Two Water Bodies

And He is (Allah) Who has let forth the two seas (though they meet); this (One) palatable, sweet, and this (the other) brackish, bitter; and has set between them a barrier and a ban forbidding. (25-53, Section 5) In this connection also see 55-19 & 20, 27-61 and 35-12. All life depends on water. Water, clear liquid with no smell or taste, is made of hydrogen and oxygen. These two gases, one combustive and the other combustible combine to form liquid, and most interestingly, water! It is one of the most strange and unique compound, in terms of its specific physical and chemical properties, e.g. boiling and melting points, which enable it to perform special functions. They are either higher or lower than what can be projected on basis of molecular mass of 18 amu (atomic mass units). Water is neutral, yet due to difference in sizes, oxygen component of water molecule has slightly negative charge, and hydrogen has slightly positive charge. When more than one water molecules come together, positive and negative charges form a weak hydrogen bond, with duration of about one hundred billionth of a second. As soon as this weak bond breaks another forms. Thus water molecules continue to adhere together. Properties of water molecules emerge from special bonding between Oxygen and Hydrogen. In hydrolysis, chemical decomposition of a substance by water takes place, while water itself is also decomposed. Soft Water (sweet water) does not contain magnesium or calcium salts. Hard Water (as it does not form an immediate lather with soap), saltish or bitter water, contains large amounts of dissolved iron compounds, calcium and magnesium salts, often found in limestone areas. Presence of hydrogen-carbonates of metals in it, causes temporary hardness, whereas that of sulphates of metals causes permanent hardness. In crystalline state, some substances take a definite molecular proportion of water combined chemically. In such substances water plays essential role in forming crystals and gives them shape and colour, e.g. cobalt chloride crystals are pink, but anhydrous chloride is blue. Specific number of molecules of water is present in each molecule of such compounds in crystal form, e.g., crystals of Copper II Sulphate contain 5 molecules of water with every molecule of Copper II Sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O), and similarly in Na2CO3.10H2O.

In this phenomenon water molecules may form bonds with ions of salt or they may occupy positions in crystal lattice. In case of copper (II) sulphate crystals, for example, four of the water molecules form coordinate bonds with the copper ions. These bonds break at about 100 degree C, leaving a monohydrate, in which one water molecule is held by a hydrogen bond to the sulphate ion. This bond also breaks at a temperature of 250 degree C, when it becomes anhydrous. Water is found in seas, rivers, lakes and as rain. Ice is solid water. Vapour is its gaseous form. Water Cycle is the process in which water leaves and returns to earth. Sunshine and wind cause water to evaporate from surface of water bodies as water vapour. Clouds are formed by condensation of water vapour (change from water vapour to water) in atmosphere, which drop rain. Water cycle is completed when water flows through ground in streams and rivers and back to sea. `Bahar' (in Arabic) means huge quantities of water, whether in oceans or elsewhere. Water cycle involves all water bodies, mountain snow, water vapour, etc. Water from these bodies intermingles freely and constantly in global cycle. The word `Maraj' (25-53, 55-19) is used in two senses: (i) let free (ii) intermingle. Water cycle maintains an intermingled continuous wet and moist globe and its environment (water driven system of life). Yet their constituent or composing segments are maintained as separate bodies by physical laws including those of heat (temperature) which form a barrier. Furthermore, due to difference in density of seas, surface tension prevents them from mingling with one another, as if a wall were between them. Despite the fact that there are large waves, strong currents, and tides in seas, they do not mingle with one another, nor do they breakthrough the barrier (barzakh: 55-20, haajiz: 27-61) between them. It is extremely difficult for water to form, under normal temperature of earth, even if we leave Hydrogen and Oxygen molecules together for longer time. To form water molecule, they must collide, weakening their bonds and facilitating combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. "Temperature raises the energy and therefore, the speed of these molecules, resulting in an increase in the number of collisions. Thus, it accelerates the course of the reaction. However, currently, no temperature high enough to form water exists on earth. The heat required for the formation of water was supplied during the formation of the earth, which resulted in the emergence of so much water as to cover three quarters of the earth's surface. At present, water evaporates and rises to the atmosphere where it cools and returns to the earth in the form of rain (water). That is, there is no increase in the

quantity, only a perpetual cycle." Hydrogen bond gives water special ability to respond to temperature changes. When atmospheric temperatures change suddenly, water temperature changes slowly. Water has higher specific heat , i.e., greater capacity to absorb heat or amount of energy it takes to raise its temperature as compared to other compounds in the series. It is higher than almost all organic compounds. Higher values of both specific heat and thermal conductivity allow water to absorb heat and buffer temperature of surroundings. Without this buffer, there would have been extreme temperatures, extreme freezing and scorching heat within a short span of 891 time, many times, in a day. Thus, life could not have survived, on the planet. On other planets where there is no hydrosphere, very extremely fluctuating temperatures are reported within small distances, short spans and everyday, e.g., on Mars. Significantly high thermal energy of water is important for life. If water was prone to sudden temperature changes like atmosphere, we would suddenly develop fever or freeze. Normal body temperature is 36 degrees C and the highest 42 degrees C. This 6 degree C difference is, indeed, very small. Working under sun for a few hours can fatally increase body temperature, but our bodies utilize thermal energy through sweating, i.e., causing water it contains to evaporate, which in turn drops body temperature. In Periodic Table, properties in same group, vary in a progressive manner from light to heavy elements, e.g., boiling points and melting points increase with increasing atomic weight, except for water. In fact, if it had followed the general pattern, there would have been no life. This order is most evident in hydrogen compounds. In Periodic Table, compounds sharing same group with oxygen are called hybrids. Water is oxygen hybrid. Hybrids of other elements in this group have the same molecular structure as water molecule. Boiling points of these compounds vary progressively from lighter to heavier ones. But, water boils at 80 degree C less than it is supposed to, i.e. it should not boil at 100 degrees C, but at 180 degrees C. Again according to the same order, water is supposed to freeze at -100 degrees C, but it freezes at 0 degree C, i.e. 100 degrees C above the temperature at which it is due. Water expands as it freezes, because hydrogen bonds prevent water molecules from bonding too tightly, leaving gaps in between. Hydrogen bonds break in liquid state, allowing oxygen atoms to come closer; forming a viscous

