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Sontakki
(bharatss@naarm.ernet.in)
Outline
Introduction
Concepts:
Technology, Innovation, Diffusion and Adoption
Other important terminologies:
Re-invention, Over adoption, Rate of adoption /
diffusion
Technology attributes
Consequences of technology adoption
Implications for researchers
FAQs – FFT?
Technology adoption - Extent?
Why all technologies are not adopted?
Why all the farmers do not adopt technologies?
Why technologies are not adopted at the same time by
all the farmers?
How technologies are adopted by the farming
community? or How a technology diffuses in a farming
community?
Which factors influence technology adoption &
diffusion?
Technology Development & Transfer Continuum
The Iowa Hybrid Corn Study (Ryan and Gross, 1943)
Software
Hardware
Human-ware
What is innovation?
Any idea, knowledge, practice, product, process, etc.
which is perceived as new by the users and having
some utility in improving livelihood.
What is Diffusion?
It is the process by which innovations spread among
the members of a social system over a period of time
through certain communication channels.
Innovation (Technology)
Communication through certain channels
Over a period of time
Members of a social system
Concept & Importance of Technology Diffusion
What is Adoption?
Awareness
Interest
Evaluation
Trial Passive
Adoption Rejection
Active
Discontinuance
Technology-decision period
Re-invention
It is the degree to which a technology is
changed or modified by a user in the process of
its adoption and implementation.
Re-invention
It occurs because of the following reasons:
complexity of the technology.
adopter's lack of detailed knowledge about the
technology.
it is a general concept / tool with many possible
applications.
tendency of local pride (pseudo re-invention).
technology advocate influences the clients to modify it.
Related terminologies
Over-adoption
It is the adoption of a technology by an individual when
experts feel that he or she should reject.
Attributes of technology
Typology
Optional technology-decisions
Collective technology-decisions
Authority technology-decisions
Personal factors
Socio-economic factors
Psychological factors
Factor Number of % of
studies studies
Education 275 74
Literacy 38 63
Higher social status 402 68
Larger size units 227 67
Commercial economic orientation 28 71
Favourable attitude to credit 25 76
Favourable attitude to change 57 75
Favourable attitude to education 31 81
Social participation 149 73
Cosmopoliteness 174 76
Change agent contact 156 87
Mass media exposure 116 69
Exposure to interpersonal channels 60 77
Active information seeking 14 86
Knowledge of innovations 55 76
Opinion leadership 55 76
Implications
Technologies are to be developed for diffusion.
The attributes of technology have a bearing on rate of adoption.
The strategy should be to develop technology which will have
maximum positive perception on the five attributes.
Complexity of technology should be eliminated as it has negative
effect on the rate of adoption.