EARTHING, EARTHING TRANSFORMER AND NEUTRAL GROUNDING TRANSFORMER

a. Earthing : Type of Earthing : (a) solid earthing (b) Resistance earthing (c) Reactance earthing. Equipment earthing is most essential to provide the safety to the personnel working on system. During any fault, the potential of earthed body does not reach to dangerously high value. Earth fault current flows through earthing and it causes operation of fuse or relay. b. Earthing Transformer : To limit the earth fault current, the neutral of star winding are grounded with the help of resistor or reactance. The reactance connected between neutral and earth provides a lagging current which neutralizes the capacitive current. For a transformer of given rated output and given ratio of neutral current and line current, solid earthing may be adopted upto higher line voltages with increasing value of earth resistance. Earthing transformer is a core type transformer. It has three limbs, which is built up in same manner as that of power transformer. Each limb accommodates two equally spaced winding. Current flowing through winding is in opposite direction on each limb. Impedance of earthing transformer is quite low and hence magnitude of fault current will be high, hence current resistance is added in series. Earthing Transformer are used for if neutral point is not available in case of delta connection, if neutral point is desired on bus bar or for distribution purpose, if required three phase four wire system. Earthing transformer are designed for carrying maximum fault current for upto 30 seconds. The rating of earthing transformer is different from rating of power transformer. Power transformer are designed to carry its total load continuously, while earthing transformer are supplied with iron losses, copper losses due to short circuit occurs for a fraction of minute. When system is normal only current flowing through earthing transformer is required to provide necessary magnetisation and to supply iron loss. c. Neutral Grounding Transformer : The subject of grounding covers the problems relating to the conduction of electric current to the earth and through the ground. The earth rarely serves as a part of the return circuit, being used mainly for fixing the potential of circuit neutrals. The ground connection improves service continuity and protects lives and equipment. The electrical conductivity of the materials constituting the earths surface is very low compared with the high conductivity of metals, since the main constituents of the earth, silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide, are excellent insulators. The conductivity of the ground is due largely to salts and moisture. Even such a semiconductor may carry a considerable amount of current if the cross-section is large enough. The resistivity of the soil depends on its type and dryness and varies with distance as well as depth. Because of the high resistivity all currents flowing through the ground suffer a considerable voltage drop. Two types of grounding transformer are in general use: (1) The wye-delta transformer,
312

and (2) the zigzag transformer. The neutral of either type may be grounded directly or through current limiting impedance. It is assumed here that neither load nor a source of generation is connected to the delta winding of the wye-delta transformer, and that the zigzag transformer does not have another winding connected to load or generation; should either type have such connections, it would be treated as an ordinary power transformer. Generally the winding of transformer shall be connected delta connection on primary side and star connection on secondary side. The neutral of LT. winding shall be brought out to a separate terminal. In three phases balanced load system, the generator neutral that is connected to ground, usually does not vary any voltage. To restrict earth current flow, Generator neutral is earthed through resistances. This offers an inductive load and restricts flow of current during short circuit on the system. Advantages of Neutral Grounding Transformer are: (a) (b) (c) (d) Arcing rounds are reduced or eliminated. The neutral grounding stabilises the neutral point. By employing resistance or reactance in earth connection, the earth fault current can be controlled. The over voltage surge due to lightening are discharged to earth hence less damages to the equipment. Useful amount of earth fault current is required to operate earth fault relay. (e) (f) (g) Improved service reliability due to limitation of arcing ground and prevention of unnecessary tripping of circuit breakers. Life of eqipment, machines and installation is improved due to limitation of voltages. Greater safety to personnel and equipment due to operation of fuses or relay on earth fault and limitation of voltages. Hence it is economical to ground neutral point.

