When Barack Obama ran for president in 2007, he campaigned on a platform of increased transparency, on restoring habeas corpus rights,

ramping down the military interventionism of the Bush administration, and reining in Wall Street with increased regulation. Looking back on the record of the Obama administrations first term, it becomes obvious that these promises were mere campaign rhetoric. On the topic of transparency, the Obama administration has demonstrated a commitment to the principle of state secrets that is just as severe as anything done by the Bush administration. One of the most controversial policies of the Bush administration was that of extraordinary rendition, which is a polite phrase for kidnapping. Anyone who was a suspected terrorist or associated with a suspected terrorist was considered fair game, and was hustled off to various countries where they could be tortured legally. In one of the more famous cases of the Bush administrations use of extraordinary rendition, dual Canadian and Syrian citizen Maher Arar was kidnapped at John F. Kennedy Airport in September 2002 on his way home to Canada from a family vacation in Tunis. He was held without charges in solitary confinement in the United States for nearly two weeks, questioned, and denied meaningful access to a lawyer. The US government suspected him of being a member of Al Qaeda and deported him, not to Canada, his current home and the passport on which he was travelling, but to Syria, even though its government is known to use torture. He was detained in Syria for almost a year, during which time he was tortured, according to the findings of a commission of inquiry ordered by the Canadian government, until his release to Canada. The Syrian government later stated that Arar was "completely innocent." A Canadian commission publicly cleared Arar of any links to terrorism, and the government of Canada later settled out of court with Arar. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher_Arar) When Obama was elected in 2008, many people were hopeful that with the new administration would come new attitudes toward kidnapping people with no due process to be sent to torture camps. After all, Obama was a constitutional law professor, so he should know about the importance of due process. Unfortunately, the Obama administration has used the same legal arguments as the Bush administration to justify and prevent investigation of extraordinary rendition: ...Binyam Mohamed, an Ethiopian native, and four other detainees filed suit against a subsidiary of Boeing for arranging flights for the Bush administrations extraordinary rendition program, in which terrorism suspects were secretly taken to other countries, where they say they were tortured. The Bush administration argued that the case should be dismissed because even discussing it in court could threaten national security and relations with other nations. During the campaign, Mr. Obama harshly criticized the Bush administrations treatment of detainees, and he has broken with that administration on questions like whether to keep open the prison camp at Guantnamo Bay, Cuba. But a government lawyer, Douglas N. Letter, made the same state-secrets argument on Monday, startling several judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Is there anything material that has happened that might have caused the Justice Department to shift its views, asked Judge Mary M. Schroeder, an appointee of President Jimmy Carter, coyly referring to the recent election. No, your honor, Mr. Letter replied. Judge Schroeder asked, The change in administration has no bearing?

Once more, he said, No, Your Honor. The position he was taking in court on behalf of the government had been thoroughly vetted with the appropriate officials within the new administration, and these are the authorized positions, he said. The court papers describe horrific treatment in secret prisons. Mr. Mohamed claimed that during his detention in Morocco, he was routinely beaten, suffering broken bones and, on occasion, loss of consciousness. His clothes were cut off with a scalpel and the same scalpel was then used to make incisions on his body, including his penis. A hot stinging liquid was then poured into open wounds on his penis where he had been cut. He was frequently threatened with rape, electrocution and death. -The New York Times February 10, 2009 Obama Backs Off a Reversal on Secrets http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/us/10torture.html?hp&_r=0 Real nice Obama. If that wasnt bad enough, the Obama administration decided to concoct a bitter brew in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 or the NDAA. Signed into law on New Years Eve of 2011, the Act cements into law the presidential power to indefinitely detain even United States Citizens without any kind of due process. In particular, sub-sections 1021 and 1022, which deal with detention of persons the government suspects of involvement in terrorism. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_ Year_2012] Although the Obama administration has argued that these powers already existed in the Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Terrorists resolution passed by the Bush Administration shortly after September 11th, the NDAA enshrines these extraordinary executive powers in specific legal language. Instead of curtailing Bushs abuses, Obama has made them a bipartisan consensus. In fact, the Obama administration has begun using its extraordinary claims to executive power by killing American citizens. Anwar Al-Aulaqi was an American citizen who was assassinated with no due process while he was in Yemen. Although he was a Muslim who gave speeches that were very critical of the United States wars in the Middle East and had communication with known terrorists, there has been no hard evidence that he gave material support to terrorist groups. Two weeks later, Al-Awaqis 16 year old son Abdulrahman al-Aulaqi was killed in a drone strike in Yemen. Instead of gradually ramping down the wars of the Bush administration, the Obama administration has escalated the war in Afghanistan while starting new wars in Libya, Yemen, Pakistan, and Syria. These new wars have been conducted differently than the Iraq and Afghanistan invasions in that they involve financing rebels within the target countries. Unfortunately, the rebels who are being backed by the United States and Europe are largely Muslim extremists with links to Al-Qaeda. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8407047/Li byan-rebel-commander-admits-his-fighters-have-al-Qaeda-links.html] The rebels now fighting in Syria have also been shown to have ties to Al-Qaeda. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/30/al-qaida-rebels-battle-syria]

