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4. VECTORS
NAME:
CLASS: .
1
CHAPTER 4 : VECTORS
VECTORS
A vector is a quantity that has
a magnitude and a direction
Notation of Vectors
~
a AB =
~
a BA =
Magnitude
AB or -
~
a
(c) Polygon Law
=
AB+
BC+
CD+
DE +
EF
AF
Expression of a vector as the linear
combination of a few vectors
DC =
DE +
EA+
AB+
BC
Multiplication of vector By a scalar
ka= k
~
a
AB =
~
a ;
PQ = 2
AB
= 2
~
a
Two vectors are parallel if one of the vectors is
the scalar multiple of the other vector
AB =
2
1
PQ hence
AB //
PQ
A
B
A
B
P
Q
Non-parallel vectors
(a) Triangle Law of vector
Additions
AC=
AB+
BC
A
B
C
S
P
Q
R
Addition and subtraction of vectors
F
E
B
A
D
C
2
1. INTRODUCTIONS TO VECTOR
Vector is a quantity which has both ___________________ and ______________.
Examples of vectors are ______________________________________________.
Scalar is a quantity which has only ________________________.
Examples of scalars are _____________________________________________.
~
a AB =
2. MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF VECTORS
The _______________________ of a vector is the length of the line segment.
Magnitude of vector
AB = _______________ = ____________________
Example:
Find the magnitude and direction of
AB vector.
Distance of AB =
2 2
3 3 +
= 18
= 4.24 unit
Magnitude
AB = 4.24 unit
Direction = North-East
A
B
A
B
A vector can be represented by a
scaled line segment with an arrow.
3
Exercise
Write the notation of vector and find the magnitude and direction
NEGATIVE VECTOR
A negative vector
a AB =
a AB BA = =
A vector with 0 magnitude is known as _______________________= ____________
Notation Magnitude Direction
AB
5.099 unit North-East
F
B
G
A
H
E
D
K
M
C
Q
P
~
a
~
b
~
c
~
d
~
f ~
e
A
B
A
B
4
3. EQUAL VECTORS
Two vectors are equal if both vectors have the same _______________________ and
______________________.
Exercise
Practice 4 (page 84)
4. MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS BY SCALARS
Multiplying a vector by a positive scalar will get a vector with the same direction, but
different magnitude.
Multiplying a vector by a negative scalar will get a vector with the
______________________ direction and different magnitude.
Examples
Express
AB and
PQ as a scalar product of
~
a
Solution
AB = 2
~
a
PQ =
2
1
1
~
a
Multiplication of a by a scalar k:
a) If k is __________________, ka is a vector in the same direction as a, and a k a k = .
b) If k is __________________, ka is a vector in the opposite direction as a, and
a k a k = .
~
~
a
P
B
A
Q
5
Examples
1. State the vector and the magnitude of
MN and
OP in terms of
. QR
2. The diagram shows
AB.
a. Draw the vector
CD which is twice as
AB.
b. Draw the vector
EF which is
3
4
times
AB.
N
Q
R
M
O
P
A
B
6
3. The diagram shows p , q ,
AB and
AB and
CD in terms of p
and q .
3. Draw the following vectors.
m d m c m b m a
2
1
) 2 )
2
3
) 3 )
a
p D
C
B
A
m
7
4. PARALLEL VECTORS
If a and b are two parallel vectors, then we can express a as the product of b and a scalar
or vice versa.
Exercise 4
1. In each diagram below, determine the vectors that are parallel and state their relationships.
(1) AB and ________ are parallel vectors.
AB =
(2) CD and ________ are parallel vectors.
CD =
(3) EF and ________ are parallel vectors.
EF =
(4) IJ and ________ are parallel vectors.
IJ =
Answers : (1)
1
2
; GH AB GH =
(2)
; 2 MN CD MN =
(3)
1
2
; KL EF KL =
(4)
3
2
; QP IJ QP =
2. Given that
,
5
2
and 2 u RS u AB = =
determine whether RS and AB are
parallel.
If k is a scalar, then a = kb if and only if a and b are parallel.
A
B
C
D
K
L
J I
F
E
Q P
M
N
G
H
8
3. Given that , 4
~
u AB = and ,
3
2
~
u BC = show that A, B and C are collinear.
