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Introduction
Objective
s-ary
Key Words FurtherReadings Answers to SAQs
In every building, finishes are provided as a part of the final treatment to dl the surfaces of walls, ceilings, floors, wood work, metal work, etc., both internallyand externally. These could be in the form of different types of plastering, diskemper, colour washing, snowcem,painting, varnishing,flooring, wall tiles, papering, finishes to concrete surfaces ctc. These building finishcs or treatments perform, two major functions : They provide a pmlective coating to the surfaces, This helps in preserving and i) protecting thematerialsused in the buildingconstructionfromenvironmental effects like heat, frost, and rain water. They provide decorativefinish or treatment which adds to the aesthetic ii) appearance of the surfaces andthe building. In this unit, our particular emphasis will be onmodern decorative treatments andfinisheson different surfaces in a building. Any brand names mentioned in the text are only for illustration andeducational purposes, andshouldnot bc construedasrecommendation for useofany particularproduct/finish.
Objectives
At the end of this unit you should be able to * describe decorative finishesfor differentsurfacesina building
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clistinguishbetween the effecl-ivenessof differentfinishes for the same surface and choosetliemostappropriate. describe the procedure for carryingoutaparticular fmishandtheprecautionsrequired tobc observed duringexecution.
Miscellaneous Materials
7 . 2 . 1 Stucco Plaster
"Stucco" is the name given to an eye catching decorative plaster which is used both on interior and exterior walls. The stucco plastered surface has an attractive appearance, which closely resembles marble finish. Let us see how it is applied.
i) ii)
iii)
iv)
After preparing thewall surface, the first coat of lime plaster is applied in thickness of 12mm.This is called scratch or rough coat. After drying of the scratch coat, the second coat also known as finer or brown coat of lime plaster, which is richer in lime, is applied in thickness of 9mm. After drying of the second coat, the finishining coat of thickness 3mm is applied. This consists of a mixture of frnest h e and well powdered white stone likemarble or quartz. Now, the fishing coat is polished properly, initially with linen bag containing moist chalk and then with oil and chalk. The surface is finally rubbed with oil only and finishedperfectlysmooth. After preparing the surface, the first coat of composite mortar 1cement :3sand mixture with 10% by weight of hydrated lime is applied on the surface upto 12mm thick. When the first coat has been cured and dried, second coat of same composition as first coat is applied in thickness of 9 m .
i)
ii)
The finishing coat consisting of 1cement : 2 sand is now applied in thickness of 3mm after second coat has been cured and dried. In case you desire colour finish, then colouredcement may be usedin this coat. We will now discuss some special and decorative external finishes for plastered surfaces.
iii)
The roughcast hishisdurable, resistant to cracking andcrazingand is consideredwaterproof by adding water proofing agents to the mortar. Icoloured finish is desired then suitable colouringpigments canbe added.This fmishis preferred for buildings which aresubjected to heavy rainfall and strong winds. This finish is shown in the Figure 7.1
7.2.3 Pebble
- dash Finish
In this type, initially a rendering coat of 1:3 cement sand mortar and 12mm thickness is applied to the surface. When this m o w is still fresh small dry pebbles or crushed stones of size lOmm to 20mm are dashed or thrownagainstit. Then thepebblesare lightlypressedand tappedinto themortarwith awooden float.
The finish obtained is similar to rough cast fmish and is effective against heavy rainfall and strong winds. This finish is shown in the Figure 7.2
This is another variety of rough cast finish. The rendering coat is same as that for Pebble Dash. When it is still wet, pikces of gravel or ilht of different colours are pressedwith hand into this mortar. You canobtainbeautiful coloursand ornamental patterns in this type offinish.
Decorative Finishes
@) Ribbed Texture
Misccllaaeous Materinb
a) Plaster of Paris
When finelyground gypsum rock is heated to a temperature between 100 and 1 4 0 ' C, three-fourths of the combined water passes off assteam. The residue is known as Plaster of Paris which hardens in3 to 4 minutes on addition of water aiid hence retarders like glue, sodium citrate etc arc added in small amounts. Plaster of Paris is used for cast ornamental plaster work ininleriors.
b) Keene's Cement
This is obtained'hycalcining plaster of Paris withalum. It is the hardest form of gypsum plaster and sets within a few days. It is white in colour and call take high glass 1 % polish. It is used for internal plasteringand in situations like skirtings.It is also used for ornamental work and highly decorativeplaster tinishesbecauseofitsgoodpolishiugcharacterislics.
c) Parian Cement
This is obtained by calcining plaster of Paris with borax. It is cheaper than Keene's cement and issuitable for largeareaswhich areintendcd to be painted at the earliest.
d) Martin's Cement
In this case plaster of paris is calcined with pearl ash. It is quick sctling, and gives white hard surface on drying. It is consideredsuitable for internal work.
This material is produced by slakingplaster of paris in petroleum. This is also quick setting and giveswhite hard surface.It has high fire resistance and is therefore used in internal fireresistanceplasteringwork.
f) Scagliola
This material is obtainedby dissolving keene's cement and suitable colouring pigments in glue. It has the appearance of imitation marble, and isused for columns, panels, etc.