structure: Water has great fluidity, yet it is more viscous in liquid state than in solid state, contrary to most other substances. This also causes ice to be lighter than water, because density of frozen water is less than liquid water. Water reaches its heaviest state at 4 degree C, and sinks to bottom, at which living organisms survive, whereas ice formed at top layer floats. This unique property is essential for protecting marine biology during winters when temperatures fall below zero. Due to this property only upper layer of water freezes. Heat beneath this layer gets trapped below, preventing temperatures from falling there, and maintaining waters in liquid state. If ice were denser than water, it would sink and lower the temperature below also. Furthermore, every year in this process, it would accumulate resulting ultimately into freezing of oceans and complete elimination of marine life. Molecules at surface of liquid form inward pulling force, i.e. surface tension, which provides cohesive force among surface molecules. Water has very high surface tension. Due to this property, the surface acts as if it were a thin, invisible, elastic membrane. This allows important biochemical compounds to concentrate 892 Know Your God near the liquid surface, which accelerates biochemical reactions. Due to high surface tension capillary action takes place, i.e. water rises in capillary tubes. Because of this property, water rises against gravity, within fine capillary tubes in plants. (Also see Harun Yahya, The Miracle in the Atom, pp.76-82) Water is an excellent medium for chemical reactions. It helps dissociation of electrolytes dissolved in it. Since dielectric constant (measure of charge distribution within a molecule) for water exceeds other liquids, it dissolves polar compounds, NaCl (Sodium Chloride, salt), into their constituent ions, Na (Sodium) and Cl (Chlorine). This also causes biochemically important compounds, such as enzymes and nucleic acids to exhibit hydrophobic effect. Due to this effect enzymes get structured into their active form or shape by configuring or aligning themselves toward' or away from water molecules. Biochemically it is the structure, form, or shape of enzymes that enables them to catalyze biochemical reactions in a living cell. The same enzyme if structured or formed or shaped' differently, becomes inactive. Consequently life process within the cell may cease. Water is the least expensive and most effective cleaning agent. It is an excellent solvent. Many chemicals dissolve in water. It is the best solvent for inorganic substances and for many organic compounds. Because of this property it rarely found in pure state. It is because of these wonders within water, called special properties, that

water is uniquely useful as basis of and in use for life. No other liquid can replace water in the role it plays in life. For maintaining landscape, geographical features and outer layer of earth, in different seasons and weathers, certain percentage of humidity in air is regulated. Dehydrated and dried up outer strata can not retain itself, and gets ground to sand, by wind erosion and atmospheric friction. Mars presents scenes of the finale of horrid history lamenting its death by dehydration. Phenomenon of dehydration and death of vegetation has been described by the Quran as 'death of the earth': "Verily, what is on earth, We (Allah) will make but as dust and dry soil." 18-8 (without growth or herbage) Water driven systems from single organism to whole complex of life structures are sustained in such a way that same molecule of water does not stick and stay permanently at one point, place or plateau. Within a cell, it fulfils assigned task of stirring life 'like charge of a battery. If it is not replaced continuously in succession with the new stock, decomposition, degeneration, decay, death ensue as dehydration sets in. "Set forth to them the similitude of the life of this world: It is like the rain which We (Allah) send down from the skies: 893 the earth's vegetation absorbs it. But soon it becomes dry stubble (dehydrated), which the winds do scatter. It is only Allah Who prevails over all things. 18-45 The Quran has a beautiful style of expression. Statements are not one sided. They are not just narrations. It involves the reader and the listener in a dialogue in a live situation. It establishes communication, engages in lively conversation, and develops rapport with the keen listener who responds. Come and participate in direct and live discussion: "..haadhaa uzbun furaatun wa haadhaa milhun ujaajun.." (.. this one palatable sweet, and this other, bitter saltish..) By using the word 'haadhaa' (this one, here, just before you, which you observe and experience yourself), both for sweet palatable and bitter saltish water, it creates not just an animated but a real situation where the presenter, making his point in actual presentation, uses a pointer and chooses the word 'haadhaa' to show closeness of two objects to the observer to see himself and verify the facts juxta posed and intermingled. The observer can himself see how intimately are intermingled the two bodies of water

with different chemical content, and hence, physical properties also. How it happens? "Science only became aware of this phenomenon after the satellite Gemini 4 photographed the Nile Delta during 3-7 June 1965. The barrier between the river and the sea, which was described by God nearly fourteen centuries ago, is now known as estuarine circulation. The river transports three major types of material: fresh water, dissolved organic and inorganic substances, and such detritus as organic material, sand silt, or clay (which helps to shape the coastline). Large rivers, such as the Nile, acquire a high speed during their journey towards the sea and, due to the resulting turbulence, carry a sizeable suspended load of clay, silt and sand. The sudden change in velocity makes the sediment to drop out rapidly. Moreover the colloidal clay fraction is coagulated by the salty water, which helps further sedimentation. "Most rivers debouch onto a continental shelf, which results in the formation of a delta that is usually located at the river's mouth. As fresh water flows into the ocean, it tends to ride over the denser salty water. The two waters begin to mix, albeit slowly, as the fresh water goes further out into the sea. Since the river's water is added to the sea's surface, it tends to flow out slowly. To balance the loss of sea water due to river discharge on the surface, a supply of higher-density sea water flows beneath the surface and toward the river mouth. This (estuarine circulation)... process consists of pushing sediment toward the continents to form, over time, deltas or build up the shoreline. This is how we understand the `barrier' God created between fresh water and sea waterRivers flow into the sea or ocean and salty water does not flow back into rivers (15-53)." (Adel M.A.Abbas, Beltsville, Maryland USA, 'His Throne was on water' pp.49-53) For 25-53, Abdul Wadud gives following translation and interpretation: 894 Know Your God "It is He (Allah) Who has let free to intermingle two bodies of moving water, one palatable and sweet and the other intensely bitter. Yet, He has made a barrier between them, a partition that is forbidden to be passed." 25-53 General interpretations, when scientific information was not available, gave an impression of two rivers or two long columns of water, sweet and saltish, flowing in contact, side by side, yet, were not getting mixed up. It is true that very huge columns of water moving inside oceans in contact with each other, do not mix up, because of difference in temperature and density (salt contents), e.g., Labrador Current and Gulf Stream in Atlantic ocean. There is wondrous world of oceans in motion.