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TYPICAL ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM

1. INTRODUCTION : Most of the industrial units are characterised by their installed capacities. Electrical Power-generating Stations fall into this category. In respect of newly proposed power stations, capacity of each new Unit of power station is decided based on: Planned growth of energy consumption and power demand. Stiffness of the Grid, etc. Extent of consumption of electrical energy (auxiliary power requirements) in the power station depends on 1. the type of Station i.e. Nuclear or Thermal (oil coal or gas fired) 2. steam parameters, capacity and number of auxiliary equipment. Number of these auxiliary equipment in each of the process system is decided based on. i) the need to ensure specified reliability ii) conformity of one equipment to develop the required throughput capacity. The auxiliary power requirement varies from 8 to 12% of the Generating capacity of the power station i.e. single unit or multiple unit. Fans and Pumps are the main auxiliary equipment, which consume substantial quantum of electric energy at power station. Selection of fans and pumps is carried out in a sequential manner in consideration to : a) Required flow rate (throughput capacity) and Head are determined. b) Suitable type, size and required number of machines are decided. c) Type and Power of the drive, d) Voltage of power supply, e) Methods of control and protection selected. Most critical pumps in power station are Boiler Feed Pumps, Condensate pumps, Circulating water pumps. Boilers feed pumps are the largest of the pumps in TPS. The fans/ pumps- both larger and of medium size are of conventional design and mostly have electric drives. Hence need for a Station Service Power Supply System or Auxiliary Power Supply System arises to provide power supply to the drives of the auxiliaries. Electrical Power System in respect of a Power Station consists of Main Plant Power output system and auxiliary power supply system. The main power output system transfers power produced by the Turbine/ Generator to the State/ Regional EHV/ HV Electricity Grid. The System includes: Steam Turbine Generators (with all their accessories), Generator Breaker, Isolated Phase Bus duct, Generator Transformer, Unit transformer, Station (Startup) Transformer. A single line diagram pertaining to 200/500 MW power station as enclosed (Diagram No 1) explains in general the power output schemes and station auxiliary power distribution system
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to supply power to various process system and instrumentation load with the plant. Division 1 and Division 2, supply the system of the plant dedicated to normal power production and plant safety related loads. (Diagram No 2). 2. ASPECTS TO BE COVERED ON PLANT AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEM : a) Availability 1. Estimation and compilation of auxiliary loads 2. Selection of Auxiliary system voltages. 3. Determination of number and sizes of Unit Transformers, station (Startup) Transformers and Auxiliary Transformers. 4. Determinations of one-line diagram of auxiliary power supply system including number and rating of Switchgear, Bus, and schemes of interconnection. 5. Selection of Optimum impedance value, type and range of tap changing gear for Transformers. 6. Determination of short circuit levels, switchgear duties and short circuit rating of cables. 7. Determination of voltage dip at the motor terminals during starting of the largest capacity motor (e.g. at 6.6 kV level Boiler feed pump: 4000 kW). 8. Different areas of Power Plant and the H.T./ L.T. Auxiliaries/ Equipment related/ used in that area. b) Reliability 1. Schemes for manual & automatic transfer of Auxiliary loads at Auxiliary High Voltage (6.6 kV/ 11 kV as case may be) level. 2. Selection of type of system earthing for 6.6 KV (H.V. Voltage) and 415 volts (Low voltage). 3. Selection of Protection Schemes for 6.6 KV and 415 volts levels. 4. Selection of Metering Schemes for 6.6 KV level. c) Design Approaches : Objectives to be attained in deriving the power supply for the auxiliary power systems are: Station Status/ Condition i) During a Unit Startup Requirements Availability of reliable off-site startup power to facilitate commissioning of auxiliary systems required for Unit Startup. Provision of two independent sources of power supply to feed two independent auxiliary systems. The two power supply sources to be independent

ii) During Normal Operation of Unit

315

of each other as far as possible to minimise simultaneous outage of both. iii) Unit Shutdown Each supply source should be rated for 100% duty. Smooth operation of auxiliaries should be possible during unit shutdown.

3.

