A.

Introduction: (2 sentences) describe the purpose of the report and say what overall trends you see Sentences 1: Use one of the following four prompts to help you write the first sentence Form of the graphic information The line/bar graph The pie chart The table Verb shows/ illustrates/ describes gives/ provides/ reveals/ presents compares/ summarizes + NP information about, data about, differences between, similarities, trends in, results of, numbers, percentages of, figures ... what, who, when, where

Replace words in the general statement with synonyms or paraphrases where you can: e.g. sales/ purchases of different cars, sales/ purchases of private vehicles, the number of various types of cars sold/purchased, the number of various types of cars sold/purchased, car sales/purchases e.g. The graph illustrates the trends in purchases of private vehicles Sentences 2: Describe the general trends: Generally/ Overall/ It is clear that/ From the graph it is clearly seen that/ As can be shown by the graph . is/was upwards/downwards/flat or (sales) rose/fell/remained flat/fluctuated Or describe the relationship between the two graphs or introduce the number of information groups Use the appropriate verb tense: - simple present for the introduction - simple past for data in the past - simple future for data in the future or: It is predicted that/ it is estimated that/ it is projected that/ it is anticipated that will numbers are forecast/ estimated / projected/ anticipated/ predicted/ expected to + infinitive
e.g. The bar chart below shows the results of a survey conducted by a personnel department at a major company. The survey was carried out on two groups of workers: those aged from 18-30 and those aged 45-60, and shows factors affecting their work performance.

The bar chart indicates a survey on two different age groups on the factors contributing to make their environment pleasant for working. These factors are divided into external and internal factors. The internal factors are team spirit, competent boss, respect from colleagues and job satisfaction. The external factors are chance for personal development, job security, promotional prospects and money. e.g. The line graph below shows the number of annual visits to Australia by overseas residents

The given line graph illustrates information on the number of overseas visitors traveling to Australia in millions of people. Overall, one notable trend seems to be that Australia has steadily become more popular as a destination spot. B. Body: describe the most important trends, while all information is summarized to avoid unnecessary details 1. Divide the information into broad/general groups/ categories or trends (topic sentence): notice how many distinctive features diagram has and divide information into paragraphs, one paragraph for one feature= one group. namely, in terms of, as regards/with regard to/regarding/ in the case of/ as for/ turning to. Where . is concerned, it When it comes to , it 2. Describe the main or most striking/significant/noticeable/outstanding/remarkable feature/ characteristics/ differences/trends/changes. You need to write about all the periods of time and all the subjects of graph (years: 1992, 1994, men and women). The secret here is to select what is important, organize it, compare and contrast. 3. It is important to always back up key information with supporting evidence in the form of data/statistics/ examples. Between 1990 and 2000, there was a significant increase in the number of internet users in Australia, from 2 to 3 million a rise of 50%. Supporting evidence statement significant increase in the number of internet users supporting data between 1990 and 2000; from 2 to 3 million understanding a rise of 50%. Describing trends: use a variety of structures, vocabulary, and participle clauses ( fell before rising, fell after rising, followed by) Subject There was a Adjective slight slow steady gradual Noun increase rise climb decrease Period of time in the number of car thefts from 2002 till 2007 between 2002 and 2007 from 1920 onwards 2

significant considerable dramatic sharp noticeable marked doubling tripling + in + NP leveling off Subject The figure The number of Car thefts

decline fall drop growth

since 2004 in 2006 over the month/ week /decade/year

Verb Adverb Period of time increased (by/ to) slightly from 2002 till 2007 rose slowly between 2002 and 2007 climbed steadily since 2004 decreased gradually in 2006 declined significantly over the fell considerably month/week/decade/year dropped dramatically improved sharply recovered noticeably went down went up twofold grew threefold plummeted fourfold = plunged= fall quickly fluctuated (wildly)= to be erratic= experience fluctuations doubled trebled levelled of remained the same at= remained constant at= stay at= remained stable at= hover around reached a peak/plateau at= peaked at= hit a peak= come top= maintain its lead reached a bottom Describing the Speed of a Change Adjectives Rapid Quick Swift Sudden Steady Gradual Slow Adverbs rapidly quickly swiftly suddenly steadily gradually slowly