In oceans, there is no uniform mass of water but a series of well defined layers beneath the surface, each with its own characteristics, e.g., salt content, difference in density, winds, temperature, marine life, earth rotation, etc. Coursing through these layers are fast currents, some of them hundreds of miles long and up to one hundred miles wide, which affect world climate. El Nino (Spanish: 'the little boy') also means 'Christ Child', because it occurs near beginning of year, around Christmas. This phenomenon, lasting three or more seasons in Equatorial Pacific, is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures, resulting from interaction between surface layers of ocean and overlying atmosphere. Evidence suggests that it has existed since thousands of years. Increase of +4 to +5 degrees Centigrade, from normal, creates tremendous concentration of excess heat in upper layers of Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean which modifies atmosphere immediately above it. These effects are carried around the globe by the modified circulations in atmosphere, causing changes in normal weather patterns. This affects jet streams over Pacific, and extra tropical storms and frontal systems follow abnormal paths, e.g., decrease in summer monsoon rainfall, increase in autumn and winter rainfalls, etc. La Nina means 'the little girl'. It is also called El Viejo, anti-El Nino, 'a cold event' and 'a cold episode'. It is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in Equatorial. "A book titled , 'Dardanelles Patrol' by Peter Shankland and Anthony Hunter, describes as interesting event of 1915 A.D., when British submarine E-11 entered the sea of Marmara through Dardanelles and attacked the Turkish vessels At one point the submarine E-11 did not go below 70 feet in water and did not answer the hydroplanes inspite of using all possible means to bring it down (They repeated the maneuver the next day with all technical possibilities, but they didn't work.) The commander's discovery was that there was a rigid line of demarcation (barrier:`Barzakh') - the layers slid over each other usually moving in different directions, but not intermingling. The submarine in the fresh water layer 895 was now resting on the surface of heavier salt water as solidly as if she were on the bottom." Rain is normally slightly acidic (about 5.6 pH) but becomes more acidic when absorbs pollutants from atmosphere. Water freely mingles with all substances, compounds and elements on earth and can become brackish, salty and bitter and carry many organisms, suspensions, etc., yet, there are decantation,

filtration, and purification processes employed in nature so that sweet, clear, clean water is available in abundance all over the globe. It is a divine plan to keep the two bodies of water separate to sustain life on earth. In a very simplistic example, consider if all water freezes on the globe, the two bodies will remain locked where they exist. Conversely if temperature rises so much that all oceans evaporate, then necessarily all snow will also melt and drain into the seas. Temperature maintains the `barrier' from allowing them to accumulate on one side. Water balance on the planet is mainly maintained through management of temperature. The more one explores nature the more knowledge it discloses and the more the possibilities of harnessing the forces of nature increase. Current is not just a simple flow of water. God invites attention to very complex scientific systems. Have we conducted any research in this verse 25-53? Some technical aspects of some currents, may give an idea about wonders in water and wind systems of our planet, working in harmony with celestial operations: There are two major source regions for Agulhas current: (i) from Mozambique channel to the north and along the coast; and (ii) from the east including a major contribution from the Madagascar current. Agulhas current brings warm water poleward. Agulhas current retroflects and returns eastward with part of the flow recirculating in counter-clockwise flowing subtropical gyre and part of the flow feeding Antarctic Circumpolar Current. There is also a component of Agulhas current that feeds Benguela current and advects relatively warm and salty water into South Atlantic as part of Global "conveyor belt" circulation. "Agulhas Current is the western boundary current of the South Indian Ocean. It flows down the east coast of Africa from 27S to 40S (Gordon, 1985). The source water at its northern end is derived from Mozambique channel eddies (de Ruijter et al., 2002) and the East Madagascar Current, but the greatest source of water is recirculation in the southwest Indian Ocean sub-gyre (Gordon, 1985; Stramma and Lutjeharms, 1997). There are temporal and latitudinal variations in the depth, path, and transport of the current. From synoptic measurements, the Agulhas Current was found to extend throughout the water column in March, but in a later survey during June it was limited to the upper 2300 m (Donohue et al., 2000). Its depth tends to increase with latitude to offset the increase in planetary vorticity (Boebel et al., 1998). In addition, there is seasonal oscillation in the sea surface height variability of the Agulhas Current. It is at a maximum during the austral 896 Know Your God summer and at a minimum during the austral winter. The magnitude of this seasonal change is about 30% of the mean value (Matano et al., 1998)." "The dominant mode of variability of the Agulhas Current is in the form of

natal pulses (Bryden et al., 2003). These are large solitary meanders containing a cold-core cyclone on the inshore side of the current (Lutjeharms and Roberts, 1988). Natal pulses occur about 6 times per year and propagate downstream at approximately 10 km/day (Lutjeharms et al., 2003). The passage of nearly all natal pulses is followed by the spawning of an Agulhas ring (Van Leeuwen et al., 2000)." "Like other western boundary currents, the Agulhas Current is quite fast. At the surface, it can reach maximum speeds of 200 cm s-1 (Boebel et al., 1998). Beal and Bryden (1999) examined the deep velocity structure by using Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiles (LADCP) and found that their results were different from those of previous studies that used geostrophic estimates. Beal and Brydenfound that the level of no motion across the Agulhas Current displays a V-shaped pattern. They were also able to detect an Agulhas Undercurrent at 800 m depth. The undercurrent is directly beneath the surface core of the poleward flowing Agulhas Current, and it flows equatorward with maximum speeds near 30-40 cm s -1 (Beal and Bryden, 1999; Donohue et al., 2000)." "As one of the major currents in the Southern Hemisphere, the Agulhas Current system transports large volumes of water. One of the earliest measurements of the geostrophic volume transport of this current came from Gordon (1985), who found it to be 67 Sv (1 Sv = 1 x 106 m3 s-1). Several years later, Toole and Warren obtained a much higher estimate 85 Sv. However, several researchers pointed out that the geostrophic reference level that Toole and Warren used did not resolve the counter-flowing Agulhas Undercurrent. Beal and Bryden (1999) found the geostrophic volume transport as referenced to LADCP to be 73 Sv, which was only 3% different from the direct LADCP transport estimate. Then, Donohue et al. (2000) attempted to refine previous transport calculations by removing barotropic tides and by estimating instrumental and sampling errors. The two LADCP sections that they used yielded a net southward transport of 783 and 762 Sv. The latest estimate comes from Bryden et al. (2003) who find an average volume transport, calculated from year-long moored current meter measurements of 69.74.3 Sv." "As the Agulhas Current reaches the southern tip of the continental shelf of Africa, it begins to turn toward the west. Once it reaches the Southern Ocean, the current retroflects, or turns back on itself, and flows eastward as the Agulhas Return Current (Quartly and Srokosz, 1993). The Agulhas Return Current flows eastward and exhibits a quasi-stationary meandering pattern of wavelength 500 km between 38 and 40 S. Its core width is about 70 km with an associated transport of 445

