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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB MANUAL www.jntuworld.com

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB

SYLLABUS
List of Experiments: 1. Pulse Amplitude modulation and demodulation 2. Pulse Width modulation and demodulation 3. Pulse Position modulation and demodulation 4. Sampling Theorem Verification 5. Time Division Multiplexing 6. Pulse Code modulation 7. Differential Pulse Code modulation 8. Delta modulation 9. Frequency Shift Keying 10. Phase Shift Keying 11. Differential Phase Shift Keying

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB

List of Experiments: 1. Pulse Amplitude modulation and demodulation 2. Pulse Width modulation and demodulation 3. Pulse Position modulation and demodulation 4. Sampling theorem - Verification 5. Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 6. Pulse Code modulation and demodulation 7. Amplitude Shift Keying 8. Delta modulation and demodulation 9. Frequency Shift Keying 10. Phase Shift Keying 11. Differential Phase Shift Keying

Experiments other than JNTU Syllabus: 12. Adaptive Delta Modulator

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1. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To generate a Pulse amplitude modulated signal and also demodulate the original signal. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. THEORY: In pulse Amplitude Modulation the amplitude of the carrier pulses varies in accordance with the instantaneous values of message signal and the pulse width is fixed, in practice this is realized by a simple mechanical commutator or by electronic circuit. Natural PAM signal sampling occurs when finite width is used in the modulators and tops of the pulses are forced to follow the magnitude of modulating waveform. Flat tapped PAM system is quite often used because of the generating the modulating waveform and spectrum. Finite width pulses are used but they are flat topped after modulation. Reconstruction of original signal is possible by passing the modulated signal through a low pass filter. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BC107 transistor-1 10K resistors -2 Function generators-2 CRO Bread board Connecting wires, probes

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PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Modulating signal is given to a collector terminal of a BC 107 transistors and carrier signal of High frequency is given to a base terminal of a transistor and switch ON the power supply. 3. Then the modulated out put is observed across the transistor emitter terminal. 4. The output characteristics of a PAM signal is plotted on a graph.

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

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PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be tight. 2. The width of the signal must be noted carefully. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What are the classifications of pulse modulation techniques? 2. What is the transmission bandwidth of Pulse amplitude modulation? 3. What are the Draw backs in Pulse amplitude modulated signal? 4. What do you mean by synchronization in PAM? 5. Write the standard equation of a PAM in frequency domain? 6. What is meant by Aperture effect? 7. Draw the frequency spectrum of a PAM signal? 8. What is the time domain representation of a PAM signal? 9. What are the major differences between PAM &PWM? 10. Which type of sampling technique is used in PAM signal? RESULT: The output characteristic of a Pulse amplitude modulated/demodulated signal is obtained.

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2. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To construct pulse width modulation circuit and observe modulation and demodulation. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. IC 555 timer -1 10k resistor-1 47K resistor-1 0.01f capacitor-1 + 5v power supply Function generator Bread board Connecting wires, probes CRO

THEORY: If the widths of the pulses are varying in accordance with the modulating signal it is called pulse width modulation. In Pulse width modulation, the amplitude of the pulses is constant. Generation of PWM the in put modulating signal is given to non - inverting terminal of op-amp .the op-amp now compares with both the input signals. The output of the comparator is high only when instantaneous value of input modulating signal is grater then that of saw tooth waveform. When saw tooth waveform voltage is grater then input modulating signal at that instant the out put of the comparator remains zero i.e. in negative saturation. Thus out put of comparator is PWM signal. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: 1. Connection is made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Vary the control voltage (0-5) v and observe the corresponding change in output square Waveform using CRO. 3. Change in control voltage changes the width of the square wave. 4. Note down the T-ON and T-OFF. 5. Plot the observed waveform. OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be tight. 2. The width of the signal must be noted carefully. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What are the different types of PTM systems? 2. What is the other name of Pulse width modulation? 3. What do you mean by pulse time modulation? 4. What is the comparison between the PAM and PWM? 5. What is the definition of PWM? 6. What is the transmission bandwidth of PWM signal? 7. Which type sampling technique is used in PWM? 8. What are the applications of PWM modulation technique? RESULT: Pulse width modulation circuit is constructed and modulation & demodulation are observed. www.jntuworld.com Page 8

