1F 0078782066

Authors
Basich Whitney Brown Dawson Gonsalves Silbey Vielhaber

Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as
permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without prior permission of the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN: 978-0-07-878206
MHID: 0-07-878206-6

Printed in the United States of America.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 055/027 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
California Math Triumphs
Volume 2B
Photo Credits
coins: United States Mint, bills: Michael Houghton/StudiOhio; Cover Lori Adamski
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(cl c) Doug Martin, (cr) Aaron Haupt; v (1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 11 12) The McGraw-Hill
Companies, (5 10 13 14) File Photo; vii Roy Ooms/Masterfile; viii Daryl Benson/
Masterfile; ix Jeremy Woodhouse/Masterfile; x Daryl Benson/Masterfile;
23 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 3 Michael Houghtory/StuiOhio; 11 Stockdisc/
Superstock; 19 Christine Balderas/iStockphoto; 45 Paul Whitten/Photo
Researchers,Inc.; 5455 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 60 David Young-Wolff/
PhotoEdit; 110 Suzannah Skelton/iStockphoto; 112 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit;
117 Steve Cole/Getty Images; 119 GK Hart/Vikki Hart/Getty Images;
125 Comstock Images/Alamy; 126 StockTrek/Getty Images; 137 Getty Images
California Math Triumphs
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iii
Volume 1 Place Value and Basic Number Skills
1A Chapter 1 Counting
1A Chapter 2 Place Value
1A Chapter 3 Addition and Subtraction
1B Chapter 4 Multiplication
1B Chapter 5 Division
1B Chapter 6 Integers
Volume 2 Fractions and Decimals
2A Chapter 1 Parts of a Whole
2A Chapter 2 Equivalence of Fractions
2B Chapter 3 Operations with Fractions
2B Chapter 4 Positive and Negative Fractions and Decimals
Volume 3 Ratios, Rates, and Percents
3A Chapter 1 Ratios and Rates
3A Chapter 2 Percents, Fractions, and Decimals
3B Chapter 3 Using Percents
3B Chapter 4 Rates and Proportional Reasoning
Volume 4 The Core Processes of Mathematics
4A Chapter 1 Operations and Equality
4A Chapter 2 Math Fundamentals
4B Chapter 3 Math Expressions
4B Chapter 4 Linear Equations
4B Chapter 5 Inequalities
Volume 5 Functions and Equations
5A Chapter 1 Patterns and Relationships
5A Chapter 2 Graphing
5B Chapter 3 Proportional Relationships
5B Chapter 4 The Relationship Between
Graphs and Functions
Volume 6 Measurement
6A Chapter 1 How Measurements Are Made
6A Chapter 2 Length and Area in the Real World
6B Chapter 3 Exact Measures in Geometry
6B Chapter 4 Angles and Circles
Authors and Consultants
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AUTHORS
Frances Basich Whitney
Project Director, Mathematics K12
Santa Cruz County Offce of Education
Capitola, California
Kathleen M. Brown
Math Curriculum Staff Developer
Washington Middle School
Long Beach, California
Dixie Dawson
Math Curriculum Leader
Long Beach Unifed
CONSULTANTS
Assessment
Donna M. Kopenski, Ed.D.
Math Coordinator K5
City Heights Educational Collaborative
San Diego, California
Instructional Planning
and Support
Beatrice Luchin
Mathematics Consultant
League City, Texas
ELL Support and
Vocabulary
ReLeah Cossett Lent
Author/Educational Consultant
Alford, Florida

Philip Gonsalves
Mathematics Coordinator
Alameda County Offce of Education
Hayward, California
Robyn Silbey
Math Specialist
Montgomery County Public Schools
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Kathy Vielhaber
St. Louis, Missouri
Viken Hovsepian
Professor of Mathematics
Rio Hondo College
Whittier, California
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Dinah Zike
Educational Consultant,
Dinah-Might Activities, Inc.
San Antonio, Texas
California Advisory Board
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Carol Cronk
Mathematics Program Specialist
San Bernardino City Unifed
School District
San Bernardino, California
Audrey M. Day
Classroom Teacher
Rosa Parks Elementary School
Jill Fetters
Math Teacher
Tevis Jr. High School
Bakersfeld, California
Grant A. Fraser, Ph.D.
Professor of Mathematics
California State University, Los
Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Eric Kimmel
Mathematics Department Chair
Frontier High School
Bakersfeld, California
Donna M. Kopenski, Ed.D.
Math Coordinator K5
City Heights Educational
Collaborative
Michael A. Pease
Instructional Math Coach
Aspire Public Schools
Oakland, California
Chuck Podhorsky, Ph.D.
Math Director
City Heights Educational
Collaborative
Arthur K. Wayman, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
California State University, Long
Beach
Frances Basich Whitney
Project Director, Mathematics K12
Santa Cruz County Offce of
Education
Capitola, CA
Mario Borrayo
Teacher
Rosa Parks Elementary
Melissa Bray
K8 Math Resource Teacher
Modesto City Schools
Modesto, California
CALIFORNIA ADVISORY BOARD
Glencoe wishes to thank the following professionals for their invaluable
feedback during the development of the program. They reviewed
the table of contents, the prototype of the Student Study Guide, the
prototype of the Teacher Wraparound Edition, and the professional
development plan.
Linda Anderson
4th/5th Grade Teacher
Oliveira Elementary School,
Fremont, California
Cheryl L. Avalos
Retired Teacher
Hacienda Heights, California
Bonnie Awes
Teacher, 6th Grade Math
Monroe Clark Middle School
Kathleen M. Brown
Math Curriculum Staff Developer
Washington Middle School
California Reviewers
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vi
CALIFORNIA REVIEWERS
Each California Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters of the Student
Study Guides, providing feedback and suggestions for improving the
effectiveness of the mathematics instruction.
Bobbi Anne Barnowsky
Math Teacher
California College Preparatory Academy
Oakland, California
Eppie Leamy Chung
Teacher
Modesto City Schools
Modesto, California
Judy Descoteaux
Mathematics Teacher
Thornton Junior High School
Fremont, California
Paul J. Fogarty
Mathematics Lead
Modesto, California
Lisa Majarian
Classroom Teacher
Cottonwood Creek Elementary
Visalia, California
Melody McGuire
6th and 7th Grade Math Teacher
McKinleyville Middle School
McKinleyville, California
Monica S. Patterson
Educator
Modesto, California
Rechelle Pearlman
4th Grade Teacher
Wanda Hirsch Elementary School
Tracy, California
Armida Picon
5th Grade Teacher
Mineral King School
Visalia, California
Anthony J. Solina
Lead Educator
Stockton, California
Volume 2A Fractions and Decimals
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vii
1-1 Parts of a Whole and Parts of a Set ................................4.
2NS4.0, 4NS1.5
1-2 Recognize, Name, and Compare Unit Fractions ........11
2NS4.1
Progress Check.................................................................18
1-3 Representing Fractions....................................................19
2NS4.3, 4NS1.7
Assessment
Study Guide .....................................................................26
Chapter Test .....................................................................28
Standards Practice ...................................................30

2NS4.0 Students understand that
fractions and decimals may refer to parts
of a set and parts of a whole.
2NS4.1 Recognize, name, and
compare unit fractions from
1

___

12
to
1

__

2
.
2NS4.3 Know that when all
fractional parts are included, such as four-
fourths, the result is equal to the whole and
to one.
4NS1.5 Explain different interpretations
of fractions, for example, parts of a whole,
parts of a set, and division of whole
numbers by whole numbers; explain
equivalence of fractions (see Standard
4.0).
4NS1.7 Write the fraction represented
by a drawing of parts of a fgure; represent
a given fraction by using drawings; and
relate a fraction to a simple decimal on a
number line.
Chapters 1 and 2 are contained in Volume 2A.
Chapters 3 and 4 are contained in Volume 2B.
Chapter
1
Parts of a Whole
Bixby Creek Bridge on Highway 1, south of Carmel

Standards Addressed
in This Chapter
Contents
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viii
Chapter
2
Equivalence of Fractions
2-1 Equivalent Fractions and
Equivalent Forms of One ..............................................34
2NS4.3, 3NS3.1, 4NS1.5
2-2 Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions ....................41
2NS4.3, 4NS1.5, 5NS1.5
Progress Check 1 .............................................................50
2-3 Least Common Denominator
and Greatest Common Factors ......................................51
4NS1.5
2-4 Compare and Order Fractions ...................................... 59
3NS3.1, 6NS1.1
Progress Check 2 .............................................................68
2-5 Simplify Fractions ...........................................................69
3NS3.1, 4NS1.5
Assessment
Study Guide .....................................................................77
Chapter Test .....................................................................82

Standards Addressed
in This Chapter

2NS4.3 Know that when all
fractional parts are included, such as four-
fourths, the result is equal to the whole and
to one.
3NS3.1 Compare fractions represented
by drawings or concrete materials to show
equivalency and to add and subtract
simple fractions in context (e.g.,
1

__

2
of a
pizza is the same amount as
2

__

4
of another
pizza that is the same size; show that
3

__

8
is
larger than
1

__

4
).
4NS1.5 Explain different interpretations
of fractions, for example, parts of a whole,
parts of a set, and division of whole
numbers by whole numbers; explain the
equivalence of fractions (see Standard
4.0).
5NS1.5 Identify and represent
on a number line decimals, fractions,
mixed numbers, and positive and negative
integers.
6NS1.1 Compare and order
positive and negative fractions, decimals,
and mixed numbers and place them on a
number line.
Alabama Hills, Owens Valley
Contents
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ix
San Diego Harbor
Chapters 1 and 2 are contained in Volume 2A.
Chapters 3 and 4 are contained in Volume 2B.
Chapter
3
Operations with Fractions
3-1 Add Fractions with Like Denominators .......................4
3NS3.2, 6NS2.1
3-2 Subtract Fractions with Like Denominators ...............11
3NS3.2, 6NS2.1
Progress Check 1 .............................................................18
3-3 Multiply Fractions ...........................................................19
5NS2.0, 5NS2.5, 6NS2.1
3-4 Divide Fractions ............................................................. 25
5NS2.5, 6NS2.1
Progress Check 2 .............................................................32
3-5 Add Fractions with Unlike Denominators ..................33
3NS3.2, 5NS2.0, 6NS2.1
3-6 Subtract Fractions with Unlike Denominators ...........39
3NS3.2, 5NS2.0, 6NS2.1
Progress Check 3 .............................................................45
Assessment
Study Guide .....................................................................46
Chapter Test .....................................................................50

Standards Addressed
in This Chapter

3NS3.2 Add and subtract simple
fractions (e.g., determine that
1

__

8
+
3

__

8
is the
same as
1

__

2
).
5NS2.0 Students perform calculations
and solve problems involving addition,
subtraction, and simple multiplication and
division of fractions and decimals.
5NS2.5 Compute and perform simple
multiplication and division of fractions
and apply these procedures to solving
problems.
6NS2.1 Solve problems involving
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division of positive fractions and explain
why a particular operation was used for a
given situation.
Contents
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x
Chapter
4
Positive and Negative Fractions
and Decimals
4-1 Introduction to Decimals ...............................................56
3NS3.4, 4NS1.6, 4NS1.7
4-2 Decimals and Money ......................................................63
2NS5.1, 2NS5.2
Progress Check 1 .............................................................72
4-3 Compare and Order Decimals ......................................73
5NS1.5, 6NS1.1
4-4 Compare and Order Fractions and Decimals ............ 81
5NS1.5, 6NS1.1, 4NS1.7
Progress Check 2 .............................................................88
4-5 Add Decimals ..................................................................89
4NS2.0, 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
4-6 Subtract Decimals........................................................... 97
4NS2.0, 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
Progress Check 3 ...........................................................104
4-7 Multiply Decimals .........................................................105
5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
4-8 Divide Decimals ........................................................... 113
5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
Progress Check 4 ...........................................................120
4-9 Operations with Positive
and Negative Numbers ............................................... 121
4NS1.8, 5NS2.1, 6NS2.3, 7NS1.2
Assessment
Study Guide ...................................................................128
Chapter Test ...................................................................134
Standards Practice .................................................136

Standards Addressed
in This Chapter

3NS3.4 Know and understand that fractions and
decimals are two different representations of the
same concept (e.g., 50 cents is
1

__

2
of a dollar,
75 cents is
3

__

4
of a dollar).
4NS1.6 Write tenths and hundredths in decimal
and fraction notations and know the fraction and
decimal equivalents for halves and fourths
(e.g.,
1

_

2
= 0.5 or 0.50;
2

__

4
= 1
3

_

4
= 1.75).
4NS1.7 Write the fraction represented by a drawing
of parts of a fgure; represent a given fraction by using
drawings; and relate a fraction to a simple decimal on
a number line.
2NS5.1 Solve problems using
combinations of coins and bills.
2NS5.2 Know and use the decimal
notation and the dollar and cent symbols for money.
5NS1.5 Identify and represent on a
number line decimals, fractions, mixed numbers, and
positive and negative integers.
6NS1.1 Compare and order positive and
negative fractions, decimals, and mixed numbers and
place them on a number line.
4NS2.0 Students extend their use and
understanding of whole numbers to the addition and
subtraction of simple decimals.
5NS2.0 Students perform calculations and solve
problems involving addition, subtraction, and simple
multiplication and division of fractions and decimals.
7NS1.2 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide
rational numbers (integers, fractions, and terminating
decimals) and take positive rational numbers to
whole-number powers.
5NS2.1 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide
with decimals; add with negative integers; subtract
positive integers from negative integers; and verify the
reasonableness of the results.
4NS1.8 Use concepts of negative numbers
(e.g., on a number line, in counting, in temperature, in
owing).
6NS2.3 Solve addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division problems, including
those arising in concrete situations, that use positive
and negative integers and combinations of these
operations.
Antelope Valley
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1
Lets Get Started
Use the Scavenger Hunt below to learn where things are
located in each chapter.
1
What is the title of Chapter 4?
Positive and Negative Fractions and Decimals
2
What is the Key Concept of Lesson 3-6?
Subtract Fractions with Unlike Denominators
3
What figure is used as a model in Example 1 on page 39?
circle
4
What are the vocabulary words for Lesson 4-5?
tenths, hundredths
5
How many Examples are presented in Lesson 3-4? 3
6
What are the California Standards covered in Lesson 4-6?
4NS2.0, 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
7
What is the average temperature on Saturn as given on
page 126? -218 F
8
What do you think is the purpose of Progress Check 2 on
page 32? It allows you to practice problems from the
last two lessons.
9
On what pages will you find the Study Guide for Chapter 3?
pages 4649
10
In Chapter 4, find the logo and Internet address that tells
you where you can take the Online Readiness Quiz. It is
found on page 55. The URL is ca.mathtriumphs.com.
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2 Chapter 3 Operations with Fractions
Chapter
3 Operations with
Fractions
You add, subtract, multiply, and
divide fractions every day.
You do this mostly with money. How many quarters are in
$3? What is a dollar and a half plus a dollar and a half? If
you and your friend must evenly split $5, how much do
you each get?
David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
3
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STEP
2
Preview Get ready for Chapter 3. Review these skills and compare
them with what youll learn in this chapter.
STEP
1
Quiz Are you ready for Chapter 3? Take the Online Readiness
Quiz at ca.mathtriumphs.com to find out.
What You Know What You Will Learn
You add and subtract fractions when
you count money.
Lessons 3-1 and 3-2
=
1

__

4
of
+ =
2

__

4
, or
1

__

2
, of
+ + =
3

__

4
of
You know how to add and subtract.
Examples: 1 + 3 = 4
5 - 4 = 1
TRY IT
1 2 + 12 =
14
2 4 + 3 =
7
3 33 - 5 =
28
4 42 - 6 =
36
Lessons 3-1 and 3-2
To add fractions with the same
denominators, add the numerators.
Example:
1 + 3

_____

5
=
4

__

5

To subtract fractions with the same
denominators, subtract the
numerators.
Example:
5 - 4

_____

7
=
1

__

7

You know how to multiply.
Examples: 4 6 = 24
5 7 = 35
TRY IT
5 6 6 =
36
6 10 2 =
20
7 8 7 =
56
8 3 3 =
9
Lessons 3-3 and 3-4
To multiply fractions, multiply the
numerators and the denominators.

4

__

5

6

__

7
=
4 6

_____

5 7
=
24

___

35

Numerator
Denominator
Numerator
Denominator
Numerator
Denominator
=
coins: United States Mint, bill: Michael Houghton/StudiOhio
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Lesson
3-1
VOCABULARY
common denominator
the same denominator
(bottom number) used in
two or more fractions,
also called like
denominator
Example:
1

__

4
and
2

__

4

common denominator
like fractions
fractions that have the
same denominator
Example:
1

__

5
and
2

__

5

simplest form (Lesson 2-5, p. 69)
a fraction in which the
numerator and the
denominator have no
common factor greater
than 1
Example:
3

__

5
is the
simplest form of
6

___

10
.
mixed number
a number that has a
whole part and a fraction
part
Example: 6
3

__

4

KEY Concept
To add fractions, the fractions must have common
denominators.
1

4
2
4
3
4
4VNPGUIFOVNFSBUPST
PGUIFMJLFGSBDUJPOT
MJLF
GSBDUJPOT
$PNNPOEFOPNJOBUPS
To add like fractions, add the numerators. The demoninators
stay the same.
You can use money to help you understand the rule for
adding fractions.
=
1

_

4
A quarter is one-fourth of a dollar.
=
1

_

4
+
1

_

4

=
1+1

_

4
=
2

_

4
=
1

_

2

=
1

_

4
+
1

_

4
+
1

_

4

=
1+1+1

_

4
=
3

_

4

=
1

_

4
+
1

_

4
+
1

_

4
+
1

_

4

=
1 + 1 + 1 + 1

__

4

_

=
4

_

4
, or 1
Always write the sum of like fractions in simplest form. A fraction is
in simplest form , or lowest terms, when the numerator and the
denominator have no common factor other than 1.
Add Fractions with Like
Denominators
1

5
1 2 2
5
2
5
2
5
5
5
5
, or 1
5

3NS3.2 Add and subtract
simple fractions.
5NS2.0 Students perform
calculations and solve problems
involving addition, subtraction, and
simple multiplication and division of
fractions and decimals.
addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division of positive fractions and
explain why a particular operation
was used for a given situation.
United States Mint
Lesson 3-1 Add Fractions with Like Denominators 5
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Example 2
Add
3

_

4
+
3

_

4
. Write the sum in simplest form.
1. The common denominator is 4.
2. Add the numerators.

3 + 3

_

4
=
6

_

4

3. Write in simplest form.

6

_

4
=
6 2

_

4 2
=
3

_

2

YOUR TURN!
Add
5

_

3
+
2

_

3
. Write the sum in
simplest form.
1. The common denominator is
3
.

5

+

2

______________

3
=
7

______

3

3. What is the sum in simplest form?

7

_

3

Example 1
Add
1

_

8
+
3

_

8
using a drawing. Write the sum
in simplest form.
1. Draw a circle with 8 equal parts.
2. Color 1 part.
3. Color 3 parts.
4. Count the total number of colored parts.
5. Write the sum in simplest form.
YOUR TURN!
Add
1

_

6
+
2

_

6
using a drawing. Write the sum
in simplest form.
1. Draw a circle with
6
equal parts.
2. Color
1
part.
3. Color
2
parts.
4. How many colored parts are there?
3

5. Write the sum in simplest form.

1

_

2

@@@@@@@@@@
The CF ol 4 and 8 is 4.
Recall that the CF is the larqest
number that divides evenly
into two or more numbers.
@@@
@@@
@@@@@@@@@@

@@@
@@@
GO ON
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Example 3
Add
1

_

5
+
4

_

5
1. Mark off a segment length of
1

__

5
.

2. Add
4

__

5
to the
1

__

5
by extending your arrow.
3. Write the fraction in simplest form.
5

__

5

5

__

5
= 1
YOUR TURN!
Add
2

_

6
+
1

_

6
1. Mark off a segment length of
2

__

6
.
2. Add
1

__

6
to the
2

__

6
by extending your arrow.

1

_

2

Who is Correct?
Add
4

_

5
+
3

_

5
Mia

4

_

5
+
3

_

5
=
4 + 3

_

5 + 5
=
7

_

10

Brighton

4

_

5
+
3

_

5
=
4 + 3

_

5
=
7

_

5
=
2

_

5

Charo

4

_

5
+
3

_

5
=
4 + 3

_

5
=
7

_

5

Circle correct answer(s). Cross out incorrect answer(s).
Guided Practice
Add using drawings. Write each sum in simplest form.
1
1

__

6
+
4

__

6
=

5

______

6


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3

__

4
+
2

__

4
=
5

______

4

3 Find
1

___

12
+
3

___

12
Step 1 Check to see if the denominators are the same or different.

1

___

12
+
3

___

12
like denominators
Step 2 Add the numerators.

1

+

3

______________

12

Step 3 Write the sum of the numerators over the like denominator.

1

+

3

______________

12

=
4

______

12

Step 4 Write the fraction in simplest terms.

4

___

12
=
4 4

______

12 4
=
1

______

3

Step
by
Step Practice
Add. Write each sum in simplest form.
4
6

__

9
+
2

__

9
=
6
+
2

_____________

9
=
8

______

9

5 6 7
@@
@@
@@
@@

12

___

18

+
3

___

18

15

______

18
=
5

______

6

12

___

18

+
3

___

18

15

______

18
=
5

______

6

1

__

2

+
1

__

2

2

______

2
=
1

1

__

2

+
1

__

2

2

______

2
=
1

2

__

3

+
2

__

3

4

______

3

2

__

3

+
2

__

3

4

______

3

GO ON
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Solve. Write your answer in simplest form.
8 WEATHER Yesterday it rained
3

__

8
of an inch. Today it
rained
1

__

8
of an inch. How much did it rain altogether?
Understand Read the problem. Write what you know.
It rained

3

_

8

of an inch yesterday. It rained

1

_

8

of an inch today.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to draw a diagram.
Draw
8
equal parts. Shade
3
to show
the
3

__

8
of an inch it rained yesterday.
Shade
1
part to show
1

__

8
of an inch it rained today.
Solve Count the shaded parts.
3

______

8
+
1

______

8
=
4

______

8

Write in simplest form. =
4

4

_____________

8

4
=
1

______

2

Check Does the answer make sense? Review your drawing. Look at your
drawing as two equal parts. Is one of those parts shaded?
Step
by
Step Problem-Solving Practice
9 FAMILY Logan ate
1

__

6
of a pizza. Colin ate
1

__

6
of the pizza, and
Landon ate
2

__

6
of the pizza. What fraction of the pizza was eaten?

2

_

3

Check off each step.
Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
10 BOOKS Ling has a bookcase. Science fiction takes up
7

___

12
of the shelves.
Mysteries take up
2

___

12
of the shelves, and comic books take up
1

___

12
of
the shelves. What fraction of the bookcase is filled?

7

_

12
+
2

_

12
+
1

_

12
=
10

_

12
=
5

_

6

Problem-Solving Strategies
Draw a diagram.
Look for a pattern.
Guess and check.
Solve a simpler problem.
Work backward.

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11 How is adding like fractions the same as adding whole
numbers?
See TWE margin.
Skills, Concepts, and Problem Solving
Add using drawings. Write each sum in simplest form.
12
3

__

8
+
1

__

8
=

4

_

8
=
1

_

2

13
2

__

5
+
1

__

5
=

3

_

5

14
4

__

6
+
3

__

6
=

7

_

6

15
4

__

5
+
4

__

5
=

8

_

5

See TWE margin for drawings.
16
3

___

12
+
7

___

12
=

5

_

6

17
2

__

9
+
1

__

9
=
1

_

3

18
1

__

7
+
3

__

7
+
1

__

7
=

5

_

7

19
5

__

9
+
1

__

9
+
2

__

9
=
8

_

9

20
1

__

6
+
5

__

6
=
1
21
3

__

7
+
6

__

7
=

9

_

7

22 NUTRITION Shontelle sliced some cheese into 8 slices. She ate 3
slices. Her sister ate 2 slices. What fraction of the slices was left?

3
_
8

23 HOBBIES Jade has 15 miniature tea sets. Last year she added 4
sets to her collection. This year she added 3 sets. What fraction of
the sets did she collect in the past two years?