4. Given that (o - 3)u = (2| - 3)v where u and v are not parallel. Find the values of o
and |.
Example:
Given AB
=
~
u and BC
=
~
4u , shows that A, B and C are collinear
AB
=
~
u , BC
=
~
4u
BC
= 4 AB
AB
// BC
Point B is common point. A, B and C are collinear.
If ha = kb, a and b are not parallel and non-zero vectors, then h = k = 0
9
5. ADDITION OF VECTORS
5.1 Determining The Resultant Vector Of Two Parallel Vectors
Examples:
1. Given that u AB 3 = and u ST
3
2
= , determine . ST AB+
2. Given . 4 EF and 5 , 2 u u CD u AB = = = Express EF CD AB + + 2 3 in terms of u.
5.2 Determining The Resultant Vector Of Two Non-Parallel Vectors
a. Triangle Law
AC BC AB = +
a
b
c
a + b = c
A
B
C
10
b. Parallelogram Law
a
a
b
b
+
Examples
1.
2.
A
B
C
D
AD AC AB = +
P
S
Q
R
Determine the resultant vectors for each of the
following:
a) PQ SP+
b) QR PQ+
Given that MNOP is a parallelogram.
Determine the resultant vectors for each of the
following:
a) NO NM +
b) ON OP+
P
O
M
N
11
5.3 Determining the resultant vector of three or more vectors using the Polygon Law
E
D
C
B
A
q
p
The diagram shows
. q and p
of terms in following the Express
, ED and , , AB q CD p BC = =
ED b
AB a
)
)
A
B
C
D
E
The Polygon Law
AE DE CD BC AB = + + +
A
B
C
D E
F
ABCDEF is a hexagon. Find the resultant vector for the
following:
AF CB BA DC c
CD BC AB FA EF b
CD BC AB a
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
.
.
.
12
6. SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
) (
) (
b a b a
CD AB CD AB
+ =
+ =
B
A
C
D
1. In the diagram ABCD is a
quadrilateral. Find
a) CB AB
b) DC BC
P
Q R
S
T
U
2. In the diagram PQRSTU is a hexagon.
Find
a) UT ST
b) PU PQ
c ) SQ UQ d) PT PR
13
7. REPRESENTING VECTORS AS A COMBINATION OF OTHER VECTORS
1. In the diagram ABC is a triangle and
D is a point lying on AC such that
AC AD = 3 . Given that
, 8 AB and 9 v u AC = = find the following
vectors in terms of u and v .
a) BC
b) DB
A
B
C
D
8 v
9u
R
S P
Q
K
M
N
9 b
6 a
2. In the diagram PQRS is a
parallelogram. Point M is the midpoint of
SP and point N is the midpoint of PQ. If
, 9 and 6 , 2 b RQ a SR KN SK = = =
express each of the following vectors in
terms of a and b .
a) SN
b) MR
c) KN
d) MK
14
3. Given in the diagram, point Q is on AC,
3 : 1 : = AC AQ , AD and BC are parallel
and 3 BC = 4 AD . If AD = 9 u and
AB = 12v , express each of the following
vectors in terms of u and v .
(a) AC (b) BQ
8. SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
VECTORS
D
A
Q
B
12v
9 u
C
O P
Q
R
u
v
1. Given that u v PQ = and R lies on the line
PQ such that .
5
2
PQ PR = Express OR in terms
of u and v .
15
2. SPM 2003 Q14
Diagram below shows a parallelogram ABCD where BED is a straight line.
D C
E
A B
Given
AB = 6p,
BD ,
(b)
EC . [4 marks]
3. SPM 2006 Q14
The points P, Q and R are collinear. It is given that
PQ= 4
~
a 2
~
b and
QR = 3
~
a + (1 +k)
~
b , where k is a constant.
Find,
(a) the value of k,
(b) the ratio of PQ : QR. [4 marks]
4. SPM 2007 Q15
Diagram below shows a rectangle OABC and the point D lies on the straight line OB.
It is given that OD = 3 DB,
Express
OD , in terms of x and y .
C B
A
D
O
9 x
5 y
16
9. Vectors in a Cartesian Plane
9.1 Express Vectors in Cartesian Plane in the form of x i y j + or
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x
.
