TISSUE

• An association of cells and

intercellular materials
morphologically and
physiologically integrated for
the performance of specific
functions
EPITHELIUM
A tissue consisting
almost totally y of an
aggregation of cells
in apposition,
specialized
i li d for
f
absorptive,
secretory,
secretory
excretory, or
p
protective
functions, and
resting on a
basement
membrane. An example of epithelium
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA:
SEPARATION
• True
epithelia
i h li are
separated
from the
underlying CT
– “Epithelioid
Epithelioid”
”
tissue lacks the
BL but is
similar
– BL usually
PAS+

The periodic acid/Schiff (PAS) reaction

 BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• Sometimes also
called “basal
lamina”
– Not exactly the
same but close
enough
• A definitive
characteristic
– Isolates epithelium
from underlying
CT
– All true epithelia
h
have it
 BASEMENT MEMBRANE
• Sometimes also
called “basal
lamina”
– Not exactly the
same but close
enough
• A definitive
characteristic
– Isolates epithelium
from underlying
CT
– All true epithelia
h
have it
 CATEGORIES OF EPITHELIA: “COVERING &
LINING”

• Neatlyy classifiable
• Lines hollow organs and forms sheets: Epidermis of skin,
Lining of glandular ducts, Lining of blood vessels
 CATEGORIES OF EPITHELIA:
“GLANDULAR”
GLANDULAR OR “SECRETORY”
SECRETORY

• Forms solid
masses
– Usually
secretory
• Not neatly
classified
– Exocrine &
endocrine Pancreas: an example of glandular
glands epithelium
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA:
PROLIFERATION & HIGH TURNOVER

Cells
C ll short
short-
h -lived
li
lived:
d:
typically days to
weeks.
M t epithelia
Most ith li
also have
significant
regeneration
capability.

Right:
g Proliferating
g cells in
intestine, BRDU stain
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA:
POLARITY

• Cells have
ha e a
“top” and
“bottom” i.e.,
different
activities take
place at
different places.
• Most obvious in
epithelial
i h li l sheets
h
– True of most
epithelia
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA:
POLARITY

APICAL

• Cells have
ha e a
“top” and
BASAL
“bottom” i.e., LATERAL
different
activities take
place at
different places.
• Most obvious in
epithelial
i h li l sheets
h
– True of most
epithelia
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA:
VASCULARITY

– Epithelial sheets (“C&L”)

are AVASCULAR
• Nourished
N i h dbby diff
diffusion
i only
l
– The reason for rapid loss
& replacement
CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA:
VASCULARITY

• EPITHELIAL
MASSES
(Secretory
epithelium)
ARE
VASCULAR
– All cells
near a BV!
CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIA:
VASCULARITY

• EPITHELIAL
MASSES
(Secretory
epithelium)
ARE
VASCULAR
– All cells
near a BV!
 FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA
• Secretion:
S ti Mainly
M i l glandular
l d l butb t C&L forms
f can be
b secretory
– Secretory sheets found in reproductive tract, conjunctiva & GI tract
GOBLET CELLS

Common in many
epithelial sheets!
Secretes mucinous
material
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA

• Interchange
with the
environment
: Gas exchange
– Nutrient
absorption
– Skin
functions
 FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA
• Protection:
– UV barrier
– Physical barrier to infection
– Pigmentation/camouflage
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA

• Excretion:
– Disposal of nitrogenous waste by sweating
 FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA
• Stimulus Reception:
– Chemotactic sensations: olfaction and gustation

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM TASTE BUDS IN TONGUE

CLASSIFICATION
OF C&L EPITHELIA

• ONLY TWO
CRITERIA
– SHAPE of cells
in the TOP
layer
– NUMBER of
layers
1 = “simple”
>1 = “stratified”
CLASSIFICATION OF
C&L EPITHELIA BY
SHAPE
SQUAMOUS
• Cells have a
“Fried
Fried Egg
Egg”
shape; irregular
outlines
• EXAMPLES:
Lining of blood
vessels
Mesothelium
covering
i internal
i t l
organs
 SIMPLE
SQUAMOUS
Single Layer of
Cells
S
Squamous shape
h
Example:: Lining of
Example
a blood vessel
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
CLASSIFICATION
OF C& L
EPITHELIA BY
SHAPE
• CUBOIDAL
– Cells are
APPROXIMATELY
as tall as they are
wide.
– EXAMPLES:
– Lining of gland ducts
– Walls of thyroid gland
follicles
 SIMPLE
CUBOIDAL
CLASSIFICATION
OF C&L EPITHELIA
BY SHAPE