7
_
15

O
11
12
12
12
1O
12
O
12
8
12
7
12
G
12
5
12
4
12
8
12
2
12
1
12
O
11
12
12
12
1O
12
O
12
8
12
7
12
G
12
5
12
4
12
8
12
2
12
1
12
O
8
O
O
O
7
O
G
O
5
O
4
O
8
O
2
O
1
O
O
8
O
O
O
7
O
G
O
5
O
4
O
8
O
2
O
1
O
GO ON
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24 FOOD The school cafeteria serves five different types of fruit at
lunch. What fraction represents the top three favorite fruits?
Explain how to solve this problem.
8

_

10
;

find the 3 largest fractions, then add the numerators

0ranqes
8
__
1O
Ales
Melon
1
__
1O
Strawberries
2
__
1O
Flums
'SVJU
1
__
1O
8
__
1O
and keep the denominator 10.

Vocabulary Check Write the vocabulary word that completes
each sentence.
25 Fractions that have the same denominator are called
like fractions
.
26 Fractions that have the same denominators have
common (or like) denominators
.
27 Writing in Math Berta is mixing sand and water to make cement.
She mixes 3 half-cups of water to 6 half-cups of sand. She wants to
find the total number of cups she has mixed.
Write a note to Berta. Explain how to solve this problem. Do not
forget to explain to her how to simplify her answer.
See TWE margin.

Spiral Review
Write each mixed number as an improper fraction. (Lesson 2-2, p. 41)
28 5
1

__

6
=
31

______

6
29 10
2

__

3
=
32

______

3

Write each improper fraction as a mixed number. (Lesson 2-2, p. 41)
30
9

__

4
=
2

1

______

4
31
16

___

3
=
5

1

______

3

Solve. (Lesson 2-2, p. 41)
32 FOOD Antwoine had a bag of oranges. Each orange had
8 wedges. He used 35 of the wedges for a fruit tray. Write an
improper fraction and a mixed number for the amount of
oranges he used.
35
_
8

4

3
_
8

Lesson 3-2 Subtract Fractions with Like Denominators 11
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Lesson
3-2
Subtract Fractions with
Like Denominators
Write the difference of like fractions in simplest form.
Remember that a fraction is in simplest form or lowest
terms when the numerator and the denominator have no
common factor other than 1.
Example 1
Subtract
5

_

8
-
3

_

8
using a drawing. Write the
difference in simplest form.
1. Draw 8 equal parts.
2. Color 5 parts.
3. Cross out 3 of the 5 colored parts.
4. Count the number of shaded parts that are
not crossed out.
VOCABULARY
common denominator
the same denominator
(bottom number) used in
two or more fractions,
also called like
denominator
Example:
1

__

4
and
2

__

4

common denominator
(Lesson 3-1, p. 4)
like fractions
fractions that have the
same denominator
Example:
1

__

5
and
2

__

5

(Lesson 3-1, p. 4)
KEY Concept
To subtract fractions with common denominators , subtract the
numerators. The denominator remains the same.
You started
with 8 ieces.

You ate
2 ieces.
You have
1 iece lelt.
8
__
4
2
__
4
1
__
4
9 9

3

__

4
-
2

__

4
=
3 - 2

_____

4

=
1

__

4

1
__
8
1
__
8
1
__
8
1
__
8
1
__
8
1
__
8
1
__
8
1
__
8
The CF ol 2
and 8 is 2.
@@@@
@@@@
@@@@
@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@@

GO ON
simple fractions.
explain why a particular operation was
used for a given situation.
Stockdisc/SuperStock
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Who is Correct?
Subtract
9

_

10
-
3

_

10
. Write the difference in simplest form.
Gena

9

_

10
-
3

_

10
=
9 - 3

_

10
=
6

_

10

Jolie

9

_

10
-
3

_

10
=
9 - 3

_

10
=
6

_

10
=
3

_

5

Theo

9

_

10
-
3

_

10
=
6

_

10
=
3

_

5

Example 2
Subtract
13

_

15
-
4

_

15
. Write the difference in
simplest form.
2. Subtract the numerators.

13 - 4

______

15
=
9

___

15


9

___

15
=
9 3

______

15 3
=
3

__

5

YOUR TURN!
Subtract
11

_

16
-
7

_

16
simplest form.
1. The common denominator is
16
.

11 - 7

_______

16
=
4

___

16


4

_

16

4

_

4
=
1

_

4

YOUR TURN!
Subtract
5

_

9
-
4

_

9
using a drawing. Write the difference in
simplest form.
1. Draw
9
equal parts.
9999
2. Color
5
parts.
3. Cross out
4
of the
5
colored parts.
4. How many shaded parts are not crossed out?
1

1

_

9

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Guided Practice
Subtract using drawings. Write each difference in simplest form.
1
5

__

6
-
3

__

6
=
2

______

6
=
1

______

3

9 9 9
2
3

__

4
-
2

__

4
=
1

_

4

3 Find
15

___

20
-
3

___

20
Step 1 Are the denominators the same?
yes

Step 2 Find the difference of the numerators.
15

-

3

_____________

20
=

12

______

20

Use the like denominator.
Step 3 Write the fraction in simplest form.

12

______

20

=
12

4

_____________

20

4
=
3

______

5

Step
by
Step Practice
Subtract. Write each difference in simplest form.
4
5

__

9
-
2

__

9
=
5

-

2

_____________

9
=
3

3

_____________

9

3
=
1

______

3

5 6 7

12

___

16

-
9

___

16

3

______

16

12

___

16

-
9

___

16

3

______

16

6

__

7

-
5

__

7

1

______

7

6

__

7

-
5

__

7

1

______

7

17

___

24

-
11

___

24

6

______

24
=
1

______

4

17

___

24

-
11

___

24

6

______

24
=
1

______

4

GO ON
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Solve. Write in simplest form.
8 HOBBIES Tory made 8 key chains. Four of the key
chains were blue. She gave 2 of the blue key chains away.
What fraction of the total number of key chains did she
give away?
There are
8
key chains.
4
of the key
chains are blue.
Tory gave
2
of the blue key chains away.
Draw eight equal parts.
Solve Shade four to represent the 4 blue key chains.
Cross out two of the shaded areas to show the
2 key chains that Tory gave away.
9
9

4

______

8
-
2

______

8
=
2

______

8

Count the unmarked
shaded parts.
=
2

2

_____________

8

2
=
1

______

4

Write in simplest form.
Check Does the answer make sense? Look over your
solution. Did you answer the question?
Step
by
9 GAMES Elan designs computer games. Of the games he designed,

2

__

6
are travel games and
3

__

6
are racing games. What fraction shows
the number of games that are not travel or racing games?
1 _
6

Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
Draw a diagram.
Look for a pattern.
Guess and check.
Work backward.
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10 FITNESS Florence lives
9

___

10
of a mile from school. On Tuesday she
jogged
4

___

10
of a mile toward school. How much farther did she have
to go to get to school?

5

_

10
=
1

_

2
of a mile
11 How is subtracting like fractions the same as subtracting
whole numbers?
See TWE margin.
12
7

__

8
-
5

__

8
=
2

_

8

=

1

_

4
13
6

___

11
-
2

___

11
=
4

_

11

9 9
9 9 9

9
9
14
5

__

9
-
3

__

9
=
2

_

9
15
7

___

10
-
1

___

10
=
6

_

10

=

3

_

5

See TWE margin for drawings.
16
4

__

5
-
2

__

5
=
2

_

5
17
7

___

13
-
2

___

13
=
5

_

13

18
7

___

12
-
5

___

12
=
1

_

6
19
9

___

10
-
4

___

10
=
1

_

2

20 21

11

___

16

-
10

___

16

1

_

16

11

___

16

-
10

___

16

1

_

16

19

___

36

-
7

___

36

1

_

3

19

___

36

-
7

___

36

1

_

3

GO ON
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Solve. Write in simplest form.
22 FOOD At a Thai restaurant,
3

__

6
of the meals are very spicy,
and
2

__

6
of the meals are somewhat spicy. The rest of the meals
served are mild. What fraction of the meals is mild?

1

_

6

23 SOFTBALL Pilar pitches
4

__

9
of the game. Edna pitches
2

__

9
of the
game. What fraction of the game is left?

3

_

9
=
1

_

3

24 MUSIC The school bands percussion section has
2

___

12
bass
drums,
5

___

12
snare drums, and
1

___

12
cymbals. What fraction of the
percussion section plays an instrument other than these three
instruments?

1

_

3

@@
@@
@@
@@
Vocabulary Check Write the vocabulary word that completes each

sentence.
25 When you subtract like fractions, you find the difference of the
numerators and write it over the
common denominator
.
26 A fraction is in
simplest form
when its numerator and
denominator have no common factor other than 1.
27 Writing in Math Miriam baked a pie that she cut into 8 equal
slices. The next morning,
1

__

4
of the pie was gone. Make a drawing
to show how much pie is left. Then write an equation to represent
this situation.
Answers may vary. Sample answer: The entire pie was
8

_

8
or
4

_

4
.
8

_

8
-
2

_

8
=
6

_

8
which in simplest form is
3

_

4
.
4

_

4
-
1

_

4
=
3

_

4
.
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Spiral Review
Add. Write each sum in simplest form. (Lesson 3-1, p. 4)
28 29
30 31
Complete to name an equivalent fraction. (Lesson 2-1, p. 34)
32
12

___

20
=
3

______

5
33
1

__

2
=
15

______

30

34
2

__

7
=
14

______

49

35
18

___

30
=
3

______

5

36
9

___

21
=
3

______

7

37
24

___

44
=
6

______

11

38 BASEBALL Dan got a hit 9 of the 11 times he batted in the softball
tournament. Casey got a hit 18 of the 22 times he batted in the
tournament. Did the boys have the same batting records? Explain.
Yes. Dans batting record was
9

_

11
.

Caseys batting record
was
18

_

22
, which is
9

_

11
in simplest form.

4

___

15

+
1

___

15

5

______

15
=
1

______

3

4

___

15

+
1

___

15

5

______

15
=
1

______

3

7

______

7
=
1

5

__

7

+
2

__

7

7

______

7
=
1

5

__

7

+
2

__

7

4

______

8
=
1

______

2

3

__

8

+
1

__

8

4

______

8
=
1

______

2

3

__

8

+
1

__

8

7

______

9

5

__

9

+
2

__

9

7

______

9

5

__

9

+
2

__

9

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Chapter
3
Progress Check 1 (Lessons 3-1 and 3-2)
Add. Write each sum in simplest form. 3NS3.2
1
3

__

5
+
4

__

5
=
7

_

5
2
1

__

3
+
4

__

3
=
5

_

3
3
6

__

7
+
8

__

7
=
14

_

7
= 2
4
4

__

5
+
6

__

5
=
10

_

5
= 2 5
7

__

9
+
1

__

9
=
8

_

9
6
2

___

11
+
5

___

11
=
7

_

11

Subtract. Write each difference in simplest form. 3NS3.2
7
8

___

11
-
3

___

11
=
5

_

11
8
4

___

15
-
2

___

15
=
2

_

15
9
6

__

8
-
2

__

8
=
4

_

8
=
1

_

2

10
5

___

12
-
1

___

12
=
4

_

12
=
1

_

3
11
9

___

20
-
5

___

20
=
4

_

20
=
1

_

5
12
12

___

15
-
7

___

15
=
5

_

15
=
1

_

3

Solve. 5NS2.0, 6NS2.1
13 HOBBIES Last week Ken added 3 stamps to his collection. This
week he added 5 stamps to his collection. Now Ken has 25 collector
stamps. What fraction of the stamps did he collect in the past
two weeks?

8

_

25

14 ART Amado is creating a painting. He has the tubes of paint
shown at the right. How much more red paint does he have
than purple paint?

1

_

4

of a tube
GVMM
GVMM
15 SCHOOL Marika has 20 bonus points in math class. Yesterday she
earned 2 of those points. Today she earned 5 bonus points. What
fraction of her bonus points did she earn in the last two days?

7

_

20

16 WORK I have 10 projects that I must complete this week. If I
complete 4 projects by Wednesday, what fraction must I do before
the end of the week?

6

_

10

=

3

_

5

Lesson 3-3 Multiply Fractions 19
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Lesson
3-3
VOCABULARY
factor
a number that divides
into a whole number
evenly; also a number
that is multiplied by
another number
Example: 3 and 5 are
factors of 15.
KEY Concept
Multiply Fractions
You have
1

__

4
of a pie. You eat half of that
1

__

4
slice.

Eating
1

__

2
of
1

__

4
of one pie is the same as eating
1

__

8
of the original
pie. So,
1

__

2

1

__

4
=
1

__

8
.
To multiply two fractions, multiply the numerators and
multiply the denominators.
The word of means to multiply in these problems. Notice
that
1

__

2
of
1

__

4
is the same as multiplying
1

__

2
and
1

__

4
.
Example 1
Find
1

_

4

1

_

3
using a drawing.
1. Divide a figure into thirds.
Shade
1

__

3
.
2. Now cut each third
into fourths.
Each third is cut into
fourths.
3. Shade in one of the
fourths.

1

__

4
of
1

__

3
=
1

___

12

4. Name the fraction that represents the area
common to both the
1

__

3
and the
1

__

4
models.
1

___

12

YOUR TURN!
Find
1

_

2

1

_

5
using a drawing.
1. Divide a figure
into
halves
.
Shade

1

_

2

.

2. Now cut each
half into
fifths
.

3. Shade in
1
of the fifths.
4. Name the shaded fraction.

1

_

10

GO ON
involving addition, subtraction,
and simple multiplication and division
of fractions and decimals.
5NS2.5 Compute and perform simple
and apply these procedures to solving
problems.
addition, subtraction, multiplication
iStockphoto/Christine Balderas
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Example 3
Find
2

_

3

9

_

8
. Factor first. Write the product
in simplest form.
1. Factor the numerators and denominators.

2

_

3

9

_

8
=
2

_

3

3 3

_

2 2 2

2. Cross out all equivalents of one.

=
2 3 3

__

2 2 2 3

=
3

_

2 2
=
3

_

4

3. Multiply. Write in simplest form.

3

_

4

YOUR TURN!
Find
3

_

5

10

_

18
. Factor first. Write the
product in simplest form.
1. Factor the numerators and denominators.

3

_

5

2

5

_________________

3

3

=

3

5

_______________________

5

3

2. Cross out all equivalents of one.

1

_

3

Example 2
Find
2

_

3

9

_

8
. Write the product in
simplest form.
1. Multiply the numerators.
Multiply the
denominators.

2

_

3

9

_

8
=
2 9

_

3 8

=
18

_

24


18

___

24
=
18 6

______

24 6
=
3

__

4

YOUR TURN!
Find
3

_

4

2

_

15
. Write the product in
simplest form.
1. Multiply the numerators. Multiply the
denominators.

3 2

_

4 15

=

6

_

60

=
2. Write the product.

6

_

60

.
3. Write the fraction
in simplest form.
1

_

10

Who is Correct?
Find
2

_

5

3

_

5
. Write the product in simplest form.
Liang

2

_

5

3

_

5
=
6

_

25

Romy

2

_

5

3

_

5
=
6

_

5
= 1
1

_

5

Blythe

2

_

5

3

_

5
=
6

_

10
=
2

_

5

/
/
/
/
The GCF of 18
and 24 is 6.
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GO ON
Guided Practice
Multiply using drawings. Write each product in simplest form.
1
1

__

2

1

__

2
=
1

______

4

2
1

__

2
of
1

__

3
=
1

______

6

3 Find
3

___

10

6

__

7
Step 1: Factor the numerators.
3

___

10

6

__

7
=
3

____________

5

2

3

2

____________

7

Factor the denominators.

Step 2: Cross out all equivalent forms of one.
Step 3: Multiply the remaining numerators and
denominators. Write the fraction in =
9

_

35

simplest form.
=

3

3

2

______________

5

2

7

=

3

3

2

______________

5

2

7

=
2

3 3

____________

2

5 7
=
2

3 3

____________

2

5 7

Step
by
Step Practice
Multiply. Write each product in simplest form.
4
3

__

8

8

__

3
=
3

2

______________________

2

3
=
1

______

1

=
1
5
1

__

3

2

__

6
=
2

______

18
=
1

______

9
6
4

__

5

5

__

6
=
20

______

30
=
2

______

3

7
3

__

8

2

__

3
=
6

______

24
=
1

______

4
8
1

__

9

3

__

4
=
3

______

36
=
1

______

12

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Solve.
9 HOBBIES Eleanor bought a sheet of poster board. She
needs one-half of
2

__

3
of the poster board for a project.
How much will she have left?
She will use

1

_

2

of

2

_

3

of the poster board.
Subtract what she uses from
1
to find the
amount that will be left.
You need to find how much she will use in order to
figure out what will be left.
Solve Draw a picture and divide it into thirds. Then
divide the thirds in half and mark out one-half
of the shaded section.

1

__

2

2

__

3
=
2

______

6

=
2

2

_____________

6

2
=
1

______

3

How much poster board did Eleanor use?

1

_

3

How much will she have left?

Eleanor will use
1

_

3
of her poster board and have
2

_

3
left.

3

_

3
-
1

_

3
=
2

_

3

Step
by
Draw a diagram.
Use logical reasoning.
Work backward.
One of those halves
represents
1

__

2
of
2

__

3
.
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GO ON
10 SCHOOL Mr. Ortega had 27 students in his algebra class. On the
last exam,
8

__

9
of his students received a passing grade. How many
students passed the exam?
24
How many students did not
pass the exam?
3
Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
11 MUSIC Keith practices the saxophone every day for
2

__

3
of an hour.
How many hours does he practice each week?
4

2
_
3

hours
12 Suppose you factor the numerators and denominators
first and then cancel equivalents of one. What step should
you not have to do after you multiply?
See TWE margin.

Multiply using drawings. Write each product in simplest form.
13
2

__

3

3

__

4
=
6

______

12

=
1

______

2

14
1

__

8

3

__

4
=
3

______

32

Multiply. Write each product in simplest form.
15
2

__

3

9

___

20
=

3

_

10

16
2

__

7

21

___

18
=

1

_

3

17
2

__

3

2

__

4

3

__

5
=

1

_

5

18
1

__

2

2

__

3

3

__

4
=

1

_

4

19
2

___

16

12

___

10
=

3

_

20

20
8

__

3

3

__

4

1

__

2
=
1
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21 BAKING Hilda baked a cake. She served half of it and left the
rest on the table. Lorenzo ate half of the cake on the table. Then
Savannah ate half of the cake she found on the table. What fraction
of the whole cake was left after Savannah ate her portion?
1
_
8

22 RETAIL Careta bought a bag of oranges. She kept
2

__

3
of the bag for
herself. She gave the rest of the oranges to 3 friends. If each of her
friends received 2 oranges, how many oranges did Careta keep?
12
23 FOOD A pizza parlor has an all-you-can-eat lunch buffet.
There were
5

__

8
of a sausage pizza and
7

__

8
of a mushroom pizza when
Rog and Cedrick arrived. Each of them ate
2

__

3
of each amount
left. What fraction of a pizza did the boys eat?

12
_
12

or 1 pizza
sentence.
24 A(n)
factor
of a number divides that number evenly.
25 A number that is multiplied by another number is called a(n)
factor
.
26 Writing in Math You want to find
3

___

14
of
21

___

42
. One friend says to
multiply
21

___

42

3

___

14
. Another friend says to multiply
3

___

14

3

___

14
.
A third friend says either equation will work. Which friend is
correct? Explain why.
The first friend is correct.
3

___

14
of
21

___

42
is the same as
21

___

42

3

___

14
by the Commutative

Property of Multiplication.
Spiral Review
Subtract. Write each difference in simplest form. (Lesson 3-2, p. 11)
27
8

___

14
-
1

___

14
=

1

_

2

28
3

__

7
-
2

__

7
=

1

_

7

29
4

__

5
-
2

__

5
=

2

_

5

Use < , =, or > to compare the fractions. (Lesson 2-4, p. 59)
30
1

__

3
>
2

__

7
31
4

__

9
<
1

__

2

32
6

___

11
<
2

__

3

Lesson 3-4 Divide Fractions 25
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Lesson
3-4
VOCABULARY
reciprocals
two numbers whose
product is 1
Example: The reciprocal
of
3

__

5
is
5

__

3
because
3

__

5

5

__

3
= 1.
quotient
the answer to a division
problem
dividend
a number that is being
divided
divisor
the number by which
another number is divided
divisor
Example: 6 3 = 2

dividend quotient
KEY Concept
Divide Fractions
The product of a fraction and its reciprocal is 1.
For example, the reciprocal of
3

__

8
is
8

__

3
, because
3

__

8

8

__

3
= 1.

3

__

8

8

__

3
=
3 8

____

8 3
=
24

___

24
= 1
Notice that the reciprocal of a fraction is the fraction obtained
by switching the numerator and denominator of the original
fraction.
A diagram can help you to
determine the quotient of
3

__

4

1

__

8
.
To divide by a fraction, multiply
by the reciprocal of the divisor.
Notice that the result is the same
as that in the diagram above.

8 __
4
G __
8
8 __
4
8 __
4
1 __
8
G
1
2
8
4 5
G
There are
G eiqhths in .
So,
8 __
4
G __
8
8 __
4
8 __
4
1 __
8
G
1
2
8
4 5
G
There are
G eiqhths in .
So,

Multily by
the recirocal ol .
1
8 dividend
divisor

Multily by
the recirocal ol .
1
8 dividend
divisor
To divide fractions, change the operation to multiplication,
and use the reciprocal of the divisor.
Example 1
Find the reciprocal of
2

_

3
.
1. Write the reciprocal.

3

_

2

2. Check your answer by
multiplying the two fractions.

2

_

3

3

_

2
=
2 3

_

3 2
= 1
The reciprocal of
2

__

3
is
3

__

2
.
YOUR TURN!
Find the reciprocal of
5

_

7
.
1. Write the reciprocal.
7

______

5

2. Check your answer by multiplying the two
fractions.
5

______

7

7

______

5
=
5

7

____________

7

5
= 1
3. The reciprocal of
5

__

7
is
7

______

5
.
GO ON
5NS2.5 Compute and perform
simple multiplication and
division of fractions and apply
these procedures to solving
problems.
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Example 2
Find
1

_

2

1

_

6
using diagrams.
1. Model
1

__

2
.
2. Look at the denominator of the divisor.
You need to find how many sixths are
in
1

__

2
. Change the model to have 6 sections.
@@
@@
3. There are 3 sixths in

1
__
2
.
3
__
6
=
1
__
2
4. Write the division sentence.
1
__
2
1
__
6
= 3
YOUR TURN!
Find
3

_

4

1

_

12
using diagrams.
1. Model
3

__

4
.
2. Look at the denominator of the divisor.
You need to find how many twelfths are
in
3

__

4
. Change the model to have that
many sections.
3. How many twelfths are in
3

__

4
?
9
4. Write the division sentence.

3

__

4

1

___

12
=
9
Example 3
Find
1

_

3

1

_

2
.
1. Write the reciprocal of the divisor
1

__

2
.

2

_

1

2. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.

1

_

3

1

_

2

1

_

3

2

_

1


1 2

_

3 1
=
2

_

3

YOUR TURN!
Find
2

_

5

3

_

10
.
1. Write the reciprocal of the divisor.
10

______

3

2. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.

2

______

5

10

______

3


2

10

____________

5

3

=
20

______

15
=
4

______

3

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Who is Correct?
Find
3

_

8

1

_

4
.
Paco

3

_

8

1

_

4
=
3

_

8

4

_

1

=
12

_

8
=
12 4

_

8 4

=
3

_

2

Kazuo

3

_

8

1

_

4
=
3

_

8

1

_

4

=
3

_

2

Ted

3

_

8

1

_

4
=
3

_

8

4

_

1
=

3 2
2

_

2 2
2

=
3

_

2

Guided Practice
Divide using diagrams.
1
2

__

3

1

__

6
=
4

2
2

__

3

1

__

9
=
6

Find the reciprocal of each number.
3
1

__

2

2

_

1

4
3

__

4

4

_

3

5
5

__

6

6

_

5

6
4

__

7

7

_

4

7
1

__

8

8

_

1
= 8
8
9

___

12

12

_

9

GO ON
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9 Find
2

_

5

2

_

3
. Write the quotient in simplest form.
Step 1 Write the reciprocal of the divisor.
The divisor is
2

__

3
. Its reciprocal is
3

______

2
.
Step 2 Multiply by the reciprocal of
2

__

5

2

__

3

the divisor.
=
2

__

5

3

______

2

Step 3 Multiply the fractions. =
2

3

________

5

2

Step 4 Write your answer in simplest form. =
6

______

10

=
3

______

5

Step
by
Step Practice
Divide. Write each quotient in simplest form.
10 11
3

__

7

1

__

4
=

12

_

7

=
6

2

____________

7

1

=
12

______

7

12
1

__

2

5

__

6
=

3

_

5

13
2

__

3

8

__

9
=

3

_

4

14
1

__

4

7

__

8
=

2

_

7

15
2

__

5

6

___

10
=

2

_

3

6

__

7

1

__

2

6

__

7

1

__

2

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Solve.
16 INDUSTRY Rolls of metal are cut into sheets. If a
factory worker needs
5

__

8
of a roll to cut 6 equal sheets,
what part of the roll will each sheet be?

