DELIVERABLE D11.

1 Technical guidelines for an appropriate use of the suggested equipment

HOLE DRILLING
Issued by: GEOCISA / October 2004 WORK PACKAGE 11 (WP11 Leader: ZAG): Guidelines and recommendations

CONTRACT N: PROJECT N: ACRONYM:

EVK4-CT-2001-00060 EVK4-2001-00091 ONSITEFORMASONRY

On-site investigation techniques for the structural evaluation of historic masonry buildings PROJECT COBundesanstalt fr Materialforschung und -prfung

ORDINATOR:

(Germany)

Project funded by the European Community under the Environment and Sustainable Development Programme(19982002)

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 4.2 5 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 10 11 12

INTRODUCTION BASIC PRINCIPLES APPLICATION TO MASONRY INVESTIGATIONS POSSIBLE TARGETS CONDITIONS FOR APPLICABILITY CALIBRATION TESTS REQUIREMENTS EQUIPMENT PERSONNEL INVESTIGATION DESIGN ACQUISITIONS PREPARATION SET-UP DATA ACQUISITION DATA STORAGE MEASUREMENT REPORT ANALYSIS DATA-PROCESSING DATA-VISUALISATION DATA-INTERPRETATION FINAL REPORT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS / ENVIRONMENTAL CARE GUIDELINES / STANDARDS LITERATURE / REFERENCES

3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 2

INTRODUCTION

This guideline is addressed to the engineer or technical personnel responsible of performing the evaluation of existing stresses in the surface of stone masonry elements by the hole-drilling method. Hole drilling method is a strain release based technique for the estimation of the stress field in the surface of stone masonry elements. The method proposed in these guidelines constitutes an extension of the Standard test method for determining residual stresses by the Hole-drilling strain gage method regulated by ASTM E 837-95 Standard.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

The hole drilling is a method for evaluating the real existing stresses in the surface of stone masonry elements according to the following steps: Three electrical resistance strain gages (numbered in a clockwise convention) are placed in the area under consideration. Strains are recorded before drilling in order to obtain a reference zero reading. A hole is drilled at the geometric centre of the strain circumference. Strains are again recorded after drilling the hole. Strains induced by the stress release are obtained by the difference between the values recorded after reading and those recorded before reading. Existing stresses are estimated from those strains and two constants A and B, as indicated in ASTM E 837-95 (as described on chapter 3.3).

Figure 1.- Typical 3-element Clockwise Strain Gage Rosette (ASTM E 837-95)

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 3

Constants A and B above mentioned take into account the material characteristics (Young modulus and Poisson ratio), the general geometry of the problem and the finite dimensions of the strain gauges.

3
3.1

APPLICATION TO MASONRY INVESTIGATIONS

POSSIBLE TARGETS

Estimation of stress field in those cases in which a complex stress situation of an specific element is suspected. This method can be applied essentially in regular masonries, provided that: the three gauges are placed in the same stone block or ashlar the diameters of the strain gauge circle and of the drilled hole as well as the depth of the latter fulfil the limits indicated in point 3.2 of these guidelines. The method could also be applied in irregular masonry, provided that the above conditions are fulfilled, but interpretation of results can be much more difficult and must take into account that significant variations in the magnitude and direction of stresses can exist due to the irregularity and inhomogeinity of the masonry. 3.2 CONDITIONS FOR APPLICABILITY

The diameter of the drilled hole (d) should be related to the diameter D by: 0,3 < d/D < 0,5. The depth of the hole should be at least 0,4 D. Accuracy in the stresses estimation could be significantly limited if the temperature changes significantly during the performance of the test. 3.3 CALIBRATION TESTS

Estimation of stresses by this method requires the previous obtaining of constants A and B. They must be determined experimentally by means of a calibration test in which a prismatic block sample is subjected to a uniform uni-axial compression stress. Strains are recorded in the direction of that principal compression and in the perpendicular one. Tests are repeated twice, a first one before drilling a hole and the second one after drilling it, and A and B are obtained applying the following relationships (from ASTM E 837-95):

( i )cal = ( i )after ( i )before

A=

( 3 )cal + (1 )cal
2 cal

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 4

B=

( 3 )cal (1 )cal
2 cal

Alternatively A and B could be determined from the dimensionless and almost material independent coefficients a and b, given by tables included in ASTM E 837-95 standard, and the values of Young modulus and Poisson ratio of the material tested, applying expressions like (5) and (6) included in the mentioned ASTM standard. The application of these values of a and b requires checking previously that the geometric parameters defining the test (GW, R1, R2, 1 and 2 Figure 1) fulfil the characteristics assumed for deriving those dimensionless values of a and b used in that ASTM standard.

4
4.1

REQUIREMENTS
EQUIPMENT

Electrical resistance strain gauges (at least 3 per measuring point, preferably 6) and material needed for their installation and connection (glue, cables, protections, etc.). Automatic equipment for recording the readings of the strain gauges used. Drilling machine for stone 4.2 PERSONNEL

Technicians performing this test must be experienced on the installation and use of electrical resistance strain gauges and on handling drilling equipment on stone.

INVESTIGATION DESIGN

Selection of points for application of the method should be carefully done taking into account that this is a minor destructive technique in which a minor but perceptible damage is produced in the stone masonry surface and based on previous theoretical analysis of the structure or element under study. Selection of measuring points should be based on this analysis together with an on-site inspection, so that results obtained could be useful to reach conclusions about the problem studied.

6
6.1

ACQUISITIONS
PREPARATION

Stone surface must be prepared before gluing the strain gauges according to normal procedures with this type of sensors. Normally surface preparation is made by a millstone machine until a smooth surface is achieved. In order to avoid experimental problems or anomalous results it is advised to use 6 strain gages instead of the minimum 3. In this case strain in each direction should be obtained by the average of the strains measured by the two gages placed in the same direction.

