Lab Experiment No.

Network Theorems Part 1

I. Introduction The purpose of this lab is to gain familiarity with several important Electrical Engineering theorems. The experiments performed in this lab involve the following concepts voltage and current division, superposition theorem, and Thevenins theorem. The theory and equations associated with these experiments are covered in your class notes. Your job in this session is to investigate and apply the above theorems on resistive networks to provide a hands-on experience to the theory covered in the lectures on these topics. For each of the networks given below, use the parts supplied by the GTA, and the DMM and dc power supply located on the lab bench. II. Experiment Procedures Procedures for performing experiments on a collection of resistive networks are attached. These experiments involve the theory and applications covered in the lecture on voltage and current division, superposition, and Thevenins equivalent. In your lab report, provide detailed answers and discussions to the following Discussion. (a) With respect to resistor tolerance, are the results of the measurements within tolerance to calculated values using specified component values? (b) Explain reasons for any discrepancies between calculated and measured results. (c) How useful are these theorems and operations? Can you think of any specific applications?

III. Voltage Division Part A. Voltage divider network N1. 1. Build network N1 shown in Figure 1 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA. 2. Measure the values of the voltage source Eg1 and each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 1(a) where indicated. 3. Use the voltage divider operation to do the following: a. calculate voltages V1 through V3 using the specified values for the components and record in Table 1(b), b. calculate the voltages using the measured values for the components and record values in Table 1(b), c. measure with the DMM the voltages on the N1 and record in Table 1(b), and d. calculate the difference in percent (%) between the voltages measured from the network (3c) and those calculated with specified component values (3a) as the basis, and record in Table 1(b). 4. Provide comments on the accuracy of the voltage divider network N1 for generating precise voltage values with respect to resistor tolerance.

R1 30K

R2

15K

R3 10K

V1

Eg1

12V

R4 30K

R5 15K

V2

R6 N1

15K

V3

Figure 1 Network N1 Table 1(a) N1 component values Component Eg1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Specified value 12V 30K 15K 10K 30K 15K 15K Measured value

Table 1(b) N1 voltage values Calculated from specified R values (V) Calculated from measured R values (V) Measured from N1 (V) Difference (%)

Voltage V1 V2 V3

Part B. Application of voltage division. 1. Build network N2 shown in Figure 2(a) on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA. 2. Measure the values of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 2(a) where indicated. 3. Use resistor combination operations to do the following: a. calculate the value of the resistance at terminals A-B of N2 (RAB) using specified component values and record in Table 2(b), b. calculate the value of RAB using measured component values and record in Table 2(b), and, c. use the DMM to measure the value of RAB and record in Table 2(b). 4. Connect terminals A-B of N2 to the 10V source and RG as shown in Figure 2(b) and do the following: a. select a specified value of RG to be as close as possible to that of the calculated value of RAB; record this value in Table 2(c), b. obtain this resistor from the GTA, measure its value, measure the value of EG, and record in Table 2(c), c. measure the voltage VAB across terminals A-B of N2 and record in Table 2(c), d. apply the voltage divider operation to calculate the value of RAB using the measured values of EG, RG, and VAB; record in Table 2(c), and e. calculate the difference in percent between RABs DMM measured value (3c) and RABs value calculated from the voltage divider operation (4d), use the DMM value as the basis; record in Table 2(c). 5. Provide comments on the accuracy of voltage division for calculating network input resistance with respect to resistor tolerance.
R1 15K RAB R9 B N2 (a) 10K 5 R2 30K R8 7.5K R4 R3 2K 30K R5

24K R6 R7 2K

10K

RG

EG

10V

VAB

N2

B (b)

Figure 2 (a) Network N2 (b) Voltage divider with N2

Table 2(a) N2 component values Component R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 Specified value 15K 30K 2K 30K 24K 10K 2K 7.5K 10K Measured value

Table 2(b) RAB from N2 (Figure 2(a)) Condition Calculated from specified R values Calculated from measured R values RAB measured with DMM RAB ()

Table 2(c) RAB from voltage division (Figure 2(b)) RG specified () RG measured () EG measured (V) VAB measured (V) RAB calculated () Difference (%)

IV. Current Division R-2R current divider network N3. 1. Build R-2R network N3 shown in Figure 3 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA. 2. Apply the current division operation to calculate values for the currents listed on the schematic and record in Table 3. Use specified resistor and voltage source values in these calculations. 3. Measure with the DMM these currents and record their values in Table 3. 4. Calculate the difference in percent (%) between the currents measured from the network (3) and those calculated with specified component values (2) as the basis, and record in Table 3 where indicated. 5. Provide comments on the accuracy of the current divider network N1 for providing precise binary-weighted currents resistor scaling and tolerance.
RG1 1K IG RG2 1K EG 24V R1 I1 2K R2 1K R3 I3 2K R4 1K R5 I5 2K R6 1K R7 I7 2K I8 R8 2K

N3

Figure 3 R-2R network N3 Table 3 N3 currents Current IG I1 I3 I5 I7 I8 Calculated from current division (A) Measured from N3 (A) Difference (%)