Six
sheets are cut from

5

_

8

of a roll.
To divide
5

__

8
into 6 equal parts, draw a rectangle.
Divide it vertically into 8 equal parts. Shade 5 parts.
Then divide it horizontally into 6 equal parts.

Solve Count the shaded parts that make up each sixth.

5

__

8
6 =
5

______

8

6

______

1

=
5

______

8

1

______

6
=
5

______

48

Each sixth is
5

______

48

.
Check The answer has to be less than the dividend. Is your
answer less than
5

__

8
? Did you answer the question?
Step
by
17 CELEBRATIONS For Mollys birthday party, she has 4 cups of potato
chips. If one serving is
3

__

5
of a cup, how many servings are there?
6
2

_

3

Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
Draw a diagram.
Work backward.
Act it out.
GO ON
There are 6 equal
parts that make up
each eighth. Each one
is equal to
1

___

48
.
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18 ART Saheel and Fidel attended an art exhibit. They saw a painting
that was created from a series of dots. Together they
counted 240 dots in an area that was
1

___

36
of the painting.
About how many dots cover the entire painting?
8,640 dots
19 Write a note to an absent student explaining how to
divide fractions. Be sure to use the word reciprocal.
See TWE margin.
Divide using diagrams. Write each quotient in simplest form.
20
1

__

3

1

__

9
=

9

_

3
= 3
21
1

__

2

1

__

4
=

4

_

2
= 2

Divide. Write each quotient in simplest form.
22
2

__

7

5

__

9
=
18

______

35
23
4

__

5

5

__

6
=
24

______

25

24
2

__

3

9

___

12
=
24

______

27
=
8

______

9
25
2

__

3

12

___

15
=
30

______

36
=
5

______

6

26
3

__

4
12 =
3

______

48

=
1

______

16

27
3

__

5
15 =
3

______

75

=
1

______

25

Solve. Write the answer in simplest form.
28 CARPENTRY Aaron has a board that is
2

__

3
of a foot long. He has
to cut 4 equal pieces of wood from this piece. What will be the
length of each piece?
1

_

6

of a foot long
29 FOOD The cafeteria baked 23 pies. A serving is
1

__

8
of a
pie. How many servings can they get from 23 pies?
184
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30 DINING You and a friend are trying to split up
3

__

4
of a pizza evenly.
How much of the pizza do you each get? Use a diagram to justify
your answer.
3
_
8

sentence.
31 In the division problem 24 8 = 3, the
divisor
is 8.
32 A fraction made from another fraction by switching the numerator
and denominator is the
reciprocal
of that fraction.
33 The
quotient
is the answer to a division problem.
34 Writing in Math Explain how you would divide 5 by
1

__

4
.

Sample answer: To divide 5 by
1

_

4
, multiply 5 by the reciprocal of
1

_

4
.
5

_

1

4

_

1
= 20.
Spiral Review
Multiply. Write each product in simplest form. (Lesson 3-3, p. 19)
35
2

__

3

9

___

20
=
3

______

10

36
2

__

7

21

___

18
=
1

______

3
37
2

__

3

2

__

4

3

__

5
=
1

______

5

38
1

__

2

2

__

3

3

__

4
=
1

______

4
39
2

___

16

12

___

10
=
3

______

20

40
8

___

11

3

__

4

1

__

2
=
3

______

11

Subtract. Write each difference in simplest form. (Lesson 3-2, p. 11)
41
4

__

5
-
2

__

5
=

2

_

5

42
7

___

13
-
2

___

13
=

5

_

13

43 ENTERTAINMENT Anita and Fina are sorting cable wires for their
stereo devices. They have three packages of cable with
5

__

6
of a yard,

11

___

12
of a yard, and
5

__

8
of a yard of cable. Which package has the
longest piece of cable? Which has the shortest piece?

11

_

12
of a yard is the longest piece.
5

_

8
is the shortest.
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Chapter
3
Multiply. Write each product in simplest form. 5NS2.0
1
1

__

3

5

__

8
=

5

_

24

2
2

__

5

3

__

7
=

6

_

35

3
9

___

11

4

___

18
=

2

_

11

4
8

___

15

6

___

16
=

1

_

5

5
8

__

9

7

__

6

1

__

7
=

4

_

27

6
3

__

4

13

___

6

1

___

13
=

1

_

8

Divide. Write each quotient in simplest form. 5NS2.0
7
3

__

4

5

__

8
=

6

_

5

8
2

__

3

1

__

6
=
4
9
5

___

12

10

___

3
=

1

_

8

10
7

___

18

14

___

3
=

1

_

12

11
2

__

5
8 =

1

_

20

12
5

__

9
20 =

1

_

36

Solve. Write the answer in simplest form. 5NS2.5, 6NS2.1
13 NATURE In a rose garden,
3

__

5
of the roses are red. Donna cut
1

__

2
of
them for a flower arrangement. What fraction of the red roses did
Donna cut?

3

_

10

14 BAKING Alonso wants to make only
1

__

2
of the recipe shown. How
much sugar will he need?

1

_

16
cup

ca( el |||
ca( el :aqo
:t|c| el |atte
r| o|| |rqe'|ert:.
a
Lesson 3-5 Add Fractions with Unlike Denominators 33
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Lesson
3-5
VOCABULARY
unlike fractions
fractions with different
denominators
Example:
2

__

5
and
1

__

3

least common denominator
(LCD)
the least common
multiple of the
denominators of two
or more fractions, used
as a denominator
Example: The LCD of
1

__

2
and
1

__

3
is 6.
prime factorization
a way of expressing a
composite number as
a product of its prime
factors
KEY Concept
Add Fractions with
Unlike Denominators
To add unlike fractions, you have to rename the fractions so
that they have like denominators. Use equivalent forms of 1 to
write the fractions so that each fraction has the same least
common denominator (LCD).
Ways to Find the LCD for
4

_

6
+
1

_

8

1. Find a common multiple of both denominators.

4

__

6
+
1

__

8
=
4 4

_____

6 4
+
1 3

_____

8 3

=
16

___

24
+
3

___

24
A common multiple of 6 and 8 is 24.
=
19

___

24

2. Use the prime factorization of each denominator.

4

__

6
+
1

__

8
=
4

_____

2 3
+
1

_________

2 2 2

=
4 2 2

____________

2 2 2 3
+
1 3

____________

2 2 2 3

=
16

___

24

3

___

24
=
19

___

24

Sometimes you must rename both fractions in a problem. Only
rename one fraction if one of the denominators is the LCD.
Example 1
Find
2

_

3
+
1

_

6
using
a model.
@@
@@
1. Model each fraction.

2. Divide the circle with
the thirds into sixths to
create like denominators.
@@
@@
3. Add the fractions.

4

_

6
+
1

_

6
=
5

_

6

YOUR TURN!
Find
1

_

2
+
2

_

5
using
a model.
1. Model each fraction. @@
@@
2. Divide each circle

into tenths to create
like denominators.
@@
@@
3. Add the fractions.

5

_

10
+
4

_

10
=
9

_

10

GO ON
simple fractions.
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Who is Correct?
Find the LCD for the fractions
5

_

12
,
3

_

16
, and
1

_

2
.
Ernesto
12 = 2 2 3
16 = 2 2 2 2
2 = 2 1
The LCD is 2.

Taina
Multiples of 12: 12, 24, 36, 48
Multiples of 16: 16, 32, 48
Multiples of 2:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, . . . 48
The LCD is 48.

Joy
12 16 2 = 384
The LCD is 384.
Example 2
Find
1

_

6
+
1

_

8
. Use prime factorization to find
the LCD.
1. Write the prime factorization of each
denominator. 6 = 2 3 8 = 2 2 2
2. The LCM of the numbers contains only
the factors in each number. If there are
common factors, include them only one
time. The denominators 6 and 8 have
one factor in common, 2.
"MMUIFPUIFSGBDUPST
PGBOE
5IFDPNNPO
GBDUPS
-$%uuu
3. Rename each fraction using 24 as the
denominator.

1 4

_

6 4

1 3

_

8 3

=
4

_

24
+
3

_

24

4. Add the like fractions.

4

_

24
+
3

_

24
=
7

_

24

YOUR TURN!
Find
2

_

7
+
1

_

6
. Use prime factorization to find
the LCD.
1. Write the prime factorization of each
denominator.
7 =
7 1
6 =
2 3
2. The LCD for these fractions is
42
.
3. Rename each fraction so they have the
LCD as their denominator.

2

_

7

+

1

_

6

=

2
6

_

7
6

+

1
7

_

6
7

=

12

_

42

+

7

_

42

4. Add the like fractions.

19

_

42

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Guided Practice
Add using models.
1
1

__

2
+
1

__

8
=
5

_

8

2
3

__

4
+
11

___

12
=

20

_

12

Name the LCD for each pair of fractions.
3
4

__

5
,
1

__

3

15
4
1

__

2
,
2

__

7

14
5
2

__

3
,
5

___

18

18
6
5

__

6
,
3

__

8

24

7 Find
2

__

3
+
1

__

4
Step 1 Determine the LCD. The LCD of 3 and 4 is
12
. 3 = 3 1 4 = 2 2
Step 2 Rename each fraction as an equivalent fraction.

2

__

3
+
1

__

4

=

2

__

3

4

______

4

1

__

4

3

______

3

=
8

______

12

+
3

______

12

Step 3 Add the fractions with common denominators.
Step
by
Step Practice
8
2

__

6
+
1

__

3
=

2

__

6

1

______

1

1

__

3

2

______

2

=
9
1

__

2
+
3

__

4

5 _
4
10
3

__

5
+
1

___

10

7 _
10
11
2

__

4
+
5

__

6

16 _
12

@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@

2

+

2

____________

6

=
4

______

6

=
2

______

3

2

+

2

____________

6

=
4

______

6

=
2

______

3

=
8

______

12

+
3

______

12

=
11

______

12

GO ON
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12 SPORTS Alano increases his soccer training sessions by the
same amount every 3 days. His first training lasts
1

__

2
hour.
He trains
5

__

6
of an hour the second day and 1
1

__

6
hours the
third day. How much time will he spend training during
the fourth session?
Alano began training

1

_

2

hour each day.
Later training sessions lasted

5

_

6

of an hour and
1

1

_

6

hours.
Plan Since he will increase his sessions by the same
amount, one strategy is to look for a pattern. Find
out how much time he increases each training
session. Then add that amount to his last time.
Solve What number added to
1

__

2
will give you
5

__

6
?
Rename
1

__

2
. Find the LCD of
1

__

2
and
5

__

6
.

1

__

2
=
3

______

6

Subtract to find the time increase from the first
to the second trainings.
Write 1
1

__

6
as an improper fraction. 1
1

__

6
=
7

______

6

Add the fractions. third training + time increase = fourth session

7

______

6

+
2

______

6

=
9

______

6


9

3

___________

6

3

=

3

____

2

Check Because you are adding positive numbers, the sum
needs to be greater than each addend.
Step
by
Draw a diagram.
Look for a pattern.
Guess and check.
Work backward.

5

__

6
-
3

______

6

=
2

______

6

Multiples of 2 =
2, 4, 6
Multiples of 6 =
6 , 12, 18

LCD =
6
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13 GARDENS The Joneses and the Smiths plant same-sized gardens.
The Jones family plants
1

__

5
of their garden in corn. The Smith family
plants
3

___

10
of their garden in corn. Write a fraction that shows how
much of the total garden space is planted in corn.

1

_

2

Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
14 FITNESS Sumatra walks east
4

__

9
of a mile to school every morning.
On Saturday she walked to a friends house, which is
1

__

3
of a mile
farther east from her school. How far did Sumatra walk to and
from her friends house on Saturday?

14

_

9

mi
15 How is adding unlike fractions the same as adding like
fractions?
See TWE margin.
Name the LCD for each pair of fractions.
16
2

___

11
,
1

__

2

22
17
1

__

4
,
3

___

16

16
18
3

___

10
,
1

__

8

40
Add using models. Write each sum in simplest form.
19
1

__

2
+
2

__

3
=

7

_

6

20
3

__

4
+
5

___

12

7

_

6

21
3

__

8
+
2

__

4

7

_

8

GO ON
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2

__

3
+
9

___

12
=

17

_

12

23
2

__

3
+
12

___

15
=

22

_

5

24
3

___

10
+
9

____

100
=

39

_

100

25
8

___

12
+
3

__

8
=

25

_

24

26
1

__

2
+
3

__

5
=

11

_

10

27
7

___

11
+
2

__

3
=

43

_

33

28 PAINTING Lina and Marina were painting a house. On Monday
they painted
3

__

8
of the house. On Tuesday they painted another
1

__

4

of the house. What fraction of the house did they have left to
paint?

3

_

8

29 TRAVEL At a gas station Kurt asked for directions to the nearest
town. The attendant told him to go
5

__

8
of a mile south and then

1

___

16

of a mile east. How far does Kurt have to drive to get to
the town?

11

_

16
of a mile
30 MUSIC Fiona practiced the piano
3

___

15
of an hour Monday,
7

___

10
of an
hour Wednesday, and
3

__

5
of an hour Friday. How many hours did
Fiona practice this week?

3

_

2

sentence.
31 Unlike fractions have different
denominators
.
32 The least common multiple of the denominators of two or more
fractions is the
.
33 Writing in Math Correct Sashas mistake.
3

___

12
+
2

__

8
=
3

___

12
+
2

___

12
=
5

___

12

Explain how to find the correct answer.

See TWE margin.
Spiral Review
Divide. Write each quotient in simplest form. (Lesson 3-4, p. 25)
34
2

__

9

5

__

3
=

2

_

15

35
5

___

12

3

__

4
=

5

_

9

36 3
3

__

4
=
4
Lesson 3-6 Subtract Fractions with Unlike Denominators 39
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Lesson
3-6
VOCABULARY
unlike fractions
(Lesson 3-5, p. 33)
fractions with different
denominators
Example:
2

__

5
and
1

__

3

(LCD) (Lesson 3-5, p. 33)
the least common
multiple of the
denominators of two or
more fractions, used as a
denominator
Example:
1

___

12
,
1

__

6
,
1

__

8
;
LCD is 24
prime factorization
(Lesson 3-5, p. 33)
a way of expressing a
composite number as a
product of its prime
factors
KEY Concept
Subtract Fractions with
Unlike Denominators
When you subtract fractions that are unlike fractions ,
you have to rename the fractions so that they have like
denominators. Use equivalent forms of 1 to write the fractions
so that each fraction has the least common denominator
(LCD).
Ways to Find the LCD for
7

_

6
-
3

_

15

1. Find a common multiple of both denominators.
Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
Multiples of 15: 15, 30 , 45

7

__

6
-
3

___

15
=
7 5

_____

6 5
-
3 2

______

15 2

=
35

___

30
-
6

___

30
A common multiple of 6 and 15 is 30.
=
29

___

30

2. Use the prime factorization of each denominator.

7

__

6
-
3

___

15
=
7

_____

2 3
-
3

_____

3 5

=
7 5

_________

2 3 5
-
3 2

_________

2 3 5

=
35

___

30
-
6

___

30

=
29

___

30

In some problems, both fractions have to be renamed. In other
problems, only one fraction has to be renamed because one of the
denominators is the least common denominator.
GO ON
simple fractions.
explain why a particular operation
was used for a given situation.
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Example 1
Find
1

_

3
-
1

_

6
using a model.
1. Divide the circle with the thirds into
sixths to create like denominators.
2. Subtract the fractions.

1

_

3
-
1

_

6
=
2

_

6
-
1

_

6
=
1

_

6

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@@
@@
@@
YOUR TURN!
Find
1

_

3
-
2

_

9
using a model.
1. Model each fraction as a circle.
2. Divide each circle into ninths
to create like denominators.
3

__

9
-
2

__

9
=
1

__

9

@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
Example 2
Find
1

_

12
-
1

_

15
. Use prime factorization to find the LCD.
1. Write the prime factorization of each denominator.
12 = 2 2 3
15 = 3 5
2. The LCM of the numbers contains only the factors in
each number. If there are common factors, include
them only one time. The denominators 12 and 15 have LCD = 2 2 3 5 = 60
one factor in common, 3.
3. Rename each fraction using 60 as the denominator.
1 5

_

12 5
-
1 4

_

15 4
=
5

_

60
-
4

_

60

5

_

60
-
4

_

60
=
1

_

60

YOUR TURN!
Find
7

_

8
-
5

_

12
. Use prime factorization to find the LCD.
1. Write the prime factorization of each denominator. 8 =
2 2 2
12 =
2 2 3
2. The LCD for these fractions is
24
.
3. Rename each fraction so they have common denominators.

11

_

24

7

_

8
-
5

_

12
=
7 3

_

8 3
-
5 2

_

12 2
=
21

_

24
-
10

_

24

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Who is Correct?
Find
5

_

11
-
2

_

5
.
Ruben

5

_

11
-
2

_

5
=
25

_

55
-
22

_

55
=
3

_

55

Wendy

5

_

11
-
2

_

5
=
3

_

6
=
1

_

2

Rupert

5

_

11
-
2

_

5
=
25

_

55
-
9

_

55
=
16

_

55

Guided Practice
Subtract using models.
1
5

__

6
-
3

___

12
=

7

_

12

@@
@@
@@
@@
2
1

__

4
-
1

__

6
=

1

_

12

3 Find
1

__

2
-
2

__

5
Step 1 Determine the LCD. 2 = 2 1
5 = 5 1
The LCD of 2 and 5 is
10
.
Step 2 Rename each fraction as an equivalent fraction with
a denominator of
10
.
1

__

2
-
2

__

5

=

1

__

2

5

______

5

2

__

5

2

______

2

=
5

______

10

-
4

______

10

Step 3 Subtract the fractions with common denominators.
=
5

______

10

-
4

______

10

=
5

-

4

_____________

10
=
1

______

10

Step
by
Step Practice

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@@

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@@
GO ON
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4
6

___

14
-
2

__

7
=

6

___

14

1

______

1

2

__

7

2

______

2

=
6

-

4

_____________

14
=
2

______

14
=
1

______

7

5
11

___

12
-
3

__

5
=

19

_

60

6
8

___

15
-
1

__

5
=

5

_

15
=
1

_

3

7
3

__

4
-
2

__

9
=

19

_

36

8
5

__

8
-
1

__

3
=

7

_

24

9
3

___

10
-
27

____

100
=

3

_

100

10
10

___

11
-
1

__

2
=

9

_

22

11 COMMUNITY SERVICE Kathy and Paloma collected

13

___

50
of a ton of canned goods for a food bank. Their goal
was to collect
1

___

10
of a ton. Write a fraction that shows the
difference between their goal and their collection.
The girls collected

13

_

50

of a ton of canned goods.
Their goal was to collect

1

_

10

of a ton.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to use logical reasoning.
Compare the denominators of the two fractions.
What relationship do you see?
Solve 50 is a multiple of 10. 10
5
= 50
Write
1

___

10
as a fraction with
a denominator of 50.
Subtract the like fractions.
So, the difference between their goal and the
amount they collected is 4 _
25
of a ton.
Check Because you are subtracting from

13

___

50
, the difference needs to be less

13
-
5

_____________

50
=
8

______

50
=
4

______

25

than
13

___

50
. Is your answer less than
13

___

50
?

1

______

10
=
1

5

____________

10

5
=
5

______

50

1

______

10
=
1

5

____________

10

5
=
5

______

50

Step
by
Draw a diagram.
Look for a pattern.

Guess and check.
Work backward.
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12 CLEANING Pooja and Alise were washing the walls of a
room. At the end of an hour, Pooja had washed
7

__

8
of one wall, while
Alise had washed
2

__

3
of a different wall of the same size. Write a
fraction that shows how much more Pooja had washed than Alisa.

5

_

24

Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
13 FOOD Kevin baked a meatloaf. He ate
1

__

5
, froze another
2

__

5
,
and left the remaining meatloaf in the refrigerator. His sister ate
2

___

15

of the meatloaf in the refrigerator. What fraction of the meatloaf in
the refrigerator was left?
4

_

15

14 Explain the first step to subtracting unlike fractions.

See TWE margin.
15
1

__

2
-
1

__

3
=
1

_

6
16
11

___

12
-
1

__

4
=

8

_

12

=

2

_

3

17
2

__

3
-
1

__

4
=

5

_

12

18
3

___

10
-
9

____

100
=

21

_

100

19
4

__

7
-
1

__

3
=

5

_

21

20 21 22
9

___

10
-
29

____

100

7

_

12

3

_

15

=

1

_

5

61

_

100

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@@
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@@

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@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@

-

2

__

3

1

___

12

-

2

__

3

1

___

12

-

2

__

3

7

___

15

-

2

__

3

7

___

15

GO ON
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23 NATURE On Monday, Juanitas sunflower was
15

___

16
inches tall. It
had grown
3

__

8
of an inch since Friday. How tall was Juanitas
sunflower on Friday?

9

_

16

24 HOBBIES Brian has a project to complete. He decides to do
1

__

8
of it
on Monday,
3

___

16
of it on Tuesday, and to finish the project on Friday.
Write a fraction to represent how much of the project Brian will do
on Friday.

11

_

16

sentence.
25
Unlike
fractions have different denominators.
26 The least common multiple of the denominators of two or more
fractions is the
least common denominator (LCD)
.
27 To subtract
unlike fractions
, you have to
first change them into like fractions.
28 Writing in Math
2

__

3
of the circle is blue.
1

__

9
of the circle is yellow.
What fraction of the circle is red? Explain how to solve this
problem. Set up an equation that shows your work.
@@
@@
@@
See TWE margin.

Spiral Review
Add. Write each sum in simplest form. (Lesson 3-5, p. 33)
29
1

__

4
+
3

__

7

=

19

_

28

30
5

__

3
+
1

__

9
=
16

_

9
31
1

__

6
+
3

__

7
=

25

_

42

Multiply. Write each product in simplest form. (Lesson 3-3, p. 19)
32
4

__

5

20

___

36
=

4

__

9

33
2

__

3

3

__

2
=
1
34
3

___

16

1

__

4

8

__

9
=

1

_

24

35 SCHOOL In the school chorus,
2

__

8
of the singers are sopranos,
3

__

8
are
altos, and
1

__

8
are tenors. The others are baritone or bass. What
fraction of the chorus are baritone or bass?

2

_

8
=
1

_

4

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Chapter
3
Name the LCD for each pair of fractions. 3NS3.2
1
1

__

9
,
5

___

27

27
2
1

__

8
,
7

___

32

32
3
2

__

5
,
4

__

9

45
4
5

__

7
,
1

__

8

56
Add. Write each sum in simplest form. 3NS3.2, 5NS2.0
5
1

__

2
+
3

___

13
=

19

_

26

6
5

__

8
+
5

___

11
=

95

_

88

7
3

__

4
+
1

__

6
=

11

_

12

8
3

___

10
+
1

__

2
=

8

_

10
=
4

_

5

9
1

__

3
+
4

__

9
=

7

_

9

10
9

___

16
+
3

__

4
=

21

_

16

Subtract. Write each difference in simplest form. 3NS3.2, 5NS2.0
11
10

___

15
-
1

__

3
=

1

_

3

12
7

___

40
-
1

__

8
=

1

_

20

13
3

__

5
-
1

__

4
=

7

_

20

14
7

__

9
-
1

__

7
=

40

_

63

15 FITNESS Elias rode his bike to his grandmothers house, which
was
2

__

5
mile west from his house. He then rode to the park,
which was
3

__

8
mile farther west from his grandmothers house.
How far did Elias ride if he rode from his house to
the park and back home again?
1
11

_

20
miles
16 NATURE Jasmine measured her pet snake
today (shown below). He had grown
1

__

3
of an
inch since the last measurement. How long
was Jasmines snake when she measured him last?