Sv in the upper 1000 m (Boebel et al., 2003)." "On average, the Agulhas Retroflection has a loop diameter of 340 km and can be found between 16E and 20E (Lutjeharms and van Ballegooyen, 1988). 897 Altimeter data suggest that during the austral winter months there is an early retroflection of the current near 25E (Matano et al., 1998) and there is greater mesoscale variability (Quartly and Srokosz, 1992). However, satellite studies of the Agulhas Retroflection based on feature-tracking rather than area-averaging (Lutjeharms and van Ballegooyen, 1988; Goni et al., 1997; Quartly and Srokosz, 2002) find that "ring-shedding events" dominate the variability, which are found to be neither continuous, nor periodic. The retroflection gradually extends westward prior to ring-shedding and quickly retrogrades eastward after an Agulhas Ring is spawned. Upstream, the dominant mode of variability within the Agulhas Current is in the form of large, solitary meanders, known as Natal Pulses (Bryden et al., 2003). There is evidence that these meanders may prompt ring-shedding as they propagate downstream and interact with the retroflection loop (Leeuwen et al., 2000). An interesting aspect of the Agulhas Retroflection is that it periodically sheds pinched-off anticyclonic rings 320 km in diameter at its westernmost extension. These rings enclose pools of relatively warm and saline Indian Ocean water whose temperature is more than 5C warmer and salinity 0.3 psu greater than South Atlantic surface water of similar density (Gordon, 1985). The rings keep their distinctive thermal characteristics as far west as 5E and as far south as 46S, and they drift into the South Atlantic at approximately 12 cm s -1 (Lutjeharms and van Ballegooyen, 1988). This warm-water link between the Atlantic and Indian oceans is likely to have a strong influence on global climate patterns (Gordon, 1985)." "Van Ballegooyen et al. (1994) studied the Agulhas Retroflection region and counted 14 new rings over a 2-year period. They also found that the heat anomaly contained in a ring could be as much as 2.4 x 1020 J, and the salt anomaly could be as much as 13 x 1012 kg. Lutjeharms and Cooper (1996) went on to calculate that the heat flux into the South Atlantic could be 0.0075 PW per ring, and the estimated salt flux could be 13 x 1012 kg per ring. Although climatologically important exchange between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans occurs mostly via Agulhas rings, there are also Agulhas filaments that make a minor contribution when they occasionally escape into the South Atlantic. These filaments are present 56% of the time and are on average 50 km wide and 50 m deep. Each filament carries

excess heat of about 3.5 x 10 19 J and excess salt amounting to about 1-5 x 1011 kg. Since most of the heat is rapidly lost to the atmosphere, the main contribution to interbasin exchange by the filaments is a 3-9 x 10 12 kg annual salt flux (Lutjeharms and Cooper, 1996)." "Recent float and model experiments reveal that Agulhas Rings are as deep as 1200 m and salt and heat exchange at intermediate depths is important. They also show that the Agulhas retroflexion region not only spawns large (200 km) anti-cyclonic Agulhas Rings, but also smaller (120 km) cyclones (Boebel et al., 2003). The interaction of these cyclones and anti-cylcones results in vigorous mixing and stirring of Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean water masses to the northwest of the retroflexion within a region dubbed the "Cape Cauldron". (Joanna Gyory, Lisa M. Beal, Barbie Bischof, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, Surface Currents in the 898 Know Your God Atlantic Ocean: The Agulhas Current, http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/atlantic/atlantic.html) "Angola Current was named as such because it follows coast of Angola over a long distance and reaches its highest intensity there. The Angola Current forms the eastern section of a large, cyclonic gyre in the Gulf of Guinea. In the upper layer (0-100 m), it seems to be formed mainly by the southeast branch of the South Equatorial Countercurrent and the southward-turning waters from the north branch of the Benguela Current. The influx of waters originating north of the equator is only moderate. However, in layers deeper than 100 m, northern waters become more important in feeding the Angola Current (Moroshkin et al. 1970)." "Moroshkin et al. (1970) described the Angola Current as a fast, narrow, and stable flow that reaches 250-300 m depths and covers both the shelf regions and the continental slope. They measured the water velocity at the surface from 9S-16S along the coast and found it to be 50 cm s-1. At 25 m, it was greater than 70 cm s-1. Dias (1983a, 1983b) also measured the current velocity, but on two different occasions. In March, at the surface, the velocity was on the order of 50 cm s-1. At 100 m, it was 70 cm s-1. These results agreed with those of Moroshkin et al. (1970). However, in July, at the surface, the current velocity was less than 42 cm s-1. At 100 m, the average velocity decreases even more, down to 33 cm s-1 (Dias

