyhRixmsoxqsNRPLi[ sVLi {qs*NRPLjiLiy.
Dy: 1. @LiRVNRPV + BVLis (B) 3. dsNRPV
+ FssNSy (Fs)
2. dsNRPV
+ Cszqss (C) 4.
dsVNRPV + G c dsVZNP[ (G)
5. dsso + INRP dsNRP (I) 6. yLRiV + JLRiVN]yLRiV (J)
BV N]s DyxLRiV }msL]s RLRiVyR "xmspLRi*xmsRLi[s sLji @RVFLiVV RLRiVyR
xmsRLi[s sVVR @RV sVxqsVLiRs'' zms[R gRiVLjiLixms[RVsRV. RLRiVyR "xmspLRi*xmsLRixqs*LSNRPV
xmsLRixqsLRiLi GNS[aRPLi NSsRLi xqsLij' @LiLRiV, @s sRVxqsWLji s @sVxqsLjiLi xqsWdNRPLRi
[LiVVLiRsRV. xmspLRi*xqs*LRiLi, xmsLRixqs*LRiLi, xmsLRiLi NSsRLicsVVR\s NTPQxtsQ\sVs FyLjiztsQNRP xmsysV
xmss[aRP# |msNRPWRRV. xqsWys yLji r~LiR sW[ zmsLiy. \|mss }msL]s DyxLRiV
gSLijNRPxtsQNRPV xqsLiLijLisss gRiVLRiVLiRVN][y. @lgi[ c bPxtsQ ysLjiNRPLi NRPWy @LigkiNRPLjiLiRs
N]s xqsLiRVV RLRiRV zmsV, |msRV [xqsVLiLRiV.
144

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ysLjiNRP xtsQ[s N]s xqsLijLRiWFyV RWyLi. Dy: s[rysV, s[ss,V yN]RV, yL]yLRiV,
r~=Lij. Bs RLRiVRVgS ssLRiLi[ @LiRLRiW [}qs xqsLiRV[! dss sRkRVsVsxmsVRV
sWRLi syLRiVV xqsNRPsVLigSs[ NTPLij sRLigS sRkryLRiV.
s[sV srysV
s[VsVV ssVV
yNRPV sRV
yLRiV syLRiV
xqsV= sLij
\|ms DyxLRiV syLRiV[ xmsLjibdPLixms[RW. xms ys[ lLiLiRs xmsRLi sVVR xV
sj. gSs @RV[RV. NS BNRPR xqsLij [RVysNTP dsV[RV. CsxtsQRVLi syLRiV[
gRiVLjiLixms[RW. yR[ C sR\sVs xqsLiRVV [}qs VgRiV sWRXxtsQNSs yLjiNTP @LRiLi NSRV.
yNR PLR i x m sLj i s Li FsLiR VNR P s x qsLRi sW BV s Li Dyx LR i y*LS syLR i VNRP V
RVxmssRVsV."xqsRyNRPV' sLi xmsysV N]LiRLRiV syLRiVV @NRPR xqsLij [NRPVy
sRkRVysNTP xmspsVNRPVLiLRiV. "xqsLij' ss syLRiV[ xqssVgRiLigS NRPgRiNRPFsRs[V ksNTP NSLRiLi.
sWRsVNRPRLRigRi syLRiVNRPV @s[NRP xqsLiRVV [jLiRLi NRPLi[ @xqs
V "xqsLij' @Li[ GsV gRizLi[V
[RVRLi sVVLi. C xmsLjisLi RNRPgS GLRiTsxmsoRV xqsLiRLSsVryLRiLigS VgRiV yRNS[
s[ xqsLiRVsV syLRiV[ gRiVLRiVxmsgRiLRiV.
"@xqssWxmsNRPNTPRV' sV gRiVLjiLi ssLjiLi[xmsVRV NTPQxtsQ\sVs N]s xqsLixqsQXR FyLjiztsQNRP
xmsysV s[LS. VgRiV yNRPLRiaSxqsQNSLRiVV xqsLixqsQXR' xqsLixmsyRWs VgRiV[ xmss[aRP
|msLRiV. NSQ*LRiNRPLi, RVsVVsQLRiNRPLi, yLRiNRPLi, @sLiRLSLRiNRPLi, [RLRiNRPLi, aRPRLRiNRPLi sVVR\ss
@xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVV.
FLiVV
c
NSQ*LRiNRPLi
Fss(FgS) c
@sLiRLSLRiNRPLi
Fss
c
RVsVVsQLRiNRPLi
FLiVVss
c
[RLRiNRPLi
Fso
c
yLRiNRPLi
FsoRVs
c
aRPRLRiNRPLi
|\ ms FyLjiztsQNRP xmsyds xFLiVVss c
([RLRiNRPLi) xqsLixqsQXRLi[ s[ @xqssWxmsNRP
NTPRW LRiWFyyyLRiLi [xqsVN]s GLRiLRiRTs xmsyV. dss xqsLixqsQXxtsQ[ xmsLjiRRVLi
[syLRiV gRiVLRiV|msVN][sRLi NRPxtsQryRLi. DyxLRiNRPV c "RVsVVsQLRiNRPLi' @s[ }msLRiV Fs
GLRiTLi][ C NTPLij xqsLixqsQXR yNRPLi RW}qs VxqsVLij.