V. Superposition Part A. Network N4. 1. Build network N4 shown in Figure 4 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA. 2. Measure the values of each resistor with the DMM and record in Table 4(a) where indicated. 3. Perform the following operations. a. With EG1 turned on and operating, measure its value and record in Table 4(a) then turn off voltage source EG2 by removing it from the connection and replacing it with a short circuit, i. calculate voltage VAB using the specified component values and record in Table 4(b), ii. calculate voltage VAB using the measured component values and record in Table 4(b), iii. measure with the DMM voltage VAB from the breadboard and record in Table 4(b), and iv. calculate the difference in percent (%) between VAB measured and VAB calculated with specified component values as the basis, and record in Table 4(b). b. With EG2 turned on and operating, measure its value and record in Table 4(a) then turn off voltage source EG1 by removing it from the connection and replacing it with a short circuit, i. calculate voltage VAB using the specified component values and record in Table 4(b), ii. calculate voltage VAB using the measured component values and record in Table 4(b), iii. measure with the DMM voltage VAB from the breadboard and record in Table 4(b), and iv. calculate the difference in percent (%) between VAB measured and VAB calculated with specified component values as the basis, and record in Table 4(b). c. Apply the superposition theorem to i. calculate the total voltage for VAB by adding the values calculated from specified component values, record in Table 4(b), and ii. calculate the total voltage for VAB by adding the values calculated from measured component values, record in Table 4(b). d. With EG1 and EG2 turned on and operating, i. measure the total voltage VAB directly from N4, and ii. calculate the difference in percent (%) between the total VAB measured from N4 (3di) and the total VAB calculated with specified component values (3ci) as the basis, and record in Table 4(b). 4. Provide comments on the accuracy of superposition for providing precise voltage measurements and on the ease of making these measurements.
R1 30K R3 7.5K R2 15K

EG1

14V

VAB

EG2

14V

N4 B

Figure 4 Network N4

Table 4(a) N4 component values Component EG1 EG2 R1 R2 Specified value 14V 14V 30K 15K Measured value

Table 4(b) N4 voltages Calculated from specified R values (V) Calculated from measured R values (V) Measured from N4 (V) Difference (%)

Voltage VAB (EG2 = 0) VAB (EG1 = 0) VAB (total)

Part B. Network N5. 1. Build network N5 shown in Figure 5 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA. 2. Perform the operations similar to those performed in Part A. a. With EG1 turned on and operating, turn off voltage source EG2 by removing it from the connection and replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages VAB and VCD, and record in the first column of Table 5. b. With EG2 turned on and operating, turn off voltage source EG1 by removing it from the connection and replacing it with a short circuit, measure voltages VAB and VCD, and record in the second column of Table 5. c. Apply the superposition theorem to calculate total measured values for VAB and VCD, and record in the third column of Table 5. d. With EG1 and EG2 turned on and operating, measure VAB and VCD directly from N5, and record in the fourth column of Table 5. e. Calculate the difference in percent (%) between VAB and VCD measured directly from N5 (fourth column) and VAB and VCD calculated from superposition (third column) with the measured values as the basis. Record in the last column of Table 5. 3. Provide comments on the accuracy of superposition for providing precise voltage measurements and on the ease of making these measurements.
R1 1K EG1 A N5 5.1K 15V 6.8K R2 D 8.2K

R3

R4

R5 EG2

4.7K

R6 C 3.9K B

12V R7 2.7K

Figure 5 Network N5 Table 5 N5 voltages Measured with EG2 = 0 (V) Measured with EG1 = 0 (V) Total from superposition (V) Total measurement (V) Difference (%)

Voltage VAB VCD

VI. Thevenins Equivalent Network N6. 1. Build network N6 shown in Figure 6 on your breadboard using parts supplied by the GTA. 2. Measure the values of the voltage sources and resistors with the DMM, and record in Table 6(a). 3. Apply basic network operations to do the following: a. calculate values for the Thevenins voltage source ETH, Thevenins resistance RTH, and the current IL through RL using the specified values of the components and record in Table 6(b), b. calculate values for ETH, RTH, and IL using the measured values of the components and record in Table 6(b), c. apply the DMM on N6 to measure values for ETH, RTH, and IL and record in Table 6(b), and d. calculate the difference in percent (%) between ETH, RTH, and IL measured from the network (c) and those calculated with specified resistor values (a) as the basis, and record in Table 6b where indicated. 4. Provide comments on the accuracy and convenience of Thevenins equivalent for providing precise resistor currents connected as loads to the network.
R1 30K A RL 7.5K 15K R3 B R2 15K

EG1

20V

10V 30K R4

EG2

N6

(a)

RTH A ETH B RL 7.5K

N6TH (b)

Figure 6 (a) Network N6 (b) Thevenins equivalent network

Table 6(a) N6 component values Component EG1 EG2 R1 R2 R3 R4 RL Specified value 20V 10V 30K 15K 15K 30K 7.5K Measured value

Table 6(b) N6 Thevenins equivalent Component ETH RTH IL Calculated from specified R values Calculated from measured R values Measured from N6 Difference (%)