4
5

_

6
inches

JO
JO
Paul Whitten/Photo Researchers, Inc.

46 Chapter 3 Study Guide
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Chapter
3
Study Guide
Vocabulary and Concept Check
common denominator, p. 4
dividend, p. 25
divisor, p. 25
factor, p. 19
(LCD), p. 33
like fractions, p. 4
mixed number, p. 4
prime factorization, p. 33
quotient, p. 25
reciprocal, p. 25
simplest form, p. 4
unlike fractions, p. 33
Label each diagram below. Write the correct vocabulary term in each blank.

7
reciprocals

8
least common denominators (LCD) or like denominators
Write the vocabulary word that completes each sentence.
Some words may be used more than once.
1 Fractions that have the same denominator are called

like fractions
.
2 Two numbers whose product is 1 are

reciprocals
.
3 A(n)
factor
of a number is a
number that divides evenly into that number.
4
1

__

6
and
2

__

7
are examples of
unlike fractions
.
5 Like denominators are also called

common denominators
.
6 2 3 3 is the
prime factorization
of 18.
Chapter 3 Study Guide 47
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Lesson Review
3-1 Add Fractions with Like Denominators (pp. 410)
Add. Write each sum in
simplest form.
9
2

__

7
+
3

__

7
=

5

_

7

10
5

__

9
+
3

__

9
=

8

_

9

11
3

__

4
+
1

__

4
=

4

_

4
= 1
Example 1
Find
1

_

6
+
2

_

6
1

__

6
+
2

__

6
=
1 + 2

_____

6

=
3

__

6
=
3 3

_____

6 3
=
1

__

2

3. Write in simplest form.
3-2 Subtract Fractions with Like Denominators (pp. 1117)
Subtract. Write each difference
in simplest form.
12
8

___

12
-
4

___

12
=

4

_

12
=
1

_

3

13
9

___

15
-
3

___

15
=

6

_

15
=
2

_

5

14
7

__

9
-
4

__

9
=

3

_

9
=
1

_

3

Example 2
Find
6

_

10
-
4

_

10
simplest form.
6 - 4

_____

10
=
2

___

10

3. Simplify.
2

___

10
=
2 2

______

10 2
=
1

__

5

3-3 Multiply Fractions (pp. 1924)
Multiply. Write each product in
simplest form.
15
2

__

3

9

___

16
=

3

_

8

16
5

___

12

3

___

10
=

1

_

8

17
3

__

5

15

___

18
=

1

_

2

Example 3
Find
3

_

4

8

_

12
Multiply the numerators and multiply the
denominators. Write the fraction in simplest form.
u
u
u

The CF ol 24 and 48 is 24.

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3-4 Divide Fractions (pp. 2531)
Divide. Write each quotient in
simplest form.
18
5

__

6

10

___

18
=

3

_

2
= 1
1

_

2

19
4

__

9

1

__

3
=

4

_

3
= 1
1

_

3

20
2

__

3

1

__

2
=

4

_

3
= 1
1

_

3

21
5

__

8

3

__

4
=

5

_

6

Example 4
Find
1

_

9

1

_

5
. Write the quotient in
simplest form.
Write the reciprocal of the divisor.

1

__

5

5

__

1

Change division to
multiplication. Multiply
by the reciprocal of the
divisor.
Multiply the fractions.
1 5

____

9 1
=
5

__

9

1

__

9

1

__

5

1

__

9

5

__

1

1

__

9

1

__

5

1

__

9

5

__

1

3-5 Add Fractions with Unlike Denominators (pp. 3338)
22 Find
1

__

2
+
1

__

4
using diagrams.

3

_

4

Example 5
Find
3

_

4
+
1

_

8
using diagrams.
@@
@@
Divide the circle with the fourths into eighths

to create like denominators.
@@
@@
Add the fractions.

6

__

8
+
1

__

8
=
7

__

8

23
1

___

12
+
1

__

8

2

_

24
+
3

_

24
=
5

_

24

24
2

___

15
+
1

__

9

6

_

45
+
5

_

45
=
11

_

45

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3-6 Subtract Fractions with Unlike Denominators (pp. 39-44)
25 Find
1

__

3
-
1

__

9
using diagrams.

2

_

9

@@
@@
@@
@@
Example 6
Find
1

_

4
-
1

_

8
using
diagrams.
@@
@@
Divide the circle

with the fourths into
eighths to create
like denominators.
@@
@@
Subtract the fractions.

1

__

4
-
1

__

8
=
2

__

8
-
1

__

8
=
1

__

8

Subtract. Write each
difference in simplest form.
26
1

__

7

1

___

28
=

3

_

28

1

_

7

-

1

_

28

=

4

_

28

-

1

_

28

=

3

_

28

27
2

__

5
-
1

___

10
=

3

_

10

2

_

5
-
1

_

10
=
4

_

10
-
1

_

10
=
3

_

10

28
3

__

4
-
5

___

12
=

1

_

3

3

_

4
-
5

_

12
=
9

_

12
-
5

_

12
=
4

_

12
=
1

_

3

29
7

__

9
-
2

___

27
=

19

_

27

7

_

9
-
2

_

27
=
21

_

27
-
2

_

27
=
19

_

27

Example 7
Find
1

_

9

1

_

16
. Use prime factorization to
find the LCD.
Write the prime factorization of each
denominator.
9 = 3 3
16 = 2 2 2 2
LCD = 2 2 2 2 3 3 = 144
Rename each fraction using 144 as the
denominator.

1 16

_____

9 16

1 9

_____

16 9

=
16

____

144
-
9

____

144

Subtract the fractions.
16

____

144
-
9

____

144
=
7

____

144

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Chapter
3
50 Chapter 3 Test
Chapter Test
Add. Write each sum in simplest form. 3NS3.25, NS2.0
1
3

__

8
+
1

__

8
=

1

_

2

2
1

___

12
+
2

___

12
=

1

_

4

3
1

__

6
+
2

__

8
=

5

_

12

Subtract. Write each difference in simplest form. 3NS3.2, 5NS2.0
4
5

__

6
-
1

__

6
=

2

_

3

5
1

__

2
-
4

__

9
=

1

_

18

6
3

__

5
-
1

__

3
=

4

_

15

Multiply. Write each product in simplest form. 5NS2.0, 5NS2.5
7
2

__

3

9

___

10
=

3

_

5

8
3

__

7

14

___

24
=

1

_

4

9
7

__

8

4

__

9
=

7

_

18

Divide. Write each quotient in simplest form. 5NS2.0, 5NS2.5
10
1

__

2

4

__

6
=

3

_

4

11
3

___

10

1

__

5
=
1
1

_

2

12
2

__

3

8

___

15
=

5

_

4
= 1
1

_

4

13 BAKING Marta has a cookie recipe that calls for
1

__

4
cup
sugar, and Amos has a cookie recipe that calls for
2

__

4
cup sugar.
How much sugar is needed altogether for their recipes?

3

_

4
cup
14 TRAVEL Tavio rode his bike to Dans house from his
house. Then he rode his bike to school. How many miles
did he ride in all? Use the map shown at the right.
1
1

_

4
mile
7 __
8
mile
Ban's
house
Tavio's
house
School
8 __
8
mile
GO ON
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Chapter 3 Test 51
15 FOOTBALL Coach Ring had football practice one day when it was
snowing. He had 30 members on his football team, but only
2

__

3
of
them showed up. How many members of the football team were at
the practice?
20
16 CRAFTS Kelsey has 3 yards of fabric for crafts she is
making. If each craft she makes requires
1

__

4
yard of material,
how many crafts can she make with the 3 yards?
12 crafts
17 FOOD At the school cafeteria, the fifth graders ate
1

__

9
of the chicken
nuggets, and the sixth graders ate
3

__

8
of the chicken nuggets. What
fraction of the chicken nuggets was eaten by the fifth and sixth
graders?

35

_

72

18 LANDSCAPING The Green Meadows landscaping company had
a project at the swim club. Their goal was to work Monday,
Tuesday, and Wednesday, and finish on Thursday. On Monday
they completed
1

__

4
of the job. On Tuesday they completed

1

__

5
of the job. On Wednesday they completed
3

__

8
of the job. How
much was left for them to finish on Thursday?

7

_

40

Correct the mistakes. 6NS2.1
19 FITNESS Fabio jogged
1

___

10
mile before school and
3

___

10
mile after
school. He proudly said to his friend, I jogged a half mile today.
What is wrong with Fabios statement?

See TWE margin.
20 TRIPS A group of students went on a summer digging trip. While
digging they found two ancient bone fragments. The first fragment
measured
5

___

12
inch. The second fragment measured
1

__

8
inch. One of
the students reported to their professor that the first fragment
was
1

__

4
inch longer than the second. By what amount was the
student incorrect?
See TWE margin.
52 Chapter 3 Standards Practice
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Chapter
3
Standards Practice
GO ON
1 Zita used
1

__

8
gallon of milk for one recipe
and
4

__

8
gallon of milk for another recipe.
How much milk did she use for both
recipes? 5NS2.0
A
5

_

16
gallon C
1

__

2
gallon
B
3

__

8
gallon D
5

__

8
gallon
2 Which fraction has a value equal
to
5

_

6
-
2

_

6
? 3NS3.2
F
3

__

0
H
7

___

13

G
1

__

2
J
7

__

6

3 Three friends split a large pizza. The
table shows how much of the pizza each
friend ate. How much more pizza did
Jaden eat than Seth? 5NS2.0
Dominic
2

_

12

Jaden
6

_

12

Seth
4

_

12

A
12

___

12
or 1 whole C
4

___

12
or
1

__

3

B
5

___

12
D
2

___

12
or
1

__

6

4
2

_

9

1

_

3
= 5NS2.5
F
2

___

27
H
2

__

9

G
2

___

12
J
6

__

9

5 Gracie needs to cut a rope into 3
equal pieces. The rope is
4

_

5
foot long.
How long will each piece be? 5NS2.0,
5NS2.5
A
4

___

15
foot C
11

___

15
foot
B
1

__

5
foot D
12

___

5
foot
6 Which symbol makes this sentence
true? 5NS2.5
1

_

3

3

_

5

2

_

8

5

_

4

F > H <
G = J +
7 Write the sum in simplest form:
1

_

12
+
2

_

3
.
A
3

___

15
C
3

__

4

B
1

__

4
D
9

___

10

Choose the best answer and fill in the corresponding circle on the sheet at right.
5NS2.0
Chapter 3 Standards Practice 53
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8 Miguel is hiking through a state park.
He walks
1

_

2
mile on Pikes Lake Trail.
How much more does he need to hike to
complete this trail? 5NS2.0, 5NS2.5
Trail Length
Eagles Bluff
5

_

6
mile
Pikes Lake
7

_

8
mile
Riverside
7

_

10
mile
F
2

__

6
mile H
1

__

5
mile
G
3

__

8
mile J
6

__

8
mile
9 Which symbol makes this sentence
true? 3NS3.1
7

_

10

4

_

5

A > C <
B = D +
10 Which mixed number does the model
represent? 4NS1.5, 4NS1.7
F 1
4

___

10
H 1
5

__

9

G 1
1

__

2
J 1
3

__

5

11 Order these fractions from least to
greatest:
5

_

6
,
3

_

4
,
7

_

12
. 3NS3.1
A
3

__

4
,
5

__

6
,
7

___

12
C
5

__

6
,
3

__

4
,
7

___

12

B
7

___

12
,
3

__

4
,
5

__

6
D
3

__

4
,
7

___

12
,
5

__

6

12 Write
6

_

8
in simplest form. 4NS1.5
F
3

__

4
H
2

__

3

G
1

__

2
J
3

__

8

1 A B

C

D
2 F G

H

J
3 A B

C

D
4 F G

H

J
5 A B

C

D
6 F G

H

J
7 A B

C

D
8 F G

H

J
9 A B

C

D
10 F G

H

J
11 A B

C

D
12 F G

H

J
Success Strategy
After answering all the questions, go
back and check signs and operations,
making sure you worked each problem
correctly.
54 Chapter 4 Positive and Negative Fractions and Decimals
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Chapter
4 Positive and
Negative Fractions
and Decimals
We use money every day.
Before lunch you count your money. You may borrow
a few cents from a friend. Our money system is based
on decimals.
Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
55
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STEP
2
Preview Get ready for Chapter 4. Review these skills and compare
them with what you will learn in this chapter.
STEP
1
Quiz Are you ready for Chapter 4? Take the Online Readiness
Quiz at ca.mathtriumphs.com to find out.
What You Know What You Will Learn
You know how to read price tags.
These items cost 12 dollars and
50 cents.
Lessons 4-1 and 4-2
Our money system is based on
decimals. The price is a decimal.
$12.50
This is the dollar
amount.
decimal
point
This is the cents, or
part of the dollar.
You know how to add and subtract
whole numbers.
Examples:
TRY IT!
1 2
3 4
Lessons 4-5 and 4-6
After you line up the decimal points,
you can add and subtract decimals
like whole numbers.

4.5

+ 3.4
7.9

8.09

-0.46

7.63
You know how to multiply and divide
whole numbers.
Examples:
TRY IT!
5 6
7 8
Lessons 4-7 and 4-8
Multiply and divide decimals as if
the numbers were whole numbers.
Then place the decimal point in the
answer.

4.4

6
26.4
1.1
7
7.7

45

+ 34

79

45

+ 34

79

809

- 46

763

809

- 46

763

234

+ 12
246

234

+ 12
246

412

+ 39

451

412

+ 39

451

334

- 50

284

334

- 50

284

425

- 76

349

425

- 76

349

44

6

264

44

6

264
11
7 77
11
7 77

42

6

252

42

6

252
50
2 100
50
2 100

25

5

125

25

5

125

11
3 33

11
3 33
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Lesson
4-1
VOCABULARY
decimal
a number that can
represent a whole number
and a fraction; a decimal
point separates the whole
number from the fraction
tenths
the first decimal place to
the right of the decimal
point; one of ten equal
parts or
1

___

10

Example: In 3.6, 6 is in
the tenths place.
hundredths
the second decimal place
to the right of the decimal
point; one of one hundred
equal parts
the hundredths place.
KEY Concept
Introduction to Decimals
Decimals and fractions represent both whole numbers and
numbers between consecutive whole numbers. A decimal is
another way to show a fraction that has a denominator of 10,
100, and so on.
In a decimal, the digit(s) to the left of the decimal point
represent a whole number. The digit(s) to the right of a
decimal point represent a fraction.
A digit one place to the right of the decimal point is a tenth .
A digit two places to the right of the decimal point is
a hundredth .
1
whole number tenth hundredth
O.1
1
1O
O.O1
1
1OO
O holds the lace when
there is no whole number,
tenth, and so on.
Read a decimal from left to right.
Place-Value Chart
Value 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Place
Value
thousands hundreds tens ones tenths hundredths
Example 1 2 3 4

5 6
Words
one
thousand
two
hundred
thirty-four and ffty-six hundredths
Place values are based on powers of ten. From left to right, the value of
each place is divided by 10.
3NS3.4 Know and understand
that fractions and decimals are
two different representations of
the same concept.
4NS1.6 Write tenths and hundredths
in decimal and fraction notations and
know the fraction and decimal
equivalents for halves and fourths.
by a drawing of parts of a figure;
represent a given fraction by using
drawings; and relate a fraction to a
simple decimal on a number line.
Lesson 4-1 Introduction to Decimals 57
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Example 1
Write two and sixty-four hundredths as a
decimal and as a fraction in simplest form.
Each square is divided into 100 equal parts.
Each part is
1
____
100
of the square.
1.
100
____
100
of the first square is shaded.
100
____
100
of the second square is shaded.
This equals 2 wholes or 2.
2.
64
____
100
of the third square is shaded. This
equals sixty-four hundredths or 0.64.
3. Add the parts. 2 +
64
____
100
= 2
64
____
100
4. Write the number as a decimal. 2.64
5. Write the number as a fraction in simplest
form. Divide the numerator and
denominator by an equivalent form of one.

64

_

100
=
64 4

_

100 4
=
16

_

25
2
64

_

100
= 2
16

_

25

YOUR TURN!
Write one and eighty-two hundredths as a
decimal and as a fraction in simplest form.
1.
100
____
100
of the first square is shaded.
2.
82
____
100
of the second square is shaded.
3. Add the parts.
1 +
82

_

100
= 1
82

_

100

4. Write the number as a decimal.
1.82
5. Write the number as a fraction in
simplest form. Divide the numerator
and denominator by an equivalent
form of one.

1

41

_

50

Example 2
Write 4.38 in words.
1. Name the decimal by the place value of the
last digit to the right of the decimal point.
4.38
2. There is a 4 to the left of the decimal point.
At the decimal point, write and.
So, 4.38 is four and thirty-eight hundredths.
hundredths hundredths
YOUR TURN!
Write 6.4 in words.
1. What place value is the last digit to the
right of the decimal point?
tenths
.
2. There is a 6 to the left of the decimal
point. At the decimal point, write and.
So, 6.4 is
six
and
four tenths
.
GO ON
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Example 3
Write the value of the red digit in 0.34 as
a fraction.
1. The place value one place to the right of
the decimal point is tenths.
2. Multiply the digit in the tenths place
by
1

___

10
.
3
1

_

10
=
3

_

10

The value is
3

___

10
.
YOUR TURN!
Write the value of the red digit in 6.75 as
a fraction.
1. The place value two places to the right of
the decimal point is
hundredths
.
2. Multiply
5
by

1

_

100

.

5
1

_

100
=
5

_

100

The value is

5

_

100

.
Who is Correct?
Cybil
Twelve and seven tenths

Nuna
twelve point seven

Nam
twelve and seven
hundredths
Guided Practice
Write a decimal and a fraction in simplest form for each model.
1 2
1.74 = 1
74

_

100

0.25 =
25

_

100
=
1

_

4

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3 Write four and twenty-six hundredths as a decimal.
Step 1 Identify the whole number. Write it first.
four and twenty-six hundredths
4
Step 2 Place the decimal point.
4

Step 3 Identify the digits for the decimal part.
4

2

6
hundredths
four and twenty-six hundredths
Step
by
Step Practice
Write each number as a decimal.
4 five and eighty-four hundredths 5 eleven and seven tenths

5

8

4
hundredths
11.7
tenths whole number
decimal
point
6 sixteen and thirty hundredths 7 four tenths
16.30

0.4
Write each number in words.
8 11.67 9 8.03
eleven and sixty-seven hundredths

eight and three hundredths
10 89.4 11 55.16
eighty-nine and four tenths

fifty-five and sixteen hundredths
Write the value of each red digit as a fraction.
12 42.8

8

_

10

13 91.63

6

_

10

14 6.97

7

_

100

15 34.62

2

_

100

GO ON
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Solve.
16 BAKING Jessicas brother ate 0.25 of the cake she baked.
Write a fraction to show the amount of cake left.
Jessicas brother ate
0.25
of the cake.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to use a model.
Solve Draw a model to represent the whole cake. Shade
the amount eaten.

The place value of the last digit to the right of the
decimal place is
hundredths
. Use a grid of
100 squares to represent the entire cake.
Shade 25 squares to represent 0.25 of the cake.
How many squares are not shaded?
75 squares
.
This represents the amount of cake not eaten. What
fraction of the cake is not eaten?

75

_

100

.

75

_

100

25

___

25
=

3

_

4

So,

3

_

4

of the cake is left.
Check Write 0.25 as a fraction. Subtract from 1.
Step
by
17 PLANTS Refer to the photo caption at the right. Write a decimal
to show how much water Dwaine uses to water his plant
each day.
1.5 gallons

Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
PLANTS Dwaine waters
his plant with 1
5

_

10
gallons
of water every day.
Draw a diagram.
Use a model.
Act it out.
Work backward.
25
___
25
whole brother cake
cake ate left

100

____

100

-

25

_

100

=

75

_

100

David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
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18 Solidad rode her bike
7

___

10
of a mile to school. Her friend Julie
walked 0.07 of a mile to school. Did the two girls travel the
same distance? Explain.
No; Solidad traveled
7

_

10
, and Julie traveled
7

_

100
.
7

_

10

7

_

100
.
19 Annie says that
3

__

4
is equal to 0.75. Is Annie correct? Show
work to explain your answer.
Annie is correct.
3 25

_

4 25
=
75

_

100
and
75

_

100
= 0.75
Write a decimal and a fraction in simplest form for each model.
20 21
0.5 =
50

_

100
=
1

_

2

0.34 =
34

_

100
=
17

_

50

Write each number as a decimal.
22 forty-forty and nineteen hundredths 23 ten and six hundredths
44.19

10.06
24 eight and seven tenths 25 nineteen and thirteen hundredths
8.7

19.13
Write each number in words.
26 0.9 27 18.03
nine tenths

eighteen and three hundredths
28 7.17 29 3.78
seven and seventeen hundredths

three and seventy-eight hundredths
Write the value of each red digit as a fraction.
30 46.7 31 14.23 32 86.61 33 42.95

7

_

10

2

_

10

1

_

100

5

_

100

GO ON
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Solve.
34 TRAVEL Mikal asked for directions to a local park. He was told to
go 3
1

__

4
miles south and then 2
1

__

2
miles east. Write both numbers
as decimals.
3.25, 2.5
35 MONEY Paulina promises to give her little brother
5

__

4
of a dollar
each week for cleaning her room. Write the amount as a decimal
1.25
sentence.
36 The first digit to the right of the decimal point is the
tenths
place. The second digit to the right is the

hundredths
place.
37 A(n)
decimal
is a number that can represent a whole
number and a fraction.
38 Writing in Math Write the amount of the fraction shown in the
figures at the right in decimal and fraction form.
0.25 =
1

__

4

Write different fractions for the fraction shown.
Sample answer:
1

_

4
can be written as
25

_

100
,
4

_

16
,
3

_

12
.
Describe different ways to represent this amount with real-life objects.
Sample answer: a quarter of a pie or pizza, 1 of 4 legs on a pet, 1 page
of 4 pages, 1 penny of 4 pennies
Spiral Review
Solve.
39 NATURE There are two types of flowers in a field. The yellow
flower grows 4 decimeters every two days. The blue flower grows
3 decimeters every day. Which flower grows faster? How much
faster does it grow? (Lesson 3-6, p. 34)
The blue flower grows 1 dm per day faster than the yellow flower.
Use < , =, or > to compare the fractions. (Lesson 2-4, p. 59)
40
4

___

36
<
2

__

9
41
1

__

2
>
7

___

15
42
8

___

24
=
1

__

3

Lesson 4-2 Decimals and Money 63
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VOCABULARY
denomination
a category or type in the
measurement of currency,
or money
There are denominations
of bills, such as $1 bills,
$5 bills, and $10 bills.
There are denominations
of coins, such as
pennies, nickels, dimes,
quarters, and half-dollars.
decimal
a number that can
(Lesson 4-1, p. 56)
hundredths
point; one of 100 equal
parts
the hundredths place.
(Lesson 4-1, p. 56)
KEY Concept
Lesson
4-2
GO ON
Decimals form the basis of our money system. Problems about
money are solved like other problems with decimals .
Commonly used denominations in U.S. currency are shown
in the table.
Currency Numbers Words
$100 hundreds
$10 tens
$1 ones
$0.10
or 10
tenths
$0.01
or 1
hundredths
Different combinations of money can have the same value.
$1
$1 1 dollar bill
1 halldollar $O.5O or 5Oo
$1 2 halldollars

1 quarter $O.25 or 25o
$1 4 quarters

1 dime $O.1O or 1Oo
$1 1O dimes

1 nickel $O.O5 or 5o
$1 2O nickels

1 enny $O.O1 or 1o
$1 1OO ennies
Decimals and Money
2NS5.1 Solve problems using
combinations of coins and bills.
2NS5.2 Know and use the
decimal notation and the dollar and
cent symbols for money.
coins: United States Mint, bills: Michael Houghton/StudiOhio
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You should know which coins can be exchanged for a coin with a
greater denomination.
KEY Concept
The whole number in a decimal expression represents the
number of dollars. The coins that total less than a dollar are
the fraction of the dollar. They are written to the right of the
decimal point. For example, $4.23 is equal to four 1-dollar
bills and 23 cents.
Use the dollar sign, $, with dollars. Use the dollar or cent
sign, , to represent an amount that is less than $1.00.

Example 1
Write the amount shown.
1. Find the value of each bill and coin.