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3. PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To generate a Pulse position modulated/demodulated signal by using 555 timers. APPARATUS: 1.IC 555 timer -2 2.10k Resistor- 2 3.1 k Resistor -1 4.0.01f capacitor-2 5.0.1f capacitor 6.Function generator 7..Bread board 8.Connecting wires, probes 9.CRO THEORY: PPM can be considered version of PDM in PDM, long pulses expend considerable power during the pulse while bearing no additional information. If an arrangement is made so that the unused power could be subtracted from the PDM, we get a more efficient pulse modulation. In PPM the position of a pulse relative to its unmodulated time of occurrence is varied in accordance with the message signal PPM may be obtained from PWM, in which the position of PWM pulses are position modulated. Thus these pulses will have time displacement proportional to the instantaneous value of the signal voltage. The simplest method of generation of PPM from PWM is to use a monostable multivibrator. It is to be designed in such away that it triggers the trailing edges of a PWM signal. If a PWM signal is applied at the inputs, the output will be obviously a pulse position modulated signal whose duration will be determined by the timing circuit of multivibrator. For demodulation of PPM, first it converted into PWM with help of flip-flop, and then it is demodulated. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. The supply +5v are applied to pin4 and pin8. 3. The pins 2&6 are stored for self triggering. 4. The message signal of 500Hz, 2v pp amp- is applied to pin-5. 5. The output is observed on CRO at pin-3. 6. The input and output waveforms are rated from CRO and are plotted on graph sheet. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Define PPM? 2. What are the differences between PPM & PWM? 3. Which type of sampling technique is used in PPM? 4. The Multivibrator used in PPM is? 5. Pulse duration of PPM is? 6. In PPM the position is proportionally varied in which parameter of the modulating signal?

RESULT: Hence the Pulse position modulated/demodulated signal is obtained.

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4. SAMPLING THEOREM - VERIFICATION

AIM: To sample the given input signal at different sampling rates and reconstruct the original signal by passing through a low pass filter. APPARATUS:

1. Sampling and reconstructing trainer kit.

2. C.R.O 3. Connecting wires& Probes THEORY: Sampling is a process by which a continuous time signal is converted in to a discrete time signal. This can be accomplished by representing continuous time signal at discrete number of points; these points are determined by the sampling period i.e. the samples of x (t) can be obtained at discrete points T = nt where T - sampling period n - no. of positive integers t - Time

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. An input of continuous-time signal will be given to the input terminal of the trainer. 3. The discrete-time signals are observed at the sampled output, and holding outputs are observed at Hold output terminal. 4. By selecting of different sampling frequencies sampling outputs are observed. 5. By giving this sampled output to BUTTER WORTH LOW PASS FILTER we can observe the reconstructed output i.e. nothing but a continuous-time signal. OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections must be tight.

2. Waveforms must be note carefully VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Give the statement of sampling theorem? 2. What do you mean by Nyquist interval? 3. What is meant by Guard band? 4. What is meant by Aperture effect? 5. Draw the sampled output of an analog signal in frequency -domain? 6. What is meant by Aliasing effect? 7. Which filters are used to attenuate the aliasing effect? 8. What are the different types of sampling techniques? 9. What is meant by Nyquist rate? 10. Define sampling theorem in time- domain? RESULT: Hence sampling theorem is verified.

