InternationalJournalofEngineeringPracticalResearch(IJEPR)Volume2Issue1,February2013 www.seipub.

org/ijepr
1
KubandChannelSignalGeneratorBasedon
aStatisticalChannelModel
SnchezSalas,D.A.
1
,CuevasRuz,J.L.
2
1
DepartmentofMechatronicsEngineering,TecnolgicodeMonterrey,CampusEstadodeMxico,Mxico
1
DepartmentofTechnologyInformationandElectronics,TecnolgicodeMonterrey,CampusSantaFe,Mxico
Emails:A00465173@itesm.mx;jose.cuevas@itesm.mx

Abstract
Some wireless channel models based on probability density
functions have been proposed, including models based on
Markov chains. However, they are limited to a certain
number of perturbations. This paper proposes a
methodology based in a Kuband signal behavior which is
classifiedinthreecases:ascendant,descendentandconstant.
Samples are classified in these cases so their conditional
probabilities are analyzed in order to find a fit to a
probability density function and to extract its statistical
parameterswhicharethemodelitself.Fromthisinformation,
a new signal was generated and their second order statistics
are compared with the ones from the original signal to
validate the created model. The analyzed signal was
extractedfromameasurementcampaigndoneinMexico.
Keywords
Ku Band Channel Model; Statistical Channel Model; Signal
Generator;SecondOrderStatistics
I nt r oduc t i on
A deep knowledge is required in the design and
optimization of wireless communication systems.
Models based on probability density functions (pdf)
are not enough to characterize a dynamic channel
becausetheyonlydescribeonetypeofphenomenonso
other alternatives are analyzed. Many publications
describe models created from measured samples
wherethesignalisanalyzedasarandomvariableand
onlyoneperturbationischaracterizedoritcanonlybe
applied to certain frequency or system. Other models
are based in Markov chains which implies the
combination of many phenomena however they are
limitedtoapreestablishednumberofstatesorevents
during the transmission [(Barts, 1988), (Fontan, 2001),
(Abouraddy, 2000), (Kattenbach, 2002), (Eberlein,
2007)].
Anotheralternativeforchannelmodelingistoanalyze
the variations in the level of the signal due to all
phenomena (like rain, scintillation, etc.) which
produces its fading. Thesevariationsare denominated
asthedynamicofthewirelesssignal.Theclassification
according to this dynamic is suggested by U.C. Fiebig
in (Fiebig, U.-C, 1999) where samples which contain the
attenuation of a signal are classified in three cases:
ascending, descending and constant. An example of
thisclassificationisshowninFIG.1.
A wireless channel model for a set of samples from a
Kubandsignalisproposedinthispaper.Themodelis
basedonworksof(Fiebig,1999)whereaclassification
ofthesamplesisdoneaccordingtoitsdynamic,nexta
goodnessoffittestisdonetoknowwhichpdffitbest.
The objective is to extract the statistical parameters of
thefittedpdfforeveryvalueoflevelofthesignaland
case. These data are the model itself and a new time
series can be generated from them. The validation of
that process is done by comparing the second order
statistics (average fading duration AFD and level
crossingrateLCR)oftheoriginalsignalandthenew
generated signal. The document is organized as
follows: the measurement campaign organized to
extractthesamplesofthesignalisdescribedinsection
II; in section III the methodology is explained and it
willbeappliedtodatainordertoobtainanewsignal;
results are explained in section IV; conclusions are
giveninsectionV.

FIG.1CLASSIFICATIONOFSAMPLESACCORDINGTOITS
DYNAMIC
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2
Measur ement Campai gn
The signal whose behavior was studied comes from
Intelsat 9 satellite which transmits the SKY Mexicos
directtohome TV service (LyngSat, 2012). The central
frequency of the analyzed signal is 12 GHz. The
measurementcampaignwasdonefromAugust25thto
November 30th, 2011 at Tecnolgico de Monterrey
Campus Estado de Mxico. FIG. 2 shows the diagram
ofthemeasurementsystemused.

FIG.2MEASUREMENTSYSTEMFORTHEMEASUREMENT
CAMPAIGN
Since rain is the principal source of attenuation in Ku
band, quantity of rain was used as a base to organize
the collected data. This parameter was taken from
SEMARNATdatabasewhosesamplingtimeis10min
(Secretara, 2010). According to this information, two
periods were identified, one with a higher average of
quantity of rain than the other. In this paper, all
samplesthatcorrespondstothehigherquantityofrain
were analyzed which covers from August 25
th
to
October 15
th
, 2011 with average quantity of rain of
0.0419 mm. The measured signal for this period is
shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 shows the samples of
quantity of rain; for both FIG.s, 0 min corresponds to
thefirsttakensamplefortheanalyzedperiod.
In this type of data processing it is recommended to
takeonlythatsamplesthatrepresentsallthesetofdata,
reducinginthiswaythequantityofinformationandits
processing time (Husson, L., 2002). This process was
done by using principal component analysis (PCA)
whichisanonparametricmethodwherethesynthesis
of the information is done for the purpose of reveling
structuresbasedonthevarianceandcovarianceofthe
analyzed data. The parameter to determine the most
importantinformationwasbasedonVeliceralgorithm
andbyusing(1).
( )
( )
2
1
k
ij
k
i j
r
f
p p
=
=
(