In addition to foreign policy, the Obama administration has continued the Bush administrations monetary policies. At the end of the Bush administrations tenure, the financial situation was looking dour, with many of the biggest banks on Wall Street in danger of going bankrupt. The Bush administrations response was the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which was a 700 billion dollar government buyout of illiquid or worthless mortgage backed securities being held by big banks. Once Obama took office, he promptly passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which was a 787 billion dollar stimulus package that focused more on investing money on government programs for health care, education, and welfare. While Obamas stimulus package is a better use of money than Bushs, both are dwarfed by the amount of spending that has come from the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States. This spending was intended to be secret, but was pried into public view through the efforts of Representative Ron Paul of Texas and Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. In a study conducted by James Felkerson of the University of MissouriKansas City made possible through this audit, Federal Reserve spending for the purpose of bailing out the banks during the financial crisis was found to be over $29 trillion. 29 trillion dollars is a very big number. So big, in fact, that it could have been used to completely wipe out the United States governments debt, which is currently 16.7 trillion dollars. Instead, the Fed has made near zero percent interest loans available to its mem ber banks, who then proceed to buy treasury bonds that pay as much as 3.5 percent. During one three-month period in 2009, Bank of America borrowed more than $48 billion at rates ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 percent. Meanwhile, the largest U.S. lender tripled its holdings of Treasuries and other taxpayer-backed debt to about $15 billion -securities that yielded 3.5 percent. -[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/26/fedlending-helped-wall-street_n_853884.html] In an even more ridiculous scheme, the Federal Reserve has itself been buying 90 percent of all the net new bonds. -[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-1203/treasury-scarcity-to-grow-as-fed-buys-90-of-new-bonds.html] The insanity of this situation is that the government is buying its own bonds, but insisting that the debt to the Federal Reserve is real and the interest payments must be made. However, it is Federal Reserve policy to turn over a majority of its profits to the Treasury, so in 2012, 88.4 billion dollars were transferred to the Treasury from the Fed. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/federal-reserve-recordprofit_n_2884366.html?utm_hp_ref=business] This convoluted state of affairs takes place because of the Federal Reserves unique position as an independent entity, empowered by government mandate but privately owned. Each Federal Reserve bank, of which there are 12, is owned by private shareholders. The government aspect of the Fed is the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, who operate from Washington D.C. This arrangement suits bankers and bureaucrats, both of whom are able to take advantage of the Federal Reserves ability to create money for their own ends. Why did we get to our present state of affairs? Why did Obama continue with so many of the worst abuses of the Bush administration instead of fulfilling his promises of hope and change? To answer that, let us journey to 1907, the year of a financial collapse similar to the present one. The principal difference between the financial collapse of 1907 and 2007 was the absence of a central bank like the Federal Reserve. The banks in 1907 had to take their chances in a free market. As

