called sampling. • Sampling an analog signal occurs at discrete time intervals. • The rate at which the signal is sampled is known as the sampling frequency. Sampling • The sampling frequency determines the quality of the analog signal conversion process.
• A Higher sampling frequency achieves better conversion of the
analog signals.
• The minimum sampling frequency required to represent the signal
should be at least twice the maximum frequency of the analog signal under test (this is called the Nyquist rate).
• If the sampling frequency is equal or less than twice the frequency of
the input signal, a signal of lower frequency is generated from such a process (this is called aliasing). Sampling
• For accurate frequency representation:
– Sample at least 2x the highest frequency signal being measured.
• For accurate shape representation
– Sample 5–10x the highest frequency signal being measured. Sampling • # of Samples to Read is defines as how many data points the DAQ will return • Sampling Rate tells the DAQ how fast to acquire the data. T=1/(sampling rate)
• Divide the number of samples by the sample rate to determine the
sample time (i.e. that last time in the graph), then you can determine how many cycle of input signal period will be shown.
• # of cycles= (sample time)*(input signal period)
• Note: The # of samples for 1 cycle= (sampling frequency)/ (input
signal frequency) Sampling Math. Example • If the input signal has 2 Vp-p, 100 Hz and Sine Wave. • If you set the DAQ to 1000Hz sample rate, 50 Samples • What is the sample time? __(50mSec )_ • How many wave cycles should we see? __(5)__ Aliasing-Varying Sample Rate • Now try sampling of – 500Hz and 25 samples – 300Hz and 15 samples – 210Hz and 10 samples Aliasing-Varying Sample Rate • Now sample rates below Nyquist Frequency Resolution • Precision of the analog to digital conversion process is dependent upon the number of bits the ADC uses.
• The higher the resolution, the higher the
number of divisions the voltage range is broken into, and therefore, the smaller the detectable voltage changes. Resolution • An 8 bit ADC gives 256 levels (2^8) compared to a 12 bit ADC that has 4096 levels (2^12). 16-Bit versus 3-Bit Resolution (5 kHz Sine Wave) 10.00 111 8.75 110 16-bit 7.50 101 6.25 3-bit Amplitude 5.00 100 (Volts) 011 3.75 010 2.50 001 1.25 000 0 | | | | | 0 50 100 150 200 Time (ms) Digital to Analog Converter • The multifunction boards also have on-board digital to analog converters (DAC). A DAC can generate an analog output from a digital input. This allows the board to generate analog signals, both dc and ac voltages.
• Like the ADC, the DAC's performance is limited by the
number of samples it can process and the number of bits that is used in converting the digital code into an analog signal.