CarrierandSymbolSynchronization

Update
Haveconsidered
Digital(orthonormal)modulation
Detection
BUT,onlyforsimplifiedidealmodel
Wewillnowconsider
Noncoherentdetection
Synchronization
Carrierphaseestimation
Symboltimingestimation
Jointestimation
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2
Source
Encoder
Information
Source
Channel
Encoder
Modulator
Channel
Noise
Source
Decoder
Received
Information
Channel
Decoder
Demodulator
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3
TheCorrelationReceiver StructureI
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4
NeedNcorrelators
N:signaldimension
M:constellationsize
TheCorrelationReceiver StructureII
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5
NeedMcorrelators
NoncoherentDetection
Toimplementourdemodulator,atthereceiverweneed
eithertheorthonormalbasis
orthesignalset
Inmanycases,wedonothavesuchperfectinformation
Wirelesschannelwithrandomfading
Propagationdelay
Imperfectsynchronization
Solution
Noncoherentdetection,livewiththeuncertainty
Estimaterequiredparameters,synchronization
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TheOptimalDetectionwithUncertainty
ConsidertheAWGNchannelwithrandomparameter
Theoptimaldetection(MAP)ruleis
Wecanfollowourpreviousdevelopment
Decisionregions
Errorprobability
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7
n s r
m
+ =
u ,
( )
( )
}
}
=
=
=
u u
u u u
u
d p s r p P
d p m r p P
m r p P m
m n m
m
m
) ( max arg
) , | ( max arg
) | ( max arg

,
NoncoherentDetectionwithRandomPhase
Considerthefollowingbasebandsignal
where
Fromthedetectionrule,wehave
Itcanbesimplifiedto
whereisthemodifiedBesselfunction,
whichisanincreasingfunctionofx
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EnvelopDetector
NoncoherentreceiverforMFSKsignals
x(t)
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9
Noncoherentvs.CoherentDetection
ConsiderbinaryorthogonalFSKasanexample
Forcoherentdetection(weanalyzedthegeneralcasein
Lecturenote4)
Fornoncoherentdetection(check4.5.3ofProakis)
As,wehave
For,thegapbetweencoherentandnoncoherentdetection
islessthan0.8dB
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10
Update
Haveconsidered
Digital(orthonormal)modulation
Detection
BUT,onlyforsimplifiedidealmodel
Wewillnowconsider
Noncoherentdetection
Synchronization
Carrierphaseestimation
Symboltimingestimation
Jointestimation
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11
Synchronization
Anoftenneglectedsubjectofcommunicationsis
synchronization ofthecarrierandsymbol
Inpractice,thereispropagationdelay,carrieroffset
Inouroptimumstructuresitisassumedweknowthe
carrierphaseandsymboltimingsatthereceiver
Theseareneededforthecorrelators andintegratorsatthe
receiver
Symbolsynchronizationisrequiredinallreceivers
Carrierrecoveryonlyincoherentreceivers
Buthowdowedeterminethem?
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12
SignalModel
Oursignalmodelis
Wemustestimatebothphase (carrier)anddelay (timing)
Symboltimingestimation:Thesymboltimingsaredependenton
thepropagationdelayandaccuracyoffewpercentofT isadequate
Carrierphaseestimation:ThecarrierphaseisdependentontheTx
oscillatordriftaswellaspropagationdelay.Moreover,theaccuracy
neededismuchhigherthanfewpercentofT (f
c
isnormallylarge)
Theyneedtobeseparatelyestimated
| | { }
t f j j
b
c
e t z e t s
t n t s t r
t |
t
t
2
) ( ) ( Re 2
) ( ) ( ) (
+ =
+ =
t t |
c
f 2 =
| t
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13
Estimate
Thereforewecanwrite
Toestimatewecanusemaximumlikelihood (ML)or
maximumaposteriorprobability(MAP) criterion
InMAP ismodeledasrandomandcharacterizedbya
prioripdf
InML isdeterministicbutunknown
) ( ) ; (
) ( ) , ; ( ) (
t n t s
t n t s t r
+ + =
+ = t |
+
+
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14
Estimate
TheMAPestimateisthevaluethatmaximizes
TheMLestimate isthevaluethatmaximizes
Ifthereisnoprioriknowledgeofweassumethatp()is
uniform
MAPandMLarethenidentical
WewilluseMLhere
) | ( + r p
) (
) ( ) | (
) | (
r
r
r
p
p p
p
+ +
= +
+ +
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15
OneshotEstimatevs.TrackingLoops
ThereceiverobservesoveranobservationintervalT
o,
and
extractstheestimate
Oneshotestimate:estimateobtainedfromasingleobservation
interval
Inpracticeusuallydonecontinuouslyinatrackingloop
Trackingloop:Itcontinuouslyupdatestheestimate
Oneshotestimatesyieldinsightfortrackingloop
OneshotestimatesareusefulintheanalysisofMLestimation
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MLEstimate
SinceaddednoiseisGaussian,thejointpdf is
where
andT
o
isobservationinterval