$3.00 + $0.50 + $0.05 + $0.06
2. Use skip-counting to find the total amount.
+0.25 +0.25 +0.05 +0.01 +0.01 +0.01 +0.01 +0.01 +0.01
$3.00 $3.25 $3.50 $3.55 $3.56 $3.57 $3.58 $3.59 $3.60 $3.61
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YOUR TURN!
1. Find the value of each bill and coin.

$5.00

$0.25 $0.20

$0.03
2. Use skip-scounting to find the total amount.
+0.25 +0.10 +0.10 +0.01 +0.01 +0.01
$5.00

$5.25

$5.35

$5.45

$5.46

$5.47

$5.48
Example 2
Represent 87 with the least number of coins possible.
The amount is less than $1.00. Begin with the coin of greatest value,
a half-dollar. Use as many of that coin as possible. Then continue with
the coin with the next largest value.
halldollar
quarter
dime
enny enny
1o 1o
1Oo
25o 5Oo
75o
85o
87o

87 =

GO ON
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YOUR TURN!
Represent 63 with the least number of coins possible.
The amount is less than $1.00. Begin with the coin of greatest
value, a half-dollar.
One half-dollar =
50
.
What can you use next?
dime
Add the amounts.
So, 63 =
1 half-dollar, 1 dime, 3 pennies
.
50
+ 10
60
50
+ 10
60
Who is Correct?
Wade

25

10

+ 1

36

Yang

25

5

+ 1

31

Monica

50

5

+ 1

56
Guided Practice
1
$0.61
2
$7.40

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3 Represent 46 with the least number of coins possible.
Step 1 The coin of greatest value that is less than 46 cents is a
quarter. One quarter is
25
.
Step 2
25
plus two
dimes
is
45
.
Step 3
45
plus one
penny
is
46
.
The combination of coins is

one quarter, two dimes, and one penny
.
Step
by
Step Practice
Represent each amount using the least number of bills and coins
possible.
4 $3.13
How many 1-dollar bills?
3
How many dimes?
1
How many pennies?
3
The combination of currency is
three 1-dollar bills
,
1 dime
, and
3 pennies
.
5 $23.98
one 20-dollar bill, three 1-dollar bills, 1 half-dollar, 1 quarter, 2 dimes,
3 pennies.
6 $14.34
one 10-dollar bill, four 1-dollar bills, 1 quarter, 1 nickel, 4 pennies
7 $2.09
two 1-dollar bills, 1 nickel, 4 pennies
8 $6.15
one 5-dollar bill, one 1-dollar bill, 1 dime, 1 nickel
GO ON
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Solve.
9 MONEY Alan and Jay each ordered the same meal at
a restaurant. Each boy paid $7.82 but used a different
combination of bills and coins. Represent $7.82 in two ways.
Each boy paid a total of
$7.82
.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to use logical reasoning.
First represent $7.82 using the fewest coins.
Then find a combination using different coins and bills.
Solve The least number of bills that can make $7.82
is
one
5-dollar bill and
two
1-dollar bills.
What amount is left?
82
Which coin represents the greatest amount?
half-dollar
50 +
25
= 75
75 +
5
= 80
80 +
1
+
1
= 82
So, one combination for $7.82 is

one 5-dollar bill, two 1-dollar bills, one half-dollar, 1 quarter,
.

1 nickel, and 2 pennies

Now represent $7.82 using a different combination
of bills and coins.
$7 =
seven 1-dollar bills

82 =
+25 +10 +10 +10 +1 +1
25
50

60

70

80

81

82
A second combination of bills and coins is

seven 1-dollar bills, 2 quarters, 3 dimes, and 2 pennies
.
Check Add each amount. The total of each amount should be $7.82.
Step
by
Draw a diagram.

Work backward.
Guess and check.
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GO ON
10 FASHION Lauren went to a clothing store with $40. She bought
a shirt for $11.99 and paid with a 10-dollar bill and coins. What
coins did she use if she did not receive any change?
Answers will vary. Sample answer: 3 half-dollars, 1 quarter, 2 dimes, 4 pennies
Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
11 BUSINESS Noor has 5 dimes and 1 nickel. A permanent marker costs
65. A washable marker costs 52. Which marker can Noor buy?
the washable marker
12 Vera bought a toy for her little brother and paid the
cashier with a 20-dollar bill. The cashier gave Vera 32 in
change. If one of the coins that Vera got back is a quarter, what are
the other coins? How much did the toy cost?
The other coins are either 1 nickel and 2 pennies or 7 pennies.
The toy cost $19.68.
13
$1.75
14
$7.30
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Represent each amount with the least number of bills and coins
possible.
15 $17.32
one 10-dollar bill, one 5-dollar bill, two 1-dollar bills, 1 quarter, 1 nickel, 2 pennies.
16 $44.10
two 20-dollar bills, four 1-dollar bills, 1 dime
17 $10.97
one 10-dollar bill, 1 half-dollar, 1 quarter, 2 dimes, 2 pennies
18 $35.36
one 20-dollar bill, one 10-dollar bill, one 5-dollar bill, 1 quarter, 1 dime, 1 penny
Represent each amount with the greatest number of bills and coins
possible.
19 $0.99
99 pennies

20 75
75 pennies
Solve.
21 MONEY Asia buys gum that costs $1.49, including tax. She pays
with 9 coins. What coin combination did she use if she used the
least number of coins?

2 half-dollars, 1 quarter, 2 dimes, 4 pennies
22 BUSINESS Ginese earned the amount shown for delivering
newspapers last week. Write a decimal for the amount shown.
$12.94

sentence.
23 The lowest
denomination
of coins in our
money system is the penny.
24 When rounding to the nearest cent, you are rounding to the
hundredths
place.
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25 Writing in Math Corinne and Claudio each have 3 quarters.
Corinne says she has $0.75. Claudio gave an answer of $0.45. Who
is correct? Explain the error of the other student.
Corinne is correct. Claudio did not count correctly.

Spiral Review
26 CONSTRUCTION Janet uses
2

__

3
of a sheet of drywall to repair
3 holes of equal size. What fraction of a drywall sheet did she use
to repair each hole?

2

_

9

27 COOKING Domingo is baking a 2-tier cake for his moms birthday.
He uses
1

__

3
of a bag of sugar for both tiers. How much sugar did he
use for one tier of cake?

1

_

6
of a bag
Write each fraction in simplest form. (Lesson 2-5, p. 69)
28
3

___

15
=
1

_

5
29
12

___

18
=
2

_

3
30
48

___

80
=
3

_

5

Write the unit fraction that represents the shaded region. (Lesson 1-2 p. 11)
31 32

1

_

8

1

_

9

33 34

1

_

5

1

_

10

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Chapter
4
Write a decimal and equivalent fraction in simplest form. 3NS3.4, 4NS1.6
1 2
0.6 =
3

_

5

0.75 =
3

_

4

3 forty and ninety-one hundredths 4 two tenths
40.91; 40
91

_

100

0.2;
1

_

5

Write the amount shown. 2NS5.2
5 6
$0.62

$11.53
Represent each amount using the least number of bills and
coins possible. 2NS5.2
7 $16.34
one 10-dollar bill, one 5-dollar bill, one 1-dollar bill, 1 quarter, 1 nickel, 4 pennies
8 $22.88
one 20-dollar bill, two 1-dollar bills, 1 half-dollar, 1 quarter, 1 dime, 3 pennies
9 MONEY Brenda paid $36.25 for her groceries with 9 bills and
5 coins. What possible combinations of bills and coins could she
have used?
Sample answer: three 10-dollar bills, six 1-dollar bills, 5 nickels
10 FOOD At a party, 26 out of 50 deviled eggs and 13 out of 25 ham
sandwiches had been eaten. Write each amount as a decimal.
eggs, 0.52; ham sandwiches, 0.52
Lesson 4-3 Compare and Order Decimals 73
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Lesson
4-3
VOCABULARY
decimal
a number that can
(Lesson 4-1, p. 56)
KEY Concept
Compare and Order Decimals
To compare and order decimals , you can use a number line,
decimal models, or place value.
Compare 1.19 and 1.1 using a number line.
Numbers to the right are greater than numbers to the left.
1.19 is to the right of 1.1, so 1.19 > 1.1.
11 2 O.5
1.1 1.1O
1.5 O
Compare 0.3
and 0.14 using
models.

Zeros can be added
to the riqht ol the
last diqit without
chanqinq the value.
O.8 O.14
O.8 O.8O
More of the first grid is shaded, so 0.3 > 0.14.
Compare 2.73 and 2.37 using place value.
Line up the decimal
points. Compare
from left to right.
So, 2.73 > 2.37.
Practice all three methods for comparing decimals.
Example 1
Write 1.11, 1.21, and 0.13 in order from least to greatest. Check
your answer by graphing the decimals on a number line.
1. Compare the numbers two at a time.
1.11 and 1.21: The digits in the tenths places are different. 1.11 < 1.21
1.21 and 0.13: The digits in the ones places are different. 1.21 > 0.13
0.13 and 1.11: The digits in the ones places are different. 0.13 < 1.11
2. Write the numbers from least to greatest. 0.13, 1.11, 1.21
3. Check by graphing the decimals on a number line.
O
O.18 1.11 1.21
O.5 1 1.5
2.73
2.37
7 tenths is greater
than 3 tenths.
same
GO ON
on a number line decimals,
fractions, mixed numbers, and
6NS1.1 Compare and order positive
and negative fractions, decimals, and
mixed numbers and place them on a
number line.
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Example 2
Compare 1.12 and 1.2 using decimal
models. Write a statement using the
symbols <, =, or >.
1. Model each decimal.
2. Compare the shaded regions.

1.12 < 1.2
YOUR TURN!
Compare 1.5 and 1.45 using decimal
models. Write a statement using the
symbols <, =, or >.
1. Model each decimal.
2. Compare the shaded regions.

1.5 > 1.45
YOUR TURN!
Write 4.55, 4.15, and 5.14 in order from least to greatest. Check
your answer by graphing the decimals on a number line.
1. Compare the numbers two at a time.

4.55
and
4.15
: The digits in the
tenths
places are different.

4.55 > 4.15

4.15
and
5.14
: The digits in the
ones

4.15 < 5.14

5.14
and
4.55
: The digits in the
ones

5.14
>
4.55
2. Write the numbers from least to greatest.

4.15, 4.55, 5.14
3. Check by graphing the decimals on a number line.

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Example 3
Compare 18.45 and 18.46 using place
value. Write a statement using the
symbols <, =, or >.
1. Line up the decimal points. Start at the left.
Compare digit to digit until you find the
place where the numbers are different.
2.
3. Write a statement using an inequality
symbol.
18.45 < 18.46
18.45
18.46
5 < 6 5 hundredths is less
than 6 hundredths.
18.45
18.46
5 < 6 5 hundredths is less
than 6 hundredths.
YOUR TURN!
Compare 26.85 and 26.78 using place
value. Write a statement using the
symbols <, =, or >.
1. Line up the decimal points. Start at the
left. Compare digit to digit until you find
the place where the numbers are
different.
2. Tens place:
2 = 2
Ones place:
6 = 6
Tenths place:
8 > 7
3. Write a statement using an inequality
symbol.
26.85 > 26.78
Who is Correct?
Write 6.04, 1.6, and 6.4 in order from greatest to least.
Mason
1.6, 6.04, 6.4

Mateo
6.04, 6.4, 1.6

Lawana
6.4, 6.04, 1.6
Guided Practice
Write the numbers in order from least to greatest. Check your answer
by graphing the decimals on a number line.
1 5.6, 6.5, 5.06
5.06, 5.6, 6.5

2 0.6, 1.6, 0.60
0.06, 0.6, 1.6

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Compare each pair of decimals using models. Write <, =, or > in each
circle to make a true statement.
3 0.24 and 0.42 4 0.33 and 0.3
0.24 <

0.42 0.33 >

0.3
5 Compare 34.430 and 34.45. Write <, =, or > in the circle to
make a true statement.
Step 1 Line up the decimal points. Start at the left. Compare
digit to digit until you find the place where the numbers
are different.
Tens place:
3 = 3
Ones place:
4 = 4
Tenths place:
4 = 4
Hundredths place:
3 < 5

Step 2 Which place is different?
hundredths place

Step 3 Write the inequality.
34.430 < 34.45
34.43

0
34.45
34.43

0
34.45
Step
by
Step Practice
Write <, =, or > in each circle to make a true statement.
6 34.16 and 35.15
Which place is different?
ones place
34.16 < 35.15
7 1.03 < 1.13 8 0.55 > 0.5
9 72.340 < 72.430 10 17.80 > 17.180
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Solve.
11 SCIENCE In science class, students placed a seed in a
dish in a dark closet. They placed another seed the same
size in a dish on a window sill.
After 5 days, the seed in the light became a plant that was
1.73 centimeters tall. The seed in the dark became a plant
that was 0.91 centimeter tall. Which seed became the taller
plant?
After 5 days, the seed in the light became a plant
that was
1.73
centimeters tall.
The seed growing in the dark became a plant that
was
0.91
centimeter tall.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to use a graph.
Use a number line from 0 to 2.
Divide the number line from 0 to 1 into 10 equal
parts. Do the same between 1 and 2.

O.O1 1.78
2 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.G 1.7 1.8 1.O 1.1 1 O.O O.8 O.7 O.G O.5 O.4 O.8 O.2 O.1 O
Solve Plot 1.73 and 0.91 on the number line.
0.91
is closer to zero than
1.73
. 1.73 > 0.91.
The seed growing in the
light
became the taller plant.
Check You can use base-ten blocks to check your answer.
Step
by
12 TRAVEL Marcus can walk two different ways to get to his aunts
house. One way is 1.42 miles. The other route is 1.24 miles. Which
route is the shortest?
1.24-mile route

Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
GO ON
Use a graph.
Guess and check.
Work backward.
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13 TUTORING Esteban was tutoring Tammy. He made a decimal
model by drawing a square divided into ten strips. He shaded 3 of
the strips. What decimal did he model?
0.3
Explain how he
could model 0.25.
Sample answer: Esteban would need a decimal model with 100 squares.
He would shade 25 of the 100 squares.
14 You have used place value, base-ten blocks, and number
lines to compare and order decimals. How can you use
what you have learned to compare and order decimals with money
(dollars and cents)?
Money is represented with decimals. Dollars are the whole numbers, and the cents
amount is the fraction of the dollar or the numbers to the right of the decimal point.
Write <, =, or > in each circle to make a true statement. Check your
answer by graphing the decimals on a number line.
15 22.06 < 22.16
22
22.OG
28
22.1G
16 0.17 > 0.130
O.18O O.17
O.8 O O.1 O.2
Write the numbers in order from least to greatest. Check your
answers by graphing the decimals on a number line.
17 75.02, 75.20, 74.20 18 98.99, 100, 98.10
74 7G 75
75.2O 75.O2 74.2O

O7 1OO OO O8
O8.1O 1OO O8.OO
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GO ON
Compare each set of decimals using models. Write <, =, or > in each
circle to make a true statement.
19 0.52 < 0.56 20 0.07 < 0.45

21 45.38 < 45.89 22 5.04 < 5.1
23 0.62 > 0.26 24 65.13 > 6.51
25 234.95 < 236 26 890.74 > 890
27 3.28 < 3.82 28 0.91 < 0.99
Solve.
29 FITNESS Jamie started on a 3-times-a-week running program. On
Monday she ran 0.75 mile. On Tuesday she was able to run 0.72 mile.
Thursday she ran 1.04 miles. Order the days from the day Jamie ran
the longest distance to the day she ran the shortest distance.
Thursday, Monday, Tuesday

30 HOMEWORK Harrison studies 0.85 hour after school, 0.35 hour
after supper, and 0.5 hour after his favorite TV show. Order the
times Harrison spends studying from least to greatest.
0.35, 0.5, 0.85
31 TRANSPORTATION The chart shown at the right shows the
costs of subway, bus, and taxi trips from Ramonas apartment
to the county library. Order the costs from least to greatest.
$1.25, $1.95, $6.20

Transportion Cost
Subway $1.95
Bus $1.25
Taxi $6.20
Which choice is the least expensive?
bus
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sentence.
32 The first digit to the right of a decimal point is the
tenths
place. The second digit to the right is the
hundredths
place.
33 A(n)
decimal point
separates the whole number from the
fraction.
34 Writing in Math Explain how you would order 2.32, 2.23, and
2.22 on a number line. What process would you use to make the
number line? How would you label it? Now follow the procedures
you have written. Describe how to plot the points.
Descriptions will vary. Sample answer: Draw a number line from
2 to 3 and plot the decimals. Since 2.2 is farthest to the left with
2.23 next, 2.32 > 2.23 > 2.22.

Spiral Review
Solve. Write in simplest form. (Lesson 3-6, p. 34)
35 EARTH SCIENCE Bobbi was growing fungus in a Petri dish. On
Monday, the fungus grew
1

__

3
of its adult length. On Tuesday, it
grew
2

__

9
of its adult length. On Wednesday, the fungus reached its
adult length. How much did the fungus grow on Wednesday?

4

_

9
of its adult length
36 COMMUNITY SERVICE Terrance and Juan collected money to
donate to a charity. In the first week, they collected
15

___

24
of their goal.
What fraction represents how much more they want to collect?

9

_

24
=
3

_

8

Write each mixed number as an improper fraction. (Lesson 2-2, p. 44)
37 4
3

__

8
=

35

_

8

38 6
2

__

3
=

20

_

3

39 8
4

__

5
=

44

_

5

VOCABULARY
fraction
a number that represents
part of a whole or part of
a set
Examples:
1

__

2
,
1

__

3
,
1

__

4
,
3

__

4

(Lesson 1-1, p. 4)
decimal
a number that can
(Lesson 4-1, p. 56)
KEY Concept
Lesson 4-4 Compare and Order Fractions and Decimals 81
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Lesson
4-4
Fractions and decimals can be compared and ordered on a
number line.
On the number line, the values farthest to the left are the
lesser numbers. The values farthest to the right are the
greater numbers.
O.88 O.75
2 1
1
2
O
0 < 0.33 <
1

__

2

< 0.75 < 1
Fractions and decimals are easier to compare when you can
change the fractions into decimals, or the decimals into
fractions with common denominators.
Memorize the equivalent forms of common fractions and
decimals. This will make it easier to compare them.
Example 1
Order
3

_

4
, -0.6,
25

_

50
, and 0.34 from least to greatest. Graph the
numbers on a number line.
1. Change each decimal to a fraction. -0.6 =
-6

_

10
0.34 =
34

_

100

2. Rewrite the fractions to have common denominators.
The LCD of 4, 10, 50, and 100 is 100.

-6

_

10
=
-6 10

_

10 10
=
-60

_

100

3

_

4
=
3 25

_

4 25
=
75

_

100

25

_

50
=
25 2

_

50 2
=
50

_

100

3. Use the numerators to order the numbers. The fractions in order
from least to greatest are

-60

_

100
,
34

_

100
,
50

_

100
,
75

_

100
.
4. Graph the numbers on a number line.
O.84
O.5
-O.G
1 O
25
5O
-1 -O.5
8
4
GO ON
Compare and Order Fractions
and Decimals
on a number line decimals,
fractions, mixed numbers, and
6NS1.1 Compare and order positive
and negative fractions, decimals, and
mixed numbers and place them on a
number line.
by a drawing of parts of a figure;
represent a given fraction by using
drawings; and relate a fraction to a
simple decimal on a number line.
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YOUR TURN!
Order
2

_

5
, -0.9, 1
1

_

4
, and -1.82 from least to greatest. Graph the
numbers on a number line.
1. Change each decimal to a fraction.
-0.9 =

-9

_

10

-1.82 =
-1
82

_

100

2. Rewrite the fractions to have common denominators. The LCD is
100
.
2

__

5
=
2 20

_______

5 20
=
40

____

100

-9

___

10
=
-9 10

________

10 10
=
-
90

_____

100
1
1

__

4
= 1
25

____

100
-1.82 =
-1
82

____

100

3. The fractions in order from least to greatest are

-1
82

_

100

,

-90

_

100

,

40

_

100

,
1
25

_

100

.
4. Graph the numbers on a number line.
-1.82 -O.O
1 O -1
1
1
4
2
5
Example 2
Order 4, -3.62, 3
2

_

3
, 3.14 and -3.14 from
least to greatest.
1. Write 3
2

__

3
as a decimal. One way to find the
decimal for
2

__

3
is to divide the numerator
by the denominator.
2. With all the numbers in decimal form, line
up the decimal points.
3. Compare the digits in the ones places of the
positive numbers. 4 is the greatest number.
4. Compare the digits in the tenths places of the
remaining positive numbers. 3.67 > 3.14
5. Compare the digits in the ones places of the negative numbers.
They are the same.
6. Compare the digits in the tenths places of the negative numbers. -3.62 < -3.14
7. Write all of the numbers from least to greatest.
-3.62, -3.14, 3.14, 3.67, 4 or -3.62, -3.14, 3.14, 3
2

__

3
, 4
Notice that the
decimal does not
end, or terminate.
In this case, round
to the nearest
hundredth.
So,
2

__

3
0.67 in
decimal form.
.666

2

_

3
= 3
2.0
-18

2 0
-1 8

2 0
-1 8

2
Notice that the
decimal does not
end, or terminate.
In this case, round
to the nearest
hundredth.
So,
2

__

3
0.67 in
decimal form.
.666

2

_

3
= 3
2.0
-18

2 0
-1 8

2 0
-1 8

2
4.0
-3.62
3.67
-3.14
3.14
4.0
-3.62
3.67
-3.14
3.14
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YOUR TURN!
Order -2
1

_

3
, 2.78, -2
3

_

4
, 2
3

_

4
, and 3.05 from least to greatest.
1. Write
-2
1

_

3

,
-2
3

_

4

, and
2
3

_

4

as decimals.
2. With all of the numbers in decimal form, line up the decimal
points. Then compare them using place value.
-2.33
2.78
-2.75
2.75
3.05
3. Compare the digits in the ones places of the positive numbers.
3.05
is the greatest number.
4. Compare the digits in the tenths places of the remaining
positive numbers.
They are the same.

5. Compare the digits in the hundredths places of the remaining
positive numbers.
2.78
>
2.75
6. Compare the digits in the ones places of the negative
numbers.
They are the same.

7. Compare the digits in the tenths places of the negative
numbers.
-2.75
<
-2.33
8. Write all of the numbers from least to greatest.
-2
3

_

4
, -2
1

_

3
, 2
3

_

4
, 2.78, 3.05

-2
1

_

3

-2.33
-2
3

_

4
=
-2.75
2
3

_

4
=
2.75
-2
1

_

3

-2.33
-2
3

_

4
=
-2.75
2
3

_

4
=
2.75
Who is Correct?
Write -4, 4.6, and -4
1

_

5
in order from least to greatest.
Opal
-4.2, -4, 4.6

Prem
-4
1

_

5
, -4, 4.6

Gigi
-4
20

_

100
, -4, 4
60

_

100

Guided Practice
Order the numbers by graphing them on a number line.
1 0.33, 0.25, 1.50, -0.10 2 0.01, 0.7, 0.875, 1.20

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3 Order
5

__

5
, -0.75,
4

__

6
, and 0.47 from least to greatest.
Step 1 Change each decimal into a fraction with a denominator
of 100.
-0.75 = -
75

______

100
0.47 =
47

______

100

Step 2 Simplify.
4

__

6
=
2

__

3
. The decimal form of
2

__

3
, to the nearest
hundredth, is
0.67
. Written as a fraction with a
denominator of 100, it is
67

_____

100
.
Step 3
5

__

5
= 1 or
100

______

100
. Compare these fractions with a
denominator of 100 by comparing their numerators.

-75
<
47
<
67
<
100

Step 4 Write the numbers from least to greatest.