AUXILIARY POWER DEMAND STATISTICS Total demand for power in respect of auxiliary systems is estimated at 8% to 12% under Load Schedules and capacities of various equipment. a) Major electrical equipments of the power plant : 2. Generator Transformer 5. Auxiliary Transformer 8. Batteries (Power) 3. Station Startup Transformer 6. Diesel Generators 9. Batteries (Control)

1. Main Generator 4. Unit Transformer 7. UPS/ MG Sets (Power)

Ratings of Unit auxiliary transformers and Station Startup transformers are arrived at in accordance with load requirements under various stipulated modes of operation. The above two sources are connected at 6.6 KV level in such a way that in case of loss of power from any of these two sources, an automatic fast bus transfer (FBT) scheme is initiated to derive the power supply from the other source. b) Categories of Supply voltage levels : Voltage levels to be operated, Controlled,regulated and protected through switchgears are categorized as : i) Low Volts supply i.e. Voltage level upto 650 Volts. ii) Medium Volts supply i.e. Voltage level above 650 Volts upto 1000 Volts. iii) High Volt Supply i.e. Voltage level above 1000 Volts upto 33000 Volts. iv) Extra High Volt Supply i.e. All Voltage above 33000 Volts. c) Classification of Power Supplies : i) Class I Category ii) Class II Category d)

iii) Class III Category

iv) Class IV Category

Class IV Category Supply System (HT/LT) : This derives the power supply from the grid substation, or from its own A.C. Generator when it is on load. This has two voltage levels supplying power at : 1) 2) 6.6 KV 3 Phase A.C. for motors for rating of 200 KW and above (as per clause 7.1.1 of IS : 325-1978) 415 V, 3 Phase, A.C. for motors below 200 KW rating.

Major loads connected to 6.6 KV system are : I. D. Fan, F. D. Fan, P. A. Fan; Coal Mills, Boiler Feed Pumps, Condensate Extraction
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Pumps; G. S. Water Pumps; Condenser Cooling Water Pumps; River Water Pumps, etc., 415 Volts Class IV Systems. These consists of 2; 4; 6 Nos of buses supplied through associated 11 KV/ 415 V or 6.6 kV / 415 V. transformers of capacity, 2000 KVA; 1600 KVA; 1000 KVA etc. To maintain continuity of supply with minimum time of interruption when any of the servicing transformer fails, a hot stand by transformer is provided to supply the load of the affected bus, which will be switched in manually. Class III Category Supply System : This derives the power supply from the Class IV, Supply Switch Board. It is also assisted by the power from its own standby generator i.e. individual station M.G.Set or D.G.Set. Thus Class III Power Supply can be resumed from its own M.G. Set/D.G. Set on putting it in service under total grid supply failure. This system supplies power loads to auxiliaries/eqipments, which can tolerate interruption of supply say, upto 1 minute. (This is design intent, but, actually power supply is made available in 10-15 seconds). f) Class II Category Supply System : This system provides uninterrupted A. C. Power to the loads connected to this system. It is divided into 2 divisions as. i) Class II 415 Volts, AC 3 Phase 3-wire power supply system. ii) Class II 240 Volts, AC 1 Phase 2-wire control supply system. System has one M. G. Set / Inverter. This receives power from 2 sources i.e. i) From Class I power supply system through motor Generator/ inverter under normal operating conditions. ii) From 415 V Class III power system directly. Class II control supply system is designed on similar lines as the class II power supply system. It has its own inverter and receives supply from 2 sources. g) Class I Supply System : These systems supply uninterrupted DC power to the loads, on this system. 220 V DC Class I power supply system derives its power from 6.6 KV Class III power system through power Automatic Constant Voltage Rectifiers (ACVRs). In addition to feeding various loads. It also supply trickling/ equalizing/ floating current to the control batteries in its division. Similarly 220 V DC Class I control supply gets its power from 415 Volts AC Class III Power System through control ACVRs. In addition to feeding the control loads, it also supplies trickle/ equalizing/ floating current to the control batteries in its division. 4.0 Different Areas of Thermal Power Plant: There are thermal power plants, where there may be only one generating unit or may be more than one generating units. e)

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a)

Recognition of different areas in the power plant : 2) Generator Area. 5) Coal Handling plant 8) Cooling Tower Area. 3) Boiler area. 6) Water Treatment plant 9) Ash Handling plant

