Clauses

__________________-a group of words with its own _____________________ and

__________________.
Types of clauses:
1. Independent _______________________________________________________________
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Examples _____________________________________________________________________

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2. Subordinate _______________________________________________________________
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Example 2: When you arrive at the airport in Dallas, call us.
These wildflowers, which grow only locally, are of interest to scientists.
Did you know that he had granted us an interview?
Subordinate Clause Key Words:__________________________________________________

Clauses Notes

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Practice 1: Identify each italicized clause as independent (I) or subordinate (S).

_____1. The fire started because someone did not smother a campfire.
_____2. The family that bought our house is moving in next week.
_____3. I saw the job advertised in the school paper and decided to apply for it.
_____4. Did you know that Dr. Joel is the new ambassador to Lebanon?
_____5. We were proud that you conceded defeat so graciously.

Clauses Notes

_____6. Mr. Kim will buy the store if the bank lends him the money.
_____7. According to Mrs. Garza, our math teacher, the binary system is important to know.
_____8. Wherever Maggie goes, her poodle Jack follows.
_____9. She won the golf match because she had practiced diligently.
____10. Whatever you decide is fine with me.
Practice 2
Using 2 different colored markers, highlight the independent clauses one color and the
subordinate colors another color. Circle subordinate clause key words.
Benjamin Franklin was a man who symbolized the spirit of early America. Although he
was born in Boston, Franklin moved to Philadelphia as a young an. When he arrived there, he
began working as a printer. Franklin published Poor Richards Almanac, the publication for
which he was most famous. Science was also an area that fascinated him. His experiments
proved that lightning was a form of electricity. Many of Franklins achievements occurred when
he was an old man. When Franklin was seventy, he attended the Continental Congress. After
the Revolutionary War started, he served as an ambassador to France. All Americans recognize
that Franklins contributions were important.
Sentences Classified According to Structure
Structure refers to _______________________________________________________________
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1. A __________________ sentence contains ________________________________
clause and ______________________________________ clauses.

Examples _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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Quick Check! Ray and Joe worked and saved enough for a trip to Ohio. Is this a simple
sentence? ____________
2. A __________________ sentence contains ________________________________
by a comma and a coordinating conjunction; by a semicolon; or by a semicolon, a
conjunctive adverb, and a comma.

Coordinating conjunctions
F___________
A___________
N___________
B___________
O___________
Y___________
S___________

Conjunctive adverbs

Clauses Notes

clauses and ______________________________________ clauses. They may be joined

Examples _____________________________________________________________________
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Quick Check! Joe considered county music corny and said so. Is this a compound
sentence?__________

Clauses Notes

3. A __________________ sentence contains ________________________________

clause and _________________________________________________ clause.
Examples _____________________________________________________________________
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4. A _________________________________________ sentence contains
_________________________________________________________ clauses and
_________________________________________________ clause.
Examples _________________________________________________________________
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Practice
Differentiate between the independent and subordinate clauses. Then classify each sentence as
simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.
1. We chose one way; they chose another. ___________________
2. They learned a dance with a variety of steps. ___________________

3. Whenever Angelo gets to school early, he talks to his friends. ___________________

4. The vibrations from the jet caused the vase to fall and crack. ___________________
5. The gum stuck to his face; it looked like glue. ___________________
6. Stuck to his face, the gum looked like glue. ___________________
7. The gum that stuck to his face looked like glue. ___________________
8. My uncle planned to drive to work, but he couldnt until the snowplows cleared the
roads. ___________________
9. Because Kelly forgot to water her plants, they wilted. ___________________
10. The game of football is fun, but I prefer soccer because it is safer. __________________
11. My pet rabbit escaped through the hole in the fence. ___________________
12. When it started to rain, the game was called, so we went to a movie. _________________
13. Day passed, but the survivors of the plane crash still hoped to be rescued. ____________

15. Both Mom and Dad enjoy camping and fishing. ___________________
Practice 2
Read the following excerpt from Cold Sassy Tree by Olive Ann Burns. Then give an example of
each sentence structure in the blanks below.
Three weeks after Granny Blakeslee died, Grandpa came to our house for his early morning snort
of whiskey, as usual, and said to me, "Will Tweedy? Go find yore mama, then run up to yore
Aunt Loma's and tell her I said git on down here. I got something to say. And I ain't a-go'n say it
but once't."
"Yessir."
"Make haste, son. I got to git on to the store."
Mama made me wait till she pinned the black mourning band for Granny on my shirt sleeve.
Then I was off. Any time Grandpa had something to say, it was something you couldn't wait to
hear.
That was eight years ago on a Thursday morning, when Grandpa Blakeslee was fifty-nine and I
was fourteen. The date was July 5, 1906. I know because Grandpa put it down in the family
Bible, and also Toddy Hughes wrote up for the Atlanta paper what happened to me on the train
trestle that day and I still have the clipping. Besides that, I remember it was right after our July

Clauses Notes

14. Everyone who knows Allen admires him. ___________________

the Fourth celebration-the first one held in Cold Sassy, Georgia, since the War Between the
States.