This is also an imitation marble, which is set upon a smooth surface, and is formed by m k b g Keene's cementand colours.
h) Barium Blaster
This plaster material is made froin barium sulphate and is used in the final coat of plaster to the walls of X-rayrooms in hospitals.It acts as a protection to the personnel and technicians working in these rooms, as it,absorbs X-rays.
i) Acoustic Plaster
This is a proprietary~aterialwhi~h consists of gypsum mixtures conlbitled with water and used as final coat in plastering.This plaster undergoes il chemical reaction releasing gas bubbles and hence fornling tiny openings in plaster coat. Thus a honey conlbed surface is obtained which absorbs thesound. This acoustic plaster is applied in two coats of Gmin thickness each and lillished with awooden float.
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steel float on the rough surface on which white cement slurry has been applied. Now a coat of white cement and lime is given to get a smooth finish. To obtain black streaks, white cement is mixed with black oxide colour and is applied randomly on the surface to get the desired design and levelledsmoothly by a steel float. The final surface is cured for two days. This plaster surface is easily washable, requiresno painting, is weather resistant and requires little maintenance. This finish canbe seen inFigure 7.5.
Decorative Finishes
~dr~mix preparedwith is one part white cement andone part coarsedolomite powder. Different shades are obtained by adding suitable pigments while dry mixing. The mortar is and applied on the walls with a steel float.The surface is levelled with gentle pressure. It is then curedwith water for 48 hours. Finally, chiselling is done to obtain Ashlarstone finish. This finish is shown in Figure 7.6.
n) Grit Wash
This is permanent decorative finish used on external walls.Here also the basesurface should be rough and even. Firstly, panels are prepared of thedesired design on thesurface with batten strips. Now mortar consisting of white cement, dolomite powder and aggregate chips or grit in the ratio of 1:1:2.5 is applied. The surface is levelled with a float applying gentle pressure. After the initial setting, say after about 1 to2 hours, the surface is scrubbedgently with a nylon brush and water. Now the cement on the surface of chips is washedaway thus exposing the aggregates. It is also called exposed aggregate plaster. This Finish is shown in figure 7.7
o) Tyrolean Plaster
This fmish is used in interiors and exteriors to obtain a long lasting andmaintenance frcc plaster. It is a sand h c e spray plaster coating, which is easy to apply. The mkconsists of 3 parts white cement,1 part marble powder and 1 part coarse white sand or fine grains of marble chips (No. ' 0 ' )by volumc. Calour, pigments are added to achieve desiredshades. This plastering is applied in two to three coats. After proper curing the finishedsurface is left to dry. In order to avoid accumulation of dust; a coat of silicon should be appliedon perfectly dry surface. This Finish shown in Figure 7.8
Miscellaneous Mnlcrials
a) b)
Distinctive finishingcan be obtained by use of saw or timber boards. This effect can beedanced by deliberatelyusing boardslforms of unequal ~hickness. Finishing may be emphasized by fixing angle fillets over the joints of boards. The fillets should bevery lightly fmed to the shuttering. When formwork is stripped, the fillets swollen with moisture from concrete should be left in place. As they dry, they will shrink and fall out. Pleasing effecl can also be obtained by~sin~carefullycreated planedboards together with fillet treatment. This finish is shown in Figure 7.9. If it is desired to hide the faint grain markings left by the planed board, then the concretesurfaceshouldbewire brushed to remove laitance, and treatedwith any concrete paint. A plain smooth surface may be obtained by lining the formwork with thin mctal sheet or plywood. The plywood should be resin-bonded type so as no1 to be affected by moisture. Plywood should be paintedtopreventgrainreproduction. Very pleasing effect may be obtained by using linings of wall board or hessian. Where hessian is used, it should be of a coarse texture to obtain the weave pattern. It shouldbewellstretched and be turnedover the edges of shutteringat joints, as otherwise,concrete is liable to work up behind it. Moulding, flutes, reeds, letteringanddecorative featuresmay be reproducedby futingappropriate insets in theshuttering. Plaster moulds should be used where high degree of finish is required or complicated designs are to be reproduced. Such moulds should be of stick and 'rog' type that is, the plaster is reinforced with sticks and strips of canvas. They are generally used once only and where undercut work is beingproduced, it can be broken awaywithout damage to concrete. The expense of such moulds is offset by the high degree of decorative finish obtained thus obviating the need for any retouching of concrete. This Finish can be seen in Figure 7.10.
c)
d)
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I
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f)
Very pleasing effect can be obtained by using textures impendedin rubber and plastic form liners.