|
|
.
|

\
|
= +

=
N
n
n n
N
s r
p
1
2
2
2
)] ( [
exp
2
1
) | (
o o t
r
} }
+ = + =
0 0
) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) (
T
n n
T
n n
dt t f t s s dt t f t r r
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MLEstimate
Wecanthinkoftheargumentintheexponentintermsofa
continuousformofr(t)as
Nowmaximizationofpdf isequivalenttomaximizationof
likelihoodfunction

+ = + A
}
0
2
0
)] ; ( [
1
exp ) (
T
dt t s r
N
}

+ =
+
=
0
2
0 1
2
2
)] ; ( [
1
2
)] ( [
lim
T
N
n
n n
N
dt t s r
N
s r
o
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CarrierRecoveryandSymbolSynchronization
BPSK
Carryrecoveryisusedtogeneratephaseestimate
Symbolsynchronizationisusedforthesamplerandpulse
generator
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Mary PSKreceiver
Twocorrelators (ormatchedfilters)needed
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Mary PAM
Asinglecorrelator isrequired
AGC (AutomaticGainControl)isnowincludedtoeliminate
channelgainvariationsonselectionofthresholds
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Mary QAM
CombinesMPSKandMPAM
AGC isrequired
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22
Update
Synchronization
Carrierphaseestimation
Decisiondirectedloops
Nondecisiondirectedloops
Symboltimingestimation
Jointestimation
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CarrierPhaseEstimation
Phaseerrorscausereductioninamplitudeofsignals
pluscrosstalkbetweenIandQ
Why?
TheQAMandMPSKsignalcanbewrittenas
Demodulatedbythetwoquadraturecarriers
Theoutput
QAM and PSK are more
sensitive to phase error
( ) ( ) ) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) ( | t | t + + = t f t B t f t A t s
c c
( ) )

2 sin(
)

2 cos( ) (
| t
| t
+ =
+ =
t f t c
t f t c
c q
c i
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) )

sin(
2
1
)

cos(
2
1
) (
)

sin(
2
1
)

cos(
2
1
) (
| | | |
| | | |
+ =
=
t A t B t y
t B t A t y
Q
I
Crosstalk
interference
Power loss
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CarrierPhaseEstimation
Twobasicapproaches
Multiplexaseparatepilotsignal
Derivephasefrommodulatedsignal(morepowerand
spectrumleftforinformationsignal)
ML CarrierPhaseEstimation
Assumedelayisknown

+ =

+ = + A
} } }
}
0 0 0
0
2 2
0 0
2
0
2
0
) ; (
1
) ; ( ) (
2
) (
1
exp
)] ; ( [
1
exp ) (
T T T
T
dt t s
N
dt t s t r
N
t r
N
dt t s r
N
| |
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25
CarrierPhase
Firstandthirdtermsareconstantsthatdonotaffect
maximization
Loglikelihoodfunctioncanalsobemaximized
(
(

= A
}
0
) ; ( ) (
2
exp ) (
0
T
dt t s t r
N
C | |
}
= A
0
) ; ( ) (
2
) (
0
T
L
dt t s t r
N
| |
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26
Unmodulated Carrier
Determinephaseofunmodulated carrier
Wewanttomaximize
Maximizebyfindingzeroofderivativeimplying
Orequivalently
}
+ = A
0
) 2 cos( ) (
2
) (
0
T
c L
dt t f t r
N
A
| t |
0 ) 2 sin( ) (
0
= +
}
T
c
dt t f t r | t
(
(
(
(