Simple: _______________________________________________________________________
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Compound: ____________________________________________________________________
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Complex: _____________________________________________________________________
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Clauses Notes

Compound-complex: ____________________________________________________________
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Combining Sentences for Emphasis
Emphasis-the information that needs to be emphasized should be
____________________________________ and the other, non-emphasized information should
be _________________________________________.
Example 1:

Sentence 1: We were late.

Sentence 2: We were expelled.
Combine the two sentences to emphasize Sentence 2.
Answer: Because we were late, we were expelled.
We were expelled because we were late.
Example 2:
Sentence 1: We studied for the test.
Sentence 2: We came to class.

Combine the two sentences to emphasize Sentence 1.

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Example 3:
Sentence 1: Richard plays in a rock band.
Sentence 2: He is dating Jessica.
Combine the two sentences to emphasize Sentence 2.
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Equal Emphasis-if the statements are to be equally emphasized, both statements must be

Example:
Sentence 1: Hayley plays basketball.
Sentence 2: She plays point guard.

Clauses Notes

_____________________________________________________________.

Combine the two sentences to emphasize both sentences.

Answer: Hayley plays basketball, and she is the teams point guard.
Practice
1. Sentence 1: The astronomy seminar was exciting.
Sentence 2: It lasted all day.
Combine the 2 sentences emphasizing Sentence 1.
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2. Sentence 1: My dad never wins the annual chili cook-off.
Sentence 2: He is convinced that he has a terrific recipe.
Combine the 2 sentences emphasizing Sentence 2.
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3. Sentence 1: The class president has highlighted important issues.
Sentence 2: He has attracted students interested in the issues.
Combine the 2 sentences emphasizing both statements.
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4. Sentence 1: Traffic was horrible on the way to the airport.

Clauses Notes

Sentence 2: We got to the gate just as the last passengers were boarding the plane.
Combine the 2 sentences emphasizing Sentence 2.
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5. Sentence 1: Cal's new motorcycle is built for off-road riding.
Sentence 2: His parents won't let him ride it to school.
Combine the 2 sentences emphasizing both statements.
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Parallel Structure
Parallel structure is ______________________________________________________________
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When using a coordinating conjunctionand, or, butin a series, you must always use the
___________________________________________ joined by the conjunction to keep the
sentence parallel.
Example 1: The man was old, lonely, and a miser.

This sentence is not parallel. Why? __________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
_
How can we correct it?

By making all comparisons adjectives

By rewording the sentence by taking out the and

Correct: The man was old, lonely, and miserly.

The old, lonely man was a miser.
Example 2: The model learned to speak well, walking with poise, and that she must apply
makeup correctly.
Is this sentence parallel? Why or why not? _____________________________________

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Correct: ___________________________________________________________________
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Sometimes only two parts of a sentence are combined using a coordinating conjunction. In these
cases, make sure the two parts of the sentence that are joined by the conjunction are written in
_____________________________________________________________.
Example 3: He was a professional baseball player and also played the violin. This sentence is
NOT parallel you cannot combine a linking verb and an action verb with and and it not be
parallel.
Correct: ______________________________________________________________________
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Example 4: Telling your intentions and to carry them out are two different matters. Is this
sentence parallel? _____________ If not, correct it. _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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When using correlative conjunctions, make sure you use the ___________________
grammatical element for both parts of the sentence so that the sentence will be parallel.

Correlative Conjunctions
___________________...____________________

___________________...____________________
___________________...____________________
___________________...____________________
___________________...____________________
Example 5: We needed either to correct the mistake or we should start over. Is this sentence
parallel? _____________ If not, correct it. _________________________________________
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Practice Add a word or phrase to make each sentence parallel.
1. Ronald would always open the mail, throw away the junk mail
and____________________________________________.
2. George Washington was general of the Continental army during the Revolutionary War
and ____________________________________________________________________
3. She practiced gymnastics and _______________________________________________
4. Rebecca is not only my boss but also _______________________
5. I wondered whether to make an outline first or __________________________