a result, when the New York stock market crashed, there was no government mechanism to bail out the big banks. The runs that precipitated the crisis were triggered by rumors that the directors of some trust companies were involved in a failed speculation that resulted in scandalous losses, and had imperiled their institutions deposits. These rumors were later revealed to be unfounded, in the sense that all of New Yorks trust companies were solvent, and emergency loans enabled all but one of those institutions to meet the demands of their depositors. [pg. 2, Economic Effects of Runs on Early Shadow Banks: Trust Companies and the Impact of the Panic of 1907 Carola Frydman* Boston University and NBER Eric Hilt Wellesley College and NBER Lily Y. Zhou Federal Reserve Bank of New York] Instead of a central bank stimulus, famed financier J.P. Morgan intervened to bail out the banks and trust companies that he deemed to be worthy of saving. J.P. Morgan and other big bankers were also provided with 25 million dollars from the Secretary of the Treasury George Cortelyou. While the biggest banks and trusts were bailed out by Teddy Roosevelt and J.P. Morgan, the rest of the United States suffered through a severe contraction in credit. Because of the intensity of the recession, the public began to call for more regulation of the biggest banks and trusts. In 1912, a Congressional committee called the Pujo Committee was convened to investigate the extent of the control exterted by the biggest banks and trusts in the United States. The Committee found that through a network of interlocking directorships in a number of banks and trusts, a few men were able to control 22 billion dollars in assets and completely dominate the economy of the United States. These banks were J.P. Morgan & Co., the First National Bank, the National City Bank, the Guarantee Trust Co., and the Bankers Trust Co. -[Pujo Committee] Three of the primary men who held these interlocking directorships were J.P. Morgan, Thomas Lamont, and George Baker. In response to the public outcry, Senator Nelson Aldrich (a close associate of John D. Rockefeller) created the National Monetary Commission. The purpose of the Commission was to identify the causes of the panic and suggest a plan for the future. -[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907] German-Jewish banker Paul Warburg was one of the principal architects of the Federal Reserve System. He arrived in New York City in 1902 and became a partner in Kuhn, Loeb and Co., a prominent New York investment bank. His brother, Max Warburg, stayed in Germany where he was the director of M.M. Warburg & Co. and was a prominent advisor to Kaiser Wilhelm II. In January of 1907, just before the Panic of 1907, the New York Times published an article by Paul Warburg called Defects and Needs of Our Banking System, -[New York Times, January 6, 1907.] which outlined the need for a Central Bank in the United States, roughly modeled on the German central bank, the Reichsbank. The Reichsbank was a private bank with private shareholders that operated under the control of the German government. With this model in mind, efforts were made to sell the idea of a privately-owned central bank in the United States as a progressive measure designed to prevent panics like the one in 1907 and diminish the power of the big banks. In a 1910 secret meeting on Jekyll Island in Georgia, Senator Nelson Aldrich, his personal secretary Arthur Shelton, former Harvard University professor of economics Dr. A. Piatt Andrew, J.P. Morgan & Co. partner Henry P. Davison,