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zmsRVLi RaRPLRiR: xqsVRLi: RsLS[s xqsLiWNRPVLi BR` {msysV{xms:


(RaRPLRiR sVLS Rs N]RVNRPVsV RVVsLSgS [RVg][LjiyRV @s \|ms a]NRPLi[
[ s sLi) "xqsLiWNRPVLi'
@s[ @xqssWxmsNRPNTPRV[ sLRi "RVLi' @s[ @LiaRPLi [LRiVRVLij. (xqsLiWNRPVLi sWgjiLiRysNTP) B[
NRPLRiVLi [RVysNTP, a][RVLi ssysNTP @s[ LRiWFyV GLRiyLiVV. C sxtsQRWV VgRiV xtsQ[
DsRsR szqsLi[ syLRiVV VxqsVN][Rgjiss.
FyWgjiNRP yNRPLRi [Rs : yNRPLRi [Rs sTgS [RVLSRV. (Grammar should not be
taught in isolation)HRs RLRigRi sLRiNRPV uy [Rs[ yNRPLRi xmsxqsNTP LSNRPWRRV. sLRiVxtsQ\sVs
yNRPsLSLi xtsQ[sV, LRiRs[sV @s[V [RW. RNRPs yNRPLRiRs[ NRPLRi, NRPLRi,
NTPRVNRPV, LigRi sRs sNRPVsV xqsNRPsVLigS @s*LiVVLixms[}qs sLi @sy. syLRiVV yNRP
RLRi[, [sLi[, RxmsVV [zqssxmsVRV xqssLjiLiy. "LSsVORPQ VV @RsoNRPV ssV'. @s
][xtsQxmspLjiRLigS yNRPLi zms[ (LSsVORPQ VV FsNRPTNTP sLRiV? @s xmsbPLi[ yNRPLi[) NRPLRi
xsRsLi[ DLij. NS NTPRV NRPWy xsRsLi[ DLiy, @s yNRPLRi [Rs syLjiNTP
[RVssxqsLRiLi[RV.
"LSsVVRV bPsRsxqsV=sV sLjiyRV'
"LSsVORPQ VV saS*sVRVs sLi sLRiV'
"{qsR LSsVVs |ms [xqsVN]sj' @s[ DyxLRis FssLRiV bPsRsxqsV=sV sLjiyLRiV?.
BLi xmsaRP y*LS A yNS[s "NRPLRi'sV syLRiVNRPV saRPRxmsLRiRsRVsV. xqsNRPLRiNRP NTPRVV,
@NRPLRiNRP NTPRVV, xqssWxmsNRP, @xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVV, LigSV, sRyV sVVR\ s yNRPLRiLiaSds
xtsQ y*LS @sgSxssV[VV [RWgSs FyLjiztsQNRP xmsysV C RaRP[ xmss[aRP |msNRPWRRV.
ALRiV, GRV, FsssVj RLRigRiRV[ FyLjiztsQNRP xmsysV N]LiR xmsLjiRRVLi [RW. FyhRi xmsNRP
ssVxqsLjiLi xmsysLigS C NTPLij yNRPLRiLiaS sLi sWRsVNRP RLRigRiRV syLRiVV NRPgji
DLiy.
1. @RVV
c
xVV
2. xV sLkiNRPLRiLi c
xmsLRiVxtsQsVVV c xqsLRisVVV
@sVyzqsNSV sVVRgRiVss.
3. VgRiV[ DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsy sLkiNRPLRisVV c RR=sV, RRs, [aRPxmsyV,
gSsWV c dss gRiVLRiVxmsRLi.
4. yNSVc ys @LigSV, yNRP [yV
5. sNTP xmsRRWV c NSsVVVc LigRisVVV c sRssVVV.
c
NTPRV[ LRiNSV (WR, sxtsQ`, sLRisWs, RRLSLRiNRP NTPRWLRiWFyV)
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c
c
6.

sLSsV gRiVLjiLixmso ( . ; : "" '' ? ! )


uygSV
xqsLiRVV c VgRiVxqsLiRVV sRkRVV
(BNSLRixqsLij, VgSgRisVLi, LRiVgSgRisVLi, sVgSgRisVLi, NRPxqsLij)
xqssLRi, gRiV, RV[aRP xqsLixqsQXR xqsLiRVV sRkRVV.
7. @LiNSLSV DxmssV, @aRPWNTP sVVRgRiVss.
\|ms yNRPLRiLiaSV ryxLRiLigSs[ [jLiy. INRP gRiRFyhRiLi [jLiRRLi sVVgjizqss RLRiVyR
IN]NRP yNRPLRiLiaRPLi NTPLijNTP s[ DyxLRiV gRiVLjiLixms[RW. bdPL<jiNRPsVgRiV\sVs DyxLRisV
yLRiV\|ms yLiVVLi xmsRLji+Lixms[RW. sWRXxtsQ[ ss yNRPLRis FyLjiztsQNRP xmsysV,
BLigkitsQ][ yNRPLRiLi F xmsRLi s syLRiVNRPV RVyRNRP\sVs (Comparative) @sgSxs
NRPVgRiVRVLij. yNRPLRi xqsLiLiR\sVs ssV (Concept) RXRLigS GLRiRyLiVV. ksss
ALigRiuyxqsysNTP @sxqsLRi\sVs AxqsNTP, rysVLRiQLi, syLRiV[ NRPgRiysNTP @sNSaRPLi DLiVLij.
BLiRVs INRP xtsQ g]xmsRs, s[L]NRP xtsQ @Q\sVsRs[ RVLRiFyRVLi syLRiV[ FRVLij.
xmsxtsQNRPV INRP xms[NRPR, Rs r~LiR xmsVNRPVT DLiRVs[ RXR\sVs @FyRVLi sWRsVNRP,
DsR FyhRiaS syLRiV[ NRPVgRi[RW. sVVLigS yNRPLRi[Rs xqssVRVLi[ C NRPXztsQNTP
FsNRPVsgS dsVLiVLij.
sNRPVV: yNRPLi[s xmsRsVV xqsLiLiRLi RV[ryLiVV. NS dss sNRPVLiLRiV. Bs 8
sRsVVV;
xmsRRVsVVV
sNRPVV
1. RV,sVV,so,V
c
xmsRsWsNTP
2. ss,sVs,s,NRPWLji, gRiVLjiLi c
j*dRW sNTP
3. [Rs, [s, ][Rs, ][s
c
RXdRWsNTP
4. N]NRPVs, \ZNP
c
RRVLkisNTP
5. sss c NRPLi, xms
c
xmsLiRdsVsNTP
6. NTPs, NRPVs, VVNRP, [s, [xmss c
xtsQ{tsQ sNTP
7. @LiRV, ss
c
xqsxmsdsV sNTP
8. J, JLiVV, JLji c Jzqs
c
xqsLi[Ry xmsRsW sNTP
xqsWRs:c VgRiV aRPV rysWsLigS RV, sVV,so,V [NRPs[ xmsRsW sNTP @LiyVgS
DLiLiVV. Dy: VNRP c V c xmsVNRPV c gjiNRP sVVRgRiVss.
sRssVVV: xqsLisV Vxmsosj sRssVV.
C sRssVV lLiLiRV syV.
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1.