1) Turbine Area. 4) Oil Handling plant Area. 7) River Water pumps Area. 10) General Auxiliaries Area. etc. b)

Recognition of LT/HT Auxiliaries : In each area as above there are the auxiliaries and equipments, power to these auxiliaries and equipments is fed from L.V./H.V.Supply Board. Auxiliaries/equipments running at L.V. and H.V. Supply are called L.T. auxiliaries & H.T. auxiliaries respectively. c) Recognition of Main Supply Boards : Usually there are two main Boards and are called as, 1) Station supply board. HV/LV. & 2) Unit supply board. HV.

H.V. Station Supply Board is fed from station transformer having its secondary voltage level 6.6 KV and H.V. Unit Board supply is fed from unit transformer having its secondary voltage of 6.6 KV. Unit transformer can only be put in service when the units own generator of the unit is on load. In absence of availability of supply from unit transformer, H.V. Unit Board gets the supply from H. V. Station Board. d) Auxiliaries fed from HV Station Board : H.V. Station Board extends the supply to the H.V. Boards of different areas to feed HT auxiliaries lying in that area, which are common to the whole plant e.g. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) e) River Water Pump Board for auxiliaries in RWP area. W. T. Plant transformer/ D. M. Plant transformer for auxiliaries in WTP area Ash handling plant board for auxiliaries in AHP area. Coal handling plant board for auxiliaries in CHP area. Fire fighting board transformer for auxiliaries on Fire fighting board. Station lighting/welding supply board transformer for auxiliaries on lighting / welding supply Board. Oil handling plant transformer for auxiliaries on OHP Board. Station service board transformer for auxiliaries LT Station service board.

Auxiliaries fed from HV Unit Board : H.V.Unit Board extends the power supply to H.V.Auxiliaries/equipment and transformers, which are made only for a particular unit e.g. 1) 3) I. D. Fans P. A. Fans 2) 4) F. D. Fans Coal Mills

318

5) 7) 9) 11) 13) 15) e)

C. W. Pumps Starting oil pump. Unit lighting transformer. Turbine Board transformer. G. S. Pumps E.S.P transformer. etc.

6) 8)

Boiler feed pumps Condensate Extraction Pumps

10) Boiler board transformer 12) Ash handling transformer. 14) Emergency transformer

Auxiliaries fed from different HV Board : e.g. H.V. River Water Pump Board 1) R. W. P Motors 2) R. W. P, L. T. Board transformer H.V. AHP Board 1) AHP H. V. Pumps

2) AHP L. T. Board transformer

&

3) Clearwater Pumps.

H.V. CHP Board. 1) CHP H.V. Coal rusher motor 5.0 a)

&

2) CHP Auxiliary transformer.

415 V LT switchgear distribution Boards and their Supply

Nomenclature of L.T. Boards L.T.Boards are generally nominclated based on the name of area in which the various L.T.auxiliaries are installed and are fed from the respective switchgear Board.e.g. i) ii) iii) iv) v) Turbine board extends the supply to the auxiliaries located in turbine Area. Boiler Board extends the supply to the auxiliaries located in boiler area. D.M.Board/ W.T.Board extend the supply to the auxiliaries located in D.M.Plant/ W.T.Plant. Station Service Board extends the supply to the auxiliaries mainly meant for the station irrespective of the specific unit. E.S.P. Board extends the supply to the auxiliaries in ESP area.