-0.75
,
0.47
,

4

_

6

,

5

_

5

.
Step 5 Graph the numbers on a number
line to verify their order.
-O.75
hotice that -O.75 is the larthest on
the lelt, so it is the least value.
O.47
1 O -1
4
G
5
5 -O.75
hotice that -O.75 is the larthest on
the lelt, so it is the least value.
O.47
1 O -1
4
G
5
5
Step
by
Step Practice
4 Order -
1

__

3
, 1
1

__

2
, 0.07 from least to greatest. Graph the numbers on a
number line.
-
1

__

3
= -
33

______

100
0.07 =
7

______

100
1
1

__

2
=
150

________

100

-
1

_

3

<
0.07
<
1
1

_

2

Change all decimals to fractions. Then order the numbers from least
to greatest. Graph the numbers on a number line.
5 -0.67, -0.75, -
1

__
2

-0.75, -0.67, -
1

_

2

-O.5 -O.75
-O.G7 -1 O
6
4

__

2
, 0.25,
8

___

10

0.25,
8

_

10
,
4

_

2

O.25
O 1.G 1.8 1.4 1.2 O.8 O.G O.4 O.2 2 1
8
1O
4
2
O.O7
1 O -1
1
1
2
1
-
8 O.O7
1 O -1
1
1
2
1
-
8
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7 0.20,
1

__

8
, -
1

__

4

-
25

_

100
<
125

_

1000
<
20

_

100
or -
1

_

4
,
1

_

8
, 0.20
o
Order the numbers from least to greatest.
8 0.82, -
8

___

10
, 1.89
-
8

_

10

,
0.82
,
1.89
9 -2.1, -2
1

__

5
, 2.02
-2
1

_

5

,
-2.1
,
2.02
10
3

__

4
, -0.72, 0.79
-0.72
,

3

_

4

,
0.79
11 1
5

__

8
, -1
1

__

8
, 1
-1
1

_

8

,
1
,
1
5

_

8

Solve.
12 FOOD The cafeteria served pizzas of equal size at lunch.
Jorge ate
2

__

7
of one pizza. Flor ate
2

__

8
of another, and Nell ate
0.50 of another. Who ate the most? Who ate the least?
Jorge ate

2

_

7

, Flor ate

2

_

8

, and Nell ate

0.50
of equal-sized pizzas.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to use logical
reasoning.
Solve 0.50 is
5

______

10
of a pizza. That is half.

2

__

8
=
1

______

4
. This is
less
than half.

2

__

7
and
2

__

8
have the same
numerator
.
It represents the same number of pieces.
If a pizza is cut in 8 pieces, then the pieces
will be
smaller
than a pizza
cut into 7 pieces.

2

______

8
<
2

______

7
< 0.50
What conclusions can you make?
So
Nell
ate the most pizza and
Flor
ate the least.
Step
by
Draw a diagram.

Work backward.
Act it out.
GO ON
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13 ART There are three paintings at the museum. The first painting
is 0.78 yard long. The second painting is
3

__

4
yard long. The third
painting is
7

__

8
yard long. Order the lengths of the paintings from
greatest to least.

7

_

8
yd, 0.78 yd,
3

_

4
yd

Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
14 NUMBER SENSE Jeanine is putting the numbers -0.67,
2

____

100
, -
3

__

4
,
-3, 0.625 in order on a number line. From left to right, how will the
numbers be ordered?
-3, -
3

_

4
, -0.67, 0.625, 0.02
15 Sometimes you have to put numbers in the same form in
order to compare them. At other times you do not need
to place them in the same form. Give reasons for each.
See TWE margin.

Order the numbers from least to greatest on a number line.
16 -
9

___

10
, -1.33, -
1

__

3
,
1

__

5
17 2.01, -
3

___

10
,
2

__

4
, 0.08
-1.88
1 O -1
1
5
1
8
-
O
1O
-

2.O1 O.O8
1 O -1 2
2
4
8
1O
-
18 -1, 0.25, -0.06,
2

__

5

-
100

_

100
< -
6

_

100
<
25

_

100
<
40

_

100
or -1, -0.06, 0.25,
2

_

5

19
3

__

2
, 2, 0.67,
3

__

4

67

_

100
<
75

_

100
<
150

_

100
<
200

_

100
or 0.67,
3

_

4
,
3

_

2
, 2
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Order the numbers from greatest to least.
20
4

__

3
, 1,
2

__

6
, 0.20
4

_

3
, 1,
2

_

6
, 0.20
21 -
1

__

6
, -0.50, -0.05, -
1

__

5

-0.05, -
1

_

6
, -
1

_

5
, -0.50
Solve.
22 GEOGRAPHY On a map, Conntown is
3

__

4
inch from Maple City.
Bonny Village is 0.80 inch from Maple City. Quintin is 0.67 inches
from Maple City. Which town is farthest from Maple City? Which
is closest?
Bonny Village is farthest, and Quintin is closest.
sentence.
23 A number that can represent a whole number and a fraction is a(n)
decimal
.
24 A(n)
fraction
represents part of a whole or part of
a set.
25 Writing in Math Explain how to order negative numbers.
See TWE margin.
Spiral Review
Write a decimal for the amount shown. (Lesson 4-2. p. 63)
26 27
$1.40

$14.60
28 BUSINESS In December, a local gift shop has
4

___

10
of its yearly
sales. In May, the same gift shop has
1

__

5
of its sales. How much
more of the shops sales are done during December than May?
(Lesson 3-6. p. 34)
1
_

5

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Chapter
4
Compare each pair of decimals using models. Write <, =, or > in each
circle to make a true statement. 5NS1.5, 6NS1.1
1 0.23 <

0.32 2 1.01 <

1.10

Compare each pair of decimals using place value. Write <, =, or > in
each circle to make a true statement. 5NS1.5, 6NS1.1
3 41.5 >

41.05 4 3.33 <

3.67
answer by placing the decimals on a number line. 5NS1.5, 6NS1.1
5 0.73 >

0.37 6 11.13 >

11.03

Order the numbers from least to greatest. 5NS1.5, 6NS1.1
7 -
3

__

5
, -0.25, -
7

__

8
, -
3

__

3

-
3

_

3
, -
7

_

8
, -
3

_

5
, - 0.25
8 0.125, 2.06,
8

__

7
,
1

__

3

-
1

_

3
, - 0.125,
8

_

7
, 2.06
9 FITNESS Before lunch Nicki walks 0.33 mile. After lunch she
walks another
1

__

5
mile. Did she walk farther before or after lunch?
before lunch
10 BUSINESS A gift shop sold
3

__

4
of their picture frames last
month. If their goal was to sell at least 75% of their picture frames,
did they meet their goal? Explain.
Yes; when you change
3

_

4
to a decimal, it is 0.75, which is 75%.
Lesson 4-5 Add Decimals 89
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Lesson
4-5
VOCABULARY
tenths
the first decimal place to
the right of the decimal
point; one of ten equal
parts or
1

___

10

the tenths place. (Lesson
4-1, p. 56)
hundredths
point; one of one hundred
equal parts
Example: In 4.57, 7 is
in the hundredths
place. (Lesson 4-1, p. 56)
KEY Concept
Add Decimals
You can use models to add decimals.
Each row or column Each square represents one
represents one tenth hundredth or 0.01.
or 0.1.

10 tenths can be regrouped 10 hundredths can be
for one whole. regrouped for one tenth.

One whole 10-by-10 grid represents 1 or 1.0.
Example 1
Add 0.2 + 0.7.
1. Write the addends in
vertical format. Line up
the decimal points.

0.2

+ 0.7

0.9
2. Add each column.
3. Write a decimal point in the sum.
YOUR TURN!
Add 0.4 + 0.3.
1. Write the addends in
vertical format.
2. Add each column.
3. Write a decimal point
in the sum.

0.4

+
0.3

0.7

0.4

+
0.3

0.7
Another way to add decimals is to write the numbers vertically. Line
up the decimal points. Then add as with whole numbers. Bring the
decimal point directly down to the sum.
GO ON
4NS2.0 Students extend their use and understanding of whole numbers
to the addition and subtraction of simple decimals.
5NS2.0 Students perform calculations and solve problems involving
addition, subtraction, and simple multiplication and division of fractions and
decimals.
5NS2.1 Add, subtract, multiply, and
divide with decimals; add with negative
integers; subtract positive integers from
negative integers; and verify the
reasonableness of the results.
divide rational numbers and take
positive rational numbers to whole-
number powers.
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Example 2
Find 2.53 + 0.07 using decimal models. Circle any regrouping.
1. Model each
number.
2.58 O.O7
2. Combine the
models. Regroup
10 hundredths
as 1 tenth.
3. Write the
sum as a
decimal.

2.53 + 0.07 = 2.6
1O hundredths 1O hundredths
YOUR TURN!
Find 1.62 + 0.39 using decimal models. Circle any regrouping.
1. Model each number.

1.62 0.39
2. Combine the models. Regroup
10 hundredths as 1 tenth.
3. Regroup 10 tenths as 1.

1.62 + 0.39 =
2.01


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Who is Correct?
Find the sum of 54.68 and 13.7.
Lok

54.68

+ 13.7

560.5

Monsa

54.68

13.7

749.116

Lawson
54.68
+ 13.7
68.38
GO ON
Example 3
1. Write the addends vertically. Line up the decimal points.
Add a zero here so
the place values
line up.
Reqrou ten 1s
as one 1O.
1
1 4. 1 7
+ 8. 3 0
2 2. 4 7
2. Bring down the decimal point to the same place in the sum.
3. Add columns from right to left.
4. The sum of 14.17 and 8.3 is 22.47.
YOUR TURN!
3 6. 8 0
+ 9. 5 2
4 6. 3 2
3. Add from right to left.
The sum of 36.83 and 9.52 is
46.32
.
YOUR TURN!
3 6. 8 0
+ 9. 5 2
4 6. 3 2
3. Add from right to left.
The sum of 36.83 and 9.52 is
46.32
.
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Guided Practice
Add using decimal models.
1 1.45 + 0.75 =
2.20

2 0.03 + 0.51 =
0.54

3 Find the sum of 73.66 and 32.05.
Step 1 Write the addends vertically. Line up the
decimal points.
Step 2 Bring down the decimal point to the same
place in the sum.
Step 3 Add.

7

3
.
6

6
+
3

2
.
0

5

1

0

5
.
7

1
Place the decimal here.

7

3
.
6

6
+
3

2
.
0

5

1

0

5
.
7

1
Step
by
Step Practice
Find each sum.
4 1.1 + 0.17 =
1.27
5

22.03

+ 0.54
6

3.20

+ 9.11
7

78.3

+ 67.18

22.57 12.31 145.48
8

44.4

+ 3.53
9

23.02

+ 79.34
10

5.92

+ 58.24

47.93 102.36 64.16
1
.
1

0
+
0
.
1

7
1
.
2

7
1
.
1

0
+
0
.
1

7
1
.
2

7
Write a zero as a
placeholder.
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Solve.
11 BANKING Rhyan is saving for college. She had $101.82
in her savings account. She earned $55.15 one week and
$43.89 the next. Rhyan put all the money that she earned
into her savings account. How much does she have now?
Rhyan had
$101.82
in her account. She
deposited
$55.15
and
$43.89
into the
account.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to solve a simpler
problem.
Add the numbers two at time.
Solve Add the amounts she earned in two weeks:
$55.15
+
$43.89
=
$99.04
Add the amount she earned to the amount already
in the bank to find the total amount.

$99.04
+
$101.82
=
$200.86
Check Did you answer the question? You can check your
answer by adding the three numbers in a different
order.
Step
by
12 BUSINESS Marcos has a business mowing lawns in the summer.
He mowed four lawns last week. He made $25, $15.50, $21.75 and
$18.75 for the lawns. What were his weekly total earnings?
$81
Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
Draw a diagram.
Act it out.
Guess and check.

GO ON
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13 TRAVEL Corbin rode his bike 1.17 miles to visit a friend. He rode
it 0.68 mile to the school on the way home and then went another
2.23 miles to the library. The distance he rode home from the
library was 0.43 mile. How far did he ride altogether?
4.51 miles
14 How is adding decimals like adding whole numbers?
How is adding decimals different from adding whole
numbers?
Sample answer: It is the same in that after you line up the place values, you
add the columns from right to left just as you would add whole numbers.
The difference is that the decimal point is placed in the sum.
Add using decimal models.
15 1.2 + 0.03 =
1.23
16 3.64 + 1.07 =
4.71

Find each sum.
17 44.18 18 11.92
+ 89.13 + 0.29

133.31

12.21
19 10.19 20 92.46
55.78 + 55.14
+ 13.44
147.60

79.41
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21 0.06 + 0.17 =
0.23
22 11.03 + 4.5 =
15.53

23 17.6 + 8.07 =
25.67
24 4.67 + 3.6 =
8.27

25 23.89 + 45.23 =
69.12
26 33.01 + 5.1 =
38.11

27 3.06 + 5.9 =
8.96
28 7.02 + 12.8 =
19.82

29

15.76

32.04

+ 8.5

30

3.77

28.44

+ 11.03

56.30 43.24
31

152.9

65.08

+ 3.0

32

137.4

73.09

+ 8.0

220.98 218.49
Solve.
33 PHYSICS Aida and Kraig conducted an experiment using ramps.
One ramp was 16.83 centimeters long. The other ramp was
5.6 centimeters long. They decided to put the two ramps
together. How long was the combined ramp?
22.43 cm
34 EARTH SCIENCE In a science experiment, the angle of the
sunshine coming through the window was measured monthly. In
the first month, the angle measured 38.2 degrees. The next month,
the angle increased by 21.03 degrees. The month after that, the
angle increased 45.78 degrees. What was the total measure of
the angle after the third month?
105.01 degrees
88.2
21.O8
45.78
35 FAMILY Clarence receives $9.25 each day he dog-sits for his
neighbor. If he dog-sits 5 days, how much will he earn?
$46.25
GO ON
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sentence.
36 A(n)
decimal
is a number that can represent whole
numbers and fractions.
37 When you add decimals, the first thing you do is line up the
decimal points
.
38 Writing in Math Ethan wrote the equation:
8.9 + 14.03 = 23.2. How would you correct his mistake?
The answer should be 22.93. Ethan did not line up the place values correctly
for 14.03. He mistakenly used 14.3.
Spiral Review
answer by placing the decimals on a number line. (Lesson 4-3, p. 73)
39 12.06 < 12.16 40 0.08 < 0.80

41 FOOD Petes Pizza Place made 7 pizzas. Each serving
is
1

__

8
of a pizza. How many servings were there in the
7 pizzas?
56

42 FOOD Paquito is trying to split
1

__

2
of a pizza evenly between
himself and his parents. How much of the pizza will each person
get? Use a diagram to justify your answer.
1
_

6

Divide a figure into halves and shade
1 part. Then divide that part into
thirds. Each person gets
1

_

6
.
Lesson 4-6 Subtract Decimals 97
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Lesson
4-6
VOCABULARY
regroup
to use place value to
exchange equal amounts
when renaming a number
Example: 12 ones = 1
ten 2 ones
difference
the answer or result of a
subtraction problem
KEY Concept
Subtract Decimals
Decimal models can be used to subtract decimals .

Another way to subtract decimals is to write the numbers
vertically to line up the decimal points. Subtract the numbers
as you would with whole numbers. Bring the decimal point
directly down to the difference.
7.29 - 2.65 =

7.29 - 2.65 = 4.64
-
6 12
7. 2 9
2. 6 5
4. 6 4
-
6 12
7. 2 9
2. 6 5
4. 6 4
You cannot subtract
6 tenths from 2
tenths. Regroup 1,
which equals 10
tenths. Take 1 from
ones place and add
10 to the tenths place.
When subtracting decimals, remember to add zeros as needed
so that both numbers have the same place value.
Example 1
Find 1.77 0.9 using decimal models.
1. Model 1.77.
2. You need to take away 9 tenths, but there are not
9 rods in the model. Regroup. Separate the one
whole into 10 tenths.
3. Subtract 0.9 or 9 tenths. The remaining
blocks represent the difference.
4. The model of the difference has 8 tenths
rods and 7 hundredths blocks. The
difference is 0.87.
1.77 - 0.9 = 0.87

GO ON
4NS2.0 Students extend their
use and understanding of
whole numbers to the addition
and subtraction of simple decimals.
5NS2.0 Students perform calculations
and solve problems involving
addition, subtraction, and simple
and decimals.
divide with decimals; add with
negative integers; subtract positive
integers from negative integers; and
verify the reasonableness of the results.
divide rational numbers and take
positive rational numbers to whole-
number powers.
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YOUR TURN!
Find 1.43 - 0.28 using decimal models.
1. Model 1.43.
1.43
2. You need to take away
8
hundredths units. Do you need
to regroup?
yes

Replace
1
tenths rod with
10
hundredths units.
3. Subtract
0.28
. The remaining blocks represent the difference.

4. The model of the difference has
1
whole square,
1

rod, and
5
units. The difference is
1.15
.
1.43 - 0.28 =
1.15
Example 2
Find 47.13 - 29.7.
1. Write the numbers
vertically. Line up
the decimal points.
2. Bring down the decimal
point to the same
place in the difference.
3. Subtract the
hundredths column.
4. You need to regroup to subtract the tenths
column. Take one 1 and replace it with 10
tenths.
5. You need to regroup to subtract 9 from 6.
Take one 10 and replace it with ten 1s.
6. Subtract the tens column.
-
3 16 11
4 7. 1 3
2 9. 7 0
1 7. 4 3
-
3 16 11
4 7. 1 3
2 9. 7 0
1 7. 4 3
YOUR TURN!
Find 72.40 - 59.65.
1. Write the numbers
vertically. Line up the
decimal points.
2. Bring down the decimal
point to the same place
in the difference.
3. Subtract the hundredths column.
Do you need to regroup?
yes
4. Subtract the tenths column. Do you
need to regroup?
yes
5. Subtract the ones column. Do you
need to regroup?
yes
6. Subtract the tens column.
-
6 11 13 10
7 2. 4 0
5 9. 6 5
1 2. 7 5
-
6 11 13 10
7 2. 4 0
5 9. 6 5
1 2. 7 5
Add a zero so
that the number
of place values is
the same.
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Who is Correct?
Find 20.57 - 16.98.
Dory

20.57

- 16.98

3.59

Theresa

2057

- 1698

0.0359

Gabriel

20.57

- 16.98

4.59
19
1
4
1
\ \ \
19
1
4
\ \ \
1
1
4
1
\ \
Guided Practice
Subtract using decimal models.
1 2.03 - 0.14 =
1.89
2 1.19 - 1.05 =
0.14

3 0.67 - 0.29 =
0.38
4 0.71 - 0.56 =
0.15

GO ON
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5 Find 121.09 - 85.6.
Step 1 Write the numbers vertically. Line up the decimal
points. Add any zeros to line up place values.
Step 2 Bring down the decimal point to the same place
in the difference.
Step 3 Subtract the hundredths column.
no
Step 4 Subtract the tenths column.
yes

Step 5 Subtract the ones column.
yes

Step 6 Subtract the tens column.
yes

1

2

1
.
0

9

-

8

5
.
6

0

3

5
.
4

9

1

2

1
.
0

9

-

8

5
.
6

0

3

5
.
4

9
Step
by
Step Practice
Subtract.
6

0.33

- 0.09
7

19.77

-3.65
8

14

- 3.78

0.24 16.12 10.22
9

2.06

- .45
10 11
1.61 $23.77 $1.99
0
.
3

3
-

0
.
0

9
0
.
2

4
0
.
3

3
-

0
.
0

9
0
.
2

4
$42.75
- $18.98
$42.75
- $18.98
$13.25
- $11.26
$13.25
- $11.26
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12 GIFTS Ivan received $20 from his grandmother for his
birthday. He spent $5.13 on trading cards and $2.98 on a
book. He then gave $5 to his brother for helping him clean
the garage and put the rest of the money into his savings
account. How much of the $20 did Ivan save?
Ivan has
$20
. He spent $
5.13
, $
2.98
,
and $
5.00
, and then saved the rest.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is
to work backward.
You can begin with $20.
Subtract each of the three
amounts he spent. The final
difference is the amount
he saves.
Solve Fill in the blanks to find the amount he saved.
Ivan saved
$6.89
Check Check your answer by adding the amount he spent
to the amount saved. The total should be $20.

$20
-
$5.13
=
$14.87
birthday money trading cards money left

$14.87
-
$2.98
=
$11.89
money left book money left

$11.89
-
$5
=
$6.89
money left money to brother savings

$20
-
$5.13
=
$14.87
birthday money trading cards money left

$14.87
-
$2.98
=
$11.89
money left book money left

$11.89
-
$5
=
$6.89
money left money to brother savings
Step
by
13 GARDENING Samili grows tomatoes. She cans them in the
summer to use during the winter. She started with 10.25 pounds of
tomatoes. She canned 1.75 pounds, 2.13 pounds, and 1.98 pounds.
How many pounds of tomatoes did she not can?
4.39 lb
Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
14 COMMUNITY SERVICE Ian and Tito participated in a walk-a-thon
to raise money for charity. Together, they walked a total of
33.08 miles. Their goal was 20.5 miles. How much farther than their
goal did they walk?
12.58 miles
Draw a diagram.
Act it out.
Work backward.
GO ON
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15 Write a few sentences for a student who was absent from
class explaining how to decide whether you have to
regroup when subtracting decimals.
Sample answer: After the numbers are written vertically, look at each column
of numbers. If the second number in the column is greater than the first
number, then you have to regroup.
Subtract using decimal models.
16 1.11 - .99 =
.12
17 2.13 - 0.03 =
2.10
Subtract.
18

1.0

- 0.73
19

14.89

- 0.7
20

88.06

- 1.75
21

20.96

- 11.21

0.27 14.19 86.31 9.75
22 0.17 - 0.06 =
0.11
23 11.03 - 4.5 =
6.53
24 17.6 - 8.07 =
9.53
25 25.4 - 7.98 =
17.42
Solve.
26 CIVICS In a local election, one candidate received
24.85 percent of the vote. Another candidate received
33.13 percent. What percent more votes did the second
candidate receive than the first?
8.28
27 FOOD The cafeteria had 36 cups of flour at the beginning of the
week. One day 10.33 cups of flour were used, and another day
5.25 cups were used. On Friday, the chef wanted to make a recipe
that needed 16.75 cups of flour. Did she have enough?
yes

If so, how much flour was left at the end of the day on Friday?
3.67 cups
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28 ENGINEERING An engineer designed a machine that weighed
2.75 tons. The owner of the factory that will use the machine
wanted it to weigh 0.06 ton less. How many tons did the owner
want the machine to weigh?
2.69 tons

sentence.
29 When you
regroup
, you exchange equal amounts to
rename a number.
30 The answer to a subtraction problem is called the
difference
.
31 Writing in Math Write about a real-life situation in which you
would subtract decimals.
Answers will vary. Sample answer: making a withdrawal from a bank account

Spiral Review
32 SCIENCE A compound contains 0.08 liter of acid, 1.16 liters of water,
and 0.78 liter base. How many total liters are in the compound?
2.02 L
33 ASTRONOMY A comet traveled across the sky 0.16 million miles
from Earth. Five years later the same comet was 0.07 million
miles farther from Earth. How far was the comet from Earth the
second time?
0.23 million miles
Add. Write the sum in simplest form. (Lesson 3-5, p. 28)
34
4

___

10
+
6

____

100
=
23

_

50
35
7

___

12
+
10

___

24
=
24

_

24
= 1 36
3

___

16
+
1

__

4
=
7

_

16

Divide. Write the quotient in simplest form. (Lesson 3-4, p. 21)
37
1

__

2

2

__

3
=
3

_

4
38
3

__

8

1

__

3
=
9

_

8
39
5

___

12

2

__

7
=
35

_

24

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Chapter
4
Add using decimal models. 4NS2.0, 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
1 0.07 + 0.94 =
1.01
2 0.11 + 1.03 =
1.14
Add. 4NS2.0, 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
3 4.95 + 56.03 =
60.98
4 13.07 + 0.29 =
13.36

5 6.92 + 11.08 =
18
6 24.85 + 4.76 =
29.61
Subtract using decimal models. 4NS2.0, 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
7 0.17 - 0.10 =
0.07
8 1.03 - 0.2 =
0.83

Subtract. 4NS2.0, 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
9 48.09 - 10.7 =
37.39
10 8.11 - 0.73 =
7.38
11 78.03 - 19.5 =
58.53
12 34.13 - 6.89 =
27.24
Solve. 4NS2.0, 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
13 ART A fifth-grade class is making a mural. Three groups of
students are creating different parts of the mural. Then the three
parts will be combined to make the mural. One group makes a piece
3.50 yards long. The other two groups make pieces that are each 4.22
yards long. How long will the mural be?
11.94 yards
14 MONEY Sharika and her friend set up lemonade stands at
opposite sides of the neighborhood. Sharika made $43.12. Her
friend made $36.83. How much more did Sharika make?
$6.29
Lesson 4-7 Multiply Decimals 105
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Lesson
4-7
VOCABULARY
factor
a number that divides
into a whole number
evenly; also a number
that is multiplied by
another number
Example: 5 and 7 are
factors of 35.
(Lesson 3-3, p. 15)
product
the answer or result of a
multiplication problem
exponent
a number that indicates
how many times a
number or expression is
to be multiplied by itself
Example: In the equation
3
2
= 9, the exponent is 2.
KEY Concept
Multiply Decimals
To multiply decimals , multiply the numbers as if they were
whole numbers. Then place the decimal point in the product .