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5. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING

AIM: To transmit a multiplexed output of different frequency message signals through a single channel using TDM system and recover back the original message signals through a demultiplexer at receiver end. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. THEORY: Time division multiplexing is a technique used for transmitting several analog message signals over a single communication channel, by dividing the time frame in to number of slots, i.e. one slot for each signal. Here there are four input signals; all are band limited to fx by the input Low pass filters, and all these are sequentially sampled at the transmitter by using a rotary switch i.e. commutator. This commutator makes fs revolutions per second and extracts one sample from each input during each revolution. The out put of the switch is a PAM wave form containing samples of the input signals periodically interfaced with time. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: TDM trainer kit CRO Patch cards Connecting wires

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PROCEDURE: (AT TRANSMITTING BLOCK) 1. Place the duty cycle controlled switch in position-5 2. Turn the potentiometer in function generator block fully in clock wise 3. The following connections are made 250Hz to channel-o 500Hz to channel-1 1kHz to channel-2 2kHz to channel -3 4. The external triggering will be given to the channel-0 terminal. 5. Then multiplexed output is observed across Tx output terminal. 6. Vary the amplitude of input sine wave by varying the potentiometers in function generator block to indicate which sample belongs to which output channel and then the outputs are plotted on the graph. (AT RECEIVER BLOCK) 1. The following connections are made Tx output to Rx output Tx clock to Rx clock Tx t0 to Rx t0 2. Above connections are made sure that the Tx clock signal is used by the Rx to Synchronize its activity 3. Then de-multiplexed original message signals are available across the low pass filters at receiver block. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be tight. 2. Waveforms must be noted carefully.

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OUTPUT WAVEFORMS: (Transmitting Signals)

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DEMULTIPLEXED OUTPUT:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by multiplexing technique and what are the different types of
Multiplexers? 2. Briefly explain about TDM&FDM? 3. What is the transmission band width of a PAM/TDM signal? 4. Define crosstalk effect in PAM/TDM system? 5. What are the advantages of TDM system? 6. What are major differences between TDM&FDM? 7. Give the value of Ts in TDM system? 8. What are the applications of TDM system and give some example? 9. What is meant by signal overlapping? 10. Which type of modulation technique will be used in TDM? RESULT: Hence four message signals are transmitted at a time through a single communication channel, using TDM system and again de-multiplex these four message signals at receiver is observed.

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6. PULSE CODE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To convert an analog signal into a pulse digital signal using PCM system and to convert the digital signal into analog signal using PCM demodulation system. APPARATUS: 1. PCM transmitter trainer. 2. PCM receiver trainer. 3. CRO and connecting wires. THEORY: In the PCM communication system, the input analog signal is sampled and these samples are subjected to the operation of quantization. The quantized samples are applied to an encoder. The encoder responds to each such a sample by generation unique and identifiable binary pulse. The combination of quantize and encoder is called analog to digital converter. It accepts analog signal and replaces it with a successive code symbol, each symbol consists of a train of pulses in which the each pulse represents a digit in arithmetic system. When this digitally encoded signal arrives at the receiver, the first operation to be performed is separation of noise which has been added during transmission along the channel. It is possible because of quantization of the signal for each pulse interval; it has to determine which of many possible values has been received. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

PROCEDURE: 2. The two inputs of function generator are connected to channel -0 and channel-1 simultaneously that is DC1 output to channel -0 and DC2 to channel-1. 3. With the help of oscillator DC1 output is adjusted to 0 volts. 4. Transmitter and receiver are connected by the synchronization of clock pulses and by connecting ground transmitter to ground receiver. 5. The transmitter is connected to the input of receiver to go the original signal at the receiver output. 6. After connection is made the inputs channel 1 and channel 0 are noted. The sampled output of bit channels are taken by connecting DC1 output to channel 0 and DC2 output to channel-1. 7. The phase shift of a channel can be obtained by comparing the input and output of channels at the transmitter block. 8. Thus the output of transmitter can be noted down and input of receiver is similar to that. 9. The receiver output signals are noted down at channel 0 and channel 1 of the receiver block.

