Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines

Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
1
Reaction Turbines
Reacti on t urbines are t hose turbi nes whi ch operat e under hydraulic
pressure energy and part of kineti c energy. In thi s case, the wat er react s
with the vanes as it moves t hrough t he vanes and t ransfers its pressure
energy t o t he vanes so t hat the vanes move in t urn rot ating t he runner on
whi ch they are mounted.
The main t ypes of reaction turbi nes are
1. Radiall y outward flow reaction turbi ne: Thi s reaction t urbi ne
consist a cyli ndri cal disc mount ed on a shaft and provi ded wit h
vanes around the perimet er. At inl et t he wat er fl ows i nto the wheel
at the cent re and t hen glides through radiall y provi ded fixed guide
vanes and then fl ows over the moving vanes. The function of the
guide vanes i s to direct or gui de the wat er int o the moving vanes i n
the correct direction and al so regul at e the amount of wat er st riki ng
the vanes. The wat er as it flows along t he moving vanes will exert a
thrust and hence a t orque on the wheel thereby rot ating the wheel .
The water l eaves the moving vanes at the out er edge. The wheel is
enclosed by a water -ti ght casing. The wat er i s then t aken to draft
tube.
2. Radiall y inward flow reacti on turbine: The consti tutional details of
this turbine are simi lar t o the outward fl ow turbine but for the fact
that the guide vanes surround t he moving vanes. Thi s is preferred to
the out ward fl ow turbine as this turbine does not devel op racing.
The cent rifugal force on the inward movi ng body of wat er decreases
the relative velocit y and thus the speed of t he t urbine can be
controlled easil y.
The main component parts of a reaction t urbi ne are:
(1) Casing, (2) Gui de vanes (3) Runner with vanes (4) Draft tube
Casing: Thi s is a tube of decreasing cross-sectional area wit h the
axis of t he tube being of geometri c shape of volut e or a spi ral . The
wat er fi rst fi lls the casing and t hen ent ers the guide vanes from all
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
2
sides radi all y inwards. The decreasi ng cross -secti onal area helps t he
vel ocit y of the ent ering wat er from al l sides bei ng kept equal. The
geomet ri c shape hel ps the ent ering wat er avoiding or preventi ng the
creation of eddi es. .
Guide vanes: Al ready mentioned i n the above sections.
Runner wi th vanes: The runner i s mount ed on a shaft and the bl ades
are fixed on the runner at equal dist ances. The vanes are so shaped
that the wat er react i ng wit h them will pass through t hem t hereby
passing thei r pressure energy t o make it rotat e t he runner.
Draft tube: Thi s is a divergent tube fixed at t he end of t he out let of
the t urbine and the other end is submerged under t he wat er level i n
the t ail race. The wat er aft er working on the t urbine, t ransfers the
pressure energy t here by losi ng all its pressure and falling bel ow
atmospheric pressure. The draft tube accepts thi s wat er at t he upper
end and increases it s pressure as the water flows through t he tube
and increases more t han atmospheric pressure before it reaches the
tail race.
3. Mixed flow reaction turbine: This is a t urbi ne wherein it is similar
to inward fl ow reaction turbine except that when it leaves the
moving vane, the di rection of wat er is turned from radi al at entry t o
axial at outl et. The rest of t he part s and functioni ng i s same as that
of t he inward flow reaction turbi nes.
4. Axial flow reaction turbine: This is a reaction turbine i n whi ch t he
wat er fl ows parall el to the axis of rot ati on. The shaft of the t urbi ne
may be eit her verti cal or horizontal. The lower end of the shaft is
made l arger to form the boss or the hub. A number of vanes are
fixed t o the boss. When the vanes are composit e with t he boss the
turbine is called propell er turbine. When the vanes are adjustable
the turbine is call ed a Kaplan turbine.
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
3
D
1
D
2
Guide ring
Moving
vanes
Guide
Vanes
Shaft
Inward radial flow reaction turbine
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
4
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
5
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
6
Francis Turbine Cross-
section
Guide vanes
Volut e
Casing
Volut e
Casing
Guide vanes
Moving
vanes
Draft Tube
Shaft
Runn
er
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
7
Guide vane
assembl y
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
8
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
9
Derivation of the efficiency of a reaction turbine
Let
R
1
= Radius of wheel at inlet of the vane
R
2
= Radius of wheel at outlet of the vane
u = Angular speed of the wheel
Tangential speed of t he vane at inlet = u
1
= u R
1
R
1
R
2
O
o
|
V
2
Vr
2
u
2
V
f 2
Vw
2
F
G
H
E
o
u
V
1
Vr
1
u
1
V
f 1
Vw
1
B
D
C
A
Wheel
Tangen
t
Tangen
t
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
10
Tangential speed of t he vane at outlet = u
2
= u R
2
The velocit y t riangles at inlet and outlet are drawn as shown in Fig.
and are the angles bet ween t he absolute velocities of j et and vane at
inlet and outlet respectively
u ando are vane angles at inlet and outlet respectively
The mass of wat er st riking a series of vanes per second = p a V
1
wherea is the area of j et or flow andV
1
is the velocit y of flow at inlet .
The momentum of wat er st riking a series of vanes per second at inlet is
given by the product of mass of wat er st riking per second and the
component of velocit y of flow at inlet
= p a V
1
x V
w1
(V
w1
is the velocit y component of flow at inlet along
tangential direction)
Similarly momentum of wat er st riking a series of vanes per second at
outlet is given by
= p a V
1
x (V
w2)
(V
w2
is t he velocit y component of flow at outlet along
tangential direct ion and because the velocit y
component is acting in the opposit e direction)
Now angular momentum per second at inlet is given by the product of
momentum of wat er at inlet and its radial dist ance = p a V
1
x V
w1
x R
1
And angular moment um per second at inlet is given by = p a V
1
x V
w2
x
R
2
Torque exert ed by wat er on the wheel is given by impul se momentum
theorem as the rate of change of angular momentum
T = p a V
1
x V
w1
x R
1
p a V
1
x V
w2
x R
2
T = p a V
1
(V
w1
R
1
+ V
w2
R
2
)
Workdone per second on the wheel = Torque x Angul ar veloci t y = T x u
WD/s = p a V
1
(V
w1
R
1
+ V
w2
R
2
) x u
= p a V
1
(V
w1
R
1
x u + V
w2
R
2
x u)
As u
1
= uR
1
and u
2
= uR
2
, we can simplify the above equation as
WD/s = p a V
1
(V
w1
u
1
+ V
w2
u
2
)
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
11
In t he above case, always t he velocit y of whirl at outlet is given by bot h
magnitude and direct ion as V
w2
= (Vr
2
Cos o u
2
)
If the discharge is radial at outlet, t henV
w2
= 0 and hence the equation
reduces t o
WD/s = p a u
1
V
1
V
w1
KE/s = p a V
1
3
Efficiency of the reaction turbine is given by