Exposed Aggregate finishes The colour, texture and shape of coarse aggregate can be usedadvantageouslybyexposing it. This can be done by various methods. One of the methods is called "The face up method". Here a base of ordinary concreteis cast, screeded and trowelled flat.This surface is Lhen covercd unifornilywith the desired aggregate. It is then floated into the surface and again trowelled flat. When the initial set is about to take place, a thin layer of cement paste is carefully removed by washing the surface with alight spray ofwater. The results are quite pleasing if small aggregatevarying from 10mm to 20mm are used. If the cement film is to be removedwitl~in 48 hours of casting, then the surface may be scrubbed with stiffbrushes andwater or dry brushedwith a stiff fibreor wire brush. Care milst be taken to see that concrete is sufficiently hard so as not to dislodge the aggregate. This Finish is shown in Figure 7.12.
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@)
Misccllqr~eous Materials
i)
Use of Retarding Agent Another way to achieve the objective is to apply a retarding agent to the surface of the concrete after trowelling.After about 16 hours, when the rest of the concrete hasset, the retardedsurfacepaste canbe brushed andwashed off easily. A retarder can also be used as a coating on the formwork so as to retard the concrete in contact with the formwork. It can be painted on to the formwork or a cloth impregnated with the retarder can line the formwork. You can use this for casting both horizontal andvertical surfaces. The horizontal casting is used in precast elements,where the prefabricated panels are cast face down with the retarding form at the bottom. A special facing mix may be used consisting of aggregates possessing good colour, texture and shape, together with whiteor coloured cement.Plain concrete is then cast on top to form anintepal panel. However thisapproach isreplacedbytheprepacked aggregate methodin vertical casting. What kind of retarder one may use, you may ask ? Well, the quantity andqualityofretarderdepends on the depth of cxposure of the aggregate,youdesire. A water-insoluble retarder isrecommended for exposure to a depth of upto 3mm, while water soluble retarders will give greater exposure.Generallythedepthof exposure shouldnot exceed one-third of the average diameter ofthe aggregate to be exposed. The size of aggregate can also be determineddependingon the depth of texture and the distance at which texture should be visible. Some relevant information is given in Table 1. Table 1: Visibility Scale for Exposed Aggregate Concrete
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ii)
'Acid Etchingn;Vashing This consists of applying liberal washings of hydrochloric acid solution of approximately one part acid to six parts of water. The acid attacks the cement and enables it to be brushed off. If the solution has no effect, it should be graduallystrengthened. Following precautionsmust be observed:
Workers must wear rubber gloves. down thoroughly with clean water to remove all traces of the acid solution.
- When sufficient penetration has been achieved the work must be waslled - The surface should be treated with an alkaline solution to neutralize any
traces of acid - This treatment must not be applied on concretc made with carbonate aggregates like limestones, dolomites and marbles. Sand-Bedding Technique This is used gainfully when large aggregates arc required to be exposed, or when special effects like flat-stone arrangement is required. T o begin with, a bed of sandas usedinconcrete is spread, and the desired aggregate is embedded in it to the required depth=This layer is then dampened and consolidated, and structural concrete is cast on top of i t When concretc has hardened, the cast panel is removed and excess sand is washed off its facc. This technique permits depth of exposure of 12 to 50mm of the aggregate, which is much greater than what is possiblewith retarding agents.
Ti)
c)
Mechanical Finishes This method involvesabrasive action and fraction processes. In abrasive action we have the use of "Sand Blasting"for obtaining exposed aggregate by abrasing of the hardened paste. Light sand blastingmay be used to obtain lightly roughened surface without ex-
Decornlive Finishes
posing aggregate. It can also exposc 1lie aggregate lo a depth of 12mm. However, by usingrubbertcmplatcstoprotcclprcdetcrmincdareasnfconcrete,veyplcasant designs call bc obtained by use o l sand blasting as can be scen in Figure7.13.
A bush hammer lias a series of pyramidal tecth on its facc, andca~ibe hand, pneumaticor
electricallyoperated. Powcaopcraledcqaaipnic~itisesscntialforlargeswfaces.
Mlscellsneous Materials
The m a i n characteristic ofbush hammeringis that it not onlyremoves the outer cement film, but also breaks some of the exposedaggregate, giving a bright, colourful and interesting facade. Very pleasing effects may be obtained by carefully selecting aggregates, which may be larger &an thoseforthe exposedaggregate finish, to produce the requiredfinish. Concrete mustbe at least three weeks old before it is bush hammered as otherwise there is danger ofwhole pieces of aggregate being dislodged. This finish can be seen in Figure 7.14.