1983b). These results suggest that there is temporal variability in the velocity of the current. At 200-300 m there is a 5-8 cm s-1 southward flow along the edge of the shelf and over the continental slope. This water may be a deep extension of the Angola Current (Moroshkin et al. 1970). "The volume transport of the Angola Current above 400 m relative to the 800-db level across a profile at 12S, 9E has been measured between standard stations at a depth of 500 m. In September 1970 it was 3.7 Sv, and in March 1971 it was 2.6 Sv (Dias 1983a)." According to Lass et al. (2000), Angola Current water usually has a temperature greater than 24C and a salinity of more than 36.4 psu in the upper mixed layer. This water mass gradually becomes colder and less saline as it travels south (Lass et al. 2000). During winter and spring, the hot Angola Current water, with temperatures between 27 and 30C, retreats to the northwest and is replaced by slightly cooler waters with temperatures between 20 and 26C. This periodic southeast advance and northwest retreat of the Angola Current seems to be linked to the intensity of upwelling that occurs later off the Namibian coast (Meeuwis and Lutjeharms 1990, O'Toole 1980)." "At approximately 15S, the southward-flowing Angola Current converges with the northward-flowing Benguela Current to form the Angola-Benguela Front (ABF) (Meeuwis and Lutjeharms 1990). The ABF demarcates the warm, nutrient-poor Angola Current water and the cold, nutrient-rich Benguela Current water, creating a transition zone between the tropical ecosystem in the north and the upwellingdriven ecosystem in the south (Lass et al. 2000)...I t is a permanent feature at the sea 899 surface, and that it usually travels from west to east in a series of weak, pulse-like movements that are most clearly defined in the summer and autumn...On average, the front extends from the coast to 250 km offshore, but it can reach as far east as 1000 km during the spring and summer." "...Angola Dome, a cyclonic eddy... is a cold water dome that is generated by a local maximum of Ekman suction (McClain and Firestone 1993). The Angola Dome does not exist during the winter (Mazeika 1967), and its width and extension depend on the intensity and horizontal shear of the southeasterly trade winds (Signorini et al. 1999)." "The salinity of the water within the Angola dome (35.5 psu) is lower than that of the surrounding water (35.8-36 psu). According to Mazeika (1967), this

may be due to vertical mixing of low-salinity Congo River water from the surface layer. The cyclonic circulation of the dome may actually sequester Congo water. Mazeika (1967) also found that the dome had relatively low concentrations of oxygen, even in shallow waters, and reasoned that this may be related to upwelling and biological activity.(Joanna Gyory, Barbie Bischof, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, The Angola Current) The Antilles Current transports tropical waters from the North Equatorial Current northwestward. It is a significant source of warm water for the Gulf Stream system. "The Antilles current flows northward east of the Antilles and joins the Florida Current past the outer Bahamas. Its waters are concentrated into a strong northward jet about 80-100 km wide centered at 400 m (Lee et al., 1996). There is evidence for some recirculation...There does appear to be a variable signal in the Antilles current." "Lee et al. (1996) concluded that the Antilles current serves to balance the interior Sverdrup Circulation not accounted for by the Florida Current and thus does not participate interbasin exchange. Furthermore they found that it is not a continuous flow along the Bahamas and Antilles island chain. This conclusion is supported by the hydrographic study of Gnu and Watts (1982) who found that the Antilles current appeared more as an eddy field along the Bahamas-Antilles arc rather than as a continuous jet. They also noted that even a 10 cm s-1 difference in reference velocity could cause the large (~10 Sv) discrepancies in historical transports due to station spacing and latitude. The discontinuous nature of the current as well as its weak dynamic height signal help to explain why its existence is questionable. Wavelike eddies with periods of 30 and 100 days , a wavelength of 230 km and speeds of 9 cm s-1 are the primary form of variation in the upper 800 m off Abaco. (Lee et al., 1996) Halliwell et al. (1994) found matching properties for baroclinicly unstable waves propagating west. For a 100 day period wave, the mean speed is 4 cm s-1 and wavelength of 335 km, consistent with baroclinic Rossby waves in the region. "...Moorings indicate that the Antilles current is an intensified western 900 Know Your God boundary current with mean transports of 3.2 7.6 Sv northwards in the upper 800m . In addition there is deeper flow from the Deep Western Boundary Undercurrent below 800 m carrying 33 10.9 Sv southwards (Lee et al., 1990). The influence of this deep flow results in a large, mean southward transport for the entire water column. Elizabeth Rowe, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, The Antilles Current)"

The Azores current is the southeastward flow component of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. "The Azores Current originates as a branch of the Gulf Stream near the Grand Banks (40N, 45W). In the winter, the area of origin consists of a single flow, while in the summer the flow bifurcates; the northernmost band flows almost directly toward the Azores Current region, while the southernmost band flows southwest and makes a cyclonic loop before merging with the Azores Current (Klein and Siedler 1989). The Azores Current flows southeastward until it crosses the Mid Atlantic ridge at about 35N, 45W. Then it travels eastwards between 32 and 35N until it nears the African coast. Here it meanders eastward toward the Gulf of Cadiz, where some of its water is entrained in the Gibraltar outflow of Mediterranean water (Johnson and Stevens 2000)." "Along its eastward-flowing component, the Azores Current produces three major southward-flowing branches (Klein and Siedler 1989). The easternmost branch turns southwards to feed the Canary Current (New et al. 2001; Stramma 1984). The two other branches join the westward-flowing North Equatorial Current (Maillard and Kse 1989). One can be found between about 23W and 27W. The other can be found between about 32W and 36W. Their exact location varies seasonally and interannually (Klein and Siedler 1989)." "The main Azores current jet is about 150 km wide and 1000 m deep. Strong thermohaline gradients are characteristic of the area. Near 34.5N between 20W and 30W the average current speed is about 10 cm s-1. Drogued buoys have obtained speeds of 50 cm s-1 in this area, while in the nearby counterflows they can reach 40 cm s-1 (Pingree 1997). "Most investigations of the Azores Current have found its transport to be 10-12 Sv (Gould 1985; Kt;se et al. 1986; Sy 1988; Stramma and Muller 1989). An exception is Pingree (1997), who reported a geostrophic transport of 26 Sv near 27W. Although this was the transport for the main current jet, most of it was cancelled by adjacent countercurrents. Pingree et al. (1999) observed a 10 Sv eastward geostrophic transport for the region across 30.5N-36.5N near 25W-30W, but the total southward transport across 20W-50W was 28 Sv." "Cromwell et al. (1996) observed a persistent westward flow near 35N, 28W that travelled at 25 cm s-1. They found that this westward flow was cooler and fresher than the main body of the Azores Current and thus concluded that it was caused by the retroflection of the cooler, northern side of the current. Pingree (1997) examined Lagrangian data and water mass properties and showed that the Azores Current 901