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VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is the expression for transmission bandwidth in a PCM system? 2. What is the expression for quantization noise /error in PCM system? 3. What are the applications of PCM? 4. What are the advantages of the PCM? 5. What are the disadvantages of PCM?

RESULT: Thus the A/D and D/A are converted using PCM modulation and demodulation systems.

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7. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate the ASK signal for given binary data and also modulate the transmitted binary data. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. THEORY: ASK is one in which the amplitude of a carrier is switched between two values i.e, on and off. The resultant waveform consists of on pulses representing binary 1 and off pulses representing binary 0.The binary ASKS signaling scheme was one of the earliest forms of digital modulation used in wireless telegraphy at the beginning of this century. It is the simplest form of digital modulation & serves as a useful model for introducing certain concepts. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SL100 transistor Op-amp 1K resistors 100 K resistors +5v power supply Function generator CRO Bread board Connecting wires, probes

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PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set function generator (square wave) of 1v, 1 kHz for input modulating signal then switch ON the power supply. 3. Now observe ASK output waveform on the CRO. 4. Plot the observed waveform on the graph. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is the other name of ASK signal? Draw the o/p waveform of ASK? What are the demodulation techniques of BASK? Draw the power spectral density of ASK signal? Write the standard equation of ASK signal? What is the transmission BW of an ASK signal? What are the differences between BASK&FSK? What the advantages are of ASK over an AM?

RESULT: Hence the ASK signal is generated form a given binary input &also the demodulated signal of an ASK is obtained. www.jntuworld.com Page 24

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8. DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To transmit an analog message signal in its digital form and again reconstruct back the original analog message signal at receiver by using Delta modulator. APPARATUS:
1. Delta modulator trainer kit 2. CRO 3. Probes & patch cards

THEORY: Delta modulator is an advanced version of PCM system, so it is also known as Single bit PCM system. It generates the output signal by comparing the input signal with its quantized approximated output i.e. if the step size increases to+ it gives binary value 1 and if step downs to -it gives binary value o. In this way it reduces the transmission channel band width. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR DEMODULATOR:

PROCEDURE: MODULATOR 1. 1.Give the 1kHz analog input to the comparator input pin(9) and the output of the comparator is given to the bi-stable circuit input the TX clock signal is given to the other input of the bi-stable circuit. 2. The bi-stable circuit output is internally given to the Unipolar/bipolar converter and the output of this converter will be given to the input of integrator. 3. The integrator output is given to the second input of the comparator. 4. Then plot the comparator input waveforms and the bi-stable circuit output, and the corresponding clock signal. www.jntuworld.com Page 26

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DEMODULATOR 1. Connect the bi-stable circuit output to the demodulator side bi-stable circuit input, and also give the receiver clock signal to this circuit. 2. The output of this bi-stable circuit is internally given to the Unipolar/bipolar converter and the output of this converter will be given to the input of integrator at demodulator side. 3. Then the integrator output is given to the low pass filter, so finally we observe the original analog signal output across low pass filter output terminal. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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PRECAUTIONS: 1. 2. Connections must be tight. Note down the comparator inputs carefully.

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What are the advantages of Delta modulator? What are the disadvantages of delta modulator? How to overcome slope overload distortion? How to overcome Granular or ideal noise? What are the differences between PCM & DM? Define about slope over load distortion? What is the other name of Granular noise? What is meant by staircase approximation? What are the disadvantages of Delta modulator? Write the equation for error at present sample?

RESULT: Hence we obtained the digital data output of a given analog message signal by using delta modulator

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9. FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate the frequency shift keying signal for a given binary data and also demodulate the original data input. APPARATUS: PCM transmitter trainer kit. 2. Data formatting & carrier modulation transmitter trainer kit 3. Data reformatting & carrier demodulation receiver trainer kit 4. C.R.O 5. Connecting wires and probes
1.

