IEEE - International Conference on Research and Development Prospectus on Engineering and Technology (ICRDPET 2013) March 29,30 - 2013

Vol.1

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FUEL INJECTION PRESSURE ON DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION - A REVIEW
SRINATH PAI
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Srinivas School of Engineering, Mukka, Mangalore-575 021, Karnataka, India srinath_pai@rediffmail.com

ABDUL SHARIEF
Professor and Principal, P.A College of Engineering, Mangalore-574 153, Karnataka, India abdulsharief2010@gmail.com

SHREEPRAKASH B
Professor and Principal, Srinivas School of Engineering, Mukka, Mangalore-575 021, Karnataka, India principalsse@gmail.com

Abstract Diesel engines combustion quality is based on the

formation of fuel-air mixture. Enormous efforts have made to reduce the harmful diesel engine emissions. High engine noise, Particulate matter (PM) and NOx production are the results of improper combustion process and considered as the major constraints. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines depend on many parameters. Precise control over the fuel injection process is one of the most important factors and plays a very important role in combustion to increase the engine performance with minimal exhaust emission. The injection system must satisfy high pressure capability, injection pressure control, flexible timing control, and injection rate control. The purpose of this study is to find the performance and exhaust emission of diesel engines by implementing high injection pressure. Present paper is more concentrated on the optimization of high pressure injection to reduce particulate matter (PM), NOx and fuel consumption with increased engine power. Keywords Diesel Engine, Emission control, Injection pressure;

I.

INTRODUCTION

NOx is a main component in the formation of photochemical smog, while PM emissions causes increased cardiovascular mortality rates, impaired lung development in children, and a host of other health impacts. Result of this, emission control regulatory bodies have legislated substantial reductions in PM and NOx emissions from diesel engines, which made great difficulties for the diesel engine manufacturers to provide a quite efficient engine to satisfy the consumers. Particulate matter (PM), NOx production and engine noise are purely depends on the combustion process. Therefore precise control over the fuel injection, spray atomization and fuel-air mixing is essential in making improvements to the combustion process. Injection pressure is one such factor in fuel injection system and will play an important role in combustion process, which influences the performance, noise and exhaust emission of diesel engine. High injection pressure contributes reduced sized fuel droplet with very fine atomization and improved combustion, resulting in reduction of smoke emission. Low injection pressure is required to reduce noise at idling and in the very low load range.

A. Effect of injection prresure on diesel engine performance The engine performance, power output, fuel economy and emissions are greatly depends on combustion processes. At the end of compression stroke, fuel is injected in to the combustion chamber and atomize into very fine droplets. These droplets vaporize due to heat transfer from the compressed air and also from an air-fuel mixture. Continued heat transfer from hot air to the fuel yields the temperature to reach a value higher than its self- ignition temperature and makes the fuel to ignite spontaneously. By atomizing the fuel into very fine droplets, it increases the surface area of the fuel droplets resulting in better mixing and subsequent combustion. Atomization is done by forcing the fuel through a small orifice under high pressure. For low fuel injection pressure, fuel particle diameters and ignition delay period during the combustion will increase, results in increased pressure and the decrease in engine performance. Increase in the injection pressure leads to reduce the fuel particle diameter, the mixing of fuel and air becomes better during ignition period. The fuel injection pressure in a standard diesel engine is in the range of 200 to 1700 atm depending on the engine size and type of combustion system employed [3]. The fuel penetration distance become longer and the mixture formation of the fuel and air was improved when the combustion duration became shorter as the injection pressure became higher. The effects of high injection pressure benefits are; Improved fuel atomization producing finer fuel droplets. The smaller fuel droplets evaporate at a faster rate resulting in rapid fuel-air mixing. Shorter injection duration. With shorter injection duration injection timing may be retarded. Fuel may be injected closer to TDC in hotter air giving shorter ignition delay, resulting in emission control. Higher spray penetration and better air utilization.