recirculates both north and south in westward counterflows. There is anticlockwise circulation in the north and clockwise circulation in the south." The area near the Azores Current has high eddy kinetic energy, with the scale of dominant wavelengths around 300-400 km and the mean diameter of eddies on the order of 100 km (Le Traon and De Mey, 1994). Meanders with the longest wavelengths are presumably due to Rossby waves, and those with shorter wavelengths are due to interactions with the mesoscale eddy fields (Johnson and Stevens 2000). Klein and Siedler (1989) found that during the summer the Azores Current narrows, moves farther south, and experiences more mesoscale variability. In contrast, Tokmakian and Challenor (1993) learned that overall the mesoscale variability is slightly higher in the winter than in the summer. However, in the region between 30N and 40N the summer has the highest variability. Cromwell et al. (1996) also found that the variability increases from summer to winter. They point out that the contradictions among these data sets could be due to interannual variability. (Joanna Gyory, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, The Azores Current) The Benguela Current flows through a strong, biologically productive upwelling region, and advects cool waters to the tropics. This water is warmed and is one of the source waters for the South Equatorial Current. "The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary current of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre (Peterson and Stramma 1991, Wedepohl et al. 2000). It begins as a northward flow off the Cape of Good Hope, where it skirts the western African coast equatorward until around 24S-30S. Here most of it separates from the coast as it bends toward the northwest. However, two branches of the current do continue along the coast, and one of them joins the Angola Current at the Angola-Benguela front near 16S (Wedepohl et al. 2000...Modern observations and theory indicate that the cool equatorial waters are due to upwelling induced by divergent Ekman transport." "The sources of the Benguela Current include Indian and South Atlantic subtropical thermocline water; saline, low-oxygen tropical Atlantic water; and cooler, fresher subantarctic water. In the area between the continental shelf and Walvis Ridge it was found that 50% of the source water came from the central Atlantic, 25% came from the Indian Ocean, and 25% came from the Agulhas Current and the tropical Atlantic (Garzoli et al. 1996)."

"The Benguela Current has a well-defined mean flow that is mostly confined near the continent and a more variable transient flow on its western side. The transient flow is dominated by large eddies shed from the Agulhas Retroflection. Barotropic and baroclinic components are equally important for the mean flow, while the variability is mostly barotropic (Garzoli et al. 1996)." Shannon (1985) "observed that there is a well-developed oceanic front in the south. Shannon thus estimated that the Benguela Current was 200-300 km wide. Wedepohl et al. (2000) found that in the south the current indeed has a width of 200 km, but as it flows northward it widens rapidly, becoming as wide as 750 km 902 Know Your God in the north." "...Greater variability is observed on smaller spatial scales and shorter time scales, especially if there are Agulhas rings nearby (Garzoli et al. 1997)." "...The boundaries of the Benguela Current Extension were clearly defined at 750 m; the Benguela Current Extension was bounded on the south by 35S, and on the north by an eastward current located between 18S and 21S. Other recent float measurements suggest that this eastward current originates near the Trinidade Ridge, close to the western boundary, and extends across most of the South Atlantic, limiting the Benguela extension from flowing north of approximately 20S. The westward transport of the Benguela Current Extension is estimated to be 15 Sv. Roughly 1.5 Sv of this is transported by the approximately 3 Agulhas rings that cross the mid-Atlantic ridge each year. Geostrophic shear in the Benguela Current and its extension was very small (1-2 cm s-1), suggesting that this current is only weakly baroclinic. The total westward transport in the Benguela Current Extension above 1000 m and between 18S-33S is estimated to be 29 Sv." "A noteworthy phenomenon that can be encountered in the Benguela Current system is the Benguela Nio. Like Pacific El Ninos, Benguela Nios are thought to be a result of anomalous atmospheric conditions in the western tropical Atlantic (Boyer et al. 2000). Every year there is a southward intrusion of warm Angolan water into the northern Benguela, but during a Benguela Nio the Angola-Benguela front is displaced south, causing the advection of warm, highly saline water as far as 25S (Shannon et al. 1986, Boyer et al. 2000). Three Benguela Nios have been recorded. They occurred in 1934, 1963, and 1984. During the 1963 event temperatures off the coast of Namibia were 2-4C higher than normal, and the pressure adjusted sea level was 4 cm above the mean. Although Benguela Nios do occur, they are less intense and less frequent than

Pacific El Nios (Shannon et al. 1986).(Joanna Gyory, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, The Benguela Current)" "The Brazil Current is a weak western boundary current carrying warm subtropical water, which runs south along the coast of Brazil from about 9S to about 38S and is generally confined to the upper 600m of the water column. Its origin begins where the westward flowing trans-Atlantic South Equatorial Current (SEC) bifurcates (or splits) as it approaches the continental shelf off of Cabo de Sao Roque, Brazil (Stramma et al., 1990; Podesta et al., 1991). SEC water flowing north becomes the North Brazil Current, and the branch flowing south becomes the Brazil Current (BC)." "The Brazil Current begins at about 10S, separating slightly from the coast near 12S where the continental shelf becomes wider (Peterson & Stramma, 1991; Stramma et al., 1990). Satellite images taken over three years (1984-1987) show that the actual point at which the BC separates from the continental shelf varies anywhere between 33S-38S, with the average being about 36S (Olson et al., 903 1988; Podesta et al., 1991). The BC continues to flow south off the Brazilian coast until it reaches about 33-38S, when it collides with the north-flowing Malvinas (Falkland) Current. The BC is then, in part, deflected to the east offshore of Rio de la Plata, a region known as the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone (BMC), one of the most energetic regions in all the oceans (Sarceno et al.,2004). Gordon and Greengrove (1986) were the first to label this region the Confluence. The latitude of confluence, which determines where the BC will separate from the continent, is farther north during austral winter and spring. This seasonality is presumed to be related to the general seasonal shift of wind systems and seasonal meridional shift of the subtropical gyre (Peterson & Stramma, 1991)." "The transport of the Brazil Current is considered small when compared to that of the Gulf Stream, its counterpart in the Northern Atlantic. The problem when estimating transport of the BC is that in its northern region, it is shallow and closely confined to the continental shelf. Transport values between 5 Sv and 6.5 Sv have been observed near surface waters (upper 500m) of the BC around 20S (Peterson and Stramma, 1990; Stramma et al., 1990). At about 20.5S, the current encounters the Vitoria-Trindade Ridge, a zonal seamount chain where it has been observed to flow through the inshore passage rather than the passages farther east. In this region, a cyclonic gyre seaward of the Brazil Current, centered at about 17S and 34W has been observed and attributed to the southernmost meanders of the South Equatorial Current that are reflected northward by this same seamount chain (Memery et al., 2000; Stramma et al., 1990). At about 20.5S, near the seamount chain, the current flows at about 50-60 cm s-1 as estimated by Evans and others (1983)."