A vector that is x units parallel to the x-axis and y unit parallel to the y-axis can be
represented as
x
y
i
j
r
0
x
y
P(x, y)
Exercise
1. Express the following vectors in the form of x i y j + and
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x
.
j y i x
y
x
r + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
d
e
a
c
17
2. The points A(2, 5), B(-4, 1), C(6,3) and the origin, O are on the Cartesian plane.
Express AC and , , AB OB OA in the form of j y i x
y
x
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
and .
9.2 Determining the magnitude of a vector
r = xi + yj
2 2
y x r + =
x
y
i
j
r
0
x
y
P(x, y)
18
Examples:
Find the magnitude of the following vectors:
|
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
8
6
8 6 . 1 j i AB
j i AB 4 3 . 2 + =
j i v 2 8 . 3 + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
12
9
. 4 u
|
|
.
|
\
|
5
7
. 5 CD
9.3 Determining the unit vector
2 2
^
then , Given
y x
j y i x
r
r
j y i x r
r
+
+
= =
+ =
x
y
i
j
r
0
x
y
P(x, y)
19
A unit vector is a vector with magnitude _____ unit.
A unit vector that is parallel to the x-axis is denoted by ______, a unit vector that
is parallel to the y-axis is denoted by _______.
A unit vector in the direction of a vector j y i x r + = is given by
Examples:
Determine the unit vector of the following vectors.
1.
j i u 6 8 + =
2.
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
5
12
u
3.
j i v 16 12 + =
4.
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
12
9
v
5. Given that
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
6
2
a and
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
4
8
2 b a , find
^
~
b
20
9.4 Adding two or more vectors
Vectors given in the form of xi + yj or
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x
can be added, that is by adding
corresponding x and y components.
Examples:
1. Given j i u 3 4 + = and j i v 7 9 + = .
Find the vector u + v .
2. Given that
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
9
5
u and
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
7
6
v .
Find the vector u + v .
3. Given j i u 4 5 + = , j i v 3 8 = and j i w 2 6 =
Find the vector u + v + w .
9.5 Subtracting two vectors
Vectors given in the form of xi + yj or
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x
can be subtracted, that is by
_________________________ corresponding x and y components.
21
Examples:
1. Given j i u 9 8 = and j i v 3 12 = .
Find the vector u v .
2. Given that
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
5
6
h and
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
9
7
k .
Find the vector h - k .
9.6 Multiplying a vector by a scalar
Vectors given in the form of xi + yj or
|
|
.
|
\
|
y
x
can be multiplied by a scalar. It is done
by _________________________each of the x and y components by the scalar.
Examples:
1. Given j i u 5 6 = , find 4u .
2. Given that
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
12
9
a , find a
3
1
.
22
9.7 Performing combined operations on vectors
Principal: 1. Multiplication of vectors.
2. Addition or subtraction from left to right
Examples:
1. Given that
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
7
3
u ,
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
16
4
v and
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
9
5
w . Find . 2
4
1
3 w v u +
2. Given that
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
5
4
r ,
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
8
2
s and
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
10
15
t . Find .
5
2
2
3
4 t s r +
3. Given j i u 18 6 = , j i v + = 3 and j i w 3 7 + = . Find w v u + 4
3
1
in terms of i
and j.
4. Given j i a 7 7 = , j i b 10 5 = and j i c 3 15 + = . Find c b a
3
1
5
3
3 + in terms of
i and j.
23
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT
1. Diagram 1 shows a parallelogram, OPQR, drawn on a Cartesan plane.
y
Q
R P
x
O
Diagram 1
Given that
OP = 6
~
i + 4
~
j and
PQ = 4
~
i + 5
~
j . Find
PR .
Answer: 10i j +
2. Given O(0, 0), A(3, 4) and B(2, 16), find in terms of unit vector
~
i and
~
j ,
(a) AB ,
(b) unit vector in the direction of AB .
Answer: ( ) ( )
1
5 12 (b) 5 12
13
a i j i j + +
3. Given A(2, 6), B(4, 2) and C(m, p), find the value of m and the value of p such that
AB + 2 BC = 10 i 12 j .
Answer: 6 4 , m p = =
4. Given the points ) 0 , 3 ( A , ) 8 , 7 ( B and ) , 1 ( k C
(a) Express vector AB in terms of i and j ,
(b) Find the value of k if vector OC is parallel to vector AB .
