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( ) ( ) ( ) (
{
)
}
c c v v v v ( A = + +
( ) g, , g, , g, , g, ,
A A B B C C D D
G T p T p T p (
T p
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #15 page
2
where c is an arbitrary small number that allows to let the reaction
proceed just a bit.
We know that
( ) ( )
o
g, , ln implied
1 bar
i
i i i
p
T p T RT p
(
= +
(
where is the standard chemical potential of species i at 1 bar
and in a pure (not mixed) state.
( )
o
i
T
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
v v
v v
c c v v v v
| |
( ( A = + + +
` |
\ . )
o o o o
( ) ln
D C
A B
C D
A A B B C C D D
A B
p p
G T T T T RT
p p
(taking c=1) ln G G RT A = A + Q
where ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o o o o
A A B B C C D D
G T T T v v v v ( A = + +
T (
and
D C
A B
C C
A B
p p
Q
p p
v v
v v
= is the reaction quotient
G A is the standard change in free energy for taking pure reactants
into pure products.
o o o
rxn rxn rxn
G G H T S A = A = A A
o
or ( ) ( )
o o o
form form
products reactants G G G A = A A
If c A < ( ) 0 G then the reaction will proceed spontaneously to form
more products
c A > ( ) 0 G then the backward reaction is spontaneous
c A = ( ) 0 G No spontaneous changes Equilibrium
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #15 page
3
At Equilibrium c A = ( ) 0 G and this implies A = ln
o
rxn eq
G RT Q
Define
eq p
Q K = the equilibrium constant
D D C C
A A B B
C C C C
p X
A A B B
eq eq
p p X X
K p
p p X X
v v v v
v v
v v v v
A A
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
p K
and thus , A = ln
o
rxn p
G RT K
o
G RT
p
K e
A
=
Note from this that ( )
p
K T is not a function of total pressure p.
It is
p X
K p which is K
v A
= ( ) ,
X
K p T .
Recall that all p
i
values are divided by 1 bar, so K
p
and K
X
are
both unitless.
________________________________________________
Example: H
2
(g) + CO
2
(g) = H
2
O(g) + CO(g) T = 298 K
p =1 bar
H
2
(g) CO
2
(g) H
2
O(g) CO(g)
Initial # a b 0 0
of moles
# moles a-x b-x x x
at Eq.
Total # moles at Eq. = (a x) + (b x) + 2x = a + b
Mole fraction
a x
a b
+
b x
a b
+
x
a b +
x
a b +
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #15 page
4
at Eq.
(
o
form
kJ/mol G A
) 0 -396.6 -228.6 -137.2
( )( )
28,600 kJ/mol
8.314 J/K-mol 298 K o 11.54 6
rxn
28.6 kJ/mol 9.7 10
p
G K e e
x
A = = = =
and
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
H O H O CO CO
H H CO CO
p
p p X X
x
K
p p X X a x b
= = =
x
Lets take a = 1 mol and b = 2 mol
We need to solve
( )( )
2
6
9.7 10
1 2
x
x
x x
=
A) Using approximation method:
K << 1, so we expect x << 1 also.
Assume
( )( )
2 2
6
1 1, 2 2 9.7 10
1 2 2
x x
x x x
x x
~ ~ ~ =
0.0044 mol (indeed 1) x ~ <<
B) Exactly:
2
6
2
9.7 10
3 2
p
x
K x
x x
= =
+
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 6 6 6
2
6 6 6
6 6
1 9.7 10 3 9.7 10 2 9.7 10 0
9 9.7 10 4 1 9.7 10 2 9.7 10 3 9.7 10
2 9.7 10 2 1 9.7 10
x x x x x
x x x
x
x x
+ =
+
=
6
x
The - sign gives a nonphysical result (negative x value)
Take the + sign only 0.0044 mol x = (same)
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #15 page
5
Effect of total pressure: example
N
2
O
4
(g) = 2 NO
2
(g)
Initial mol # n 0
# at Eq. n-x 2x Total # moles at Eq. =
n x + 2x = n + x
X
i
s at Eq.
n x
n x
+
2x
n x +
2 2
2 2 4 4
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
4
4
where is the fraction reacted
1
NO NO
p
N O N O
p
x
p p X
x n x
K p p
n x
p pX n x
n x
K p x n
o
o
o
| |
|
+
\ .
= = = =
| |
|
+ \ .
= =
( )
o o o o o
| |
| |
= + = = = = +
|
|
|
| | | |
\ .
\ .
+
+
| |
|
\ .
\ .
1 2
2 2 2 2
4 4 1
1 1 1
4 4 4
4
1
1
4
p
p p p
p p
p
K
K K K
p p
K p p p
p
p
K
K
If p increases, o decreases
Le Chateliers Principle, for pressure:
An increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium so as to decrease the
total # of moles, reducing the volume.
In the example above, increasing p shifts the equilibrium toward the
reactants.
---------------
5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #15 page
6
Another example:
2 NO(g) + O
2
(g) = 2 NO
2
(g)
12
2.3 10 at 298 K
p
K x =
Initial mol # 2 1 0
# at Eq. 2-2x 1-x 2x Total # moles at Eq.
= 2 2x + 1 x + 2x
X
i
s at Eq.
( ) 2 1
3
x
x
1
3
x
x
2
3
x
x
= 3 - x
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
3 2 2 2 2
3 1 1
1
NO NO NO
p
NO O NO O NO O
p p X X
x x
K
p p p X pX p X X p
x
= = = =
1 so we expect 1 3- 2
p
K x >> ~ ~ x
( )
( )
| |
~ ~ =
|
|
\ .
1 3
3
3
1 2 2 2
or 1 1
1
p
p p
K x x
p pK
x
pK
In this case, if p| then x| as expected from Le Chateliers principle.