=
}
}

0
0
2 cos ) (
2 sin ) (
tan

1
T
c
T
c
ML
tdt f t r
tdt f t r
t
t
|
) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( t n t f A t r
c
+ + = | t
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Unmodulated Carrier
Lastequationimpliesstraightforwardquadratureestimation
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28
Unmodulated Carrier
Otherconditionimpliesuseoflooptoextracttheestimate
asshown
Theloopfilterisanintegratorwithbandwidthproportionaltoreciprocal
ofintervalT
o
TheVCOisassumedtohaveinstantaneousphase
VCO
}
0
()
T
dt
)

2 sin(
ML c
t f | t +
)

4 sin(
2
1
)

sin(
2
1
)

2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
| | t | |
| t | t
+ + + =
+ + =
t f
t f t f t e
c
c c
) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( t n t f A t r
c
+ + = | t
}

=
+
t
c
dt t v K t
t t f
) ( ) (

), (

2
|
| t
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29
PhaseLockedLoop(PLL)
PLLplayskeyroleinformingthelooprequired
AssumeinputtoPLLis
OutputofVCOis
Productis
Loop
Filter
VCO
Output
) 2 cos( | t + t f
c
)

2 sin( | t + t f
c
)

4 sin(
2
1
)

sin(
2
1
)

2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
| | t | |
| t | t
+ + + =
+ + =
t f
t f t f t e
c
c c
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30
PhaseLockedLoop(PLL)
Loopfilterleavesonlythelowfrequencyphaseterm
TheVCOhascontrolvoltagev(t) andproducesinstantaneous
phase
ThereforecanthinkofPLLas
BecauseoftheintegrationatVCOv(t) willtendtozeroonce
thecorrectphaseisfound
}

+ = +
t
c c
d v K t f t t f t t t | t ) ( 2 ) (

2
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31
Example
The probability of error for binary PSK demodulation and detection
when there is a carrier phase error is
Suppose that the phase error from the PLL is modeled as a zero-mean
Gaussian random variable with variance . Determine the
expression for the average probability of error (in integral form).
e
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
e
b
e
N
Q P |
c
|
2
0
2
cos
2
) (
t o
|
<<
2
ELEC5360
32
Update
Synchronization
Carrierphaseestimation
Decisiondirectedloops
Nondecisiondirectedloops
Symboltimingestimation
Jointestimation
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33
DecisionDirectedLoops
Sofarwehavenotconsideredestimationwhenthesignals
aremodulatedwithinformation onlyconsideredthe
unmodulated carrier
Modulationwillcausethephaseofcarriertochange
Twoapproachestohandlethis:
Decisiondirected usesthedetectedinformationsequenceatthe
receiverinthecarrierestimationproblem
Nondecisiondirected doesnotuseanyinformationaboutthe
detectedinformationintheestimationproblem averageitout
Considertheequivalentlowpassmodulatedsignal
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t z e t s t z nT t g I e t r
j
n
b n
j
b
+ = + =

| |
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34
LikelihoodFunctions
LogLikelihoodfunction
Differentiating
DecisionDirected
dt nT t g t r y y I
N
e
KT T e dt t s t r
N
T n
nT
b n
K
n
n n
j
o
j
T
b b L
) ( ) (
1
Re
n time observatio assume ) ( ) (
1
Re ) (
*
) 1 (
1
0
*
0
*
0
0
=
)
`

=
=

(
(

= A
}

}
+

=
|
|
|
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=


=

1
0
*
1
0
* 1
Re Im tan

K
n
n n
K
n
n n ML
y I y I |
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DecisionDirectedEstimate
BlockdiagramforPAM
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36
DecisionDirectedEstimate
BlockdiagramforPAM
(DecisionfeedbackPLLDLPLL)
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37
DecisionDirectedEstimate
BlockdiagramforQAM
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38
Update
Synchronization
Carrierphaseestimation
Decisiondirectedloops
Nondecisiondirectedloops
Symboltimingestimation
Jointestimation
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39
NonDecisionDirectedLoops
Treatdataasrandomvariablesandsimplyaveragethe
likelihoodfunctionovertheser.v.
Keyideaistoremovetheinformationbearingcomponentto
obtainunmodulated carrier
Assumeeitherpdf isknownorapproximate
ConsiderBPSKwith+/Aamplitudes
Likelihoodfunctionconditionalonsignofamplitude
Averageoverbothsignswithequalprobability
(