GNRPsRssVV
xsRssVV
sssVV
sssVVV
[sV
[V
s[LiVV
s[V
gjiLji
gjiLRiVV
NRPLji
NRPLRiVV
s\QNRP sRsLi (FsxmsVRV GNRPsRsLigS DLiRVss)
1. xqsxqsyRNSV Dy: sLji, |msxqsLRi, NRPLij sVVRgRiVss.
2. xqsLiyLRi yRNRPLi Dy: sWs, DxmsV (RsVVLRiV) sVVRgRiVss.
3. [x yRNRPLi Dy: LSgji, BRT, LigSLRiLi, BsVsVV.
4. gRiV yRNRPLi Dy: Vxmso c sVxmso.
2. sRx sRssVVV:
1. ys yRNRPsVVV c
Dy: sRV, |msxqsV, LSgRiVV
2. NUPy yRNRPsVVV c
Dy: gRiVsgRiW, JsVs gRiVLiV
yRNRPsVVV: ({qsQ xmsoLRiVxtsQ R [RsVVsV Vxmsoss)
1. sVxy*RNRPsVV: xmsoLRiVxtsvsV yLji sZaP[xtsQsVVsV Vxmsosj (xmsoLiLigRisVV)
Dy: LSsVVRV c gRiVsLiRVRV: gRiVsLiRVRV LSsVVRV.
2. sVxdyRNRPsVV: {qsQsV yLji sZaP[xtsQsVVsV Vxmsosj ({qsQLigRisVV).
Dy: {qsR, gRiVsLiRVLSV.
3. @sVxy*RNRPsVVV:c@[RssVVsV y sZaP[xtsQsVVsV Vxmsosj
(sxmsoLixqsNRPLigRisVV) Dy: V, c xmsLRi*RsVV
yNRPsVVV: yNRPsVsgS xqsLixmspLSQLRisVV sRV xmsRsVV xqssVVyRVsVV.
1. rysWs yNRPsVV: xqssWxmsNRP NTPRV][ NRPWTsj. (yNRPsVV) xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVNRPV
ryyLRiLigS NS[RNRP xmsRRWV xmsoLRiVxtsQyRNRP xmsRRWV [LRiVyLiVV.
Dy: R Fy FysV.
2. xqsLibPQxtsQ yNRPsVV: @s[NRP @xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVV NRPgji, INRP xqssWxmsNRP NTPRV][ xmspLji
@gRiVyNRPsVV. @xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVNRPV NS[R DLiRsRV c [NRPFsRV. @sDxmsyNRPsVV sLRigSs,
xmsys yNRPLi[ xmsRLiy rysLi[gSs sryLiVV. NTPRWxmsRLi y*LS xqsWLiRszqss yFyLRiLi
xmspLRiLiVV[ @j xqssWxmsNRPLi. NSsLiVV[ @xqssWxmsNRPLi.
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@xqssWxmsNRP NTPRVsVxmsWgjiLi yNSsV @sLiRLigS F~TgjiLiRsRV.


Dy: R LjiOSQ FsNTP, LRiVNRPV s NRPWLRigSRVV Lij.
3. sVyNRPsVV:c \|ms sVWRV yNRPsVV xqssVVyRVsVV.
NSsVVV: BjsLRi[ LjigjiFLiVVs BxmsVRV LRiVgRiVRVs BNRPsVVLiRV LRigRi[sos
sxtsQRWsV Vxmso NTPRW xmsysV NSyRNSLiRVLRiV.
1. WRNSLi:c LjigjiFLiVVs xmsss Vxmsosj. Dy: RjssV cy|qssV.
2. sLRisWsNSLi: LRiVgRiVRVs xmsss Vxmsosj Dy: RRVsoRVyRV c
yRVVRVyRV.
3. sxtsQyLi: LRiVgRiV[so xmsss Vxmsosj Dy: RRVsgRiRV c yRVgRiRV.
4. RRLRiNSLi: \|ms sVWRVNS RLSsV Vxmsosj.
Dy: xqsWLRiVRV RWLRiVs DRLiVVryRV,gS dsxqsVLij.

xmsoLRiVxtsQsVVV:
1.
2.