221
ISBN: 978-1-4673-4948-2 2013 IEEE

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FUEL INJECTION PRESSURE ON DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION - A REVIEW The high injection pressure effect on PM - NOx trade carried out with injection pressures of 150 bar, 200 bar and off is shown on Figure1. The width of band on the shown 250 bar to find its effect on performance and emissions. The Figure1 relates to the contribution of the particulate injection pressure was changed by adjusting the fuel injector emissions. As the injection pressure increases the PMspring tension. The performance and emission characteristics NOx trade-off curve moves closer to origin indicating were studied and concluded that NOx emission was found reduction both in the PM and NOx . lowest at 200 bar and HC emission and smoke level were found lowest at 150 bar. Rosli Abu Bakar, Semin and Abdul Rahim Ismail [5], in their study on Fuel Injection Pressure Effect on Performance of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Based on Experiment conducted performance test on a diesel engine with four-cylinder, two-stroke, direct injection. Engine performance values such as indicated pressure, indicated horse power, shaft horse power, brake horse power, break mean effective pressure and fuel consumption have been investigated for various engine speeds and fixed engine speed. Variation loads by changing the fuel injection pressure from 180 to 220 bar. According to the results, the best performance of the pressure injection has been obtained at 220 bar. They observed that increasing the injection pressure, engine performance was increased for indicated pressure (IP), indicated horse power (IHP), shaft horse power (SHP), break horse power (BHP) and break mean effective pressure (BMEP). Higher injection pressure given increased higher engine performance power and increased specific fuel consumption. Essam M. EL-Hannouny and Patrick V. Farrell [1], in their study on Effect of Injection Parameters and Injection System on Spray Characteristics for HSDI Diesel Engines conducted an experiment to find performance of high pressure fuel injection systems. The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of the injection system and the operating conditions on the spray characteristics for injection systems of a small bore diesel engine. One single and one double-guided multi-hole Valve-Covered-Orifice (VCO) type injector was used with a Common Rail (CR) injection system and two mini-sac injectors with different orifice diameters for a hydraulic electronic unit injection system (HEUI) were used. The diesel sprays were injected into a pressurized chamber with optical access at ambient temperature. The gas density inside the chamber was representative of the density in a High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) diesel engine at the time of injection. The measured spray parameters included; injection pressure, injection duration, nozzle type, and nozzle diameter. Images of the transient sprays were obtained with a high-speed digital camera. The effects of injection pressure, nozzle size and injection system on spray characteristics were investigated and conclude that the dominant variables that influence the droplet size are injection pressure and nozzle size. G. P. McTaggart-Cowan, S. N. Rogak, W. K. Bushe, P. G. Hill and S. R. Munshi [2], in their study on The Effects of High-Pressure Injection on a Compression Ignition, Direct Injection of Natural Gas Engine investigated the effects of injection pressure on the performance and emissions of a pilot222

Figure 1. Effect of high injection pressure on PM-NOx trad-off for a DI diesel engine.

B. Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) Systems Electronically controlled fuel injection systems have the capability to fulfill the high injection rate requirements. Electronically controlled diesel fuel injection systems have the following advantages over the mechanically controlled injection systems. Very high injection pressures (more than 2000 bar). Precise control of injection timing. Accurate fuel metering to control power output and limit smoke. Injection rate shaping with controlled initial rate of injection to reduce noise and emissions. Sharp end-of-injection to eliminate nozzle dribble, prevent nozzle fouling and, reduce smoke and hydrocarbon emissions. Injection rate for controlling heat release rates during pre-mixed and diffusion combustion phases for controlling smoke and NOx formation. II. REVIEWS

Number of research papers and studies has been conducted on the utility of high pressure fuel injection on power, performance and fuel consumption of diesel engine. Number of reviews has been taken below to complete the present study. K. Kannan and M. Udayakumar [3], in their study on Experimental study of the effect of fuel injection pressure on diesel engine performance and emission conducted an experimental study on light duty a single cylinder Kirloskar make direct injection four stroke cycle diesel engine. Study

ISBN: 978-1-4673-4948-2 2013 IEEE

IEEE - International Conference on Research and Development Prospectus on Engineering and Technology (ICRDPET 2013) March 29,30 - 2013 Vol.1