MOSAIC
SYNTHETIC MARBLE
CRAZY MARBLE
GALICIIA
is 2 t o 3 times more than the conventional method. The bed adhesive mortar thickness is 1 to 2mm only. For heavy tiles like marble, polymer based, ready to
MlsceUnneous Materials
b)
c)
d)
use tile adhesive can be used. Were the thickness of layer should not exceed 5mm. The consumption of this adhesive varies between 1.5 to 2.5 k m2 depending upon type of tiles and the bonding strength 0f2.20 N/mm can be achieved The flooring tiles in India are manufacturedgenerally in square sizes of 200 x200mm, 250 x250mm and 300 x3Otlmm. One of the brand names is SomaniTiles amongseveral other. Ceramic Tiles Ceramic tiles mine in tremendous range of colows, patterns and designs which include even sculptured tiles. The tiles finishcs include glazed, unglazed, texturedglaze (matt) and abrasive finish. These tiles are popularly used for decorative effect throughout the buildingsboth for exterior and interior surfaces where sanitation, stain resistance, easy cleanability, low maintenance cost combinedwith beauty and elegance is desired. Tiles to be used on external surfacesshouldbe frost proof andshould have lowwater absorption. Glazed ceramic tiles are not suitable for the external use. Ceramic tiles often come mounted onto sheets with some type of backing o n the sheet or between the tiles to hold them together. Tiles less than sixsquare inchcs in area are ternledas nlosaics and are available in sheet form. The Cerrunic tiles 13 finishcs can be seen in Figure 7.16. These tiles can be laid by means of mortar bed or iia thin bcd proccss. The surface should be even, flat but rough. The paper bacltingis stripped offwith water after the furingof the tile. Ira the thin bed process, the tiles art: fixed with hydraulicor ilormally drying mortar or by adhesive. Spccial adhesives are spread about 2 to 3mm thick onto the base or tothe pieces with a toothed scraper. Then the ceramic tile is funnly pressed in. 'Flie joints ahout lmm thick are filled upwith ajoint mortar or a joint mastic on a synthetic material base. For this purpose, a rubber disc or sponge is used. Joil~t mastic is sold in tubes in different colours in ready to use form. The mastic is pressed into the joint by a immediately. nylon nozzle. Any smudges of mastic should he re~novcd Ceramic tiles are availablein plain and printed designs in a wide range of colours. The ceramic tiles come in sizes of 20(1 X 200, 200 X 100,200 x 250, 300 x 300mm. There is a wide range of brand names, a few are S p t c k , Regency, Naveen, Kajaria, etc. Granamite Vitrified Floor Tiles The floors used in homes have to resist materials like sand which has hardness of 7 on the Moh scale and has, therefore, strong scratching power which ordinary floors cannot take. The only tile which call resis~ this cffect is a fully vitrified floor tile.This tile ismanufacturedat high pressures and tempcratures so that the entire tile becomes one homogeneous rock like mass. The principle involved is similar to the one which helps transform coal into diamond. This tile is claimed to be twice as strong as granite with 1.5 times impact rcsistance. In order to providedecorative appearance grsmainite is available in a range of coloursanddesigns, in smooth, mirror polished or texturedfiaish.Anot11er vitrified floor tile is called mirror stone polished vitrilied floor tile. Marble Agglomerated Tiles This is also anew material in the market. The marble agglomerated tilcs are marble dust granules boildedinto tilcs which coines in several colours. These arefar stronger than niarble and many times stronger than ceramic tiles and gives a hard working floor. These tiles are perfectly cut and polished with chamfered edges.Thcyare consistent in dimension, thickness pattern and quality and require minimummaintenance. These tiles have Moll's hardness of 3 to 4 and come in sizes of 300nlm X300mn1, 6 0 x300nam, 600 x OOOmm, 900 X600 and 120 xGOmmwith standard thickness of 10 to 15mn1. Their density for a lOmm thick t i l ~ is 25 kgs/m2andcoillpressivestrengthran es 4 .The from 1100 to 1400 kg/cm2 and flexural strengths from 200 to 325 kg/cm water absorption is 0.1 to 0.18 percent. These tiles are available in wide range of colours, patterns and finishcs. Ranging froin classic looks of natural granite to rnoderndesips ingloss, hone and bush hammered finish. Thesc Tiles & Finishes can be seen in These tiles can be used in floors, wall cladding, facades, kitchen counters, decorativesettings, furniture tops in homes, hotels, offices, schools, showrooms, theaters, hospitals and airports and publicarcas with high traffic. One such tile has the brandname "Villa Nova". Another product is called "Marbella".
Decorntlve Plnlshes
The PVC flooring is also a recent development, and has bccornevery popular as a P finish in all typcs of buildings. ThePVC (polyvinyl chloride) is fabricated in thl- '. of tiles and is available in different sizes and colour shades. The overall advavinylised tiles is that it provides a flooring orgood coml~iercial suitability at a, economic price. They are laid on the concrete baseusing adhesives.The floors SI. ~ l d beprotecledagainst indentationfrompoinlloading.Heavyfi~rnitureshould befitted
with large flat based shoes, and castors should be rubber tyred. One of the floorings is namedas Fixem PVC tiles. They are available in pastel shades and designs and are consideredideal for homes, offices and shops.