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 5

Each strain gage is connected by means of a Wheatstones half bridge circuit including a non loaded gage for compensating temperature effects. 6.2 SET-UP

Strains should be recorded during a certain period of time before drilling, in order to register the fluctuations around the zero reading. This period of time should be a minimum of 60 minutes, but longer periods are advisable if significant temperature changes are foreseeable during the duration of the test. 6.3 DATA ACQUISITION

The strain recording procedure should be as follows: a) Measurement of the zero reading of strains (see 6.2). b) After the hole has been drilled, strains are measured again corresponding to the relieved stress situation. They should be recorded during at least 120 minutes, in order to check that any surface heating produced by the drilling process has dissipated and strain readings are stabilised. The effective strains corresponding to the stresses released by drilling are the difference between the strains measured in b) and the strains measured in a). 6.4 DATA STORAGE

It is advisable to use an equipment that records the strain readings during all this process so that the complete test could be reproduced if necessary. Fluctuations of the zero reading in phase a), gives an estimation of the uncertainty of the strain measurements and, consequently, of the real accuracy of the estimated stresses. It is also advisable to record the temperature on the stone surface near the measuring point along the whole test process.

7
-

MEASUREMENT REPORT
Date, time, location and climatic conditions. Positions of points selected for applying the method. Complete information on readings evolution both before and after drilling, in tables, digital files, etc. Inclusion of graphics to illustrate such evolution is strongly recommended. Graphic of evolution of the stone surface temperature near the measuring points along the test process. Values selected for each strain gauge as representative of zero and after releasing stresses readings. Effective released strains in each direction proposed for the calculation of principal stresses as indicated in 8.1

The field report should contain the following information:

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 6

Unless otherwise stated by the end-user requirements, this measurement report and the raw data will become a sub-part of the final report.

8
8.1

ANALYSIS
DATA-PROCESSING

The principal stresses are obtained, from the effective strains corresponding to the stresses released by drilling, by means of the following expressions (from ASTM E 83795):
T p max

(E 3 E1)2 + (E 3 + E1 2 E 2)2 (E1 + E 3) = + 4B 4A

2 2 ( E 3 E1) + (E 3 + E1 2 E 2 ) (E1 + E 3) = 4B 4A

) )

1/ 2

T p min

1/ 2

= 0,5 arctg

E 3 + E1 2 E 2 E 3 E1

where Tpmax is the Maximum Principal Stress, Tpmin is the Minimum Principal stress, is the angle between E1 and Tpmax in a clockwise convention. Once the principal stresses and the angle between them and the strain gauges axes have been obtained, stresses in any other direction could be obtained by application of common expressions of the theory of elasticity. In particular, the vertical stress (Tvertical) can be obtained from:

Tvertical = 0,5 (T p max + T p min ) + 0,5 (T p max T p min ) cos (2 )

where is the angle between the maximum principal stress Tpmax and the vertical direction. A and B for use in the above expressions should be obtained as indicated in 3.2. 8.2 DATA-VISUALISATION

Evolution of the strain readings during the test should be visualized in order to check that they are stable enough and that heating due to the drilling process has dissipated. 8.3 DATA-INTERPRETATION

Measured stresses should be compared with those expected from theoretical structural analysis. Interpretation of any discrepancy should be made together with the structural expert in charge of this structural analysis

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 7

FINAL REPORT

The final report will include: description of object and measurement positions (including photos) relevant information about the structure and condition of the test object (if available) or a hint where these information can be found measurement results, specifically effective strains released in each direction by the drilling process. Expected accuracy in the estimate of such effective released strains. principal stresses and vertical stress estimated at each measuring point conclusions and further required investigations if any. annexes, including the measurement report and the report on the calibration tests performed to obtain constants A and B or on the procedure followed to estimate them (see 3.3).

10

SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS / ENVIRONMENTAL CARE

The general employment protection guidelines have to be applied. Safety requirements on location have to be kept in accordance with the instructions given by the instructing party. In particular the general safety precautions and rules on building sites have to be followed (helmet, safety shoes). For outside measurements the strain gauge measuring equipment should be kept in the vehicle to protect it from influences of the weather.

11

GUIDELINES / STANDARDS

ASTM E 837-95 Standard test method for determining residual stresses by the Holedrilling strain gage method. ASTM E 1237-93 (2003) Standard guide for installing bonded resistance strain gages.

12

LITERATURE / REFERENCES

Barrallo, J., Zulueta, A. and Sanchez Beitia, S., Stress Measurements on Ancient Structures by the Hole Drilling Method, Experimental Techniques Rev.,Vol.19 ,N 3, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Bethel (USA), (1994),pp. 9-13. Zulueta,A., Barrallo, J., and Sanchez Beitia, S., The Donostia Method for Stress Measurements in Architectural Heritage, Strain (Journal of the British Society for Strain Measurements), vol. 35, n 3, august 1999, pp.117-112. The University of Edinburg Ed. Zulueta,A., Barrallo, J., and Sanchez Beitia, S.,El Mtodo Donostia para la Medida de Esfuerzos en Servicio en Patrimonio Arquitectnico, Ingeniera Civil, n 114/1999, pp. 3743. Ed. CEDEX, Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid (Spain), (1999).

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 8

Zulueta, A., Barrallo, J. and Snchez Beitia, S., .El Mtodo Donostia en torno a los 20 Kg/cm2 . Ingeniera Civil, n 1/2002, pp. 20-36.Ed. CEDEX, Ministerio de Fomento, Madrid (Spain), (2002).

Guideline Hole Drilling

D11.1

Page 9