3
1
2 2 1 1 1
2
1
ond Energy/sec Kinetic
econd Workdone/s
V a
u V u V V a
w w
p
p
q



2
1
2 2 1 1
2
V
u V u V
w w

q
Not e: The value of t hevelocit y of whirl at outlet is to be substitut ed as
V
w2
= (Vr
2
Cos o u
2
) along with its sign.
Summary
(i ) Speed ratio =
H g
u
2
1
whereH is the Head on t urbine
(ii ) Flow ratio =
H g
V
f
2
1
whereV
f 1
is the velocit y of flow at inlet
(iii ) Discharge flowing through t he reaction turbine is given by
Q = r D
1
B
1
V
f 1
= r D
2
B
2
V
f 2
Where D
1
andD
2
are the diamet ers of runner at inlet and exit
B
1
andB
2
are t he widths of runner at inlet and exit
V
f 1
andV
f 2
aret he Velocit y of flow at inlet and exit
If the t hickness (t) of the vane is to be considered, then the area
through which flow takes place is given by ( r D
1
nt) where n is the
number of vanes mount ed on t he runner.
Discharge flowing through t he reaction turbine is given by
Q = (r D
1
nt ) B
1
V
f 1
= (r D
2
nt) B
2
V
f 2
(iv) The head (H) on the turbine is given by
g
V
g
p
H
2
2
1 1

p
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
12
Where p
1
is the pressure at inlet.
(v) Work done per second on the runner = p a V
1
(Vw
1
u
1
t Vw
2
u
2
)
= p Q (Vw
1
u
1
t Vw
2
u
2
)
(vi )
60
1
1
N D
u
r