DRsVxmsoLRiVxtsQ: RssV gRiWLji Vxmsosj. s[sV, s[VsVV Dy: s[sV TNTP ssV.
sVRsV xmsoLRiVxtsQ: FsRVyLjis gRiWLji Vxmsosj: dsso, dsVLRiV Dy: dsVLRiV xmsLkiORPQV
yxqsVyLRiV.
3. xmsRsV xmsoLRiVxtsQ: FsNRP][ Dsyss gRiWLji Vxmsosj. @RRV, AsV, @j, @s
yLRiV. Dy: LSsVVRV zmsRXyNRP xmsLjiFyNRPVRV.
NRPLRi c NRPLRi c NTPRVV:
VgRiV yNRPsVVLiRV ryyLRisVVgS NRPLRicNRPLRicNTPRVV sLRiVxqsgS DLiLiVV.
NRPLRi xmsRsWsNTP[, NRPLRi j*dRV sNTP[ DLiLiVV.
NRPLRi: xmsss (NTPRVsV) [RVVyRV ([RVVsj)
NRPLRi: NTPRW xmnssVVssVsLiRVyRV (@sVsLiRVsj)
NTPRV: xmsss RV[RVVsj. (LSsVVRV LSsVs RLi|mssV)

uygRisVVV:
1.
2.
3.
4.

ysVyRNRPsVV: ysVsVVV(}msLRisV) xmsV xmsRsVVV. Dy: LSsVVRV c {qsR, gRiLigRi,


zsWRVsVV.
xqsLRi*ysVsVV:c ysVyRNRPsVVsNRPV RVVgS yRRVsj. Dy: @RRV c AsV
c@jc@scyLRiV
NTPRV: xmsss Vxmsosj. Dy: RRVso c sLiRV
sZaP[xtsQsVV: gRiVsVVsV Vxmsosj, Dy: sVxmso c Vxmso, sVLi, FsRV.
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5.

@sRVsVV:c LigRi sNTP sRssVVV [sj Dy: ELRiNRP c A; Jx[!

ysVyRNRPsVVV yVgRiV sRsVVV:


1.
2.
3.
4.

qx sLiysVyRNRPsVV: LSsVVRV, g][sLiRVRV, $yRVRV.


ysVyRNRPsVV: g][so c sXORPQsVV
gRiV ysVyRNRPsVV: \LRisVV c zmsLjiNTPRssVV
NTPRW ysVyRNRPsVV:c sV, RRVso, xmsLRiVLiRV.
sZaP[xtsQsVV 9 sRsVVV:
1. xqsLiQxmsRVVNRP sZaP[xtsQsVV: $yRVRV (sQQNTP}msLRiV)
2. xmsRVVNRP sZaP[xtsQsVV: ORPQ RVVRV (ORPQ RV)
3. NTPRW xmsRVVNRP sZaP[xtsQsVV: FsgjilLiRV xmsOTPQ
4. gRiV xmsRVVNRP sZaP[xtsQsVV: ss gRiVLRisVV
5. xqsLi xmsRVVNRP sZaP[xtsQsVV: xmsLiRFyLiRsoV
6. RsxmsRVVNRP sZaP[xtsQsVV: RssLiRVRV
7. s[RV sZaP[xtsQsVV: NSbdPLRi xmsLiTRVRV
8. NTPRW sZaP[xtsQsVV: RNRPgS RjssV.
9. NTPRWs*RV sZaP[xtsQsVV: [zqss xmssGsV?

@sRVsVV lLiLiRV sRsVVV:


1.
2.

xms xms][NRP @sRVsVV: aRPsVV xmsoVNRP][s[ @s*RVsVV,


Dy: ELRiNRP c sVNTP; A! Jx[!
OTPQNSsRVsVV: yNRPLRi aSxqsQNSLRisVV[ GLRiRV @sRVLi;
Dy: [zqs c [RVNRP.

NTPRV yVgRiV sRsVVV:


1.
2.
3.
4.

qx sNRPLRiNRP NTPRV: NRPLRisV @}msOTPQLiRVNTPRV; LSsVVRV LSsVs RLi|mssV.


@NRPLRiNRP NTPRV: NRPLRisV @}msOTPQLiRs NTPRV; $LRiLigRiRV xmsLjilgisV.
xqssWxmsNRP NTPRV: NTPRW RLRisVV xmspLjiQ\Vsj. sLisV c ssV.
@xqssWxmsNRP NTPRV: NTPRW RLRisVV xmspLji NSsj. s c sLiT.

150

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151

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Evaluation is a measurement of the all round growth of a child, including his


physcial, mental, social and cultural development as well as his interests, aptitudes
and abilities - Quillan & Hanna. Evaluation means a continuous assessment of
the personality of an individual and all around development of a child.