(1)
Where,
k
f , Sumofthesquareofthepartialcorrelationsink.
k
ij
r , Correlationmatrix
k
R .
p,, Number of dimensions of the original set of
data.
Met hodol ogy
The input data to begin the process are the results
obtained after PCA where data are reduced and thus
thetimeofprocessingtoo.Then,fromtheobservation
of the signal, three cases are identified: increasing or
decreasing of it level or maybe stays near the same
point.Thecasesarecharacterizedasitisshownin(2).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10
4
-48
-46
-44
-42
-40
-38
-36
-34
-32
-30
Time [min]
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d

S
i
g
n
a
l

[
d
B
]

FIG.3MEASUREDSIGNAL
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time [min]
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y

o
f

R
a
i
n

[
m
m
]

FIG.4QUANTITYOFRAIN
( ) ( 1) 0 Descendent
( ) ( 1) 0 Ascendant
( ) ( 1) 0 Constant
dynamic
r t r t
r r t r t
r t r t
<

= >

(2)
Where,
dynamic
r Classificationofthesignalaccordingto
InternationalJournalofEngineeringPracticalResearch(IJEPR)Volume2Issue1,February2013 www.seipub.org/ijepr
3
itsdynamic.
r(t), Currentsample.
r(t-1)
Previoussample.
Dataareseparatedingroupsaccordingto(2)andeach
group is analyzed in pairs of samples in order to
obtain the conditional probabilities of two consecutive
events including the case where the same event
appears.Theequationforthisstepisshownin(3).
( )
{ }
{ }
{ }
( )
( )
|
( ) | ( 1)
( ) | ( 1)
( ), ( 1)
( 1)
( ), ( 1)
( 1)
X Y dynamic dynamic
dynamic dynamic
dynamic dynamic
dynamic
dynamic dynamic
Y dynamic
p r t r t
P X r t Y r t
P X r t Y r t
P Y r t
p r t r t
p r t
=
= = =
= =
=
=

(3)
Where,
dynamic
r , Currentsample.
( 1)
dynamic
r t , Previoussample.
This methodology is based on Fiebigs work [6]. Also
thisprocessissimilarwhenaMarkovchainanalysisis
done(DianaAlejandraSnchezSalas,2008)butinthis
casetherearenotalimitednumberofstates.
A Chisquare goodness of fit test with a confidence
interval of 95% is done for each level value and case
(ascending, descending and constant). The null
hypothesesforeachtestarein(4)(7).
First null
hypothesis:
H
0
: data fits a Normal pdf (4)
Second null
hypothesis:
H
0
: data fits a Weibull pdf (5)
Fourth null
hypothesis:
H
0
: data fits a Rice pdf (6)
Fifth null
hypothesis:
H
0
: data fits a Rayleigh pdf (7)
The choice of these pdfs is because they are the most
common used (Proakis, 2008). Once it is determined
the pdf with best fit, three tables containing the
statistical values with the pdf, one for each case
(ascendant, descendent and constant) and for each
possiblelevelvalueofthesignalindB.Datafromthese
tables are the input parameters for the time series
generator.Thegeneratedsamplesareanalyzedinpair
byfollowing(8).
2 1 samples t t
n n

A =
(8)
Where,
2samples
A , Differencebetweentwosamples.
nt1, Firstorprecedentsample.
nt Secondorcurrentsample.
Computed results from (8) are classified into three
casesasitisshownin(9).
2
2
2
1
Constant
' 1 Descendent
1 Ascendant
samples
dynamic samples
samples
r