= A
}
T
dt t s t r
N
C ) ; ( ) (
2
exp ) (
0
| |
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40
NonDecisionDirectedLoops
Averageoverbothamplitudesigns
DifferentiatetoobtainMLestimate nonlinear soneed
approximations
ForMary thesituationisevenworse assumesymbolsare
continuousr.v. assumeGaussian
(
(

+ =
(
(

+ +
(
(

+ = A
}
} }
T
T T
dt ft t r
N
dt ft t r
N
dt ft t r
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
) 2 cos( ) (
2
cosh
) 2 cos( ) (
2
exp
2
1
) 2 cos( ) (
2
exp
2
1
) (
| t
| t | t |
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41
NonDecisionDirectedLoops
ConsiderBPSKbutnowweassumetheamplitudeisGaussian
insteadof+/A
Then
LogLikelihoodfunctionisquadraticunderGaussiansignals
Ifcrosscorrelationbetweensignalandreceivedsignalsis
smallthenitisalsogoodapproximationforpreviouscasetoo
(cosh x=x
2
whenx issmall)
2 /
2
2
1
) (
A
e A P

=
t
2
0
0
) 2 cos( ) (
2
exp ) (
(
(

+ = A
}
T
dt ft t r
N
C | t |
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42
NonDecisionDirectedLoops
AverageoverKsymbols
Takelogsanddifferentiateweget

(
(

+ = A

}

=
+
1
0
2
) 1 (
0
) 2 cos( ) (
2
exp ) (
K
n
T n
nT
dt ft t r
N
C | t |
}

}
+

=
+
= + +
T n
nT
K
n
T n
nT
dt ft t r dt ft t r
) 1 (
1
0
) 1 (
0 ) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( | t | t
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43
NonDecisionDirectedPLL
Suggeststrackingloopagain
Remove
the sign
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44
Example
BasedontheMLcriterion,determineacarrierphase
estimationmethodforbinaryonoffkeyingmodulation
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45
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46
SquaringLoop
Moreintuitiveapproach
WidelyusedinpracticeforDSBmodulationsuchasPAM
Averageofs(t) willbezeroifPAMsymbolsall
symmetricalaboutzero
Thereforesquarethesignalinstead
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47
SquaringLoop
Aftersquare,thereispowerat2f
c
Butsigninformationremoved
Thefrequencycomponentat2f
c
isusetodriveaPLL
Squaringoperationleadstoincreaseinnoise
Thereisaphaseambiguityof180
o
Differentialencoderisneeded
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48
CostasLoop
BlockDiagram
Remove
the sign
ELEC5360
49
MultiplePhaseSignals
ThesemethodscanbegeneralizedtoMphase
modulation
Keyistoremovetheinformationbearingcomponentto
obtainunmodulated carrier
Generalizedsquareloop
GeneralizedCostasloop
MultiplysignalbyM phase
shiftedcarriers
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50
Comparisons
DFPLLdifferfromCostasandsquaringlooponlyin
thewaythemodulationisremoved
DFPLLissuperiorinperformancesincenoiseeffectis
notassevere
ResultsshowthatDFPLLphaseerrorshavevariance
410timessmallerthanCostasloop
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51
Update
Synchronization
Carrierphaseestimation
Decisiondirectedloops
Nondecisiondirectedloops
Symboltimingestimation
Jointestimation
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52
SymbolTimingEstimation
Outputofdemod mustbesampledperiodicallyat
thesymbolrateatprecisesamplinginstants
whereisthepropagationdelay
Requireclocksignalatreceiveranditsgenerationis
knownassymbolsynchronizationortimingrecovery
Mustknowfrequency1/T andsamplinginstantor
timingphase
Severalapproaches
t + = mT t
m
t
t
ELEC5360
53
Approaches
1. BothRxandTx synchronizedtomasterclock
receiverthenmustonlyestimatetimingphase
Goodforverylowfrequency(VLF)band
2. Simultaneouslytransmitclockfrequencyalong
withinformationsignal
WastesBWandpower
GoodwhenhaveMultipleusersasoverheadshared
andsmallonperuserbasis
3. Clocksignalextractedfromthemodulated
signal
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MLTimingEstimation
AgaincanuseML
Decisiondirectedandnondecisiondirected
InDecisiondirected
) ( ) ; (
) ( ) ; ( ) (