N.B. This is a general concept to locate the supply of any auxiliary from a respective board. However the concept may change from station to station & place to place. It is therefore of utmost important to get confirmed the location and supply point of any auxiliary and supply interconnections etc to eliminate any chance of accident. b) L.T.Boards Supply Scheme : The general scheme of supply to L.T.Auxiliary boards is as below. Station Service Board : Two bus sections of station service feeder Board are fed from station board through two Xmers of 6600/ 415 V. These bus sections are connected through the switchgear called bus coupler.
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Standby Board : Two sections of standby board are fed from station board feeders through two Xmers of 6600/ 415 V. Boiler Board : Two sections of Boiler Board are fed from unit board feeder through 6600/415 V transformers and standby board respectively. Other LT boards are supplied with power more or less as below : Fuel oil handling board It is fed from Station Service Board through two feeders. Turbine Board It is fed from Station Service Board and Boiler Board. Emergency Board It is fed from Station Service Board or from Unit Board through an emergency transformer of 6600/ 415 on Unit Board. In total AC failure, this emergency board is fed/charged from 415 V, sufficient kW capacity Diesel Generator Set. DM Plant Board It is fed from Station Board feeder through 6600/ 415 V Xmer. It can also be fed through Standby Board. Coal Handling board It is fed from 6.6 kV CHP Board through two number of 6600/ 415 V Xmers. Ash Handling Plant Board It is fed from 6.6 kV AHP Board through two numbers of 6600/ 415 V Xmers. Electrostatic precipitator Board It is fed from Unit Board feeder through 6600/ 415 V, Xmer. It can also be charged from Standby board. Main lighting Board It is charged from two feeders on Station Board through two Xmers, of 6600/ 415 V. Main welding Board It is charged from two feeders on Station Board through two transformers of 6600 / 415 V. L.T. Auxiliaries / Equipments ingeneral fed from different L.T. switchgear Board : Turbine Board Dewatering pump. Fire fighting House. 2.
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6.0 a) 1.

Booster pump to Hydrogen cooler.

3. 5. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14.

Gen. Transformer oil pumps G. S. Hot water transfer pump Drip pump Dewatering pump C. W. Suction pit DM/ GS cooling pump Oil vapour fan Hydrazine injector pump (L.P. dosing no.1)

Centrifugal oil pump for turbine (stationary). 7. Unit auxiliary transformer cooling fans. 9. Dewatering pump. G. S. Pump House 11. Hydrogen dryer fan 13. Motor space heater transformer. 15. Control P. T. 17. Control P. T. station.

4.

16. D. C. supervision module b) 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. 23. 25. 27. 29. Emergency Board Emergency lighting Air heater lub, oil pump motor Barring gear motor Hydrogen exhaust fan. F. D. Fan lub oil pump Air heater main drive motor Excitation cubicle. Scanner air fan motor Alarm cubicle Emergency service cubicle Control transformer Incoming 2 from Diesel generator board Jacking oil pump. Stator water cooling pump Spare fan seal air fan

2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 30.

Seal oil pump Igniter air fan motor I. D. Fan lub oil pump Battery charger. B. F. P. lub, oil pump Supply for D. G. control Air heater lub, oil pump Standby lub, oil pump motor Motor space heater Bus P. T. cubicle Incoming 1 from station service board Seal air fan Excitation supply (Field flashing) P. A. fan lub, oil pump motor Oil unit motor for auxiliary PRDS 1.

31. Oil unit motor for HP/ LP bypass. c) 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. M. C. C. For ash handling plant Lighting Clinker grinder Motor Spare Rotary feeder motor Spare slurry pump motor Control P. T. Bus P. T. Incomer control circuit 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. Spare clinker grinder motor Reserve H. P. pump motor Slurry pump motor Motor space heater P. T. Raw water transfer pump motor Incomer Bus coupler

17. Bus coupler control circuit d) 1. 3. 5. Boiler Board Temperature probe motor P. A. fan lub, oil pump Unit drain pump

18. Incomer 2.

2. 4. 6.
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Supply to soot blower pannel Phosphate dosing pump. B. F. P. oil pump

7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17.

Raw coal feeder variation Oil unit motor for HP/ LP bypass station I. D. Fan lub, oil pump Roof extraction fan panel Bus P. T. cubicle 1. Incoming supply

8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18.