A s

= A >

A <

(9)
Where,
'
dynamic
r ,Classificationofthegeneratedsignalaccording
toitsdynamic.
2samples
A ,Differencebetweentwosamples.
These three possibilities are the same as original cases
of (2) so it is deduced this is an inverse process. Once
the case was identified, a new sample is generated
based on the statistical parameter that corresponds to
the case and the current level of the signal. The final
step is to validate the generated signal is statistically
similar to the original signal through second order
statistics(PrezFontn,2008).
Resul t s
KubandChannelModel
From PCA it was obtained that all samples
correspondingtothefirsteightdayscontainsthemost
important information and the firsts four days for
condition2. These are the samples that will be
analyzed.Theresultsafterthisclassificationareshown
inFIG.5.
Next, samples were analyzed in pairs to compute the
conditional probabilities of each event. Then, Chi
squaregoodnessoffittestforeachcaseandlevelvalue
in dB of the signal with confidence interval of 95%
wereapplied.Thenullhypothesesarelistedbelow.
1.
0
A
H :DatafitaNormalpdf.
2.
0
B
H :DatafitaWeibullpdf.
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3.
0
C
H :DatafitaRicepdf.
4.
0
D
H :DatafitaRayleighpdf.
Results of those tests are shown in Tables 1 3. Since
the conditions of this type of test is there must be at
least5elementsinordertoobtainreliableparameters,
thistestwasappliedtosomelevelvaluesofthesignal
becausetherewerenotenoughinformation.Thisisthe
reasonwhynotallpossiblevaluesareshown.
Tables13showsabetterfittoaWeibullandRicepdf,
fortheotherteststherearenotenoughinformationto
confirm the fit. In order to characterize the signal,
Weibullpdfwaschosenasthebestfit.Theparameters
for each level of the signal and case are shown in
Tables46.
TABLE1RESULTSOFGOODNESSOFFITTESTFOR
DESCENDENTCASE
Level
[dB]

44.5 0 0 0 1
44 0 0 0 1
43.5 0 0 0 1
43 1 0 0 1
42.5 0 0 0 1
42 1 0 0 1
41.5 1 0 0 1
41 1 0 0
1
40.5 1 0 0 1
40 0 0 0 1
39.5 0 0 0 1
39 0 0 0 1
38.5 0 0 0 1
37.5 0 0 0 1
37 0 0 0 1
36.5 0 0 0 1
36 1 0 0 1
35.5 1 0 0 1
35 1 0 0 1
34.5 0 0 0 1

FIG.5CLASSIFICATIONOFTHEDYNAMICOFTHEMEASURED
SIGNA
TABLE2RESULTSOFGOODNESSOFFITTESTFOR
ASCENDANTCASE
Level
[dB]

41.5 0 0 0 1
41 0 0 0 1
40.5 1 0 0 1
40 0 0 0 1
39.5 0 0 0 1
39 0 0 0 1
38.5 0 0 0 1
38 1 0 0 1
37.5 0 0 0 1
37 0 0 0 1
36.5 0 0 0 1
36 1 0 0 1
35.5 1 0 0 1
35 1 0 0 1
34.5 0 0 0 1
34 0 0 0 1
33.5 0 0 0 1
33 0 0 0 1
32.5 0 0 0 1
32 0 0 0 1
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TABLE3RESULTSOFGOODNESSOFFITTESTFORCONSTANT
CASE
Level
[dB]

44 0 0 0 1
43.5 0 0 0 1
43 0 0 0 1
42.5 0 0 0 1
42 0 0 0 1
41.5 0 0 0 1
41 1 0 0 1
40.5 0 0 0 1
40 1 0 0 1
39.5 1 0 0 1
39 0 0 0 1
38.5 0 0 0 1
38 0 0 0 1
37.5 0 0 0 1
37 0 0 0 1
36.5 0 0 0 1
36 1 0 0 1
35.5 1 0 0 1
35 1 0 0 1
34.5 1 0 0 1
34 1 0 0 1
33.5 1 0 0 1
33 1 0 0 1
32.5 0 0 0 1
32 0 0 0 1
TABLE4STATISTICALPARAMETERSFORDESCENDENTCASE
Level[dB] k

44.5 41.77739 46.75953

44 41.60071 79.01272
43.5 40.74588 66.10655
43 40.42871 55.29717
42.5 40.14499 79.62583
42 39.55161 67.87356
41.5 39.29798 99.89456
41 38.80158 78.23872
40.5 38.31699 90.29666
40 37.86818 97.10892
39.5 37.18807 56.99257
39 36.77166 87.09323
38.5 35.873 171.5512
37.5 35.02695 64.17111
37 34.68037 68.06274
36.5 34.21202 81.78366
36 33.88323 121.9095
35.5 33.35662 122.1128
35 32.93314 171.1851
34.5 32.46527 263.8467
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TABLE5STATISTICALPARAMETERSFORASCENDANTCASE
Level[dB] k

41.5 44.20123 122.9567

41 43.51202 102.4882
40.5 43.16427 61.7567
40 42.60144 70.8082
39.5 42.23862 65.16574
39 41.9158 47.35953
38.5 41.54704 56.55568
38 41.38272 54.32599
37.5 40.3876 79.6019
37 40.5792 78.08219
36.5 40.11563 63.57542
36 38.72393 53.93092
35.5 39.12766 23.0157
35 38.82265 18.83783
34.5 37.30731 31.72193
34 36.54149 85.51059
33.5 36.08003 72.24685
33 35.73347 59.62865
32.5 35.53519 47.2163
32 35.2657 35.41361
31.5 35.24462 83.97179
TABLE6STATISTICALPARAMETERSFORCONSTANTCASE
Level[dB] k