THEORY: In FSK, the waveform is generated by switching the frequency of the carrier between two values corresponding to the binary information which is to be transmitted. Here the carrier frequency varies from lowest to highest point i.e. carrier swing is known as Frequency shift keying. FSK signaling schemes find a wide range of applications in low speed digital data transmission systems. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: (PCM TX)

1. The following connections are made at PCM TX

D.C 1 to CH.0 CH.0 to CH.1 2. The following conditions should be there Mode switch - fast mode Sync switch - ON Switched faults OFF Error check code OFF TX .T0 - CRO external triggering. Adjust D.C1 until the 7 bit code is displayed on A/D converter LED.
Then observe the PCM TX data output.

(DATA FORMATTING AND CARRIER MOD.&DEMOD. TRAINER)

1. From PCM Tx clock to Tx clock input terminal. 2. PCM output to Tx data input. 3. Then connect NRZ (L) output, carrier of 1.44MHz is applied at modulating input& carrier inputs of Modulator I. 4. Now invert the NRZ (L) output, then the inverted output and 960MHz carrier signal both are given to Modulator II. 5. Both the outputs of Modulator I& Modulator II are given to a summing amplifier then we observe the FSK output across the summing amplifier output terminal. 6. For demodulation of this FSK signal, connect this FSK output to FSK demodulator input terminal and the output of this FSK demodulator block is given to the input of LPF. 7. The LPF output is given to the input of voltage comparator, then we observe the demodulated output across the output terminal of the voltage comparator of DF&CDM trainer kit.

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PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be tight. 2. Carefully draw the output waveform OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Define Binary FSK signal? 2. What is meant by carrier swing? 3. Define Frequency deviation of FSK signal? 4. What are the advantages of this FSK signal? 5. Give the differences between FSK & FM?

RESULT: Hence obtained the FSK signal for a given input data and also obtained the demodulated data the given FSK signal.

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10. PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate the phase shift keying signal for the given binary data & to demodulated to Receive the transmitted binary data. APPARATUS: 1. PCM trainer kit 2. PSK trainer kit 3. CRO THEORY: Phase shift keying or discrete phase modulation is another technique available for communicating digital information over band pass channels. In PSK signaling schemes the waveforms s1(t) = -Acoswct & S2(T) = Acoswct are used to convey binary digits 0& 1 respectively. The binary PSK waveform Z (t) can be described by, Z (t) = D (t) Acoswct . Where D (T) is a random binary waveform with period Tb& levels -1&1. The only difference b/w the ASK&PSK waveform is that in the ASK scheme the carrier is switched on &off whereas in the PSK scheme the carrier is switched b/w levels +A & -A. The differentially coherent PSK signaling scheme makes use of a clever technique designed to get around the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE: 1. Assume that the following connections are made on PCM TX. 2. DC1 o/p is connected to channel -0 i/p. 3. Channel-0 i/p is connected to chennal-1 i/p 4. Mode switch is kept in fast mode. 5. Synch button is kept in on position. 6. Switched faults should be in OFF position. 7. Error check OFF (00). 8. TX to be connected to CRO external triggering. 9. Adjust the DC1 until the 7bit code displayed on A/D converter. 10. LED is observing the PCM o/p at PCM Tx o/p. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is the bandwidth requirement of BPSK? 2. What is the expression for error probability of BPSK reception using coherent matched filter detection? 3. What are the draw backs of BPSK? 4. Draw the Power spectral density of BPSK? 5. What are the major differences between DPSK&BPSK? 6. What are the advantages of BPSK over a PSK signal? RESULT: Hence the PSK output of a given binary data is generated and also the demodulated output of a PSK signal is obtained.