National City Bank president Frank A. Vanderlip and Kuhn, Loeb, and Co. partner Paul M. Warburg drafted a plan that became known as the Aldrich Plan. The Aldrich Plan would create a National Reserve Association made of 15 district branches. The Reserve Association would be empowered to create money and make loans available to its member banks as well as the United States Government. Since Nelson Aldrich was widely known to be an associate of the biggest bankers in the country, popular opinion of the Aldrich Plan was sour. In 1912, however, Woodrow Wilson was elected president and Democrats obtained a majority in Congress on a platform of wresting the immense power of the banks and trusts into the hands of the government. Unfortunately, the Federal Reserve Act that the Democrats came up with looked a lot like the Aldrich Plan, with a little government oversight thrown in. The essence of a privately owned but government backed central bank remained. The Federal Reserve Act was passed by the Senate on Christmas Eve, 1913. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York issued 203,053 shares, and, as filed with the Comptroller of the Currency May 19, 1914, the large New York City banks took more than half of the outstanding shares. The Rockefeller Kuhn, Loebcontrolled National City Bank took the largest number of shares of any bank, 30,000 shares. J.P. Morgans First National Bank took 15,000 shares. When these two banks merged in 1955, they owned in one block almost one fourth of the shares in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which controlled the entire system, and thus they could name Paul Volcker or anyone else they chose to be Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. -[p.33, Eustace Mullins, Secrets of the Federal Reserve] The headquarters of the New York Federal Reserve at the time were located at 120 Broadway in New York City in the Equitable Building. This address and the immediate area around it take on immense importance when one sees a list of all of the banks and corporations that were headquartered there. These include: American International Corp 120 Broadway National City Bank 55 Wall Street Bankers Trust Co Bldg 14 Wall Street New York Stock Exchange 13 Wall Street/12 Broad Morgan Building corner Wall & Broad Federal Reserve Bank of NY 120 Broadway Equitable Building 120 Broadway Bankers Club 120 Broadway William Boyce Thompson 14 Wall Street Chase National Bank 57 Broadway Soviet Bureau 110 West 40th Street John MacGregor Grant Co 120 Broadway Stone & Webster 120 Broadway General Electric Co 120 Broadway Morris Plan of NY 120 Broadway Sinclair Gulf Corp 120 Broadway Guaranty Securities 120 Broadway Guaranty Trust 140 Broadway

In 1916 the cashier of the Berlin Equitable Life office was William Schacht, the father of Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht later to become Hitler's banker, and financial genie. William Schacht was an American citizen, worked thirty years for Equitable in Germany, and owned a Berlin house known as "Equitable Villa." Before joining Hitler, young Hjalmar Schacht served as a member of the Workers and Soldiers Council (a soviet) of Zehlendoff; this he left in 1918 to join the board of the Nationalbank fur Deutschland. His codirector at DONAT was Emil Wittenberg, who, with Max May of Guaranty Trust Company of New York, was a director of the first Soviet international bank, Ruskombank. -[Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution] Shortly thereafter, World War 1 began on July 28th, 1914. The privately owned European Central banks had been funding their respective countrys military build-up, and with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the continent exploded. As Europe descended into a morass of trench warfare, the United States seemed to be spared the misery of a senseless war. However, despite Woodrow Wilsons pledge to stay out of the war, after Wilson was re-elected in 1916, he declared war on Germany in April of 1917. The British navy had been blockading German ports since the beginning of World War 1, but Wilsons stated reasons for entering the war on the side of the Allies was that Germany had resumed its policy of using submarines to torpedo any vessel that approached British or French ports and the Zimmerman Telegram. The Zimmerman Telegram was written by Arthur Zimmerman who was the State Secretary for Foreign Affairs in the German Empire, and it contained a request for Mexico to declare war on the United States in the event of the United States declaring war on Germany. With the Zimmerman Telegram, Arthur Zimmerman may have unwittingly provided the United States with a reason to enter World War 1, but that was probably because he was too busy making accommodations for the Communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin to enter Russia. Zimmerman and his superior, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, approved, facilitated, and financed ... Lenin's transit to Russia, ...to aid in the disintegration of the Russian army and so eliminate Russia from World War I.-[Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution] It was through this method that, in April 1917, Lenin was able to make his way from Switzerland, through Germany, to Petrograd, Russia to begin the Bolshevik Revolution. The German government wasnt the only power trying to provoke a Communist revolution in Russia. In August of 1917, a group of Wall Street financiers and doctors made a trip to Russia in what was overtly a Red Cross mission. Included in the group was William Boyce Thompson, who was a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the most prominent and powerful of the Federal Reserve Banks. Also on board were representatives from Chase National Bank and National City Bank. On February 2, 1918, the Washington Post reported: William B. Thompson, who was in Petrograd from July until November last, has made a personal contribution of $1,000,000 to the Bolsheviki for the purpose of spreading their doctrine in Germany and Austria. From Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution: Hermann Hagedorn's biography The Magnate: William Boyce Thompson and His Time (1869-1930) reproduces a photograph of a cablegram from J.P. Morgan in New York to W. B. Thompson, "Care American Red Cross, Hotel Europe, Petrograd." The cable is date-stamped, showing it was received at Petrograd "8-Dek 1917" (8 December 1917), and reads:

New York Y757/5 24W5 Nil Your cable second received. We have paid National City Bank one million dollars as instructed Morgan. The National City Bank branch in Petrograd had been exempted from the Bolshevik nationalization decree the only foreign or domestic Russian bank to have been so exempted. Hagedorn says that this million dollars paid into Thompson's NCB account was used for political purposes. With the help of the United States, the Allies were able to win World War 1 by the end of 1918 and set about deciding the terms of the Central Powers defeat. These terms took concrete form in the Treaty of Versaille, which took 13 percent of Germanys territory, demanded extensive reparations payments, and assigned the blame for the war on Germany. Max Warburg was a German delegate to the Treaty of Versaille negotiations. Also created after World War 1 was the League of Nations, the first attempt at a global government, and the Bank for International Settlements, which was a global central bank whose board of directors consisted of the heads of all the central banks of the time. These included the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the Reichsbank of Germany, and others. The BIS was ostensibly created to handle the transfer of reparations payments from Germany to the Allies. When the burden of reparations payments became so extreme that Germany could scarcely make them without bankrupting the country, the Allies developed what became the Dawes Plan, named after banker Charles Dawes, who headed the plan. He and Owen Young (who was president of General Electric) were the United States representatives on the Allied Committee of Experts, which arranged for loans to be made to Germany from Wall Street banks. What was the Dawes Plan became the Young Plan in 1928. Under this plan, reparations payments were only acceptable as money, not goods. The loans to Germany that these plans made possible were able to temporarily paper over German hyperinflation and give Germany its own roaring twenties. Also significant was that, under the Young Plan, Wall Street banks like National City Bank provided loans that made the dominance of the German cartels possible. National City Bank provided a 35 million dollar loan for German General Electric or A.E.G. and a 30 million dollar loan for the creation of I.G. Farben. Both General Electric and I.G. Farben were international corporations that operated in both the United States and Germany before and during World War 2. Both of these international corporations were of primary importance to the military build up of Germany prior to World War 2. The names on the Board of Directors of American I.G. Farben in 1930 produce some interesting revelations. The following U.S. citizens were on the board of American I.G. Farben: Edsel B. Ford of the Ford Motor Company, C.E. Mitchell, director of the Federal Reserve Bank of N.Y. and National City Bank, Walter Teagle, director of the Federal Reserve Bank of N.Y. and Standard Oil, and Paul Warburg, of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the Bank of Manhatten. Also on the board were the German citizens Max Ilgner of German I.G. Farben, Herman Schmitz, president of German I.G. Farben, director of Deutsche Bank and the Bank for International Settlements and Fritz Ter Meer. All of these German citizens were found to be guilty of war crimes at the Nuremburg War Crimes Trials. On the Board of Directors of German I.G. Farben in the late 1920s were Carl Bosch, Fritz ter Meer, Kurt Oppenheim, George von Schnitzler, and Max Warburg, the brother of Paul Warburg. All of these men except Max Warburg were