Pie charts: account for, represent, make up 3

 Comparing data: it is essential to compare and contrast data in the graph by using some of the following: - Equality/comparative/superlative: (not/twice) asas, (slightly/significantly)more/less than, the (most) - Rather than - As against/as opposed to/ compared with/ in comparison with - In (sharp) contrast to/ Increased by 155, to 155, fourfold To quote from the results of the survey, you can use: percent quoted/cited/mentioned/considered as important was quoted/cited/mentioned/considered as the most/least important factor by came top/bottom/second/next, followed closely by at and , respectively. The number of European migrants tripled, while that of people from Asian countries remained steady During the next decade, immigration from Europe rose rapidly from 20000 to 50000, whereas the number of Asian migrants did not change Although the percentage of unemployed males is not that high, the female rate is well over 15% The percentage of unemployed males is not that high. However, the female rate is well over 15% Immigration from Asian countries rose steadily from approximately 5000 to 50000. In contrast, there was only a slight increase in European migration. Despite this, the number of Europeans was greater than that of migrants from Asian countries.

Contrasting data: While Whereas Although However, on the other hand In contrast/ conversely/despite this

c.Conclusion: sum up the global trends shown on the figure (no personal appearance) Connecting sentences: A. for movements in the same direction, use then , and, then continued its upward/downward trend more Disconnected sentences: After that it rose gradually to 5000 by 1952. And then it went up to 15000 by 1954. Connected sentences: After that it rose gradually to 5000 by 1952, then more steeply to 15000 by 1954. After that it rose gradually to 5000 by 1952 then continued its upward trend more steeply to 15000 by 1954. B. for contrasting movements, use but Disconnected sentences: It rose to 35000 by 1960. after that it fell to 12000 by 1962. Connected sentences: It rose to 35000 by 1960 but later fell to 12000 by 1962. C. use connectives with NP: which was followed by, which led to, which preceded Disconnected sentences: There was a fall to 60000 by 1968. then an increase to 80000 by 1980. Connected sentences: There was a fall to 60000 by 1968 which was followed by an increase to 80000 by 1980. which led to an increase to 80000 by 1980. which preceded an increase to 80000 by 1980 4

PROCESS HOW TO START: The diagram/picture/chart shows/illustrate/describe/depicts the process of/ how, procedure of HOW TO DESCRIBE A PROCESS: Describe every stage of the process one by one, connect the stages by using linking words. VOCABULARY: Useful connecting words you can use are: - Adverbs: first/firstly/first of all/ to begin with, secondly, thirdly, then, next, after that, following that, following on from this, subsequently, subsequent to that, at the same time, finally. - Prepositions: at the beginning of , at the end of - Conjunctions to make complex sentences: When/once/as soon as/ immediately Before/ after + clause/gerund Where/ from where/ after which The first/next/final step/phase/ stage is/ involves After this step Once this step is completed Following this, TENSE AND VOICE: - use the present simple to describe the processes - use the passive voice if the process is describing something being made, e.g. the book is printed and then collated, after which it is bound. - Use the active voice when you describe something which is happening (natural process), e.g. the moisture evaporates and condenses on the CONCLUSION: the cycle then repeats itself/ is then repeated. MAP VOCABULARY: In the centre of/ next to/ adjacent to Built/erected/replaced/constructed Situated/located Changed into/added/gave way to/ became/ made way for/ converted Saw/ witnessed considerable changes/developments

Graph52:

51:

50:

43:

10

Useful expressions of time: (in) the period from to/ (in) the period between and/ in the first/last three months of the year/ over the period to/ over the next years/ decades/ quarter of a century etc./ over a ten year period/ throughout the 19th century/ from that time on/ after that/ in the 1980s

11