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11. DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

AIM: To generate differentially phase shift keying signal and also demodulate the original binary data. APPARATUS: 1. DPSK modulation and demodulation trainer kit 2. CRO 3. Patch cards THEORY: We may view DPSK as the non-coherent vision of PSK. It eliminates the need for adjustment coherent reference signal at the receiver by connecting two basic operations at the transmitter. 1. Differential encoding at the transmitter. 2. Phase shift keying Hence differential encoding means the given input data will be done EX-OR operation with the previous encoded bit. Now the process of Phase shift keying will be done for both differentially encoded data and the carrier signal. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

DPSK MODULATOR www.jntuworld.com Page 36

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DPSK DEMODULATOR

PROCEDURE: (MODULATOR) 1. In this DPSK trainer kit there three signal generators one is for carrier signal and the second is for clock signal and another is for electrical representation of data bits, so give the carrier signal to CARRIER IN terminal OF MODULATOR. 2. Give the clock signal to CLOCK IN terminal and there are four different data bit combinations are available in the form of (D1, D2, D3 and D4) so connect one of this input data signal to DATA IN terminal of the modulator. 3. Take the differential data output across the DIFF.OUT terminal of the modulator. 4. And then observe the differentially phase shifted carrier signal across the output of the modulator i.e. DPSK output. (DEMODULATOR) 5. 6. 7. 8. Connect DPSK output to DPSK input terminal of the demodulator block. Give the clock signal to CLOCK IN terminal and also connect the carrier signal to CARRIER IN terminal. Ground both the modulator and demodulator circuits. Observe the DPSK demodulated output across the DEMOD.OUT terminal of the demodulator circuit. Page 37

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OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections should be tight. 2. Note the output wave forms carefully. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is the difference between PSK&DPSK? 2. What is the band width requirement of a DPSK? 3. Explain the operation of DPSK detection? 4. What are the advantages of DPSK? 5. What is meant by differential encoding? 6. In Differential encoding technique which type of logic gates are used? RESULT: Hence the differential phase shift keying output of a given binary data and the corresponding demodulated outputs are observed.

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12. ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION

AIM: To obtain the characteristics of Adaptive delta modulation and demodulation. APPARATUS: 3. Adaptive delta modulator trainer kit 4. C.R.O 5. Connecting wires& probes THEORY: In this ADM the step size of the Quantizer is made adaptive to the input signal variation. To overcome the disadvantages of Delta modulator we will go for this Adaptive delta modulation technique in this there is on slope over load distortion and granular noise. Compared to delta modulator the ADM is having very high signaling rate. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATOR

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ADAPTIVE DELTA DEMODULATOR

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PROCEDURE: MODULATOR 1. Give the 1kHz analog input to the comparator input pin(9) and the output of the comparator is given to the bi-stable circuit input the TX clock signal is given to the other input of the bi-stable circuit. 2. The bi-stable circuit output is internally given to the Unipolar/bipolar converter and the output of this converter will be given to the input of integrator. 3. The integrator output is given to the second input of the comparator. 4. Connect A&B gain controls from adaptive control circuit to integrator and also put the gain control switches at L.H.S position 5. Connect the transmitter clock to adaptive control circuit, and also connect the data output of bi-stable network to adaptive control circuit 6. Then plot the comparator input waveforms and the bi-stable circuit output, and the corresponding clock signal. 7. Finally obtain the adaptive delta modulated output across the output terminal of a bi-stable network. DEMODULATOR 8. Connect the bi-stable circuit output to the demodulator side bi-stable circuit input, and also give the receiver clock signal to this circuit. 9. The output of this bi-stable circuit is internally given to the Unipolar/bipolar converter and the output of this converter will be given to the input of integrator at demodulator side. 10. Here also connect the A&B terminals of adaptive control circuit to integrator and also keep gain control switch at R.H.S position. 11. Then the integrator output is given to the low pass filter, so finally we observe the original analog signal output across low pass filter output terminal.

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OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. 2.

Connections must be tight. Note down the comparator inputs carefully

VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the disadvantages of delta modulation? What are the necessary steps to overcome the disadvantages? What is adaptive delta modulation? What happens if the step size is decreased? What is Granular noise? What is the importance of integrator in ADM?

RESULT: Hence we obtained the digital data output of a given analog message signal by using adaptive delta modulator.

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