Answer: ( )
1
4 8 (b) 2
4
, a i j h k + = =
5. Given that OABC is a rectangle where OA = 6 cm and OC = 5cm. If OA
=
~
a andOB
=
~
b ,find
(a) AC in terms of
~
a and
~
b
(b) a b +
Answer:(a) (b) 61 a b +
24
6. Diagram 2 shows vector
~
s , vector
~
t and vector unit
~
a and
~
b .
Given
~ ~ ~
3 2 t s r = , express
~
r in terms
~
a and
~
b . Answer:
14 13 a b +
7. Given AB
= (k + 1)
~
a and BC
= 2
~
b . If A, B and C are collinear, AB
= BC
and
~
b =
3
~
a .
Find the value of k.
Answer:k= 5
8. Given that 2 2 a i j = + , 2 3 b i j = and 2 c a b = . Find
(a)
c
(b) unit vector in the direction of c .
Answer: ( ) ( ) ( )
1
10 b 3 4
5
a i j +
~
t
~
s
~
a
b
Diagram 2
25
9.
Diagram 3
Diagram 3 shows GH : AB = 3 : 10 and GH is parallel to AB
. If AB= 10
~
a , find
GH
in terms of
~
a .
Answer: 3a
10.
Diagram 4 shows PQRSTU is a regular hexagon. Express PQ
+ PT
- RS
as a
single vector.
Answer: PR
11. In AOPQ, OP
=
~
p and OQ
=
~
q . T is a point on PQ where PT : TQ=2 : 1. Given
that M
is the midpoint of OT, express PM
in terms of
~
p and
~
q .
Answer:
5 1
6 3
p q +
A
H G
C
B
P Q
U R
T S
Diagram 4
26
12. Diagram 5 shows triangles OAB. The straight line AP intersects the straight line OQ
at R.
It is given that
1
3
OP OB = ,
~
~
1
, 6 and 2
4
AQ AB OP x OA y
= = =
Diagram 5
(a) Express in terms of
~
x and/or
~
: y (i) AP
, (ii) OQ
(b) (i) Given that AR h AP
= , state AR
in terms of h,
~
x and
~
y .
(ii) Given that RQ k OQ
= , state RQ
in terms of k,
~
x and
~
y .
(c) Using AR
and RQ
= ,
~ ~
~
1
8 , 25 24 ,
4
AE y DC x y AE AD
= = = and
3
5
EF EC =
(a) Express in terms of
~
x and/or
~
: y (i) BD
, (ii) EC
(b) Show that the points B, F and D are collinear
(c) If
~
~
2 and 3 x y = = , find BD
Answer:(a)(i) 20 32 (ii) 25 (c) 104 x y x +
A
C E
F
B
D
28
SPM QUESTION
1. SPM 2003
P = 2a + 3b
q = 4a b
r = ha + (h k)b, where h and k are constants
Use the above information to find the values of h and k when r = 3p 2q
[3 marks]
2. Diagram shows a parallelogram ABCD with BED as a straight line.
Given that
~ ~
6 , 4 and DE = 2EB, AB p AD p
= = express in terms of p and q
(a) BD
(b) EC
[ 4 marks]
B A
E
C
D
29
3. SPM 2004
Diagram below shows triangles OAB. The straight line AP intersects the
straight line OQ at R. It is given that
1
3
OP OB = ,
~
~
1
, 6 2
4
AQ AB OP x and OP y
= = =
(a) Express in terms of
~
x and/or
~
: y
(i) AP
,
(ii) OQ
[4 marks]
(b) (i) Given that AR h AP
= , state AR
in terms of h,
~
x and
~
y
(ii) Given that RQ k OQ
= , state RQ
in terms of k,
~
x and
~
y
[2 marks]
(c) Using AR
and RQ
= , It is
~
~
~
1
8 , 25 24 ,
4
AE Y DC x y AE AD
= = = and
3
5
EF EC =
(a) Express in terms of
~
x and/or
~
: y
(i) BD
,
(ii) EC
[3 marks]
(b) Show that the points B, F and D are collinear [2 marks]
(c) If
~
~
2 3 x and y = = , find BD
[2 marks]
A
C
E
F
B
D