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( Formative Evaluation )

(Remedial Teaching

( Summative Evaluation )


(Remedial Teaching

Competency Based Evaluation


HRD

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Weightage

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(Test
(Test) Latin(Some Special Type of Earthern
pot)

test)

Examination,Examine Examiner
LatinExaminerThe pointer of a balance


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(Formalities)

(subject)Not reliable)


(Examination dominates its
curriculum

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(Essay Type



Internal Assessment


Diagnostic Tests

(Remedial Teaching)

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(Types of Test items and their Preparation)
(Test items)

Essay type Questions)


short answer type
Objective type
Essay type

(subjectivity

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(Points

(subjectivity)

(objective type)

True or False

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Multiple choice

Blue Print

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4. V
Q
e s
D ( Multiple choice

Matching
( Recall
Recognition

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and

Objectivity

(Reliability


Validity

(Practicability)

(Practicability)

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xmsaRP xmsRLi c xqssVgRi xmsRNRPLi


xqsLiOTPQxms xqssWyyV xmsaRPV

@yRVLi
sgRiLi c@.
uy rysVLSQV

1
2
3
4
5
6

40%

1(2)

sLi
@sgSxs
@s*RVLi/ \sxmsoLi

1(2)

9(18)

sLi

@s*RVLi/
\sxmsoLi

1(4)*

1(4)

1(4)

1(4)

1(4)*
1(4)
1(4)

3(6)

@s*RVLi/
\sxmsoLi

16

10

1(10)*

12
1(10)

1(10)

24

xqsLiOTPQxms xqssWyyV
xmnsVVxqssWyyV
yxqsLRiWxms xqssWyyV
sVVRLi

14
16

1(4)*
1(4)
18

100

1(10)*

1(4)
1(2)

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@s
gSxs

34

1(4)*
1(4)*

2(4)

= 20%
= 40%
-= 40%

sLi

1(4)*
1(4)

1(4)

sVVRLi
sWLRiVV

20%

@s
gSx s

1(2)

yxqsLRiWxms xqssWyyV
xmsaRPV

40%

@sgS @s*RVL/
sLi x s \sxmsoLi

sgRiLi c A
FyhRigRiLiRsLSLi
[Ry xmsRRVV
xmsRN][aRPLi
DsRryLiVV
rysVLSQV c
|msLixmsoR
uy][uysV
gRiVLjiLiRRLi c
syLRi sWLSV
xmsLkiORPQV c
sVWLiNRPsLi
sVVRLi sWLRiVV

xmnsVVxqssWyyV xmsaRPV

6
12

20x2=40
10x4=40
2x10=20
=100

10

10

100

*@jNRPLigS Ds xmsaRP xqsLi xqsLisV xqsWxqsVLij


*ZNPV[ Ds @LiZNPV sWLRiVsV xqsWxqsVLij.

VgRiV uy [Rs
lLiLiRs xqsLisR=LRiLi
sWjLji xmsaRP xmsRLi
xqssVRVLi: 3 gRiLiV

gRiLjixtsQ gRiVsVVV c 100

sgRiLi c @
I. NTPLij xmsaRPsLiNTP xqssWyyV yRVLiT IN]NRP xqssWysLi sWLRiV xmsyNRPV
sVLiRLSRV
10x2=20ssWLRiVV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

j*R*sVV, j*LRiVNRPsVV c C lLiLiTLis DyxLRi][ ssLjiLiRLiT.


yNUPNRPLRiLi y*LS syLRiV[ GG sVsV |msLiF~LijLiRsRV?
uy gSsV NUPy xmsR[ G sRLigS [jLiRgRiL][ yRVLiT.
yRNS D[aSsV yRVLiT.
syLRiVNRPV yNRPLRiLi @Li[ gRi @LiVVxtsQRsV GsRLigS ]gjiLiRgRiLRiV.
sNRPxtsQ @Li[ GsV? sNRPxtsQ ORPQsV yRVLiT
@ss [LS FssLRiV? @RRV LRiLis xmszqsR NSss[Vj? A NSys
gRiVLjiLi ORPVQLigS yRVLiT.
yNSV Fss LRiNSV? @s Gs? DyxLRi][ yRVLiT.
sRVsVV [s RW yLRi! ycssVVsV RV
NRPXxms ! VVNRPL]NRPLjiZNP cLiVVRVRVLiR
LigRixmsRV RgRiVs? ds c LiRV xqssV
NRPWRV gRiVRRVV [NRP RVRV gSNRP.
\|ms sWV FssLRiV FssLji][ FyLRiV?
G xqsLiRLSs FyLRiV?
sVWRORPQLRi gRiV, BLiR, xqsWLRi gRisV yRVLiT.

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166

II.

NTPLij xmsaRP[ G\sy HRV xmsaRPNRPV yVV yRVLiT. IN]NRP


xqssWysLi lLiLiRV sLiR xmsyNRPV sVLiRLSRV.
5x4=20sWLRiVV

11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.
18.

][uyV Fss LRiNSV? @s Gs?


yRVgRiWRss, yRVRgjiss G[ xmsNRPsV LRiWF~LijLi ssLjiLiRLiT.
uFyyRVVs ORPQV Gs?
x RLRigRi [RssV gRiVLjiLi yRVLiT.
LRixyLjiNRPWR[ dsj kFyV [so. LSxmsp dsjkFyV [sLiRVs
Fs[ xmssWyV LRiVgRiVRVyLiVV. C sxtsQRWs xmsrysxqsW INRP xmssVV
jsxmsNRPNRPV INRP [ yRVLiT.
RRVLRiVxtsQ xqssWryV Fss syV? DyxLRi][ ssLjiLiRLiT.
[LRiRssV GG xmsRRV[ dsVLRiV [jLiRgRiL][ ssLjiLiRLiT.
xmsaRP LRiNSV Gs? xmsaRPsV RRWLRiV [}qsxmsoRV dxqsVN][szqss
gRiR[s?
"gRiLi' LRiRLiVVR FssLRiV? ryzRLi y*LS @RsV xqssWsNTP @LijLis
xqsLi[aRP# s[VsV?

sgRiLi c A
III..