b)
These tiles are formulated usingplasricised vinyl resins with asbestos fibers, mineral fillers and pigments. These tiles come in bright colours and have good dimensional stabilityresistancetowear and recoveryfrom indentation. Good resistance to effect Crom dilute acids, alkalis, mosl common chemicals and grease and oil is afforded. Decorative featureslike embossing tosimulate marbleis available. These tiles are anattractivealternativc for entrance halls, reception areasand lobbies. They can be usedin schools,hospitals,office buildingsand recreational centres where the provision of decorative and highly functional floor covering at a low cost is needed. This tile finish is Shown in Figure 7.18. One of the brand names of theasbestos-vinyl flooring is Marblex. The relevant Indian standard specification for this type of flooring is IS: 3461. Q~rartzReinforced Vinyl Flooring This type of flooringis lnani~factured by calieilderingPVC,plasticisers, stabiliscrs and piplents. It is reinforced by use ofaspecial quartzrnilneralto increase resistance to abrasion, chemical attacksand indentatioti.This type of flooring conforms loIS-34621986 and BS 32618,1973 and is factory finishcd with a metalliscd dressing. These tiles come in size of 300rnm x3eMmm and thickness of 1.6,2.0,2.5 and 3.2nlm for residential, commercial,commercial heavy duty and industrial purposes, respectively. This type of flooring can be installed easily on any sub floor which is even, dry, free from cracks,gzase and oil. Themoisture content in concrete sub floors must not exceed 3 percent to5 percent. The layilagof tiles should be done at a room temperaturcof about lgOc, which should remain constant during laying operations. Layingshould commence from the centre oftheroom, marking right angles to ensure proper alignment or the tiles. Si~Wcient lime should be allowed for soivznt evavaporalion of the adhesive applied on the sutvfloor,before the laying of tiles. Press ehc tile in thu ccntre and run the thumb around the edge thuselirninatingall air hubhles. After laying thc tilesit is prelerable to roll it down with a roller of about 50 u s . After laying, remove any adhesive stains and clean the floor. A surface trealment with at least two coats of metallised acrylic floor dressing immediately after laying imparts a pleasant gloss and helps in maintenance. One such type of flooring is manufactured by Rikvin Floors Limited in India. Some other vinyl floorings inIndia are Corara blcrldedvinyl flooring and Woncle~ lloor vinyl flooring and Classivin among many others. Foam backed V i ~ ~ Flooring yl Tlds type of flooring generally colnprises calendered-sheetvinyl flooring which is backed up by a high density PVC foam. The wear surface affords all the advantages of unbacked sheet vinyl.The foam backing additionally affords excellent resilience for quietness under fool and also imparts a very high degree of insulation against hnpact transmitted sound.This flooring is normally laid by usingadhesives ofcither thc syutlietic rubbcr or acrylicco- polymer emulsion type. Seam joints in rolls are usually welded to provide a jointless, water tight finish. This type offlooring provides highly resilient and hardwearing flooring tosuit residential buildings, hospitals, sliow~.oorns and office buildings. Foam backed vinyl floorings must not be laid over subfloors which do no1 have properwaterproofmg treatment.Al1 suhtloors must besufticienl lydry. One type of cushioned vinyl flooring is called Vinoleurn. They can be llsetl at home, office, shopping plaza, medical centre and computer room. This flooring is available in roll of 2 metre width.
c)
d)
7.44 Linoleum
Linoleum is fabricated by mixing oxidized linseed oils with gum, resins, pigments, corkdust and other organic and mineral fillers. It is available invarious coiours, both in plain and printed rolls. Generally the rolls are in widths d 2 metres or 4 metres with thicknesses ranging from 2 to 7mm. Higher thicknesses, i.e., 5 to 7mm are used in floors subjected to heavy wear floors like in Cinemas, hotels, hospitals, etc. while lower thickness of 2 to 5mm is used in offices, shops,
houses etc. Linoleum tiles are also available. Linoleum must not be applied to
~1 h-floors, which do not incorporate an efficient damp-proof membrane. Linoleum isge~ierally
ldd by means of suitable adhesive as advised by the manufacturer. Linolcurn provides an attractive, resaient, anddurable surface,and offersadequateinsulation against noise and heat, but it does not offer resistance against fire.
b)
Miscellaneous Materlnk
more elegant the finish as there are fewerjoints.Granite, though expensive, isvery durable, bighly scratch md chip resistant and is easy to clean and looks elegant. Granite is also known as toughest stonewith softest feel.It canbe polishedfor apermanent shear and tnirror smoothness. It is perfectfor floorings,stairways,corridors,pavements,ornamental pillars, monuments, elevations, bath room tiling,etc. "MarbleFIooring" is usedin the superior type offloor construction particularlywheresanitation andcleanlinessarerequiredasincase ofhospitals,temples, theatres, hotels, bathrooms, kitchen etc. Marble comes in different shades and has the quality ofimparting coolness to the eyes. It comes in slabs and nowadays in tile form also. Tajmahal is the fmest example of use of marble asa decorativeand functionalmaterial. Other stoneswhichlookbeautifulandcheap, areCuddapah,KotastonesandDholpurstones. While CuddapahaadKotastonesare usedinflooringinimportantareas, Dholpur stoneisused to enhance the facade beauty of a building, and is verypopular in large hotels and even in residentialbuildings.Cuddapah stone getsstained byacidicsubstances. and sturdy. Machine cut and In general thestone used in flooring should be ideallyimpe~ous polishedstoneshould be used in flooringas it is easier to clean and gentler on the feet and looks moredecorative.