charged as war criminals after World War 2. [Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler] Max Warburg also served under Hjalmar Schacht in the Nazi Reichsbank until 1938, when he fled to New York City because the Nazis confiscated M.M. Warburg & Co.. As these German cartels were being created and funded by Wall Street bankers, the Great Depression began. In 1929, the stock market crashed and sent the United States and the world into the greatest depression the world had ever seen. The reason the depression was so bad was that it followed the greatest inflationary boom the world had ever seen, the roaring 20s. After World War 1 was finished, the Federal Reserve had already created a lot of currency to finance the war effort. Despite that, the Federal Reserve expanded credit, by setting below market interest rates and low reserve requirements that favored big banks, and the money supply actually increased by about 60% [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Twenties#Economic_policies] These policies directly created the credit bubble that burst in 1929. When the bubble burst, the Fed decided to reign in its inflationary policies and brought interest rates back up, plunging the United States into the Great Depression. The Wall Street banks who were the primary shareholders in the Fed were like kids in a candy store, as they were now able to buy up assets for a fraction of what they cost only a year earlier. And, since they still had access to discount window loans, there was no chance of them suffering the ill effects of the Depression. As these bankers were profiting off of the misery of most of the world, they found time to finance Hitlers rise to power in 1933. On February 20th, 1933, just before the Reichstag Fire on February 27th, a meeting organized by the soon-to-be head of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht raised 500,000 marks from representatives of I.G. Farben for Hitlers election. German General Electric later made a contribution of 60,000 marks. Both of these were international corporations with prominent Wall Street bankers on their American boards. German General Electric had three Americans on its board, including Gerard Swope. At the same time as Hitler was seizing power in Germany, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was being elected president in the United States. Once FDR was president, he began to consider different proposals for recovery plans. The plan that ultimately became the New Deal was called the Swope Plan, because it was written by Gerard Swope of General Electric. The Swope Plan demanded cooperation in industry through government overseen trade associations that would determine wages and prices, but also removed all industry from the anti-trust laws. [Wall Street and FDR] The Swope Plan became the New Deal with legislation like the National Industrial Recovery Act. This act created government agencies like the National Recovery Administration. The NRA was directed by Gen. Hugh S. Johnson, a prominent general who had worked closely with the War Industries Board-[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Samuel_Johnson] under Bernard Baruch during World War 1. During his time at the NRA, Johnson gave copies of The Corporate State by a favorite economist of Mussolini to his staff, including Labor Secretary Frances Perkins. Johnsons top three advisors at the NRA were Gerard Swope, president of General Electric, Walter C. Teagle, of Standard Oil of New Jersey, and Louis Kirstein of William Filene's Sons, the retail merchants. [Wall Street and FDR] An example of how the NRA benefitted big business by forcing industries into cooperative trade associations can be seen in the steel industry. U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Steel controlled a majority of the market in the 1930s. J.P.

Morgan Jr. and Thomas Lamont were on the board of U.S. Steel and Percy Rockefeller was on the board of Bethlehem Steel. When the NRA forced all the companies in the steel industry into one trade association, these two companies controlled nearly 50 percent of the votes in the association. This dominance enabled them to control the prices and wages of the entire system. By 1935, the National Recovery Administration was found to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court found that the regulatory powers of the NRA were an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power to the executive branch.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration] The United States had a strong constitutional bulwark that was able to temporarily thwart the ambitions of corporate socialists like Gerard Swope, but Germany was not so lucky. After financing Hitlers rise to power, international corporations like I.G. Farben, General Electric, and Standard Oil set about the task of re-creating the German war machine. I.G. Farben was the most prominent corporation involved in the German war economy and from 1927 to 1939, I.G. Farben doubled in size. [Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler] By 1943, in the middle of World War II, I.G. Farben produced one hundred percent of the synthetic rubber, methanol, and lubricating oil used by the Nazi government. It produced 95 percent of the poison gas, including zyklon B, used to kill Jews in the concentration camps, 90 percent of the plastics, 84 percent of the explosives and 70 percent of the gunpowder. In 1939 I.G. was sold $20 million of high-grade aviation gasoline by Standard Oil of New Jersey.-p.35, Anthony Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler Walter Teagle of Standard Oil and the National Recovery Administration was on the board of American I.G. Farben, making the sale go smoothly. Throughout World War II, the Bank for International Settlements continued its operations as a central bank for central banks that had representatives of the Reichsbank, the Federal Reserve, and the Bank of England on its board of directors. In the years before World War 2, Nazi Germany made a number of aggressive moves, including annexing Austria in 1938. Using the Bank for International Settlements as an intermediary, looted Austrian gold was transferred to the German Reichsbank. In March of 1939, Germany invaded and conquered Czechoslovakia. The Nazis demanded that the countrys gold reserves, which totaled 48 million dollars, be transferred to the Reichsbank. When the Czech government told the Nazis that the gold was in an account at the Bank of England, the Nazis forced the Czech directors to ask the Bank for International Settlements to request the gold from the Bank of England. When Montagu Norman, the Governor of the Bank of England received the request, he immediately obliged, and the gold was transferred through the BIS to the Reichsbank. Also at this time, Thomas McKittrick became president of the BIS and remained there throughout World War 2. During his tenure, the Bank for International Settlements seized 228 million dollars worth of gold that was being sent from the Belgian central bank to the Bank of France and re-routed it to the Reichsbank through Dakar, North Africa. At the end of the war, McKittrick found that there was a job waiting for him at the Rockefeller-held Chase National Bank of New York, where he worked until 1954. After World War 2 was over and Nazi Germany was conquered, the Soviet Union became the primary rival to the United States power worldwide. Despite this, many banks and corporations that were based in the United States contributed to the industrial and technological advancement of the USSR. After returning to the United States from a trip to the Soviet Union to promote trade between the two countries,