COLUMNAR
• Cells are
distinctly
taller than
they
t ey are
a e
wide
– EXAMPLES:
– Lining of
intestine
– Some large
gland ducts
STRATIFIED
SQUAMOUS
• More than one
l
layer!
!
– TOP layer is
squamous
• Very common
– Epidermis of the
skin
– Lining of bodily
orifices
• Often found in
regions of heavy
wear
– M
May be
b hardened
h d d
or cornified
(keratinized)
 STRATIFIED
CUBOIDAL
CU O
OR
COLUMNAR

Lining of
larger gland
ducts

Repro tract in
some animals
 SPECIAL TYPES:
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
PSEUDO STRATIFIED
• Principally in
respiratory tract,
tract
but also in other
locations
• Not all cells reach
free surface
• All cells reach
basement
membrane
• Truly
T l a“ “simple”
i l ”
type
• NOT “always y
ciliated”!
 SPECIAL
TYPES:
URINARY

• Found only in
urinaryy
passages
• A “tight”
epithelium
ith li
with many
occluding
junctions
• A truly
stratified type
 SPECIAL TYPES: CONJUNCTIVA
J

• A variant
form of
stratified
columnar
l
– Contains
goblet cells
• Found
inside
eyelids and
on surface
of eye
 Cilia
What kind
of
epithelium
is this?

• Frequently associated with epithelial sheets

• Associated with transport/protection functions
Microvilli
• Found on many
cell types; often
on epithelial
sheets
• Associated with
secretion or
absorption
function
• “Brush border”
or “striated
border” in LM
border
“EPITHELIALORGANS”
• Primarily epithelial tissue
– But ALL organs have more
than one tissue type!
• 3-dimensional masses of cells
– Excludes epithelial sheets
• Not normally capable of
autonomous
t function
f ti
– Well vascularized
– Set off from CT by a basal
lamina
– Usually capable of considerable
regeneration
– Always have some other tissue
present (usually CT)
• Examples:
– Glands of various types
– Liver
Li
– Kidney
 SECRETION

• DEFINITION: The process by which cells take up

small molecules from the blood,, and transform
them into more complex materials that are then
released from the cells.
• Secretion is an active process that always requires
energy. Excretion is usually a passive process.
• Not confined to glands: epithelial sheets can be
secretory
t
 GLANDS
GLANDS

•Epithelial organs specialized for secretion

•Exocrine and endocrine types: both are classic examples
of epithelial organs
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SECRETORY
CELL TYPES

• Basophilic cytoplasm if secretion is a peptide

• Nucleus is “vesicular”
– Large amounts of heterochromatin
• Prominent
P i t nucleolus
l l & Golgi
G l i apparatus
pp t
• May show granularity in cytoplasm
MODES OF SECRETION:
ECCRINE
CC ((MEROCRINE)
OC )
• NO loss of
cytoplasm in
process
• Cells typically
cuboidal to
columnar
• Used by MOST
exocrine and
ALL endocrine
glands
MODES OF SECRETION: APOCRINE

• Loss of SOME
cytoplasm in
process
• Apical region
pinches off &
degenerates
• Used by some
sweat glands
– No other
examples in
mammals
MODES OF SECRETION: HOLOCRINE

• One example in mammals: Sebaceous glands

• ENTIRE CELL dies, forms secretion by degeneration
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF
EXOCRINE (DUCTED) GLANDS
• BASED ON TWO
CRITERIA
– SHAPE OF
SECRETORY
REGION
• Tubular
• Coiled tubular
• Acinar/alveolar
• Tubuloacinar
– DEGREE OF
DIVISION OF
DUCTWORK
• Simple
• Compound
• “Compound” is
NOT =
“Branched”
SIMPLE EXOCRINE GLANDS
• Duct is NOT divided
• Secretory
S t R
Region
i MAY bbe di
divided
id d =
“Branched”
COMPOUND EXOCRINE GLANDS
• DUCT is divided = “Compound”
• Secretory region usually divided