NTPLij xmsaRPsLiNTP xqssWyyV yRVLiT. IN]NRP xqssWysLi sWLRiV


xmsyNRPV sVLiRLSRV .
10xx2=20 sWLRiVV

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

RLS s[jNRP sLRi*zLiRRLi s xmsWy[s?


sZaP[xtsQsVV @Li[ GsV? @s Fss syV? @s Gs?
NRPLRiV$ FssLRiV? @Rs BRLRi LRiRsV Gs? LRiRy \ZaPs ssLjiLiRLiT.
sxqsLRi xqsLijs DyxLRi][ ssLjiLiRLiT.
@LSLiRLRi yryLiNSLSs DyxLRi][ ssLjiLiRLiT.
NRPRV, NRPysNRP y*LS syLRiV[ GG rysVLSQsV |msLiF~LijLiRgRiLRiV.
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25.

@RRV xmssTLixms sVVsV N_LRiyj yRV


RLjigji RRVLizms xqs sVs yxqssVVs
\|ms Fyys gRi ss [zqs ORPQV yRVLiT.
26. NRPLiR xmsR ORPQsV yRVLiT.
27. ssV[ zLRi RsV*Li
RsV ss RLRiyRV N]RVNRP yyLRiVRV ][VsNRPVs bPxtsQR sLiRVsV
ss sRVR s[NRPsoRsV yR sVzs
\|ms xmsRLi[ FssLRiV FssLji][ FsLiRVN][xqsLi FyLRiV?
28. syLRiV[ sNRPQXR* rysVLSQs G sRLigS |msLiF~LijLiRgRiLRiV.
IV. NTPLij xmsaRP[ G\sy HRV xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyyV yRVLiT. IN]NRP
xqssWysLi lLiLiRV sLiR xmsyNRPV sVLiRLSRV.
5 x 4 = 20 sWLRiVV
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

y][FyyRVVV xmsR @sXjNTP GG syysV FyLiy.


sy xmsNRPNRPV, sxtsQRV xmsNRPNRPV gRi [y[s?
NRPLiRVNRPWLji dslLi[aRPLigRiLi ryzR }qsssV ssLjiLiRLiT.
xmsLkiORPQNRPV, sVWLiNRPysNTP gRi [y[s?
sWs xmsR xmsWysV yRVLiT.
DxmsxqsLRiV gRiVLjiLi yRVLiT.
uy NUPR AsaRPNRPRsV DyxLRi][ ssLjiLiRLiT.
xqsLixtsQ yRVLSs syLRiV[ G sRLigS |msLiF~LijLiRgRiL][
ssLjiLiRLiT.

V. C NTPLij xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyyV yRVLiT. IN]NRP xqssWysLi HRV sLiR


xmsyNRPV sVLiRLSRV.
2 x 10 = 20 sWLRiVV
37.

@)

@xqss[ uyNUPR FyRsV yRVLiT.


uyNUPRV N]sLis LRiWF~LijLi ssLjiLiRLiT.
168

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[y
A)

38.

FyhRigRiLiRLi AsaRPNRPRsV yRVLiT. FyhRigRiLiR sLSLi G


sRLigS DLiy[ ssLjiLiRLiT.

@) DsRryLiVV rysVLSQsV syLRiV[


G G xmsRRV y*LS G sRLigS |msLiF~LijLiRgRiLRiV?
[y
A)

uy xmsWgRiaSsV gRiVLjiLi yRVLiT.


............................................

169

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xmsaRP xmsRLi c xqssVgRi xmsRNRPLi


xqsLiOTPQxms xqssWyyV xmsaRPV

@yRVLi
sgRiLi c@ uy
rysVLSQV

40%

sLi

2(4)

1(4)*

1(2)

[Ry xmsRRVV

xmsRN][aRPLi
DsRryLiVV rysVLSQV
c |msLixmsoR
uy][uysV
5 gRiVLjiLiRRLi c syLRi
sWLSV
6 xmsLkiORPQV c sVWLiNRPsLi
sVVRLi sWLRiVV

1(2)

8(16)

@s
gSx s

1(4)
1(4)*

1(4)*
1(4)
1(4)

2(4)

1(4)

1(4)

1(2)

1(4)

1(4)

1(2)

sLi
= 20%
@sgSxs
-= 40%
@s*RVL/yxmsoLi -= 40%

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@s*RVL/i
\sxmsoLi

1(1
0)

8
1(10)

22

1(10)

8
6

1(10)

1(10)*

1(4)
18

12

xqsLiOTPQxms xqssWyyV
20x2=40
xmnsVVxqssWyyV
10x4=40
yxqsLRiWxms xqssWyyV 2x10=20
sVVRLi = 100

20

100

34

1(10)*

1(4)
1(4)*

10

@s
gSxs

1(4)*

1(2)

sVVRLi
sWLRiVV

20%

@s*RVLi/ sLi
\sxmsoLi
1(4)
1(4)
1(4)*

1(2)

yxqsLRiWxms xqssWyyV xmsaRPV

40%

s @s*RVL/i
sLi gSx@
s \sxmsoLi

sgRiLi c A FyhRigRiLiR
1 sLSLi

2
3
4

xmnsVVxqssWyyV xmsaRPV

16
6

12

10

10

*@jNRPLigS Ds xmsaRP xqsLi xqsLisV xqsWxqsVLij


* ZNPV[ Ds @LiZNPV sWLRiVsV xqsWxqsVLij.