"As the Brazil Current flows south of 24S, its flow intensifies by about 5% per 100km, which is similar to the growth rate in the Gulf Stream, although transport values in the BC are considerably less (Peterson and Stramma, 1991). Thus, at about 33S the total transport (which includes a recirculation cell in the upper 1400m) is about 18Sv, and reaches values from 19-22 Sv at about 38S, where it encounters the Malvinas (Falkland) Current (Olson et al., 1988; Peterson and Stramma, 1991). The mean latitude of the BC's separation from the shelf break is about 35.8S 1.1 and for the Malvinas Current, the mean latitude of separation is 38.9S 0.9. The coastal ranges of the separation positions are at 950km and 850km respectively (Olson et al., 1988)." "The combined flow of the two currents causes a strong thermohaline frontal region, called the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) in which the BC breaks off into two branches, one turning to the north forming a recirculation cell, while the other continues southward and veers northeast at about 45S, becoming the South Atlantic Current (Boebel et al., 1999; Saraceno et al., 2004). The mean transport in this region has been measured to be about 11Sv (Garzoli and Bianchi, 1987). Maximum velocities at the confluence (at about 38S) reach 55 cm s-1 with the average value of 35 cm s-1 with transports of 18 and 11 Sv respectively. Flow can increase up to 23 Sv at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (Garzoli, 1993) Mean 904 Know Your God conditions of circulation vary significantly, and more recent evidence shows that it is likely related to meteorological anomalies (Assireu et al., 2003). Some short term variability in the southward extent of the BC has also been observed. Occasionally, when a BC meander that has extended unusually far south retreats, it can shed a series of warm core eddies that migrate into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (Partos and Piccolo, 1988). Values also vary according to measurement method and depth. A comprehensive overview of literature on BC transport estimates prior to 1991 can be found in Table 2 of Peterson and Stramma (1991)." "The range of the Confluence oscillate between about 54W and 45W, a total distance of about 770 km (at 38S). The meanders appear to occur on a twelve month cycle and are likely correlate to changes in the separation latitude of the Brazil Current (Boebel et al., 1999; Garzoli and Bianchi, 1987; Goni & Wainer, 2001; Maamaatuaiahutapu et al., 1999; Zavialov et al., 1999). The mean speed of the front is estimated to be about 14 cm s-1. The front oscillates around its mean seasonal position (farther north and east during austral winter and farther south and west during austral summer) within a period of about one month and

an amplitude that varies from 10-50 km per day. The mean velocity of the displacement of the front reaches values up to 10 km/day (Garzoli and Bianchi, 1987). This area is also rich in eddies, more often called Brazil Current Rings, averaging to about 7-9 rings per year. These elliptical rings can vary in size from about 56 to 225 km along the semi-major axis, and 23 to 108 km for the semi-minor axis. These anticyclones have a mean lifetime of about 35 days and translational speeds of anywhere between 4-27 km per day (Lentini et al., 2002)." "On average, the temperature in the Brazil Current is about 18C-28C, with essentially three meridional zones that experience several degrees of distinctly different annual temperature fluctuations, which corresponds to their proximity to shore. The first zone is located over the shelf and experiences temperature variability of 7-10 degrees, which is controlled by both winter invasions of subantarctic water from the Malvinas Current and discharges from Rio de la Plata and Patos-Mirim. The second or central portion, closer to the eastern margin of the continental shelf, experiences a 5-7 degree variance. The third, on the seaward-most zone, shows little fluctuation until the Confluence (Memery, et al., 2000; Zavialov et al., 1999). Temperatures in the southern section of the current, near the Confluence, can change by 5-13 degrees, with the cooler temperatures occurring around August-September and the warmer values observed in February (Boebel et al., 1999; Podesta, et al., 1991). Almost yearly temperature anomalies of warm and cold fronts occur that seem to be related to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Anomalous cold water extensions to the north occur on the shelf generally one year after every warm ENSO event, and anomalous warm water extensions occur generally one year after every cold ENSO (Lentini et al., 2001). Surface salinities indicative of Brazil Current waters range from 35.1 to 36.2, with the maximum commonly found at around 20S, where it can reach a 905 salinity of 37.3 (Memery et al., 2000; Wilson & Rees, 2000). (Barbie Bischof, Elizabeth Rowe, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan, The Brazil Current) Following phenomenon may also be fascinating to examine: A new type of ocean wave has been discovered by Cinna Lomnitz, University of Mexico and US oceanographer Rhett Butler using data from sea floor seismic observatory in the Pacific. It hugs sea bed and constantly exchanges energy between sea floor and water just above it. Professor Lomnitz was alerted to the possible existence of coupled waves by the disastrous earthquake in Mexico City in 1985. Destructive waves rippled through mud layers beneath the city causing many buildings to collapse. The waves found spreading through the oceans following earthquakes are similar. "It is a coupled wave - that is, two waves that constantly share energy. Such

waves are known from many areas of physics. For instance, a radio signal couples with electric waves in a radio antenna," said Professor Lomnitz. He thinks that such waves could travel along the sea floor. Lomnitz and Butler classify the new discovered wave as a form of Rayleigh wave that propagates along surface of solids. Technically, the wave is a coupled acoustic and Rayleigh wave that constantly exchanges energy between waves in the seafloor and the water above it. "Wave coupling is a fascinating phenomenon," providing insight into how energy travels through the oceans. (Newtype of Ocean Wave, Dawn Sciencedotam Report) (Know Your God, Vol. V, pp.332348)