=
+ =
n
n
nT t g I t s
t n t s t r
t t
t

}
=
=
= A
n
n n
T
n
n
T
L
y I C
dt nT t g t r I C
dt t s t r C
) (
) ( ) (
) ; ( ) ( ) (
0
0
t
t
t t
ELEC5360
55
MLEstimate
Differentiate
AgainatrackingloopwithVCC Voltagecontrolledclock
| | 0 ) ( =

n
n n
y
d
d
I t
t
ELEC5360
56
NonDecisionDirected
Useaveragingagain
ForBPSK
Since forsmallx
FormultilevelwecanuseGaussianApprox again
Differentiatingweget

= A
n
n L
Cy ) ( cosh ln ) ( t t
2
2
1
cosh ln x x ~

~ A
n
n L
y C ) (
2
1
) (
2 2
t t

= =
n n
n
n n
d
dy
y y
d
d
0
) (
) ( 2 ) (
2
t
t
t t
t
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57
TrackingLoop
Loops
ELEC5360
58
EarlylategateSynchronizes
Usessymmetrypropertiesofsignal
Considerthefollowingrectangularpulse
Propersamplingtimeisatmaximum
Butnoisemakesthisdifficult
Butcorrelationisevenfunctionsoinsteadofsearchingforpeaktaketwo
valueseithersideofpeakandaverageovertime
Thereforesuggesttheearlylategatesynchronizer
early optimum late
samples
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59
Rectangularpulse Matchedfilteroutput
EarlyLateGateSynchronizers
BlockDiagram
ELEC5360
60
Differencebetween
correlator outputs
EarlyLateGateSynchronizers
ApproximatesMLestimator
Substitutingweget
Thismathematicalexpressiondescribesthefunctionsperformedby
theearlylategatesymbolsynchronizeronthepreviousslide
o
o t o t
t
t
2
) ( ) ( ) ( A + A
~
A
d
d
| |

} }

(
(

+
(
(

~
+ =
A
n
T T
n
n n
dt nT t g t r dt nT t g t r
C
y y
C
d
d
2 2
2
2 2
2
0 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
4
) ( ) (
4
) (
o t o t
o
o t o t
o t
t
ELEC5360
61
Update
Synchronization
Carrierphaseestimation
Decisiondirectedloops
Nondecisiondirectedloops
Symboltimingestimation
Jointestimation
ELEC5360
62
JointEstimation
Jointestimationusuallyprovidesestimatethatisasgoodor
betterthanseparateestimation
Decisiondirectedjoint
trackingloopinQAM/PSK
ELEC5360
63
EstimationPerformance
Performancedefinedintermsofbias andvariance
Thebiasofanestimateisdefinedas
Theestimateisunbiased ifbias=0
Varianceisdefinedby
| | | | = ) (

x E bias
( ) ( )
2
2 2

)] (

[ )] (

[ x E x E | | o
|
=
ELEC5360
64
EstimationPerformance
Varianceisdifficulttocompute
ButcanuseaCramerRao lowerbound
Lowerboundisveryusefulasitactsasabenchmark
Whenunbiased,numeratorisunityandweknowp(x|) is
proportionaltologlikelihoodfunction
| |
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
>
|
.
|

\
|

2
2
) | ( ln
) (

) (

|
|
|
|
| |
x p E
x E
x E
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
c
c

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

A
c
c
> |
.
|

\
|
=
) ( ln
1
) ( ln
1
) (

2
2 2
2
2
|
|
|
|
| | o
E
E
x E
2 different forms of
the C-R bound
ELEC5360
65
Performance
Anyestimatorthatisunbiasedandapproacheslower
boundisknownasanefficientestimate
Efficientestimatesarerare
AwellknownresultisthatanyMLestimateis
asymptotically(withunlimitedobservations)unbiased
andefficient
VarianceusuallyinverselyproportionaltoSNRorsignal
powermultipliedbyobservationinterval
Decisiondirectedsystemsgenerallyobtainthelower
bound
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66
Performance
Symboltiming
ELEC5360
67
Example
Showthattheestimatoronslide35isunbiased
ELEC5360
68
Summary
Noncoherentdetection
Synchronization
Carrierphaseestimation
Symboltimingestimation
Jointestimation
Readingassignment
Ch5ofProakis
ELEC5360
69