100

VgRiV uy [Rs
lLiLiRs xqsLisR=LRiLi
sWjLji xmsaRP xmsRLi
xqssVRVLi: 3 gRiLiV

gRiLjixtsQ gRiVsVVV c 100

sgRiLi c @
I.

NTPLij xmsaRPsLiNTP xqssWyyV yRVLiT. IN]NRP xqssWysLi sWLRiV xmsyNRPV


sVLiRLSRV.
10 x 2 =20 sWLRiVV

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

10.

VxqsVN]s xmsRLi c DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRLi [ysV ssLjiLiRLiT.


@sVry*LRiLi @Li[ GsV? @sVry*LRiLi gRi xmsysV @sVry*LRiLi [s
xmsysV xmsNRPgS RRWLRiV[RVLiT.
DxmsyRNRP xmsWysV yRVLiT.
sWysV Bs*RLi[ G[V gRiRV dxqsVN][y?
xmsoLiFy*[aRP xqsLijs DyxLRi][ ssLjiLiRLiT.
NSysNTP @LiNSLSV FsLiRVNRPV? @LiNSLSV Fss? @s Gs?
sLiRhSLS dsV lLiRV yLRi
LiR LRiNRPVsV s[V \V RVVLiRV sRV
\|ms Fyys gRiss [RVLiT. ORPQV yRVLiT.
sL][R ryysV yRVLiT.
yRVsVsV]NRPLRiV ]sLjis RVxtsQQX [R s[ Fy
V sj*RVxqs sLRi sVx[R=s sVyRV; ds
RWRVVso gRi jLiRNRPVsV xLixqssV; gSRVsVV sWssLiNRP\|ms
LiVVgRi [LiVV RWRV N]sVsW! NRPsVsW s LiRV sVRVs
\|ms xmsRLi[ FssLRiV FssLji][ GsVyLRiV?
RV @Li[ GsV? Fyxqs @Li[ GsV? Fyxqs RV @Li[ GsV?

171

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II. NTPLij xmsaRP[ G\sy HRV xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyyV yRVLiT. IN]NRP xqssWysLi
lLiLiRV sLiR xmsyNRPV sVLiRLSRV.
5 x 4 = 20 sWLRiVV

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

uy NUPR xmsWy[s?
[soxms NRPXxtsQaSzqsQ gRiVLjiLi yRVLiT.
DRsV xmsaRP xmsR ORPQsV ssLjiLiRLiT.
][uyNRPV syLRi sWLSsV xqsWLiRLiT.
sy xmsNRP AsaRPNRPRsV ssLjiLiRLiT.
xmsR xmsLjisLi DFyyRVVZNPLiRVNRPV @sxqsLRiLi?
uFyyRVVs RR[s?
syLRiV[ NRPsR\|ms AxqsNTPs GsRLigS |msLiF~LijLiRgRiLRiV?

sgRiLi cA
III. NTPLij xmsaRPsLiNTP xqssWysV yRVLiT. IN]NRP xqssWysLi sWLRiV xmsyNRPV
sVLiRLSRV .
10 x 2 = 20sWLRiVV
19. xmsLkiORPQNRPV sNRPxtsQNRPV [y[s?

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

syLRiV[ xqs*RVLigS yxqsLRiRs [RVysNTP AxqsNTPs G sRLigS


NRPgjiLiRgRiLRiV?
lgi[RWV lLiLiTLis yRVLiT.
xdsz, R*LiR* xqssWrysV DyxLRi][ yRVLiT.
RXuyLiyLiNSLSs DyxLRi][ ssLjiLiRLiT.
Asj xmsR ORPQV yRVLiT.
sWV yLS][ g]LiRV NRPVLji gjiLi
gRiVLi[ sVLiT xqsWRVV gRiV NRPWLji
sVVRVRV N]LiRVLRiV sVVR NRPVLRiV sVsVV
@NRP! RRV[s yLRiV dsV RWRVyLRiV
C xmsRLi[ FssLRiV RRV[syLRiV? FsLiRVNRPV?
172

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NRPs FssLjis gRiVLjiLi BLiRgS As[Rs LiyRV?


26.
27.
28.

yNSs sLRi*zLi[xmsoRV G[V gRiRV dxqsVN][y.


j*gRiV xqssWxqsLi, @sLiVW s xqssWrysV DyxLRi][ yRVLiT.
ysVyRNSV @Li[ Gs? @s Fss sRsVVV DyxLRi][ yRVLiT.

IV. NTPLij xmsaRP[ G\sy HRV xmsaRPNRPV xqssWysV yRVLiT. IN]NRP


xqssWysLi lLiLiRVsLiR xmsyNRPV sVLiRLSRV.
5 x 4 = 20 sWLRiVV
29.
30.
31.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

V.

xqsWORPQ [Rs AsaRPNRPRsV ssLjiLiRLiT.