(vi i )
60
2
2
N D
u
r

(viii) Work doneper unit weight =

second per striking water of Weight
second per done Work
=


2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
1
u V u V
g g Q
u V u V Q
w w
w w

p
p
If the discharge at the exit is radial, then Vw
2
= 0 and hence
Work doneper unit weight =
1 1
1
u V
g
w
(ix) Hydraulic efficiency =


2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
1
. .
. .
u V u V
H g H Q g
u V u V Q
P W
P R
w w
w w

p
p
If the discharge at the exit is radial, then Vw
2
= 0 and hence
Hydraulic efficiency =
1 1
1
u V
H g
w
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
13
Vel ocity
Triangles
Blade
Configuration
Franci s Turbine install ati on with straight
coni cal draft tube
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
14
WORKI NG OF A KAPLAN TURBI NE
The reaction t urbine developed by Victor Kaplan (1815-1892) is an
improved version of the older propeller t urbine. It is particularly suit able
for generating hydropower in locations where large quantities of wat er are
available under a relatively low head. Consequently t he specific speed of
these turbines is high, viz. , 300 to 1000. As in the case of a Francis
turbine, t he Kaplan turbine is provided with a spiral casing, guide vane
assembly and a draft tube. The blades of a Kaplan turbine, t hree to eight
in number are pivot ed around the cent ral hub or boss, thus permitting
adj ustment of t heir orient ation for changes in load and head. This
arrangement is generally carried out by the governor which also moves the
guide vane suitably. For this reason, while a fixed blade propeller turbine
gives the best performance under the design load condit ions, a Kaplan
turbine gives a consistently high efficiency over a larger range of heads,
discharges and loads. The facilit y for adj ustment of blade angles ensures
shock-less flow even under non-design conditions of operat ion.
Water ent ering radially from the spiral casing is impart ed a subst antial
whirl component by the wicket gates. Subsequently, the curvature of t he
housing makes the flow become axial to some extent and finally then
relative flow as it enters t he runner, is tangential to the leading edge of
Kaplan Turbine install ati on with an El bow
Type Draft tube
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
15
the blade as shown in Fig 1(c), Energy t ransfer from fluid to runner
depends essentially on the extent to which the blade is capable of
extinguishing t he whirl component of fluid. In most Kaplan runners as in
Francis runners, wat er leaves the wheel axially with almost zero whirl or
tangential component. The velocit y t riangles shown in Fig 1(c) are at the
inlet and outlet tips of the runner vane at mid radius, i. e. , midway
bet ween boss periphery and runner periphery.
Comparison between Reaction and Impulse Turbines
SN Reaction turbine Impulse turbine
1 Only a fraction of the available
hydraulic energy is converted into
kinetic energy before the fluid enters
the runner.
All the available hydraulic energy is
converted into kinetic energy bya nozzle
and it is the jet so produced which strikes
the runner blades.
2. Both pressure and velocity change as
the fluid passes through the runner.
Pressure at inlet is much higher than at
the outlet.
It is the velocity of jet which changes, the
pressurethroughout remaining
atmospheric.
3 The runner must be enclosed within a
watertight casing (scroll casing).
Water-tight casing is not necessary.
Casing has no hydraulic function to
perform. It only serves to prevent
splashing and guide water to the tail race
4. Water is admitted over the entire
circumference of the runner
Water is admitted only in the form of jets.
. There may be one or more jets striking
equal number of buckets simultaneously.
5. Water completely fills at the passages
between the blades and while flowing
between inlet and outlet sections does
work on the blades
The turbine does not run full and air has a
free access to the buckets
6. The turbine is connected to the tail race
through a draft tube which is a
gradually expanding passage. It may be
installed above or below the tail race
The turbine is always installed above the
tail race and there is no draft tube used
7. The flow regulation is carried out by
means of a guide-vane assembly. Other
component parts are scroll casing, stay
ring, runner and the draft tube
Flow regulation is done by means of a
needle valve fitted into the nozzle.
Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines
Dr. M. N. Shesha Prakash, Prof essor, J. N. N. Col l ege of Engi neeri ng, Shi moga
16
KAPLAN TURBINE - SUMMARY
1. Peripheral velocities at inlet and outlet are same and given by
whereD
o
is the out er diamet er of the runner
2. Flow velocities at inlet and outlet are same. i. e. V
f 1
= V
f 2
3. Area of flow at inlet is same as area of flow at outlet
whereD
b
is the diamet er of the boss.
60
2 1
N D
u u
o
r


2 2
4
b o
D D Q
r