ignited, late-cycle direct-injected natural gas fueled Cummins ISX series heavy-duty six-cylinder, four-stroke, directinjection diesel engine modified to operate on only one cylinder. The injection pressure was varied at each operating condition while all other parameters were held constant and concluded that at high loads, increasing the injection pressure substantially reduced particulate matter and CO emissions, with small increases in NOx and no significant effect on hydrocarbon emissions or fuel consumption. At high loads, higher injection pressures consistently reduced both the number density and the size of particles in the exhaust stream. Injection pressure had high effects at low engine speeds. Seang-Wock Lee, Simsoo Park and Yasuhiro Daisho [6], in their study on An experimental study of the effects of combustion systems and fuel properties on the performance of a diesel engine investigated the effects of combustion system and fuel properties on spray, mixture formation, combustion process, and emissions, using a constant volume chamber and DI single cylinder diesel engine. The injection pressure was set to 60, 100, and 160 MPa, and spray images are obtained under room temperature and high-pressure conditions. From analyses of obtained images, spray penetration, spray angle, and spray volume were measured and concluded that by higher-pressure injection, the break-up time was shortened and penetration depth increased. The resultant shorter ignition delays increased the ratio of fuelair pre-mixture combustion. As the injection pressure increases, the relative speed between the ambient air and spray increases and atomization is promoted. By higher pressure injection the break-up time was minimized and penetration depth increased. At high loads, higher injection pressures substantially reduce both mass and number of PM emissions. X-G Wang, B Zheng, Z-H Huang, N Zhang, Y-J Zhang, and E-J Hu [7], in their study on Performance and emissions of a turbocharged, high-pressure common rail diesel engine operating on biodiesel/diesel blends conducted the experiments on a commercial light duty direct injection, four stroke four cylinder turbocharged high pressure common rail diesel engine and reported that the level of NOx emission decreases slightly at low engine loads and increases at high engine speeds for biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends. Biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends significantly decrease particulate matter emission for turbo charged, high pressure common rail diesel engines. Keshav S. Varde and Takashi Watanabe [4], in their study on Characteristics of High Pressure Spray and Exhaust Emissions in a Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine examined the characteristics of high pressure spray and exhaust emissions in a single cylinder diesel engine using common rail type diesel fuel injector at different injector operating conditions. The injection system utilizes an intensifier to generate injection pressures as high as 160 MPa. They concluded that at very high injection pressures, with variable

dynamic injection timing, can help to reduce smoke, NOx and fuel consumption. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Combustion process can be improved by achieving a precise control over the fuel injection, spray atomization and fuel-air mixing. Results from literatures are clearly emphasizing the high pressures injection to produce very fine atomization of fuel droplets which reduces the delay period, combustion duration, smoke formation and NOx emission. Literatures results have taken bellow for discussion. K. Kannan and M. Udayakumar [3], conducted an experimental study on a light duty, single cylinder Kirloskar make direct injection four stroke cycle diesel engine. Study carried out with injection pressures of 150 bar, 200 bar and 250 bar to find its effect on performance and emissions. The injection pressure was changed by adjusting the fuel injector spring tension. They reported that the NOx emission was found lowest at 250 bar injection pressure (as compared to 150 and 200 bar) as shown in Figure 2, the smoke level was found to be higher at 200 bar injection pressure at all loads and order of increase of smoke level was 150-250-200 bar.

Figure 2. Effect of injection pressure on NOx emissions in DI diesel engine.

Rosli Abu Bakar, Semin and Abdul Rahim Ismail[5], conducted experiments on four cylinder, two stroke direct injection diesel engine with fixed load of 67 kW, in interval engine speeds 600 until 1600 rpm and the fuel injection pressure setting from 180 to 220 bar. They reported that, increasing injection pressure, the fuel-air mixing in the combustion chamber was more excellent, best engine performance for indicated pressure (IP) indicated horse power (IHP) shaft horse power (SHP), break horse power (BHP) and break mean effective pressure (BMEP) obtained at 220 bar (as shown in Figure 3,4,5,6 and 7 respectively). Higher injection pressure given increased higher engine performance power and the highest engine performance was obtained at injection pressure 220 bar.

223
ISBN: 978-1-4673-4948-2 2013 IEEE

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FUEL INJECTION PRESSURE ON DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION - A REVIEW

Figure 3. Effect of injection pressure for IP

Figure 6. Effect of injection pressure for BHP

Figure 4. Effect of injection pressure for IHP Figure 7. Effect of injection pressure for BMEP

Essam M. EL-Hannouny and Patrick V. Farrell[1], conducted experiments on the spray characteristics for injection systems, typically of a small bore diesel engine. Injection pressure varied from 33 to 160MPa. The result shown that, higher injection pressure results in a longer spray tip penetration length due to higher momentum, which causes the jet to penetrate further in the chamber, higher injection pressure provides more energy and higher momentum due to the higher injection velocity, which results in smaller droplet sizes as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 5. Effect of injection pressure for SHP

ISBN: 978-1-4673-4948-2 2013 IEEE

224

IEEE - International Conference on Research and Development Prospectus on Engineering and Technology (ICRDPET 2013) March 29,30 - 2013 Vol.1

and spray increases and atomization is promoted, results indicate the reduction of soot by the higher injection pressure as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 8. Effect of injection pressure on spry characteristics Figure 10. Injection pressure effect on Spray angle and Break Up Time

G. P. McTaggart-Cowan, S. N. Rogak, W. K. Bushe, P. G. Hill and S. R. Munshi [2], conducted experiments on Cummins ISX series heavy-duty six-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection diesel engine modified to operate on only one cylinder. The natural gas used in these tests contained predominantly methane (CH4 ~ 96 mol %) with small amount of ethane (C2H6 ~ 2 mol %) as well as N2, CO2, and propane (all < 0.5 mol %) and reported that the PM emissions depend on injection pressure, speed, and intake dilution as shown in Figure 9. The higher injection pressure tends to increase the density gradient between the under expanded gas jet and the combustion chamber with increase in the kinetic energy of the fuel-jet. This influences the combustion process by obtaining increased turbulence in the combustion chamber and also leading to reduced soot formation.