Feeder inst. Control supply F. D. Fan lub, oil pump Motor space heater module 24 V supply cubicle Control transformer. Bus coupler

19. Outgoing to turbine e) 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. f) 1. 3. 5. g) 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. Fuel oil handling board (control & schematics) Heavy fuel oil pump Recovery pump motor feeder Ventilation fan HSD pump Fuel oil pump No. 2 Electro-static precipitator (ESP) board H. V. rectifier Unit Incomer A from ESP Xmer Incomer B. from standby board Station service board Fire fighting pump Station air compressor Control supply for station compressor Workshop feeder Turbine Board F. O. H. plant A. C. alarm control Standby supply to emergency Board 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. Supply to Boiler & Turbine basement Dewatering pump E. O. T. crane Ventilation Instrument compressor Standby board. D. C. alarm control Elevator 2. 4. Auxiliary control panel No. 1 Bus coupler 2. 4. 6. 8. Unloading pump feeder Unloading pump feeder Unloading pump house sump pump Dewatering pump No. 2.

17. A. C- supply h) 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. i) 1. 3. 5. D. M. Plant board Caustic soda mixer Degasser air blower Brine transfer pump Degassed water pump (CWP-A) Effluent water pump CWP Degasser air blower Standby board D. M. Plant board E. S. P. Board D. C. control and alarm supply 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. Alkali transfer pump Acid transfer pump M. B. air blower Cooling water pump C. T. fan Lime mixer

2. 4.
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Boiler Board Station service board supply

j) 1. 3. 5. 7. k) 1. 3. 5. 8.

RWP L/T board auxiliaries Lub. Water pump Raw water pump C. W. Pump Canal water pump C.H.P. Supply board Belt F. D. R. Conveyor Control panel for tunnel ventilation system for conveyor Coal sampling unit

2. 4. 6. 8.

Cooling water pump Grease pump Oil pump Lighting supply feeder.

2. 4. 6. 7. 9.

Belt F. D. R. A. C. T. R. Flap gate Magnetic pulley Actuator for flap gate Magnetic separator

10. Control panel for dust extraction system for primary crusher. 13. Sump pump 15. Metal detector 17. Tripper conveyor 19. Tripled M. C. C. 21. Bunker level annunciation panel 23. Secondary screen. 25. Motor Space heater 415/ 240 V 5 kVA transformer SPH-1 27. 415/ 240 V 5 kVA, control transformer-1 29. Bus coupler 31. Bus P. T. 33. Control panel for tunnel ventilation system for conveyor 11. 35. Mimic control panel

11. Primary screen 12. Primary crusher 14. Vibrating feeder control panel 16. Belt weigher 18. Telescopic Chute, panel 20. Vibrating feeder control panel 22. Telescopic chute panel 24. Control panel for dust extraction system for Junction Tower 26. Bus P. T. 28. Incomer No. I 30. Incomer No. II 32. Control panel for D. E. S. (dust extraction system) for Bunker 34. Supply for belt weigher

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Operational Strategies which lead to approach to Design Capacity and other parameters of switchgear

324

Schematic Diagram of Electrical System

325

Class II 415 V System A.C. Class I 220 V System D.C. (Power) Class I 220 V System D.C. (Control)

Diagram - 5

326

Class III

6.6 KV and 415 V A.C. System Diagram - 3

Class IV

6.6 KV and 415 V System Diagram - 4

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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER (CTs PTs)

High Capacity Electrical Motors, Generators, Switchgear etc are installed and used in Power Systems and Power plants. Normal Working voltages are in the range of 3.3 kV to 400 kV. Capacities of individual Electrical Equipment range from 500 kW to 10 MW for the motors used in Power Plants. Generator capacities range between 120 MW to 500 MW. In all circuits where we have either high voltage or heavy currents, it is not practicable to connect the measuring and indicating instruments or protective relays directly in the circuits carrying heavy currents or working at High Voltages. Instrument transformers are used to scale down primary currents and voltages to low and safe level producing little hazards to a person and lot of saving in the cost. Current and voltage transformer is thus input device for measuring instruments and protective relays. Voltage transformer Protective PT : A P.T. intended to supply protective devices viz. Relays or trip coils. Measuring P.T. : A P.T. intended to supply indicating instruments, integrating meters and other measuring apparatus. Dual purpose P.T. : Often the same P.T. can be usued for both the purposes either is has one secondary winding or two separate secondary windings or same different ratio to be used for metering and protection circuits separately. A voltage transformer is similar to a power transformer, the primary being excited by nearly constant voltage. A P.T. is rated in terms of maximum burden (VA output) it will deliver without exceeding specified limits of error, where as a power transformer is rated by the secondary output it will deliver without exceeding specified temperature rise. The construction of P.T. differs from a power transformer, as different emphasis is placed on cooling insulation and mechanical problem. a) b) c) The output of P.T. is maximum few hundred VA, so heat generated is not a problem. As number of turns and insulation is proportional to primary voltage, size of the P.T. is determined by system voltage. Insulation presents special problem because of small conductor size, ventilation and space restrictions, when it is to be accommodated in switchgear. Generally for system upto 11 KV, P.T.s encapsulated in synthetic resin are used.