UNIDECOR
WNI-REGULAR
BRICK PAVER
SAQ I :
1.
Uccori~tive Finishes
How you can do Stucco Plaster for internal walls and Ehtenial walls ?
2.
3.
4.
Mlsccllaneous Mnlerlnls
ii)
Prepare adhesive paste by mixing floor, g4ue and water. Small quantities of alum and coppersulphate aresometimesaddqdin the paste to improve flow and termiteproofmgpropertiesrespective~y.However,thesedaysmodernsynthetic polymer basedadhesives are availablefor wail paper bonding and other bonding applications. The most commonly used synthetic adhesive, whiteglue, is based to form polyvinyl on a chemical known as vinyl acetate which is ~olylnerised acetateadhesive.Theyarenontolric,odourlessandinflan~mable.
The paper is coated with adhesive andspread on the wall and finished smooth with a roller covered with flannel. Wall coverings enjoy immense popularity in the West and are gaining ground in India slowly.
iii)
However humid climate like that in Bombay is not most conducive for wall covering, though of course it can be used in air conditioned interiors as in hotels and offices. The choice of designs is very large. Cheerful floral patterns and chickgeometricand stripes are availablebut squiggles, gasses, mock suedes, metallics are also becoming popular. Wipeable vinyls in myriad designs are most popular and practical. One type of wall coveriiigis called "Clarsivin".Another type of wall paper is manufactured by M/s Bhor Industries. Plastic wall fabrics and filmsof vinyl are also used as wall covering.
Decorative Finishes
'
Officesare a centre of life for people where they spend most of their day time. Therefore they need a finish on partitions walls and ceilings which is versatile, fire resistant, and sound insulating. One such material is called Gypsum Board. It is light weight, simple to erect and is about 25% cheaper than other materials. It can take on nine different kinds of finish andis ideal for wall linings, ceilings and partitions. Its market name is "Gypboard. Another boardis cement-wood wonder board which is claimed tobevirtuaUyincombustible and its trade names is "Bison Panel". It is a unique combination of two most resilient building materials- cement and wood. It is of highstrength,fire resistant, termite proof,weather resistant alld dimensionally stable and nou-toxic. It is easilyworkable i.e. it can be sawn, drilled, nailed ~ldshapedwith carpentry tools.1t can bepaiiited, laminated or surface coated,Itprovidessound and heat insulation. It is available in thickness from 4 to 40mm. In addition to use as wall panelling, it can be used in a wide range of exteriors and interiors, like prefab houses, partitions, shutters,cupboardsetc. noth her board is called Hex-0-board.It is a high pressure, steain cured, asbestos ccmcnt board which is versatile and elegant. It is totally incombustible and fire-resistant, and ideal for high rise buildings. It can be easily cut, drilled, nailed and screwed with ordinary tools. Flex-0-board can be paintedwith any paint. It can take on decorative paper or laminated paper.It is also smooth,insect andvermin proof.
A new designcr board which can be used for wall panelling is called "E-Board Classic", which offers awide range ofself embossed building boards. It combinessuperior attributes of cement with stylish aesthetics and easy work ability. It is also fire retardant, termite proof, warp and corrosion resistant. It is idcal for wall panelling, partitioning, falsc ceilings and cabinets.
excess of it in a room could cause an overpowering and boring effect. The stone finish is very practicalin bathrooms,kitchens, wide passagesand places which are likely t o collect dirt. ~raniteandmarblearelhemostpopularstonesforcladdings.~thersaresandstone,Kadappa and Dholpur stone which are machine cut and polishedwith thickness from 20mm to 87mn1. The picture which follows shows polishedgranite claddingon the Terminal building, Sahara International Airport Bombay. ThisFinish can be seen in theFigure 7.20.
Agglomeratedmarbleis ideallysuited for both interior and exterior wall surfaces, When used on internal wallsurfacesit offersunmatched elegance. Its exceptional qualities like resistance to atmosphericagencies,freezingand thawing,andits permanence, imparts durabilitywhen used on externalwall surfaces.The agglomerated marble enables us to create exclusive walled surfaces,which can have original shades, and personal touch of the designer,' and a uniformity whichcanberepeated.
