Chapter 5 Laplace Transform

ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC 4 LAPLACE TRANSFORM BA 501
93

F(s) = L {f(t)} =
()
CHAPTER 5 Laplace Transform (Jelmaan Laplace)

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Laplace transform is a widely used integral transform with many applications in
physics and engineering.

The Laplace symbol is L {f(t)} or F(s)

It is a linear operator of a function f(t) with a real argument t (t 0) that
transform it to a function F(s) with a complex argument s.

Methods to obtain Laplace Transform
1. Definition Method
2. Linearity
3. First Shifting Theorem
4. Multiplication with

Definition Method
The Laplace transform of a function f(t), defined for all real numbers t 0, is the
function F(s), defined by :


94

Example:
Find Laplace Transform, F(s) by using Definition Method, when;
1. f(t) = 2

2. f(t) =


95

3. f(t) =4

4. f(t) = sin at


96

5. f(t) = t

Exercise :

Find F(s) if given f(t) as below;

i) -
ans:

ii)
ans:

iii) 10
ans:

iv) ans:


97

The Linearity

Let f and g be two functions of t and let k be a constant which may be
negative. By using the linearity properties and the Table of Laplace Transform,
we can find the Laplace Transforms of more complicated function.

Example:
Find Laplace Transform, F(s) of given functions below :
1. f(t) = 4sin 6t + 3

Linearity Theorem

L { af(t) + bg(t)} = a L {f(t) + b L {g(t)}

L { f + g} = L {f} + L {g}

L { kf} = k L {f}


98

2. g(t) = 6

+ 5
9

3. h(t) = 3 sinh 2t + 3 sin 2t


99

4. f(t) =
+ cos 6t -
cos 6t

5. h(t) = ( )


100

6. f(t) = cosh at

Exercise :

Find F(s) of given functions below:

i) f(t) = 3
+ 4 sin 5t ans:

ii) g(t) = 5 cos 8t 3 sin t +
ans:

iii) f(t) = t(1 + t +
) ans:

iv) h(t) = t (
ans:

v) f(t) =
ans:
)

vi) f(t) = sinh at ans:


101

( ) f t ( ) S F
k

k
s

t

1
2
s

t
2

2
3
s

n
t

1
!
+ n
s
n

e
at

1
s a

sinat

a
s a
2 2
+

cosat

s
s a
2 2
+

sinhat

2 2
a s
a

coshat

s
s a
2 2

( ) t f e
at

( ) F s a

e
at
sinat

( )
a
s a a +
2 2

e
at
cosat

( )
s a
s a a
+
2 2

e
at
sinhat

( )
2 2
a a s
a

e
at
coshat

( )
s a
s a a

2 2

e
at
t
n

( )
n
s a
n
!
+1

Laplace Transform Table


102

First Shifting Theorem
The first shifting formula states that F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t), where
a is a constant. We obtained F(s+a) by replacing every s in F(s) by s+a.
The variable s has been shifted by amount a.

or we can used easier way by using the following steps:

L {
f(t)}
Step 1 :
state the value of a and f(t)
Step 2 :
By using the Laplace Transform Table, find L {f(t)}
Step 3:
F(s) s a

Example:
By using First Shifting Theorem, find the Laplace Transform, F(s) of functions below:
1. L {
+

First Shifting Theorem

L {
f(t)} = F (s - a) in which s s a

L {
f(t)} = F (s + a) in which s s + a


103

2. L {
+

3. L {
+

4. L {
+


104

Multiplication with

L {
()+
Step 1 :
State value of n and f(t)
Step 2:
By using the Laplace Transform Table, find L {f(t)}
Step 3 ;
Insert information from step 1 and 2 into theorem
Step 4:
Differentiate F(s) separately
Step 5:
Return to step 3
Exercise :

By using First Shifting Theorem, find the Laplace Transform, F(s) of functions
below:
i) L {
+ ans:

ii) L {
+ ans:
()

iii) L {
+ ans:

iv) L {
+ ans:
()

Multiplication with
Theorem

L {
()+ = ( )

F(s) in which n = 1,2,3, ....


105

Example:
Use Multiplication with
Theorem to find F(s) of functions below:

1. L {
+

2. L {
+


106

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM,

If the Laplace Transform of f(t) is F(s), then the way we say that the Inverse
Laplace Transform of F(s) is f(t).

Example:
Determine the Inverse Laplace Transform of the functions below:
1.

*
+

2.

{
}

3.

{
}

4.

{

}
Exercise :

By using Multiplication with
Theorem, prove that ;

i) L{cos at} =

ii) L{sin at} =


107

5.

{
}

6.

{
}

7.

{
}

8.

{
}

9.

{

}

10.

{
}


108

11.

{

}

12.

{

}

13.

{

}


109

Inverse Laplace Transform by using Partial Fraction Method
Some complicated function cannot be transform directly but must be expressed into
partial fraction form before transform it into Inverse Laplace.
Example:
Find the Inverse Laplace Transform for the following expressions using the Partial
Fraction Method.
1.
()()

Exercise :

Determine the Inverse Laplace Transform of the functions below:
i)

{

} ans:cos 4t
ii)

{

} ans:

iii)

{

} ans:

iv)

{
} ans:cos 8t -

v)

{
} ans:5
- 6cos3t
vi)

{
} ans: 4
- 2cos3t +6sin3t +

vii)

{

} ans:
sin6t
viii)

{

} ans:
cos4t


110

2.
)

3.
()()


111

4.
()(
)

5.


112

Laplace Transform Differential Equations

Exercise :
Find the Inverse Laplace Transform for the following functions:
i)
)
ans:

ii)
ans:-

iii)
()(
)
ans: :

iv)
()()
ans: :

v)
)
ans:

Table of Operations Transforms:

F(s) f(t), t > 0
Y(s) =
()
Definition of Laplace Transform y(t)
Y(s) Inversion Formula:
y(t) =
()

sY(s) y(0) First Derivative
y ,

() ()
() Second Derivative
y(t),
()
,()
()
-... s[
() ,
()-

Derivative
(t)


113

Example:
Write down the subsidiary equations for the folloeing differential equations and hence
solve them.
1.
given that y = 0 when t = 0

2.
+ 2
, given that y = 1,
= 0 , when t = 0


114

Unit Step Function
Known as Heaviside Unit Step Function and define as:

Step function can be written as below:

Example:
Express the following functions in step function term.

>
< <
=
a t
a t
a t H
0
1
0
) (
| | ) (
0
) (
1 2 1
2
1
a t H g g g
a t g
a t g
t g
+ =

>
< <
>
< <
=
t
t t
t f
, 0
1 0 , 1
) ( . 1
1
>
< <
=
3 , 0
3 0 ,
) ( . 2
2
t
t e
t f
t

115

3.
(t) =

4.
(t) =

5.
(t) =

0, 0 < t < 2 t
sin t, t > 2 t
Kos t, 0 < t < 2 t
0, t > 2 t

Kos t, 0 < t < 2 t
Sin t, t > 2 t

116

Second Shift Theorem

If a > 0 and { f ( t )}= F(s), therefore, { f ( a t )H( a t )}= e
as
F(s).

Example:
Determine the Laplace Transform for { } ) 3 ( ) 1 3 2 (
2
+ t H t t

Chapter 5 Laplace Transform

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Chapter 5 Laplace Transform

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC 4 LAPLACE TRANSFORM BA 501

F(s) in which n = 1,2,3, ....

Theorem to find F(s) of functions below:

Theorem, prove that ;

given that y = 0 when t = 0

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