X-G Wang, B Zheng, Z-H Huang, N Zhang, Y-J Zhang, and E-J Hu[7], conducted experiments on a commercial light duty direct injection four stroke four cylinder turbocharged high pressure common rail diesel engine using biodiesel/diesel blends and pure biodiesel and reported that, at lowest engine load (a BMEP of 0.154 MPa), with increasing biodiesel fraction in blends, PM emission reduces significantly whereas very slight reduction in NOx was found. At a middle engine load (a BMEP of 0.308MPa), PM emission clearly reduces whereas the NOx emission level remains effectively constant with increasing biodiesel fraction. At high engine loads, PM emission decreases (Figure 11) significantly whereas the NOx emission increases slightly as biodiesel fraction is increased.

Figure 9. Injection pressure and operating condition influences on PM emission Figure 11. PM emission and PM reduction rate

Seang-Wock Lee, Simsoo Park and Yasuhiro Daisho[6], conducted experiments on a direct- injection single-cylinder diesel engine with injection pressure 60, 100, and 160 MPa and reported that, increase in the injection pressure increases the relative speed between the ambient air

Keshav S. Varde and Takashi Watanabe[4], conducted experimental study on direct injection diesel engines by opting injection pressures as high as 160 MPa. Fuel 225

ISBN: 978-1-4673-4948-2 2013 IEEE

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FUEL INJECTION PRESSURE ON DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION - A REVIEW [2] G. P. McTaggart-Cowan, S. N. Rogak, W. K. Bushe, P. G. Hill and S. R. spray characteristics were evaluated at three different common Munshi, The Effects of High -Pressure Injection on a Compression rail pressures ranging from a low of 18 MPa to a high of 31.6 Ignition, Direct Injection of Natural Gas Engine, Journal of Engineering MPa and several fuel metering pulses as shown in Figure 12. for Gas Turbines and Power APRIL 2007, Vol. 129 / 579. They have reported that peak injection pressure increases as [3] Kannan and M. Udayakumar Experimenal study of the effect of fuel the quantity of metered fuel increases and very high injection injection pressure on diesel engine performance and emission ARPN ournal of Engineering and Applied Sciences VOL. 5, NO. 5, MAY 2010 pressures, with variable dynamic injection timing will reduce - ISSN 1819-6608. the smoke, NOx and fuel consumption.
[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

Keshav S. Varde and Takashi Watanabe, Characteristics of High Pressure Spray and Exhaust Emissions in a Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine Seoul 2000 FISITA World Automotive Congress June 12 15,2000, Seoul, Korea. Rosli Abu Bakar, Semin and Abdul Rahim Ismail, Fuel Injection Pressure Effect on Performance of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Based on Experiment American Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (3): 197 202, 2008 ISSN 1546-9239 Science Publications. Seang-Wock Lee, Simsoo Park and Yasuhiro Daisho, An experimental study of the effects of combustion systems and fuel properties on the performance of a diesel engine Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 2004 218: 1317 X-G Wang, B Zheng, Z-H Huang, N Zhang, Y-J Zhang, and E-J Hu, Performance and emissions of a turbocharged, high -pressure common rail diesel engine operating on biodiesel/diesel blends Proc. IMechE Vol. 225 Part D: J. Automobile Engineering Page No127- 139.

Figure 12. Peak injection pressre variation

Comparison of literatures results proved that increase in engine performance, power and satisfy emissions regulation with fuel economy demands can be achieved by higher fuel injection pressure. IV. CONCLUSION

It is clear from the experimental investigations results of the literatures, an increase in the injection pressure on engine performance was increased for indicated pressure (IP), indicated horse power (IHP), shaft horse power (SHP), break horse power (BHP) and break mean effective pressure (BMEP) in light and heavy duty diesel engines. Higher injection pressures required to optimize the engine performance power, to reduce specific fuel consumption and to meet the emissions regulations. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are thankful to the Management, Srinivas School of Engineering, Mangalore for their support and encouragement. REFERENCES
[1] Essam M. EL-Hannouny and Patrick V. Farrell, Effect of Injection Parameters and Injection System on Spray Characteristics for HSDI Diesel Engines 9th International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems Sorrento, 13-18July ICLASS 2003.

ISBN: 978-1-4673-4948-2 2013 IEEE

226