336

22

672

+ 6720

7392
Add the number of decimal places in each factor . This is the
number of decimal places that needs to be in the product.
0.7 3 9 2

Count left 4 places.
The product of 3.36 and 0.22 is 0.7392.
When a number is raised to a power, you must count the
decimal places in all of the factors.
1. 2
2
= 1.2 1.2 = 1.44 1. 2
3
= 1.2 1.2 1.2 = 1.728
Count 2 decimal places. Count 3 decimal places.
Count the number of places to the right
of the decimal point in each factor.
3. 3 6 0. 2 2

2 places 2 places
Begin on the right side.

Unlike adding and subtracting decimals, you cannot place the
decimal point in the answer until the last step.
Example 1
Find 7.53 0.7.
1. Multiply the factors, ignoring the decimal points for now. 753 7 = 5271
2. Begin to the right of each factor. Count the number of
places from the right to the decimal point.
3. Add the number of decimal places for both factors. 2 + 1 = 3
4. Begin to the right of the product. Count left 3 places. Place the
decimal point there.
5. The product is 5.271. 7.53 0.7 = 5.271
7.5 3 0.7
2 places 1 place
5.2 7 1
3 places
7.5 3 0.7
2 places 1 place
5.2 7 1
3 places
GO ON
5NS2.0 Students perform calculations and solve problems
involving addition, subtraction, and simple multiplication and
7NS1.2 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers (integers,
fractions, and terminating decimals)
and take positive rational numbers to
verify the reasonableness of the results.
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Example 2
Find 1,647 0.09.
1. Multiply the factors, ignoring the decimal points for now. 1647 9 = 14823
2. Begin to the right of each factor. Count the number of
places from the right to the decimal point.
1647. 0.09

0 places 2 places
3. Add the number of decimal places for both factors. 0 + 2 = 2
4. Begin to the right of the product. Count left 2 places.
Place the decimal point there.
5. The product is 148.23 1,647 0.09 = 148.23
YOUR TURN!
Find 22.86 0.05.
1. Multiply the factors, ignoring the decimal points for now.

2286

5
=
11430
2. For each factor, count the number of places from the right to the
decimal point.
3. Add the number of decimal places for both factors.
2
+
2
=
4
4. Begin to the right of the product. Count left
4
places.
5. The product is
1.1430
. 22.86 0.05 =
1.143
YOUR TURN!
Find 92 0.7.
1. Multiply the factors, ignoring the decimal points for now.

92

7
=
644
2. For each factor, count the number of places from the right to the
decimal point.
3. Add the number of decimal places for both factors.
0
+
1
=
1
1
place.
5. The product is
64.4
. 92 0.7 =
64.4
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Who is Correct?
Multiply 3.16 0.02.
Abir

3.16

x 0.02

622

0.0622
Gracie

3.16

x 0.02

632

0.0632
Teo

3.16

x 0.02

632

0.632
Guided Practice
Multiply.
1 0.03 7.0 =
0.21
2 10.19 0.4 =
4.076

0.03

7.0

0.21
2
decimal places
0
decimal places
2
decimal places

10.19

0.4

4.076
2
decimal places
1
decimal places
3
decimal places
Example 3
Find 5 1. 4
2
.
1. Simplify the factor with the exponent first.
1.4 1.4 = 1.96 1.4

has 1 decimal place.
1.4 has 1 decimal place.
So the product will have 2 decimal places.
2. Multiply, ignoring the decimal point for
now. 5 196 = 980
3. 1.96

has 2 decimal places.
5 has 0 decimal places.
2 places. The product is 9.8
5 1. 4
2
= 9.8
YOUR TURN!
Multiply 8 0. 6
2
.
1. Simplify the factor with the exponent
first.

0.6

0.6
=
0.36
2. Multiply, ignoring the decimal point for
now.
8

36
=
288
3.
0.36
8
4. Begin to the right of the product. Count
left 2 places. The product is 2.88.
8 0. 6
2
=
2.88
You can omit
the lnal O in the
roduct.
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3 Find 223.01 11.9.
Step 1 Multiply the factors, ignoring the decimals.
Step 2 Begin at the right. Count the number of decimal places in
both factors.
Step 3 Begin at the right of the product. Move left
3

places.

2

2

3

.

0

1

2
decimal places

1

1

.

9

1
decimal place

2

6

5

3

.

8

1

9
223.01 11.9 =
2,653.819
Step
by
Step Practice
Multiply.
4 10.1 4.0

1

0

.

1

4

.

0

4

0

.

4
5 1.03 7.89 =
8.1267
6 43.01 11.1 =
477.411

7 77.55 0.03 =
2.3265
8 83.2 5.09 =
423.488

9 2.5 1. 3
2
=
4.225
10 9.1 3. 5
2
=
111.475
11 2
2
5
2
=
100
12 3
2
4
2
=
144

13 5 1.2
2
=
7.2
14 6 2.1
3
=
55.566
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Solve.
15 MONEY Evita is saving change to buy bottled water after
gymnastics class for herself and two of her friends. The
water costs $0.75. How many quarters will Evita need?
Evita needs
3
times
$0.75
to buy
water for herself and her friends.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to use logical
reasoning.
Read the problem. You can find how much money
she needs by multiplying.
Then figure out how many quarters make up the
amount.
Solve Multiply to find how much money she needs.

3

0.75
=
$2.25
A quarter is $0.25. Four quarters equal $1. Eight
quarters equal $2. So, $2.25 will be
8

quarters plus
1
more, or
9

quarters.
Check Does the answer make sense? Think about the
problem a different way. Each bottle costs 3
quarters. Three bottles cost 9 quarters.
Step
by
16 BABY-SITTING Chloe charges $5.75 an hour to baby-sit. She
baby-sat last night for 3.25 hours. How much did she earn? Round
to the nearest cent if necessary.
$18.69

UNDERSTAND
Plan
Solve
Check
To round to the nearest cent, look at the
place to the right of the hundredths
place in the product. If the digit is 5
or above, round up. If the digit is less
than 5, the digit to be rounded stays
the same.
To round to the nearest cent, look at the
place to the right of the hundredths
place in the product. If the digit is 5
or above, round up. If the digit is less
than 5, the digit to be rounded stays
the same.
GO ON
Draw a diagram.

Act it out.
Work backward.
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17 EARTH SCIENCE Lamar is growing a plant in botany class. He
finds that when he keeps the living conditions the same, the plant
grows 0.35 centimeters each week. How much will it grow in 3.5
weeks if Lamar continues to keep the living conditions the same?
1.225 cm
18 Explain the final step in multiplying decimals.
Count the number of decimal places in the factors.
Place that number of decimal places in the product.
Multiply.
19 0.05 80 =
4
20 3.6 7.4 =
27.4456

0.05

80

4.00
2
decimal places
0
decimal places
2
decimal places

3.6

7.4

26.64
1
decimal places
1
decimal places
2
decimal places
21

0.007

2.13
22

0.009

4.23
23

0.06

11.3

0.01491

0.03807 0.678
24

19.8

0.6
25

10.19

3.3
26

36.1

1.9

11.88

33.627

68.59
27

0.15

0.23
28

0.32

0.16
29

9.45

8

0.0345 0.0512 75.6
30

12.32

6
31

120.05

4
32
147.02

5
73.92 480.2 735.1
EARTH SCIENCE
Plants require certain
living conditions, such
as sunlight and water.
Suzahhah Skelton
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33 10 5.73 =
57.3
34 $11.9 3 =
$35.70
35 17.6 99.78 =
1,756.128
36 13.9 55.14 =
766.446
37 1.6 4
3
=
102.4
38 5.2 2
4
=
83.2
39 12.8 2. 2
2
=
61.952
40 24.8 5. 1
2
=
645.048

Solve.
41 COOKING Lawrence is preparing the recipe at right.
He is tripling the recipe. How much of each ingredient
does he need?
|o,': 8eel or' (ee'|e:
..s ca(: ', ree'|e:
.. ||: :|e''e' |eel
.s ca(: el |eel |et|

He needs 3.75 cups of noodles, 6.99 lbs of beef,

and 14.25 cups of broth.
42 MONEY Tyrell wants to save $200 this summer to use for school
clothes in the fall. He saves $17.45 a week for 10.5 weeks. How
much will he have at the end of the 10.5 weeks? Will he reach
his goal?

$183.23. He will not reach his goal.
sentence.
43 A(n)
factor
is a number that is multiplied by
another number.
44 When you multiply two factors, the answer is the
product
.
GO ON
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45 Writing in Math How do you determine where to put the decimal
point in a product?
When you are done multiplying the numbers, you count the total number of
decimal places in each of the factors and put the decimal point in the product
that many decimal places from the right.
Spiral Review
Write a decimal and a fraction in simplest form for each number.
(Lesson 4-1, p. 56)
46 nineteen and seven hundredths
19.07, 19
7

_

100

47 three tenths
0.3,
3

_

10

48 ten and ten hundredths
10.10, 10
1

_

10

Write each fraction in simplest form. Divide by the GCF. (Lesson 2-5, p. 69)
49
75

____

100
=
3

_

4
50
16

___

24
=
2

_

3
51
30

___

50
=
3

_

5
52
4

___

16
=
1

_

4

53 ENTERTAINMENT Gracia spends
1

__

4
of her allowance on movie
tickets,
1

__

4
on clothes, and
1

__

5
on books. She saves the rest. On what
does she spend the least?
books

54 GARDENING A gardener grows produce to sell each summer.
In June, she sold
1

__

3
of her total crop. In July, she sold
2

__

5
of her
total crop. In August, she sold the rest. Which month did the
gardener sell the least amount of her crop?
August
.
The most?
July
ENTERTAINMENT
Gracia spends part of her
allowance on books each
month.
ENTERTAINMENT
Gracia spends part of her
allowance on books each
month.
Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit
Lesson 4-8 Divide Decimals 113
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Lesson
4-8
VOCABULARY
divisor
the number by which the
dividend is being divided
Example: In 3 9 , 3 is
the divisor (Lesson 3-4, p. 21)
dividend
a number that is being
divided
Example: In 3 9 , 9 is the
dividend. (Lesson 3-4, p. 21)
quotient
the answer to a division
problem
Example: In 6 3 = 2, 2
is the quotient.
(Lesson 3-4, p. 21)
KEY Concept
Divide Decimals
You can divide decimals in different ways. One way is to
round the divisor and dividend to numbers that will give
you an estimate of the quotient . Then divide just like whole
numbers. Your estimate will help you decide where to place
the decimal.
7.98 2.1 8 2 4
Another way to divide decimals is to multiply the divisor by
a power of 10 to change it to a whole number. Multiply the
dividend by the same power of ten. Then place the decimal
in the same place in the quotient as it is in the dividend.
dividend divisor
7.98 2.1
100 100
798 210 = 3.8
Example 1
Divide. Place the decimal point by estimation. 19
142.31
1. Round the dividend and divisor to make an estimate.
19 is close to 20. 142.31 is close to 140.
140 20 = 7. The quotient will be about 7.
2. Divide without regard to the decimal points.
3. Place the decimal in the quotient so the answer
is about 7. The quotient is 7.49.
4. You can check your answer by multiplying the quotient by the
divisor. 7.49 19 = 142.31
7.49
19
142.31
- 133

93
- 76

171
- 171

0
7.49
19
142.31
- 133

93
- 76

171
- 171

0
GO ON
5NS2.0 Students perform calculations and solve problems
involving addition, subtraction, and simple multiplication and
7NS1.2 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers (integers,
verify the reasonableness of the
results.
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YOUR TURN!
Divide. Place the decimal point by estimation. 28
120.96
1. Round the dividend and divisor to make an estimate. 28 is close
to
30
. 120.96 is close to
120
.
120

30
=
4
.
The quotient will be about
4
.
2. Divide without regard to the decimal points.
3. Place the decimal in the quotient so the answer is about
4
.
The quotient is
4.32
.
4. Check your answer by multiplying the quotient by the divisor.

4.32

28
=
120.96
Example 2
Divide. Multiply to make the divisor a whole number. 0.5
39.55
1. To eliminate the decimal in the divisor, multiply the divisor by 10.
10 0.5 = 5.0 When you multiply by 10, the decimal
moves to the right 1 place.
2. Multiply the dividend by the same power of 10.
10 39.55 = 395.5
The decimal moves 1 place to the right.
3. Divide.
4. The quotient is 79.1. Check your answer
by multiplying.
Place the decimal
point in the quotient
directly above where it
is in the dividend.
79.1
5
395.5
- 35

4 5
- 4 5

0 5
- 5

0
Place the decimal
point in the quotient
directly above where it
is in the dividend.
79.1
5
395.5
- 35

4 5
- 4 5

0 5
- 5

0
YOUR TURN!
22.72
1. To eliminate the decimal in the divisor, multiply the divisor by 10.
10 3.2 = 32.0
2. Multiply the dividend by 10.
10 22.72 = 227.2
3. Divide.
4. The quotient is
7.1
. Check your answer by multiplying.
7.1
32
227.2
-
224
3 2
3 2
0
7.1
32
227.2
-
224
3 2
3 2
0
432
28
120.96
- 112
89
- 84
56
- 56
0
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Who is Correct?
Divide. Multiply to make the divisor a whole number. 9.44 3.2
Darnell
9.44 3.2 =
(10)9.44 3.2(10) =
94.4 32 = 2.95

Wyatt
9.44 3.2 =
(100)9.44 3.2(10) =
944 32 = 29.5

Aneisa
9.44 3.2 =
(100)9.44 3.2(100) =
944 320 = 295
Guided Practice
Divide. Place the decimal by estimation.
0.21 0.75
1 37
7.77 2 51 38.25
37
40
51
50
7.77
8
38.25
40
Estimate
0.2
Estimate
0.8

3.90
3 Step 1 Multiply the divisor by 100.
The decimal point will move to the right two places.
100 0.75 =
75
Step 2 Multiply the dividend by the
same power of 10.
100 3.90 =
390

Step 3 Divide. Move the decimal point
directly up
from its
position in the dividend.
Step 4 To check, multiply.
5.2

0.75
=
3.90
5
.

2
7

5

3

9

0

.

0

3

7

5

1

5

0

1

5

0

0
5
.

2
7

5

3

9

0

.

0

3

7

5

1

5

0

1

5

0

0
Step
by
Step Practice
NFBOT
BCPVUFRVBMUP
NFBOT
BCPVUFRVBMUP
GO ON
Write a zero
so you can
keep dividing.
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Divide.
4 12.2 45.75 12.2
10
=
122
45.75
10
=
457.5
3
.
7

5
1

2

2

4

5

7

5
0
0.66 19.6
5 2.4 1.584 6 5.2 101.92
90 28.1
7 0.07 6.3 8 32.3 907.63
38.20 61.3
9 1.5 57.30 10 9.8 600.74
31.4 83.2
11 2.9 91.06 12 5.7
474.24
4.9 7.6
13 1.21 5.929 14 0.42 3.192
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Solve.
15 GAMES Vito is purchasing 15 game tokens for a total cost
of $3.75. How much does each token cost?

15
tokens cost $3.75.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to use
logical reasoning.
You know how much 15 tokens cost.
In order to find how much 1 costs,
you need to divide by 15.
15 3.75
Solve The divisor is a whole number, so you do not need
to multiply by a power of 10.
0.25
15 3.75
Where should you place the decimal point in the
quotient?

directly above where it is in the dividend
Each token costs
$0.25
.
Check your division by multiplying the factors.

0.25

15
=
3.75
Step
by
16 MONEY Quasam bags groceries at the local grocery store. He
earned $81.25 one week. Quasam worked 13 hours that week.
What was his hourly wage?
$6.25
Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
17 FITNESS Mary spent the afternoon biking with her friend. At the
end of the day, she had traveled 50.05 miles. If she averaged the
same speed per hour and she rode her bike for 3.25 hours, at what
speed did she travel?
15.4 miles per hour
Draw a diagram.

Work backward.
Act it out.
GO ON
GAMES $3.75 worth
of game tokens.
Steve Cole/Getty Images
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18 When dividing by a decimal, multiply the divisor by a
power of ten. What is a power of ten? How do you know
which power of ten to use?
See TWE margin.

Divide. Place the decimal using estimation.
0.32 0.93
19 64 20.48 20 55 51.15
64
60
55
60
20.48
20
51.15
50
quotient
0.33
quotient
0.8
Divide. Multiply to make each divisor a whole number.
2.5 160
21 7.1 17.75 22 0.05 8.0
2.13 33
23 0.7 1.491 24 0.6 19.8
115 30
25 0.05 5.75 26 1.19 35.70
10. 3 3.8
27 3.34 34.402 28 73.5 279.3
3.1 9.2
29 5.6 17.36 30 4.8 44.16
1.22 6.13
31 0.09 0.1098 32 0.03 0.1839
6 4
33 5.42 32.52 34 3.78 15.12
Solve.
35 MONEY Galeno mowed his neighbors yard this summer and
earned $192.50. If Galeno earned $17.50 each time, how many times
did he mow the lawn?
11
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36 BIOLOGY A garden snake grows 3
3

__

4
inches a year. If the
growth of the snake shown is the same every year,
how old is it?
2.98 years

37 COOKING Jin used a
1

__

4
- cup measure to measure
2.75 cups of rice. How many times did she fill the cup?
11
sentence.
38 The answer in a division problem is the
quotient
.
39 When you multiply the
divisor
by a power of 10,
you must also multiply the
dividend
by the same
power of 10.
40 Writing in Math Why would you estimate before dividing a
decimal?
See TWE margin.

Spiral Review
41 RACES Annettes and Leighs times in a race are shown.
Who had the faster time?
Annette

Annette Leigh
42 BUSINESS A bank pays interest on money in a savings
account. The amount of interest that is calculated for
March is $5.13. The amount of interest that is calculated
for June is $5.14. For which month did the bank pay more
interest?
June
Add. Write the sum in simplest form. (Lesson 3-5, p. 28)
43 44 45 46
This snake is 11.175
inches long.
This snake is 11.175
inches long.

2

__

3

+
1

__

9

7 _

9

2

__

3

+
1

__

9

7 _

9

+

1

__

2

10

___

15

7 _

6

+

1

__

2

10

___

15

7 _

6

3

__

4

+
2

__

5

23 _

20

3

__

4

+
2

__

5

23 _

20

2

__

3

+
3

__

7

23

_

21

2

__

3

+
3

__

7

23

_

21

GK Hart/Vikki Hart/Getty Images
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Chapter
4
Multiply. 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
1

5.09

10.2
2

3.13

0.03
3

7.16

3.2
4

11.07

0.1

51.918 0.0939 22.912 1.107
5 0.07 94 =
6.58
6 0.11 10 =
1.1
7 4.95 5.3 =
26.235
8 13.07 2.1 =
27.447
9 3.6 2. 5
2
=
22.5
10 9.2 1. 5
2

=
20.7
Divide. Place the decimal by estimation. 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2
11 10.9 0.25 =
43.6
12 8.04 67 =
0.12
13 9.3 17 =
158.1
14 7.26 1.32 =
5.5
Divide. Multiply to make each divisor a whole number. 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1, 7NS1.2

44.3 1.1 63.2 44.8
15 1.3 57.59 16 2.2
2.42 17 7.1 448.72 18 8.3 371.84

Solve. 5NS2.0
19 MONEY Antwan earned $90 for washing his grandmothers car
every month. If he earned $7.50 each time he washed the car, for
how many months did he wash it?
12
20

BUSINESS Tang earns 5
2

__

5
for every envelope he addressess. If he
addresses 275 envelopes, how much will he earn?
$14.85
Lesson 4-9 Operations with Positive and Negative Numbers 121
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Lesson
4-9
VOCABULARY
fraction
a number that represents
part of a whole or part of
a set
Example:
1

__

2
,
1

__

3
,
1

__

4
,
3

__

4

(Lesson 1-1, p. 4)
decimal
a number that can
represent whole numbers
and fractions; a decimal
(Lesson 4-1, p. 56)
KEY Concept
Operations with Positive
and Negative Numbers
When you perform operations with both positive and
negative numbers, remember the rules:
To add two numbers with the same signs:
Add their absolute values.
Use the sign of the addends in the answer.
Example: -3 + (-3) = -6
To add two numbers with different signs:
Subtract their absolute values.
Use the sign of the addend with the greater absolute value
in the answer.
Example: (-3) + 3 = 0
To subtract two numbers:
Add the opposite of the second number.
Example: (-3) - 3 = -6 (-3) + (-3) = -6
To multiply and divide two numbers:
The product of two numbers with the same sign is positive.
The quotient of two numbers with the same sign is positive.
Example:
2 3 = 6 (-2) (-3) = 6
6 3 = 2 (-6) (-3) = 2
The product of two numbers with different signs is negative.
The quotient of two numbers with different signs is
negative.
Example:
(-2) 3 = -6 2 (-3) = -6
(-6) 3 = -2 6 (-3) = -2
GO ON
4NS1.8 Use concepts of
negative numbers.
5NS2.1 Add, subtract, multiply,
and divide with decimals; add with
verify reasonableness of results.
6NS2.3 Solve addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division problems,
including those arising in concrete
situations, that use positive and
negative integers and combinations
of these operations.
divide rational numbers (integers,
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Example 1
Find 23.1 + (45).
1. Estimate. 20 + (-50) = 20 -50 = -30
2. The addends have different signs. To add numbers with different
signs, subtract their absolute values.
45 23.1
3. Write the numbers vertically. Line up the decimal points. (Add a
zero so that the number of place values is the same.) Bring the
decimal point to the same place in the difference.

45.0

23.1

21.9
4. Use the sign of the addend with the greater absolute value in
the answer.
45 > 23.1 The sign of -45 is negative, so 23.1 + (45) = 21.9.
5. Check your answer against your estimate for reasonableness.
YOUR TURN!
Find -35.4 - 17.3.
1. Estimate.
-40 - 20 = -60

2. The operation is
subtraction
. To subtract numbers with
different signs, add the opposite of the second number.
35.4 +
-17.3
The opposite of 17.3 is
-17.3
.
To add numbers with the same signs, add their absolute values.
35.4 +
-17.3
3. Write the numbers vertically. Line up the decimal points. Bring
the decimal point to the same place in the sum.

35.4

+ 17.3
52.7
4. Use the sign of the numbers that are added in the answer.
So, -35.4 - 17.3 = -
52.7
.
5. Check your answer against your estimate for reasonableness.
Example 2
Find 2
1

_

3

5
1

_

2

.
1. The operation is multiplication.
2. Change the mixed numbers to improper fractions.
Multiply each whole number by the denominator of the
2
1

_

3
=
7

_

3
5
1

_

2
=
11

_

2

mixed number. Add each result to the numerator.
3. Multiply. The product of two numbers with different
signs is negative.
4. Write the product as a mixed number in simplest form.
7

_

3

11

_

2

=
7 (-11)

_

3 2

=
-77

_

6

= -12
5

_

6

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Who is Correct?
Find 20
1

_

2

- 2
1

_

4

.
Jora
20
1

_

2
2
1

_

4
=
20.5 2.25
= 46.125

Veta

20
1

_

2

-2
1

_

4

=
41

_

2

-
4

_

9

=
-82

_

9

= -9
1

_

9

Kent

20
1

_

2

-2
1

_

4

=
41

_

2

2

_

9

=
82

_

9

= 9
1

_

9


Guided Practice
Estimate. Perform each indicated operation. Then compare to your
estimate for reasonableness.
1
4

__

5

-
25

___

2

=
-10
2 (-3.4) (-5.5) =
18.7
3 (-45.8) + 17.9 =
-27.9
4 (-0.5)
5

__

8
=
-0.8
YOUR TURN!
Find

-
4

_

5

-
1

_

2
.
1. The operation is
division
.
2. To divide fractions, write the reciprocal of the divisor. -
1

_

2
-
2

_

1

3. Change division to multiplication. Multiply by the reciprocal of
the divisor.
4. Multiply. The product of two
numbers with like signs is positive.