NRPXyyLRi [Rs sLRi*x RaRP[ DFyyRVVRV gRisVsLiRszqss
@LiaS[s?
sVVLjiNTP NSVsV yyLS][ xmspRVN]s FRWLiVV. sVVLjiNTP ds
L][RV\|mss[ xmsszxqsW DyLiVV c C sxtsQRWs FssLjiNTP zmnsLSRV [ryLRiV?
zmnsLSRV [sV yRVLiT.
uy xmsWgRiaS ss xmsWyV ssLjiLiRLiT.
VgRiV xqsLiRV[ ygjiLis DyxLRi][ ssLjiLiRLiT.
yRNSsNTP DLiRszqss @LiRLRi, zLRi ORPQsV yRVLiT.
RxmsV c ][uy sVR Ds [yV Gs?
[aRPsVVsV }mssVLiRVsVy c sVLi @sj |msLiRVsVy
C lgi[RVLi[ gRiVLRiR @LijLis xqsLi[aRP#s[VsV?

NTPLij xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyyV yRVLiT. IN]NRP xqssWysLi HRV sLiR


xmsyNRPV sVLiRLSRV.
2 x 10 = 20 sWLRiVV
37.

@)

NRPXyyLRi @xqss gRiVLjiLi ssLjiLiRLiT.

173

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[y

38.

A)

yNRPLRi [Rs[ sVNRPVssV yRVLiT.

@)

x RLRigRi [RssV gRiVLjiLi ssLjiLiRLiT.


[y

A)

uy][uysV gRiVLjiLiRLiT. yNTP syLRisV DyxLRi x


mspLRi*NRPLigS ssLjiLiRLiT.
..............

174

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VgRiV uy [Rs
lLiLiRs xqsLisR=LRiLi

@LiRLRi sVWLiNRPsLi
s.xqsLi
1
2

@.
A.
@.
A.
@.

3
A.
@.
4

A.
@.

A.

ssLSV
xmsLjibdPs xmsysV xmspLji[RVLiT.
FyhRi xmsRNSsV RRWLRiV [RVLiT.
xqsxFyhRi NSLRiNRPsW y*LS uysXjNTP
dsVLRiV [zqss NRPXztsQs sWsLi xqssVLjiLiRLiT.
ZOP[Q R xmsLRissV sLRi*zLiRLiT. ys y*LS
uy xmsLRiLigS GLi ryjLiyL][ ss[jNRP xqssVLjiLiRLiT.
sWRsVNRP, DsR RLRigRiRV xmspLRi* xmsaRP
xmsysV }qsNRPLjiLiRLiT. uy OSQQ AyLRiLigS
ys sZaP[ztsQLiRLiT.
uy [RsNRPV [Ryxqss rysVgRiVsV
}qsNRPLjiLiRLiT.
rysVRV / dRWV/ F~RVxmso NRPRsV
}qsNRPLjiLiRLiT.
xmssVV NRPsoV/LRiRLiVVR sR sZaP[uysV
}qsNRPLjiLi AsV RRWLRiV[RVLiT.
xqsx y][FyyRVV [RssV xmsLjibdPLiRLiT.
ss[jNRPV xqssVLjiLiRLiT.
syLRiV DyLRi ][uyV, xmshRis ][uyV,
[s ][uysV gRiVLjiLiRLiT. y syLRiNRPV
dxqsVN]s RLRi\|ms ss[jNRPV yRVLiT.
sVVRLi sWLRiVV

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sWLRiVV
5
5

25

xqsxNRPLjiLis gRiLiyV (Bibliography)


1
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

VgRiV uy RLjiR
ryzRbP xqsdsVORPQ
ARVsNSLiR NRPsR*Li
(xqsLixmsyRVsVV xmsWgRisVV)
VgRiV ryzR xqsdsVORPQ
(sVVR lLiLiRV xqsLixmsoV)
ALiR yRVi RLjiR
yNRPLRiLi
ALiRuy sNSxqsLi
ARVsNRP uy aSxqsQ zqsyLiyV
VgRiV xtsQ[ sVNRPVsV
VgRiV uy RLjiR
VgRiV ryzR RLjiR
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV (T.Fs`)
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV (.Fs`.)
TF~sW Bs FsRVZNP[xtsQs
(RWLRisysysLi)
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV
VgRiV [Rs xmskzmsNRP
VgRiV [Rs xmsRRVV
uy \sxmsoV
uyaSxqsQ xmsLjiRRVLi
VgRiV ryzRLi[ NRPs][*RsWV
VgRiV[ NRPsy sxmsy xqs*LRiWxmsLi
uy [Rs
sWRXxtsQ[ FyRsVNRP sR
|msR bPORPQ

176

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yee jLS NRPXxtsQsVWLji


AyLRi zmsLigRi OUPQ NSLiRLi
yee zqs. yLSRV lLiT
yee . ygRiRV
AyLRi jyNRPLRi s[LiNRPsys
xmsLRisxqsV sRVxqsWLji.
yee gRiLi[gji rsVRWV
yee zms.Fsqs. xqsVxLi
yee RWsW xqsLisLSso
xqsWQ Lji$
y*. y. aSzqsQ
VgRiV @NSRsV, \|RLS`.
VgRiV @NSRsV, \|RLS`.
LSxtsQsy xmsLjia][Ry bPORPQxqsLixqs
\|RLS`.
LiykOTPQRVV
BFysoWLji NSs[VaRP*LRiLSso
yee LSs LRiLigSLSso
yee T. ryLisVWLji
N]Li|ms ALis[RVaSzqsQ
AyLRi RVxms xmsoLRiVuRLi
VgRiV @NSRsV, \|RLS`
AyLRi s[[LRiV yLSRVLSso
\s.ZNP. sLiRLi.
@WLji xmsoLRiVuRLi
gS xqsRyLSRV

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