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OF BONES
Functions of Skeletal System:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Support Protection Movement Storage Blood Cell Production Mineral is removed from a long bone, collagen becomes the primary constituent, bone becomes overly exible. Collagen is removed from the bone, the mineral component becomes the primary constituent, bone is very brittle. Bone Cells Osteoblast produce new bone matrix release matrix vesicles stimulates further hydroxyapatite formation and mineralization of the matrix Osteocytes Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix Lacunae spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies Canaliculi spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell process Osteoclast responsible for resorption or breakdown of bones release H+, which produce an acid environment necessary for the decalcication of the bone matrix release enzymes that digest the protein components of the matrix Origin of bone: Mesenchymal cells
Cartilage:
1. Hyaline most of the bones of the body develop from 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic Hyaline Cartilage - Growth in length of bones and bone repair often involve the production of hyaline cartilage, followed by its replacement with bone - Consists of specialized cells that produce a matrix surrounding the cells Chondroblast are cells that produce cartilage matrix Chondrocyte matrix produce chondroblast Lacuna space occupied by the chondroblast in the matrix Matrix Collagen - provides strength Proteoglycans - make cartilage resilient by trapping water Perichondrium - double-layered connective tissue sheath covering most cartilage Outer: Dense irregular CT containing broblasts Inner: more delicate layer, fewer bers and contains chondroblasts Articular cartilage - cartilage covering the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves. Appositional growth addition of new cartilage matrix on the surface of cartilage. Interstitial growth addition of new cartilage matrix within cartilage.
Osteochondrila Progenitor Cells (osteoblast or chondroblast) Woven Bone collagenous fibers are arranged in different versions bone resorption and becomes the lamellar bone Lamellar Bone mature bone organized In the lamellae Spongy Bone porous, consist of trabeculae
(resist bending and stretching of bones)
Bone Histology:
Bone Matrix 35% Organic
*Collagen and proteoglycans
65% Inorganic
*Calcium phosphate crystals or Hydroxyapatite
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Bone Anatomy: Bone Shapes Long bones longer than wide; upper and lower limbs
*diaphysis shaft *epiphysis end of bone covered by articulate cartilage epiphyseal plate (growing) *medullary cavity large internal space filled with marrow *periosteum connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone *endosteum single layer of cells lining the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones
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In a mature bone, the epiphyseal plate has become the epiphyseal line, and all the cartilage in the epiphysis, except the articular cartilage, has become bone. The original cartilage model is almost completely ossified. Unossified cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and the articular cartilage. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long
Flat bones interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone. Short bones not elongated Irregular bones no diaphysis Bone Development: Intramembranous Ossification formation of bone within a connective tissue membrane.
1. Osteocytes are surrounded by bone matrix, and osteoblasts are forming a ring on the outer surface of the trabecula. As the osteoblasts lay down bone, the trabeculae increase in size. Spongy bone has formed as a result of the enlargement and interconnections of many trabeculae. Spongy bone forms as the trabeculae join together, resulting in an interconnected network of trabeculae separated by spaces. Red bone marrow develops within the spaces, and cells surrounding the developing bone specialize to form the periosteum.
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Centers of ossication where the ossification begins Fontanels larger membrane-covered spaces between the
developing skull bones that have not yet been ossied
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Bone Remodelling:
- Remodeling converts woven bone to lamellar bone and allows bone to change shape, adjust to stress, repair itself, and regulate body calcium levels. - Basic multicellular units (BMUs) make tunnels in bone, which are lled with concentric lamellae to form osteons. Interstitial lamellae are remnants of bone not removed by BMUs.
Bone Repair:
1. Fracture repair begins with the formation of a hematoma. 2. The hematoma is replaced by an internal callus consisting of bers and cartilage. 3. The external callus is a bonecartilage collar that stabilizes the ends of the broken bone. 4. The internal and external calluses are ossied to become woven bone. 5. Woven bone is remodeled.
Calcium Homeostasis: - PTH increases blood Ca2+ levels by increasing bone breakdown, Ca2+ absorption from the small intestine, and reabsorption of Ca2+ from the urine. Calcitonin decreases blood Ca2+ by decreasing bone breakdown. Effects of Aging on Skeletal System:
1. With aging, bone matrix is lost and the matrix becomes more brittle. 2. Spongy bone loss results from a thinning and a loss of trabeculae. Compact bone loss mainly occurs from the inner surface of bones and involves less osteon formation. 3. Loss of bone increases the risk for fractures and causes deformity, loss of height, pain, sti ness, and loss of teeth.