W. Averell Harriman reported to the State Department in 1944 that "Stalin paid tribute to the assistance rendered by the United States to Soviet industry before and during the War. Stalin said that about two-thirds of all the large industrial enterprises in the Soviet Union has been built with the United States' help or technical assistance." [The Best Enemy Money Can Buy] The Ford Motor Company and General Electric both provided technology and industrial equipment to the Soviet Union. The Ford Motor Company built an enormous truck factory in NizhniNovgorod in the Soviet Union that became known as the Gorki Plant. This plant produced many of the military trucks used by the North Vietnamese against United States troops throughout the Vietnam War. The largest truck plant in the world at the time was built at Kama River in the late 1960s with the help of American contractors and finance. Financing for the building of the plant was provided by the Rockefeller-controlled Chase Manhattan bank. Under the policy of dtente with the Soviet Union, Henry Kissinger sold President Nixon on the idea that giving military technology to the Soviets would temper their global territorial ambitions. [The Best Enemy Money Can Buy] Why did the same international corporations and banks fund the growth of the Soviet Union, the rise of National Socialism in Germany, and the progressive socialism of Wilson and FDR? The answer is that they all provided a centralized control mechanism for the domination of a captive market. With the Communists in the Soviet Union controlling the entirety of the countrys economy, there were only a few people that had to be dealt with in order to obtain government contracts that were collectively worth billions of dollars. In the case of Nazi Germany, the recipients of the contracts to rebuild Germanys war machine stood to reap immense profits. In the United States, the formation of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as a privately held but publicly mandated issuer of credit gave the Robber Barons of the early 20th century control over the nations money supply. Since it was the same international corporations and banks that were creating all of these developments, they knew the industrial capacity of each nation and that the United States was the deciding factor in determining the victor of World War One and Two. By manipulating the economies of each country through their respective central banks, these men created the Great Depression of the 1930s. They then used the popular anger that was sparked by the Depression to bring both FDR and Hitler to power in 1933. FDRs New Deal created the National Recovery Administration which cemented the already existing private monopolies into government mandated trade associations in which the dominant members of a particular industry then set all wages and prices for the industry in a plan written by General Electric. Nazi Germany also created a corporate state in which the largest corporations were merged with the German government for the so-called benefit of the nation. Both of these ideologies suited the biggest corporations and banks well, and they profited handsomely from both. Another benefit of funding the build up of two countries that are ostensibly enemies is the fear generated in both countries of the other. This fear is easily translated into political power and repressive government measures to control the population. After World War 2, this technique was used with the United States and the Soviet Union to justify nearly any war or repressive domestic policy. In the present day, we can see the same forces and techniques at work. Both George W. Bush and Barack Obama have passed big government programs that place big business in the drivers seat, such as the Obama health care law that