1472. He (Allah) has set in cycle the two seas, intermingling. (19) There is an inter-state between them. They can't tend pass beyond bounds.(20) (55-19 to 23, Section 1) Another translation by Dr Haluk Nurbaki: "He (Allah) has let forth the two seas, that they should meet together. There is a barrier between them which they do not overpass." 55-19 & 20 Barzakhun: partition, that which intervenes between two things with properties more or less resembling both, barrier, isthmus, interstice, bar, abode of departed spirits, Hades Baghaa: transgress, pass beyond bounds, seek, desire, aggress Baghyun: injustice, injury, oppression, inequity Baghyan: in an insolent manner Baghii: adamancy, rebellion Yaltaqiyaan: they both are together Liqaa-an: find, encounter, see, two things meeting face to face Dr Nurbaki has quoted from Life Nature Library 'EURASIA" 1988 edition, as 1116 Know Your God follows: "Like the spillway of a giant dam, the shallow Strait of Gibraltar keeps Atlantic waters from mixing freely with those of the Mediterranean basin on the other side. Warm surface water can ride in from the ocean over the cold outflow

from the Mediterranean deeps, but the stone sill between Spain and Morocco block the deeper ocean waters..." (Dr Haluk Nurbaki, Verses from the Holy Quran and the Facts of Science, p.79) Mediterranean and Atlantic Oceans differ in their chemical and biological content. Different organisms inhabit in their own suitable environments, and the water is not allowed to mix. According to Captain Cousteau "Unexpected fresh water springs issue from the Southern (Morocco) and Northern coasts (Spain) of the Gibraltar. These Mammoth water sprouts gush forth towards each other at angles of 45 degrees, forming a reciprocal dam like the teeth of a comb. Due to this fact, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Oceans cannot intermingle." It is one of the most f labbergast ing wonders of the Per fect Organizer-Manager-Sustainer that marine life, multifarious in multitude, is most organized and planned, under waters, deep and vast as oceans. Water itself and its pressure, movements, temperature, its content, etc., etc. are maintained constantly with purpose, which can be marked and mapped into geographical zones, sectors, boundaries, colonies, etc., etc. For example ocean zone is a specific geographical area in an ocean in which various groups of sea creatures live. All living things in seas have been marked into three groups, according to each ocean zone they inhabit. Plants and animals living near surface of the sun-lit zone, are called plankton. Those living in the twilight zone, are called nekton, and in the bathypelagic zone are benthos. Besides oceans, inland water bodies and channels like mountain streams, spring-fed and slower brooks, creeks, rivers, etc. also contain mobile animals. Their segregation and distribution in specific groups and distinct areas depends, among others, upon water movement, temperature, oxygen content, geographical features, etc. These factors in fact determine characteristics of different habitats. Standing waters form lakes, swamps, marshes and bogs. Large lakes and water bodies contribute more to ecological features and environmental stability than perennial and non-perennial running waters. Wetlands carve out extremely important environmental components and form segments in ecological zones necessary for supporting life on earth. Historically they have served as production factories and warehouses of food inventories on earth. Fresh waters move, spread and collect over land, in soil, under ground and in atmosphere. Sea waters circulate in oceans, seas, bays and creeks. Sea and fresh waters mingle and mix in creeks and deltaic rendez vous, where they inundate, wash and meet nutritional and water requirements, in alternate and mixed dozes, without which, special features of marine life in coastal areas can not be maintained. Now examine following verse: 1117 "Out of them come Pearls and Coral." 55-22

It invites attention to example of plankton inhabitants. One of the reasons for separation of waters is to maintain suitable habitats, in chemical and biological terms, for marine life. Beside above interpretations of verses 55-19 & 20, some scholars have referred to two currents of water moving together in some rivers and oceans, side by side. However, by examining different words used in this verse, together, reference to inter-state and intermingling of two water bodies, invites attention for deeper examination of the two main bodies of water constituting the whole water system and water cycle. Water cycle describes how water moves around between atmosphere, land, rivers, lakes and seas: the process in which water leaves earth's surface and returns to it. Laqiya: meet, suffer from, experience Laqqaa: cast upon, shed over Tilqaa-a: towards Alqaa: place gently Let us examine some examples of intermingling of waters, and role of temperature in all its states and interstate. Heat Energy makes things warmer, and makes particles move more quickly. It causes liquids evaporate. Temprature is kind of measurement of heat in degrees. Liquids vaporise, give off vapour ( become gaseous), even when they are not boiling, e.g., water vapour. Moisture is amount of water vapour in air or on a surface. High moisture level can lead to formation of clouds. The amount of water vapour in the air is also called humidity, a measure of level of water vapour in atmosphere. When air is completely saturated with water vapour, it reaches its dew point and water condenses as droplets. Dew forms at night, when air cools to below dew point. Dew point depends on dampness of air and on atmospheric pressure. Haze describes a very thin mist, and effect of warm air rising through cooler air. This is called heat haze. Hoar frost is produced when air near ground cools down very fast at night. Hoar frost coats grass and trees with crystals of ice. When clouds form at ground level, it is called mist; tiny drops of water suspended in air. It is thicker than haze, but it is not as thick as fog. Fog develops when water vapour in air cools below dew point and thick clouds form at ground level. Tropopause, part of earth's atmosphere, marks upper limit of troposphere, lying about 18 kilometre above Equator, but only about 6 kilometres above the poles. Troposphere contains most of water vapour and clouds in air. Monsoon is a kind of wind which brings heavy rain. Monsoons occur in

1118 Know Your God tropical regions and mark change from dry to wet season. Season is a part of year which has a particular climate. In temperate regions, the four seasons are: spring, summer, autumn and winter. These vary in both temperature and rainfall. In tropics, there are usually two seasons: hot, dry and hot, rainy. The two great bodies of water, saltish and sweet, move freely, meet face to face, and intermingle in the process of water cycle, yet remain separated as water in seas, rivers, lakes etc., and in mountains as snow; the separator and sorter being the temperature. They can not meet or merge all on one side. By assumption if temperature on earth rises so that all seas and water bodies evaporate, they will ultimately cool and condense on high mountains. Under hot conditions frozen water and snow on mountains will simultaneously melt down, rushing through streams and rivers, alongwith rain water to seas and water bodies. Similarly if temperature falls so much that everything freezes on the earth then again the two bodies of water (water in seas, etc., and snow on mountains will freeze in their places, i.e. all water will not accumulate on one side. Thus, Temperature acts as a barrier between the two great bodies of water. Now re-examine notes at verse 25-53. (Know Your God, Vol. 5, pp.558-561)