The structure is three dimensional (3D), comprising floor slabs, beams, columns and footings, which monolithically connected

and act integrally to resist vertical loads and lateral loads.

3D view of reinforced concrete building structure

Idealized as 3D frame which consist of slabs, beams and column.

In many cases the slabs are analyzed separately (analyses frame

consist only beams and columns)
3D frame of building structure

Analysis of 3D frame represent the real behavior of the structure but it is quite complicated since the structure is highly indeterminate
The analysis normally carried out by computer since the manual calculation is unfeasible

In order to simplify the analysis, the 3D structure is generally divided into a series of independent parallel two dimensional plane frames (2D).

2D frame of building structure

Simplified frame into substitude frames (subframe) or continuous beams

Braced Frame
Frames that not contribute to the overall stability of the structure None of the lateral actions, including wind, are transmitted to the columns and beams but carries by bracing members such as shear wall

Support vertical actions only

Unbraced Frame
Frame that not contribute to the overall stability of the structure All lateral actions, including wind, are transmitted to the columns and beams since there are no bracing members such as shear wall are provided. Support vertical and lateral actions

Primary objective - to obtain a set of internal forces and moments throughout the structure that are in equilibrium with the design loads for the required loading combinations.
General provisions to analysis are set out in EN 1992-1-1 section 5.

One-level sub-frame
Each sub-frame mat be taken to consist of the beams at one level together with the columns above and below.
The ends of the columns remote from the beams may generally be assumed to be fixed unless the assumption of a pinned end is clearly more reasonable

Sub-frame for analysis of beams and columns

Two-points sub-frame
The moments and forces in certain individual beam may be found by considering a simplified sub-frame consisting only of the beam, the columns attached to the end of that beam and the beams on either side is any. The column and beam ends remote from the beam under consideration may generally be assumed to be fixed unless the assumption of pinned is clearly more reasonable

Sub-frame for analysis of individual beam

The stiffness of the beams on either side of the beam considered should be taken as half their actual values if they are taken to be fixed at their outer ends

Continuous beam and one-point sub-frame

The moments and forces in the beams at one level may also be obtained by considering the beams as a continuous beam over supports providing no restraint to rotation

Continuous beam for analysis of beams

One-point sub-frames for analysis of columns

The ultimate moments for column may be calculated by simple moment distribution procedure

assumption that the column and beam ends remote from the junction under consideration are fixed and that the beams posses half their actual stiffness
The arrangement of the design ultimate variable loads should be such as to cause the maximum moment the column

Action on buildings is due to permanent (dead load), variable (imposed, wind, dynamic, seismic loads) and accidential load Mostly multistiry buildings for office or residential purpose are design for dead, imposed and wind loads

Separate actions must be applied to the structure in appropiate directions and various tyoes of actions combined with partial safety factors selscted to cause the most severe design condition.

The framing plans for a multistory building are shown in Fig E9.1. The main dimensions structural features, loads, material, etc. are also set out in the figure. Analyze sub frame 3/A-D, Level 1 to determine shear forces and bending moments of corresponding beams and columns. Use all the three methods of analysis that discussed before

Building frames are subjected to lateral loads as well as vertical loads. Building must not only have sufficient lateral resistance to prevent failure but also must have sufficient resistance to deflection to prevent damage to their various part.

Portal method
The frame theoretically divided into independent portals. The shear in each storey is assumed to be divided between the bays in proportion to their span. Shear in each bay is then divided equally between columns. The column end moments are the column shear multiplied by one-half the column height Beam moment balance the column moments The external column only resist axial load which is found by dividing the overturning moment at any level by the width of the building

Cantilever method
The axial loads in column are assumed to be proportional to the distance from the center of gravity of the frame Assume that all the column in a storey are of equal cross-section area and the point of contraflexures are located at the mid-points of all column and beams.

Wind forces- variable loads which act directly on the internal and external surfaces of structures. The intensity is related to the square of the wind velocity and the dimension of the members that are resisting the wind. Wind velocity-dependent on geographical location, the height of the structure, the topography of the area and the roughness of the surrounding terrain.

The response of a structure to the variable action of wind can be separated into two components Background component
Involves static deflection of the structure under the wind pressure

Resonant component

involves dynamic vibration of the structure in response to changes in wind pressure

Wind
creates pressure on the windwards side of a building and suction on its other three sides Produces suction on flat roofs, on the leeward side of sloping roofs, and even on the windwards side of roofs with a pitch less than 30

Simplified procedure
Limited in application to building of rectangular in plan and not greater than 15.0 m high

Analytical procedure Limited to regular building that are not more than 200m high and structure with roof span less than 100 m

Wind tunnel procedure Used for complex buildings