forces Americans to buy private insurance or pay a fine. Communist China is now home to more so-called capitalist enterprises and factories than the United States precisely because of the extensive control the Chinese government wields to keep wages low. The technique of funding both sides of a conflict to maintain a police state at home can be seen in the Obama administrations funding of Muslim extremists in Lybia and Syria while providing extensive aid to Israel. The problem the people of the world face is a common misinterpretation of the political spectrum, with capitalism on one end and communism on the other. The free market is often demonized as the venue in which big business is able to obtain monopolies. In reality, the biggest capitalists prefer a communist or socialist system that they control because it increases their monopolistic domination. In a society with no competition and only forced cooperation, there is no possibility of any challenge to big business power. This is the true ideology of the power that rules the world, the ideology of corporate socialism. This is where the idea of To Big to Fail comes from. This is why the profits of big banks are private, but their losses are put on the tax-payer. The only way that humanity can escape the possibility of World War 3 or another Great Depression is to understand the true architecture of power. Only when the real nature of power is identified can there be any hope of a rebellion against it. This rebellion has to be about freedom from both government and private power.

this group of Wall Street bankers and businessmen who were centered at 120 Broadway in New York City profited from extensive contracts with the German and American governments to produce their respective war machines.

On May 1st, 1918, when the Bolsheviks controlled only a small fraction of Russia (and were to come near to losing even that fraction in the summer of 1918), the American League to Aid and Cooperate with Russia was organized in Washington, D.C. to support the Bolsheviks. This was not a "Hands off Russia" type of committee formed by the Communist Party U.S.A. or its allies. It was a committee created by Wall Street with George P. Whalen of Vacuum Oil Company as Treasurer and Coffin and Oudin of General Electric, along with Thompson of the Federal Reserve System, Willard of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and assorted socialists. When we look at the rise of Hitler and Naziism we find Vacuum Oil and General Electric well represented. Ambassador Dodd in Germany was struck by the monetary and technical contribution by the Rockefeller-controlled Vacuum Oil Company in building up military gasoline facilities for the Nazis. The Ambassador tried to warn Roosevelt. Dodd believed, in his apparent naivet of world affairs, that Roosevelt would intervene, but Roosevelt himself was backed by these same oil interests and Walter Teagle of Standard Oil of New Jersey and the NRA was on the

board of Roosevelt's Warm Springs Foundation. So, in but one of many examples, we find the Rockefeller-controlled Vacuum Oil Company prominently assisting in the creation of Bolshevik Russia, the military build-up of Nazi Germany, and backing Roosevelt's New Deal. -[Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler]

Beginning in 1933, Max Warburg served directly under Hjalmar Schacht on the board of the Reichsbank, under the Nazi regime, before emigrating in 1938. Max Warburg served on the board of directors of Interessen Gemeinschaft Farben or I.G. Farben, the giant German chemical firm that produced Zyklon B gas used in Nazi extermination camps. His brother Paul Warburg served on the board of directors of I.G. Farben's wholly owned American subsidiary. (However, Paul Warburg died in January 1932, before Hitler was elected Chancellor.) The Kilgore Committee Report of 1942 indicated that all I.G. Farben board members had precise and prior knowledge that Zyklon B was being used to murder civilians in concentration camps, with no attempt made to halt production of the gas after such murders were understood. I.G. Farben was crucially instrumental in funding the rise to power of the Nazi Party, and also in building up the industrial and war-making capabilities of Germany once the Nazis were in power while simultaneously attempting to restrict industrial production materials to countries marked for invasion by Nazi Germany, all of this to such a degree that all German board members other than Max Warburg were charged after World War II as war criminals. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_family#American_and_German_Warburgs]

The problem is one of false ideologies. New Deal = National Socialism = Communism but all of these are actually corporate socialism, which is government enforced monopoly. By funding certain candidates and causing revolutions the bankers are able to play countries off against each other and acheive incredible power through repressive police state and surveillence measures. WW1, WW2, Cold War, War on Terror all contrived conflicts manipulated by bankers to acheive world control. The new banker funded ideologies/paradigms are extreme islam vs. zionism/christian zionism The National Recovery Administration was a corporate socialist New Deal creation that encouraged monopoly. Ultimately it was found to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. This shows how the constitution can protect against corporate socialist abuses and why undermining it is so dangerous.