In addition to these qualities, another advantage is that it can be fabricated in large slabs. his facilitates easy and practical installation, thus making it an ideal choice for cavitywalls. ~gglomeratedmarble can also be usedas decorative coveringfor furnitureand table tops. It is also an ideal material for use as contour tops for wash basins. The material possesses high compressivestrength,fle~ural strengthandlowwater absorption. The maintenance ofagglomerated marble surface iseasy as dirt, sandearth etc. can be removed by means of a normal rag soaked in water containing a minimum amount of denatured alcohol or neutral detergent.This procedure should be repeated with theragsoakedinwater onlytill a clean surface has been obtained. It is advisable to regularly apply a thin coat of marble wax or other approved wax in solid or liquid form to enhance its colour and retain constant gloss of the surface. Any excess wax should be removed with a dry rag. Agglomerated marble hassimilar characteristics as common themarble. It is prone to staining effect ofsubstances like asphalt, thumsup, coffee, Lipstic,Tea wax, Crayon, but they are removable. However in case of shoe polish, a slight stain remains while inkstains are not removable. Installation of Agglomerated Marble a) b) c) d) e) f) Prepare cement sand mortar l:4and addjust enough water so as to produce a dry mix. Spread the mortar and level it to get a floor screed of 4to 5 cms thickness. Now dust adequately and uniformly with dry cement. Thensprinkle water until the dry cement attainscreamconsistency. Lay the tiles on the preparedscreed without adding any furtherwater and tap them to ensure uniform bedding over the wholesurface. Cement andwater grout should bc applied to the tiles5 to 6 days after they are laid. Remove cxcess grout with damp cloth. Protect finished floor with clean non-staining saw dust when other building work is beingcarriedout.
Decorative Finishes
7.6 PAINTS
A paint is a coating of a fluid material, which is applied as a final finish to all surfaccs such as walls, ceilings, metal, wood work, etc. Thc process ofapplication of paint is called painting. The purpose of Painting is:
a)
To protect the surfaccs from weathering effects of the atmosphere. T o prevent corrosion of mctals, and lo protect thcwood surface. T o provide adecorative finish.
b) c)
b)
Mlscellaner~us Mnleriuls
c)
Bituminous and Tar Paints These paints contain bitumen or tar dissolvedin naptha, orpetroleum orwhitespirit. They are alkali-resistant, and havea high coveringcapacity. The paintedsurface prcsentsablackappearance.Thesepaintsaresuitableparticularlyforpaintingstructural steel and ironwork under water. The colour of this paint can be modified by adding certain colouringpigments like rcdoxide. They are also used in this form for painting extcrnal brick workandplasteredsurfaces. Cellulose Paint This is a different kind ofpaint cornparedto ordinary oil paints. Thc differenceis that the cellulose paint hardens byevaporation ofthe thinner or solvent used while the ordinary paints harden by oxidation. The cellulose paint is made fromcelluloidsheets,nitrocotton,photographicfilmsetc. Cellulose paints areslightly costlybut far superior than ordinary paints. They can be easily washed and cleaned. Cellulose paintscan stand extreme degrees of heat and cold andare unaffected by hot water. They dry rapidly and possessgreater hardness, smoothncss and flexibility.These paints are used for painting cars, aircrafts and other surfaces requiringsuperiorfinish. Silicate Paint This paint is produced by mixing calcinedand finelyground pure silica with resinous substances. In a dry state it forms very hard and durable surface. The silica paints possessthe qualityof good adhesion and are used on brickwork, plaster and concrete surfaces directly in two or three coats. NO priming coat is required, but the surface should be wetted beCore application ofthis paint. The painting should not be carried out in hot weather.This paint has no chemical reaction with metals and is unaffected by alkalis. 11 canwithstand exlreme heat and hasgood coveringcapacity.
d)
e)
f)
Rubber Based Paints This paint consists of synthetic resins dissolved in suitable solventsanci then furcdwith other pigments. It possessesseveral special qualities. It has excellent acid, allkali and moistureresistance properties. It dries rapidly and has high coveringcapacity. It is no1 very costly and can be easily applied on different surfaces. The painted surfaces exhibit uniformityin colour on drying. It offerssufficient resistance against weather elements like rain, snowfall and hot sun.
Synthetic rubberpaints are readily usedfor application over fresh and lime plastercdsurfaces.They are used as aprotective coating on concrete floors and masonrysurfaces even when they are not dry completely. We shall now discuss a few paints, which impart excellent decorative frnish to the surfaces. Enamel Paint The enamel paint consists of metallic oxide like white lead or zinc white which is groundwith small quantity of oil and mixed with petroleum spuit containingresinous matter insolution fom.Thusthereare four major constituentsnmely oil, petroleum, metallic oxide and resinous matter. These ~ a i n tare s available in ready to use form in themarket inwidevarieties.The enamel paint hascertainimportantqualities.
g)
i)
It dries slowly, but on dryingit produces avery hard, impervious, elastic, smooth, glossy and durable film over the painted surface. This paint is flowable, and leavesnobrush marks like other paints. The enamel painted surface is easilywashable.
ii)
iii)
The enamel painted surface is not affected by hot and cold water, acid, alkalies, steam, fumes of gases, etc. Enamel paints, with so many qualities,are used both for internal and external surface painting. The appearance of glossinessof painted surface can be further irnpro1:t:d hy application of a coat of titaniumwbite in pale linseed oil on the surface before the application of the enamelpaint.