44.5 44.57952 85.86382

44 44.24518 105.5672
43.5 43.07512 38.18975
43 42.599 60.63251
42.5 42.23845 48.92242
42 41.96452 48.79378
41.5 41.61901 49.4321
41 41.15889 50.31377
40.5 40.89396 51.21311
40 40.56574 52.7448
39.5 40.29601 55.16532
39 39.85725 63.42838
38.5 39.49265 69.73722
38 38.91844 48.17599
37.5 37.585 36.17963
37 36.85911 43.4964
36.5 36.11872 50.32271
36 35.69963 44.81098
35.5 35.49988 44.75373
35 35.20791 45.40684
34.5 35.05221 46.74836
34 34.7551 55.13069
33.5 34.50221 59.18153
33 34.20913 82.60771
32.5 33.86773 115.4273
32 33.31776 106.0288
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GenerationoftheSignalandValidationoftheModel
Validation ofthe created statistical model includes the
generationofanewsignalfromextractedWeibullpdf
parameters for each level in dB and case. The
generated signal is shown in FIG. 6. A comparison
throughsecondorderstatisticsoftheoriginalanalyzed
signalandthegeneratedonewasdone.Resultsofthat
comparisonareshowninFIG.7and8.
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
-46
-44
-42
-40
-38
-36
-34
-32
-30
-28
Time [min]
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d

S
i
g
n
a
l

[
d
B
]

FIG.6GENERATEDSIGNALFROMEXTRACTEDSTATISTICAL
PARAMETERS
-44 -42 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Level of the Signal [dB]
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

F
a
d
i
n
g

D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
A
F
D
)

[
m
i
n
]


Original Signal
Generated Signal

FIG.7COMPARISONOFAFDBETWEENORIGINALAND
GENERATEDSIGNAL
Generated signal of FIG. 6 was created by using
Weibull parameters of Tables 4 6 and at first sight it
seems similar to the signal of FIG. 3. Second order
statistics confirm this hypothesis since both curvesare
similarinshapeandvalues,especiallyinlevelcrossing
rateofFIG.8whereanonoffbehavioraround38dB
is appreciated which is a characteristic of urban
scenarios (Scalise, 2005) as the one where measures
were taken; it also confirms that the values of the
measured signal concentrates in two sets: from 30 to
37 dB and from 39 to 45 dB. For the average fading
duration there is a higher point in 38 dB which
indicated signal remains more frequently under that
level and descends for the next levels but it preserves
the ascendant tendency. The values in average fading
curves of the original and generated signal are not
exactly the same but they have the same shape and
characteristics of a typical AFD curve (Prez Fontn,
2008). In this way it is concluded that a similar
statistical signal was created from the proposed
channelmodel.
-45 -40 -35 -30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Level of the Signal [dB]
L
e
v
e
l

C
r
o
s
s
i
n
g

R
a
t
e

(
L
C
R
)


Original Signal
Generated Signal

FIG.8COMPARISONOFLCRBETWEENORIGINALAND
GENERATEDSIGNAL
Concl usi ons
A Kuband signal was analyzed in this paper in order
to create a wireless channel model. That signal was
obtained from a measurement campaign done in
Mexico which contains a TV signal. During the
measurement campaign it was detected two different
periodsbasedonthequantityofrain.Sincerainisthe
principalsourceofattenuation,samplescorresponding
to that period were used; the average quantity of rain
was 0.0419 mm. The model was based on the analysis
proposed by U.C. Fiebig in [6] where three types of
movements were identified in the signal: ascendant,
descendentandconstant.Fromthisclassification,data
wereexaminedaccordingtothecasesandtheamount
of events by analyzing the current and precedent
samples. After data was analyzed, the probability of
eacheventiscomputed,andthenagoodnessoffittest
is applied to determine if data (according to the case
and attenuation value) fits a specific probability
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8
densityfunctionsoitsparameterswerecomputed.The
parameters of the pdf according to the case and level
values are the channel model itself because with these
data a new time series can be generated. For the
analyzed signal, data fit a Weibull pdf. The last phase
of this model is validation of it which consists in the
comparison of second order statistics: LCR and AFD
werecurvesoforiginalandgeneratedsignalwerevery
similar concluding in this way those Weibull
parameters for each case characterizes the wireless
channel. The methodology presented in this paper
could be used to obtain a wireless channel model of
any band to analyze the behavior of the signal. The
generation of a new signal is useful to simulate the
behavior of the wireless channel in the design of new
telecommunication systems or to analyze new fading
mitigationtechniques.
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