-
4

_

5

-2

_

1
=
8

_

5

5. Write the product as a mixed number in simplest form.

8

_
5

=

1

3

_

5

-
4

_

5

-
1

_

2

-

4

_

5

-

2

_
1

-
4

_

5

-
1

_

2

-

4

_

5

-

2

_
1
GO ON
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5 Find (-2.31) 5.5.
Step 1 Estimate.
Step 2 The operation is division.
Step 3 Divide. Place the decimal point in the quotient directly
above its position in the dividend.
0.42
55 23.1
Step 4 The quotient of two numbers with different signs is
negative. Write the quotient as a negative number. (-2.31) 5.5 =
-0.42
Step
by
Step Practice
Add, subtract, multiply, or divide.
6
-
2

__

3

-1
1

__

2

=
1
7 5.6 9
1

__

3
=
0.6
8 (-35.07) - 14.23 =
-49.3
9 (-1.125) + 2
1

__

4
=
1.125
Solve.
10 MONEY The number line shows the amount of money
that Marianne, Korey, Margo, and Bill have either in their
wallets or owe their parents. (A negative value represents
a debt, or money owed.) Who has the most money? How
much money do Korey and Margo have together?
Understand Read the problem. Write what
you know. Use the number line
to determine how much money
each person has.
Marianne has $
-9
. Korey has $
-2
.
Margo has $
5
. Bill has $
8
.
Plan Pick a strategy. One strategy is to solve a
simpler problem.
Solve Answer each question by using the number line.
1. Who has the most money?
Bill
2. How much money do Korey and Margo have
together?
-2
+
5
=
$3
Check Use models or counters to represent the money
each person has. Then answer the questions.
Step
by
Draw a diagram.
Look for a pattern.
Guess and check.

Work backward.
1O 1O 4 8 O 2 4 G 8 G 8
Korey Bill Marqo Marianne
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Solve. Name the operation you used.
11 SAFETY Brett is making a stop-sign poster for a talk about safety
to a first-grade class. He will put a strip of black paper around the
perimeter of the stop sign. Each side of the stop sign has a length
of 16
3

__

4
inches. How long will the strip of paper need to be?
134 inches (11 feet and 2 inches); addition or multiplication
Understand
Plan
Solve
Check
12 GARDENING Isidro is connecting 3 garden hoses to make one
hose long enough to put a sprinkler 20 feet from the outside water
faucet. The green hose is 6.25 feet long. The orange hose is
5
3

__

4
feet long, and the black hose 6.5 feet long. Find the length of
the longer hose he will make.
18.5 feet

Will it be as long as he needs?
no

The operations used were
addition and subtraction
.
13 In your own words, write the rules for multiplying and
dividing positive and negative numbers.
Sample answer: When the signs of the numbers are the same, the answer is a
positive number. When the signs of the numbers are different, the answer is a
negative number.
Add
14
-2
3

__

4

+ 3
4

__

5

1
1

_

20

15
-
5

__

7

-
5

__

6

-1
23

_

42

16 4.56 + (-0.003)
4.557
17 (-9.87) + (-23.43)
-33.3
SAFETY A stop sign
GO ON
Comstock Images/Alamy
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Subtract.
18 5
1

__

2
+ 3
1

__

3

8
5

_

6

19
5

___

11
-
3

__

4

-
13

_

44

20 (2.57) - (-14.5)
11.93
21 24.88 - (-13.95)
38.83
Multiply.
22
-
3

__

8

5

__

6

-
5

_

16
23 2
2

__

7

-
3

__

4

-1
5

_

7

24 (-6.25) (-0.18)
1.125
25 15.9 3.48
55.332
Divide.
26
-
4

__

9

2

__

3
-
2

_

3
27
-3
1

__

2

-
1

__

4

14
28 0.36 (-1.5)
-0.24
29 (-75) (-1.2)
62.5
Solve.
30 TEMPERATURE Read the photo caption to the right. Which
planet has the lower average temperature?

Saturn
What is the difference in temperatures?
56F
TEMPERATURE The
average temperature on
Saturn is 218F. The
average temperature on
Jupiter is 162F.
31 STOCK Your stock lost 53 points on Monday and 23 points on
Tuesday, but it gained 67 points on Wednesday. What was the
change in your stock for these three days?
-9 points
32 GEOGRAPHY The elevation of the Puerto Rican Trench in the
Atlantic Ocean is -8,605 meters. The elevation of the Mariana
Trench in the Pacific Ocean is -10,924 meters, and the elevation
of the Java Trench in the Indian Ocean is -7,125 meters. Write the
trenches in order from lowest to highest elevation.
Mariana, Puerto Rican, Java
.
What is the difference in elevations between the lowest and
highest trenches?
3,799 meters
StockTrek/Getty Images
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sentence.
33 A(n)
decimal
is a number in which a decimal point
separates the whole number from the fraction.
34 A(n)
fraction
is a number that represents part of a
whole or part of a set.
35 Writing in Math Name three situations in which negative integers
apply to real-world situations.
Sample answer: temperatures below 0; losing yards in a football
game; owing someone money
Spiral Review
Divide. (Lesson 4-8, p. 113)
2.56 4.89
36 1.8 4.608 37 0.3 1.467
4 6
38 6.24 24.96 39 7.6 45.6
(Lesson 4-3, p. 73)
40 11.8 < 18.1 41 9.9 < 9.99
42 1.45 > 1.35 43 0.89 > 0.88
44 READING Bruce read for
3

__

5
of an hour on Friday, for
3

___

10
of
an hour on Saturday, and for
1

__

2
of an hour on Sunday. Write a
fraction to represent the number of hours Bruce read over those
three days.
1
2

_

5
h
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Chapter
4
Study Guide
Vocabulary and Concept Check
decimal, p. 56
denomination, p. 63
difference, p. 97
exponent, p. 105
hundredths, p. 56
regroup, p. 97
tenths, p. 56
Write the vocabulary word that completes each sentence.
Some words may be used more than once.
1

A(n)
difference
is an answer to a subtraction
problem.
2

A(n)
exponent
is the number of times a base
is multiplied by itself.
3

To
regroup
is to use place value to
exchange equal amounts when renaming a number.
4

Denomination
is a kind or class in the
measurement of currency, or money.
5

A(n)
decimal
is a number that can
represent a whole number and a fraction.
Lesson Review
4-1 Introduction to Decimals (pp. 56-62)
9

Write a decimal and a fraction in
simplest form for the model.

3.72 as decimal; 3
18

_

25

as fraction
Label each diagram below. Write the correct vocabulary term in each blank.
tenths
6

exponent
7

hundredths
8
28.75 4
3
3.67
Example 1
Write one and fifty-six hundredths as a
decimal and a fraction in simplest form.
Write as a decimal. 1.56
Write as a fraction in simplest form. Divide
the numerator and denominator by an
equivalent form of one.
1
56

____

100
= 1 +
56 4

_______

100 4
= 1 +
14

___

25
= 1
14

___

25

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10 Write 15.02 in words.
fifteen and two hundredths
twenty-four and eight tenths
one hundred five and sixteen hundredths
Example 2
Name the decimal part by the place value of
the last digit to the right of the decimal point.
6.12
There is a 6 to the left of the decimal point. At
the decimal point, write and. 6.12 is six and
twelve hundredths
hundredths hundredths
4-2 Decimals and Money (pp. 63-71)
Represent each amount using the least
number of bills and coins possible.
13 $5.76
one 5-dollar bill, 1 half-dollar,
1 quarter, 1 penny
14 $11.42
one 10-dollar bill,
one 1-dollar bill, 1 quarter,
1 dime, 1 nickel, 2 pennies
Example 3
Represent $2.40 with the least number of
bills and coins possible.
So, $2.40 =
two $1 bills quarter dime nickel

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4-4 Compare and Order Fractions and Decimals (pp. 81-87)
19

-2.79, 1
2

__

3
, -1
1

__

2
, 1.5

-2.79
,
-1
1

_

2

,
1.5
,
1
2

_

3

20

-8.97, -5.05, -8
1

__

2
, 1.2
-8.97
,

-8
1

_

2

,
-5.05
,
1.2
21

-
1

__

2
, 0.54, -0.54,
3

__

2

-0.54
,

-
1

_

2

,
0.54
,

3

_

2

22

11
___
3
, -2.024, 3.3,
13

___

12

-2.024
,

13

_

12

,
3.3
,

11

_

3

Example 5
Order 2
1

_

4
, 1.09, -3
1

_

3
, -2
1

_

4
from least
to greatest.
Order the two negative numbers first.
-3
1

__

3
< -2
1

__

4

One of the positive numbers is a mixed
number. The other is a decimal between
1 and 2. Compare their whole number parts.
1 < 2
Order them using <. 1.09 < 2
1

__

4

Write all the numbers from least to greatest.
-3
1

__

3
, -2
1

__

4
, 1.09, 2
1

__

4

4-3 Compare and Order Decimals (pp. 73-80)
Compare each pair of decimals. Write
<, =, or > in each circle to make a
true statement.
15 243.69
>

243.68
16 98.47
<

98.67
17 7.35
<

8.35
18 3.50
=

3.5
Example 4
Compare 37.08 and 37.10 using place value.
Write a statement using <, =, or >.
Start at the left. Compare digit to digit until
you find the place where the numbers are
different.
tens place: 3 = 3
ones place: 7 = 7
tenths place: 0 < 1
37.08 37.10
Then write a statement using an inequality
symbol. 37.08 < 37.10
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.4-6 Subtract Decimals (pp. 97-103)
Subtract.
24 45.06 - 23.19 =
21.87
25 89.50 - 34.75 =
54.75
26 4.56 - 4.35 =
0.21
27 99.99 - 86.98 =
13.01
Example 7
Find 25.3 - 19.72.
Write the numbers vertically. Line up the
decimal points.
1 14 12 10
2 5. 3 0
- 1 9. 7 2
5. 5 8
Add a zero so that the
number of place values
is the same.
Bring down the decimal point to the same
place in the difference. Regroup as needed.
4-5 Add Decimals (pp. 8996)
23

Find 1.47 + 0.82 using decimal models.
Represent each number with blocks
or pictures.
1.47 O.82
Regroup 10 tenths as 1.
1.47 + 0.82 =
2.29
Example 6
Find 1.28 + 0.12 using decimal models.
Model each number.
1.28 O.12
Regroup 10 hundredths as 1 tenths.

1O hundredths
Write the sum as a decimal.
1.28 + 0.12 = 1.4
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4-8 Divide Decimals (pp. 113-119)
Divide.
32

33

16.5 5.5 =
3
34 592.12 45.2 =
13.1
19.5
2.85 55.575
19.5
2.85 55.575
Example 9
Divide. Multiply to make the divisor a whole
number. 3.4
27.2
To eliminate the decimal
in the divisor, multiply
the divisor by 10.
10 3.4 = 34.0

Multiply the dividend
by the same power of 10.
10 27.2 = 272.0

Divide.
The quotient is 8.0. Check your answer by
multiplying the quotient by the divisor.
8.0 3.4 = 27.2
8.0
34 272.0
272
0
Place the decimal
point in the
quotient.
8.0
34 272.0
272
0
Place the decimal
point in the
quotient.
4-7 Multiply Decimals (pp. 105-112)
Multiply.
28 1,524 0.8 =
1,219.2
29 4 9.34 =
37.36
30 0.09 34.56 =
3.1104
31 6.11 0.3 =
1.833
Example 8
Find 2.38 1.5.
Multiply the factors, ignoring the decimal
points for now.
238 15 = 3570
Add the number of decimal places for both
factors. 2 + 1 = 3
The product is 3. 5 7 0
Place decimal here.
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4-9 Operations with Positive and
Negative Numbers (pp. 121-127)
Solve.
35 (-34.54) + (-72.4) =
-106.94
36 90.3 - (-34.7) =
125
37 (-6.45) (-5.6) =
36.12
38 (-36.48) 2.4 =
-15.2
Example 10
Find 44.8 + (-21.6).
1. The operation is addition.
The addends have different
signs. To add numbers
with different signs, subtract
their absolute values.
2. Write the numbers vertically.
Line up the decimal points.

44.8

- 21.6

23.2
3. Use the sign of the addend with the greater
absolute value in the answer.
44.8 > 21.6 The sign of 44.8 is positive,
so 44.8 + (-21.6) = 23.2.
44.8 21.6 44.8 21.6
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Chapter
4
134 Chapter 4 Test
Chapter Test
Write the equivalent decimal and fraction in simplest form. 3NS3.4, 4NS1.6, 4NS1.7
1
0.75 =
3

_

4

2 Thirteen and fifty-three hundredths

13.53; 13
53

_

100

Write a decimal for the amount shown. 2NS5.2
3

4

$1.14
.

$10.11
Represent $19.24 using the least number of bills and coins possible. 2NS5.2
5 $19.24
One 10-dollar bill, one 5-dollar bill, four 1-dollar bills, 2 dimes, 4 pennies
Compare 0.25 and 0.17 using models. Write <, =, or > in each circle
to make a true statement. 6NS1.1
6 0.25 > 0.17
Compare each pair of decimals using place value. Write <, =, or > in
each circle to make a true statement. 6NS1.1
7 28.9 = 28.90 8 7.10 > 7.01
answer by placing the decimals on a number line. 5NS1.5, 6NS1.1
9 0.45 < 0.7

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Chapter 4 Test 135
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Order the numbers from least to greatest. 5NS1.5, 6NS1.1, 4NS.18
10 -
4

__

5
, -0.75, -
7

__

8
, -
2

__

3

-
7

_

8

,
-
4

_

5

,
-0.75
,
-
2

_

3

11 0.35, 0.33,
1

__

2
, -
1

__

3

-0.35
,
-
1

_

3

,
0.33
,

1

_

2

Add. 4NS2.0, 5NS2.0
12 7.83 + (-48.95) =
-41.12
13 28.11 + 0.95 =
29.06
Subtract. 4NS2.0, 5NS2.0
14 63.19 - (-13.8) =
76.99
15 277.18 - 69.41 =
207.77

Multiply. 5NS2.0, 7NS1.2
16 17
Divide. 5NS2.0
18 4.485 (-1.15) =
-3.9
19 28.6

7.5 214.5
Solve. 3NS3.4, 5NS1.5, 6NS1.1, 4NS2.0, 5NS2.0
20

LANDSCAPING On Monday the Windy Branch Landscaping
Company had planted 3 out of the 5 trees to be planted and 7 of
the 14 shrubs to be planted. Write each amount planted as a
decimal.
trees, 0.6; shrubs, 0.5
21

FOOD How much more were
/PTUBMHJB$BG
1ota| luncH 3a|es S49.b9
1ota| 0|nner 3a|es S/9b.b3
the cafs dinner sales than its
lunch sales?
$297.04
Correct the mistakes. 5NS2.0, 5NS2.1
22

Mirna says that her quotient is wrong because the check
does not have a product equal to the divisor. What
mistake did Mirna make?
See TWE margin.

0.29

1.7

0.493

0.29

1.7

0.493

1.93

2.4

4.632

1.93

2.4

4.632
75.0
1.3 97.5
91

65
65

0
75.0
1.3 97.5
91

65
65

0
136 Chapter 4 Standards Practice
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Chapter
4
Standards Practice
GO ON
Choose the best answer and fill in the corresponding circle on the sheet at right.
1 Savon has 1
3

_

4
dollars in his pocket.
Which point on the number line
represents this amount of money?

" # $ %

A A C C
B B D D
2 Round 43.61 to the nearest tenth.
F 40 H 43.7
G 43.6 J 44
3 Kamryn drove 186.37 miles to her
grandmothers house. Then she drove
another 132.85 miles before she needed
to stop for gas. How many miles did she
drive before she stopped for gas?
A 218.12 miles C 319.12 miles
B 318.22 miles D 319.22 miles
4 Emilio finished his first race in 34.07
seconds. He finished his second race in
33.89 seconds. How much faster did
Emilio run the second race?
F 0.18 seconds H 0.22 seconds
G 0.42 seconds J 1.82 seconds
5 72.64 8.5 = 5NS2.0, 7NS1.2
A 94.632 C 6,174.40
B 617.44 D 617,640
6 The 25 students in Mr. Marceros class
raised money to go on a class trip. They
collected $1,524 altogether. If each
student had to raise the same amount of
money, what was the cost of the trip per
student? 5NS2.0, 7NS1.2
F $51.20 H $61.00
G $60.96 J $69.60
7 Order these fractions and decimals from
least to greatest:
9

_

12
, -0.35, 0.8, -
1

_

4
.
A -
1

__

4
,
9

___

12
, -0.35, 0.8
B 0.8,
9

___

12
, -
1

__

4
, -0.35
C -0.35, -
1

__

4
,
9

___

12
, 0.8
D
9

___

12
, -0.35, -
1

__

4
, 0.8
8 Ashlynn collected the spare change she
found around her house. She found
7 quarters, 8 dimes, 13 nickels, and
28 pennies. How much money did she
collect? 2NS5.1, 2NS5.2
F $1.48 H $3.48
G $3.20 J $3.68
6NS1.1, 4NS1.8
4SN2.0, 5NS2.0, 7NS1.2
4SN2.0, 5NS2.0, 7NS1.2
4NS1.6, 6NS1.1
3NS3.4, 4NS1.6, 5NS1.5
Chapter 4 Standards Practice 137
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9 Alvar is building a model plane that
is
1

_

12
the size of the actual plane. What
is the length of the model if the actual
plane length is shown below?
36 feet
A
1

__

3
feet C 6 feet
B 3 feet D 36 feet
10 Josie has
2

_

3
of a pizza she would like to
split among 4 friends. What part of the
pizza will each person get?
F
12

___

2
H
8

__

3

G
1

__

6
J
1

___

10

11
3

_

5
+
1

_

4
= 5NS2.0
A
3

___

20
C
13

___

20

B
4

__

9
D
17

___

20

12 Which symbol makes the sentence true?

2

_

3
-
1

_

6

7

_

8
-
1

_

4

F > H <
G = J +
ANSWER SHEET
Directions: Fill in the circle of each correct
answer.
1 A B

C

D
2 F G

H

J
3 A B

C

D
4 F G

H

J
5 A B

C

D
6 F G

H

J
7 A B

C

D
8 F G

H

J
9 A B

C

D
10 F G

H

J
11 A B

C

D
12 F G

H

J
Success Strategy
Use estimates to check your answers. Substitute
estimate figures for the numbers in each problem.
Calculate and compare with the answers you
chose. If your estimated answers are very different,
recheck your work.
5NS2.0, 7NS1.2
5NS2.0, 7NS1.2
5NS2.0, 6NS1.1
Getty Images
138 Index
A
addition
decimals
fractions 410, 3338
Answer sheet, 53, 137
Assessment, 5051, 133135
C
California Mathematics Content
Standards, 4, 11, 19, 25, 33,
39, 56, 63, 73, 81, 89, 97, 105,
113, 121
Chapter Preview, 3, 55
Chapter Test (range), 5051,
134135
common denominator, 4, 11
Correct the Mistakes, 51, 135
D
decimal, 5662, 6371, 7380,
8187, 8996, 97103, 105
112, 113118, 121127
denomination, 63
difference, 97
dividend, 25, 113
division
decimals, 113118
fractions, 2531
divisor, 25, 113
E
exponent, 105
F
factor, 19, 105
fraction
adding, 411, 3338,
121127
common denominators, 411,
1117
comparing, 8187
decimals to, 7985
dividing, 2531, 121
(LCD), 3338, 3944
like, 411, 1117, 3338,
3944
multiplying, 1923, 121127
ordering, 8187
simplest form, 411, 1117,
1924, 2531, 3338, 3944
subtracting, 1117, 3944,
121127
unlike, 3338, 3944
H
hundredths, 56, 63, 73, 89
L
(LCD), 3338, 3944
like fractions, 411, 1117,
3338, 3944
M
Mathematical Reasoning, see
Step-by-Step Problem Solving
mixed number, 4
money, 6371
multiplication
decimals, 105112
fractions, 1924
N
Number sense, 4, 11, 19, 25,
33, 39, 56, 63, 73, 81, 89, 97,
105, 113, 121
P
prime factorization, 33, 39
Problem-Solving, see Step-by-
Step Problem Solving
product, 105
Progress Check, 18, 32, 45, 72,
86, 104, 120
Q
quotient, 25, 113
R
Real-World Applications
art, 18, 30, 84, 104
astronomy, 103
baby-sitting, 109
baking, 24, 32, 50, 60, 134
banking, 91
baseball, 17
biology, 119
books, 8
business, 69, 70, 87, 93,
120
carpentry, 30
celebrations, 29
civics, 102
cleaning, 43
community service, 42,
80, 101
construction, 71
cooking, 71, 85, 111
crafts, 51
dining, 31
earth science, 95, 110
engineering, 103
entertainment, 31, 112
family, 8, 95
fashion, 69
Index
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Index 139
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c
.
fitness, 15, 37, 45, 51, 79,
88, 117
food, 10, 16, 24, 30, 43, 51,
72, 85, 96, 102, 135
football, 51
games, 14
gardening, 101, 112
gardens, 37
geography, 87, 126
gifts, 101
hobbies, 9, 14, 18, 22, 44
homework, 79
industry, 29
landscaping, 51, 134
money, 62, 68, 70, 72, 104,
109, 111, 117, 118, 120,
125
music, 16, 23, 38
nature, 32, 44, 45, 62
number sense, 84
nutrition, 9
painting, 38
physics, 95
plants, 60
races, 119
reading, 127
retail, 24
school, 18, 23, 44, 117
science, 77, 103
softball, 16
sports, 36
stock, 126
temperature, 126
travel, 38, 50, 62, 77, 94
trips, 51
weather, 8
work, 18
reciprocals, 2531
Reflect, 9, 15, 23, 30, 37, 43,
61, 69, 78, 86, 94, 102, 110,
118, 125
regroup, 97
S
signed numbers, 119125
simplest form, 411, 1117,
1924, 2531, 3338, 3944
Spiral Review, 10, 17, 24, 31,
38, 44, 62, 71, 80, 87, 96, 103,
112, 119, 127
Standards Practice, 5253,
136137
Step-by-Step Practice, 6, 13,
21, 28, 35, 41, 59, 67, 76, 84,
92, 100, 108, 115, 124
Step-by-Step Problem Solving
Practice, 8, 14, 2223, 29, 36
37, 4243, 60, 6869, 77, 85
86, 93, 101, 109, 117, 125
Draw a diagram, 8, 14, 22,
29, 117
Look for a pattern, 36
Solve a simpler problem, 93,
125
Use a graph, 77
Use a model, 60
Use logical reasoning, 42, 85,
109
Work backward, 68, 101
Study Guide, 4649, 128132
subtraction
decimals, 97103
fractions, 1117, 3944
Success Strategy, 53, 137
T
tenths, 56, 73, 89
U
unlike fractions, 3338, 3944
V
Vocabulary, 4, 11, 19, 25, 33,
39, 56, 63, 73, 81, 89, 97, 105,
113, 121
Vocabulary and Concept
Check, 46, 128
Vocabulary Check (might be a
range), 10, 16, 24, 31, 38, 44,
63, 72, 80, 87, 96, 103, 111,
119, 126
W
Who is Correct?, 6, 12, 20, 27,
34, 41, 58, 66, 75, 83, 91, 99,
107, 123
Writing in Math, 10, 16, 24, 31,
38, 44, 63, 72, 80, 87, 96, 103,
111, 119, 126

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Basich Whitney Brown Dawson Gonsalves Silbey Vielhaber

Lesson 3-1 Add Fractions with Like Denominators 7

Lesson 3-1 Add Fractions with Like Denominators 9

Vocabulary Check Write the vocabulary word that completes each

3. There are 3 sixths in

1. Model each fraction.

3. Add the fractions.

2. Divide each circle

3. Add the fractions.

Use logical reasoning.

See TWE margin.

Paul Whitten/Photo Researchers, Inc.

The CF ol 24 and 48 is 24.

Divide the circle with the fourths into eighths

Add the fractions.

Divide the circle

Subtract the fractions.

Use logical reasoning.

2. Compare the shaded regions.

2. Compare the shaded regions.

Write <, =, or > in each circle to make a true statement.

Use logical reasoning.

Lesson 4-5 Add Decimals 91

Solve a simpler problem.

Use logical reasoning.

Use logical reasoning.

2.42 17 7.1 448.72 18 8.3 371.84

Circle correct answer(s). Cross out incorrect answer(s).

5. Write the product as a mixed number in simplest form.

Solve a simpler problem.

Regroup 10 hundredths as 1 tenths.

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