Theenamelpaintsaregenerallyusedforpainting of porches, entrance halls, decks, staircasesandconcretesurfaces. Some of theenamel paints are BrolacPolyurethane Enamel, Shalimar SuperlacSyntheticEname1, etc., among a large variety available, These paints are available in a large number ofshades.
h)
Emulsion Paint This paint is also known as Stucco pailit or Brick and Masonrypaint. This paint consists of avehicle, such as polyvinyl acetate, synthetic resins like chlorinated rubber, etc. as the main co~istituent. Thisvehicle imparts an excellent qualityof alkali resistance to this paint.Additionally, the emulsio~l paint has the qualities ofgood workability, higher durability and quick drying. Stucco, brick and masonrysurfacesshould first be washedwithzincsulphate solution so as to reduce free alkalinity, which is present in these surfaces.The emulsion paint should now be applied on these surfaces.
Decoralive Finishes
i)
One of the emulsion paints is "Lux01Silk. Plastic Emulsion Paints The plastic paint consists of avariety of plastics as the base, which is also the main constituent of the paint. When this paint is thinned with water it is known as plastic emulsion paint. The plastic paints have thc qualities of quick drying, high covering capacity a~id~rovidingdecorativeappcaraiice.The~epaints havegoodad1iesionpower.These paints requiregood surface preparation, andcan beapplied bybrushes or byspraying equipment like spray gun. These paints arevery popular and arewidely used for paintingshow rooms, cinema halls, auditoriums, offices, etc., whereattractive appearance and decorative finish is essential. Acrylic emulsion paints have becornevery popular. They are carefully formulated emulsion based on a durable polymer resin ~ t a high h opacity, micronised pigments and anti fungicide and statsilising agents. They are also sometimes reinforced with silicon or quartz. They can beapplied by brush, roller or spray. Some names in this field are Nerolac AcrylicEmulsion with silicone, Armor QuartzfromJohnsonNicholson,
SAQ 2 :
1. Mention all types of wall finishes.
Mlscellamous Materials
2.
List the commonly used wall papers and describe the f paper.
~ procedure g of w a l l
3.
Mentionthepurpose ofpainting.
4.
These tiles are available both hrtlf and full perforated in size of 60 X60cms and 12mm thick. They are fire resistant, termite, weather and fungus proof, dimensionally stable and warp free, and provide excellent insulationagainst heat and sound. Topline Ceiling Tiles is one such type. Another type is Anchor CeilingTile.Similarly,there are other brands, which come indifferent architecturalpatterns,andarecomideredideaIforhomes,offices,showrooms,restaurants, auditoriums,airportsandfactories.Theycomeindesignslikediamond, chequered,paragon, Serrated and Gothic.They combine beauty and safety. These tiles and finish Can be seen in Figure 7.23.
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Miscellnneous Materials
'
Some such ceilings are called "Tract' and "Supersil".Another decorative ceilingconsists of aluminiumsheets slatesPouvers.This ceiling system is suitable mainly for centrally air conditionedbuildings.
and lends sophistication and style to the interiors. These C i s come in a range of finishes and patterns, stained glass or embossed. One such material is known "Glass DecorN. 7.7.4 Decorative Damp Proofer NOW damp proofers are available which protect aswell as decorate.They protect surfaces from dampness, leakage, seepage, fungus gowth, sunlight, week acids, etc. and also decorates like a paint. They are inherently coloured in as many as 30 shades or more and can be applied directly over the plaster providing a smooth satin finish. One such damp proofer is known as "Chemistik ProDecor".
Decorative FLnlshes
7.8 SUMMARY
The decorative finishes encompass all surfaccs in a building, like wall, floor, ceiling, concrcte etc.Thedecorativefinish not only adds to acsthelicappearance, but also provides protective coating to the surace. The decorativc finishes in plastcr are divcrse in naturewith rough finishes like pebble dash & rough cast, at one end, and tcxtured or ornamentnl finish, at the other end. Concrete can beimparteddecorative finishes like Corm work and texture finishes.Apopular finish is exposed agregate finish. Ceramic tilcs arc becoming popular as lloor finishes, though newer materials like marble aggloincratcd tilcs ant! foam backed vinyl flooring are takingover gradually. A new flooring type is interlocking concrete block Ilooring. In the wall finishes, exterior wall coating are coming up in a big way, together with wall and cciling boards. In paints enamel paint and plasticemulsic~n paints, arc the most l'avoureddecorative paints, whilecements paints like snowcem remain as popular as evcr. In the interior decorative finishes,decorative laminates are becomingvcry popular, and they come in largcvariety of finishes. Thus overall it is observed that there is an explosion of informalion about new decorative finishes, and almost every quarter a new decorative finish is entering the building industry.
Mlscelhneous Malcriclls
Bhingarde Anil, "All In a Chart", India11Architect & Builder, May 92. The CFA Flooririg Comperldiunt forArchitectf and Specifiers, TheConslructionPress,
Lancaster,London,NewYork.
Indian Architect & Builder,July 92. SB Rai, "AgglomeratedMarbleFor Internal and ExternalFacings",CivilEngineering and Construction Review, August1991. Arora SP & Bindra SP "A Text book of Building Cnnstrudion" Dhanpat Rai Sr Sons. Sidney Mindess & J. Francis Young, Concrete, Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Inside Outside, the Indian design magazine,17/19 Dalal Street, Bombay.