Technical and constructional details of PT : The potential transformers (from 22KV to 220KV) are generally of single phase and are oil immersed and self cooled. The design and construction of PTs is sufficient to withstand the thermal and mechanical stress resulting from the rated normal and overvoltage.

328

The potential transformers consists of i) Bushing ii) Metal cap with terminal connector iii) Core iv) Primary and secondary windings. Bushing : The bushing is provided for insulation between the H.V. terminal and the tank on which it rests. It is made of homogeneous vitreous porcelain of high mechanical and dielectric strength, any joints or coupling in between. The bushing is glazed to have uniform brown or dark brown smooth surface arranged to shed away rain water. Solid porcelain bushings are used upto 36KV class service. For services of 72.5 KV and above oil filled condenser type bushing are used. The bushing are also fitted with a suitable oil level gauge to indicate the level of oil inside the bushing. These oil filled bushing are hermetically sealed to prevent ingress of moisture. The height of bushing of the PTs should be adequate to avoid bird faults. Metal Cap : The metal cap at the top, above the bushing is of high strength, hot dip galvanised malleable iron. Core : The core of a P.T. is housed inside the bushing and is made up of high grade non electrical silicon laminated steel of low hysterics loss and high permeability to ensure high accuracy. Primary Winding : The primary winding wound on the core inside the bushing and has suitable number of sections. It is insulated having good mechanical strength, high electrical withstand properties and good aging qualities. The primary winding is connected between phase and neutral with the neutral point solidly earthed. Secondary Windings: The PTs are generally provided with at least two separate secondary windings, which are connected in star and open delta respectively. The star connected secondary winding is used for metering and relaying (e.g. distance relays, directional overcurrent relays etc.) and has accuracy specified for particularly application. The rated burden of this winding is typically 200VA. The open delta connected winding is used for polarizing directional earth fault relays or driving a neutral displacement relay for detection of earth fault in noneffectively earthed systems. The rated burden of the open delta winding is typically 100VA. Suitable HRC fuses protect both these windings. Terminal Connectors : P.T. Secondary terminals are brought out on a separate Bakelite board with flexible lugged copper connection between these terminals (on the back side) and the outgoing terminals from the P.T. chamber. These secondary terminals are housed in a terminal box, which is moisture and insect proof. Polarity markings are available both on primary and secondary sides. The primary terminal has standard size of 30 mm dia x 80 mm length for all PTs upto 220KV. This terminal is made of copper and heavily plated with silver or nickel. This terminal is rigidly fixed on the side of the metal cap at the top. The potential transformers are
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hermetically sealed to eliminate breathing and to prevent air and moisture from entering the tanks. Oil level gauge and pressure relieving device capable of releasing abnormal internal pressures are provided. The grounding terminals, filling and draining plugs are also provided to the PTs. Voltage Error (Ratio error) & Phase Displacement Error of a PT Ideally a PT should produce a secondary voltage which is exactly proportional to the primary voltage and exactly opposite in phase. But this can never be achieved in practice. Voltage drops in primary and secondary windings due to largely the magnitude and power factor of the secondary burden results in ratio and phase angle errors. Kn Vs Vp x 100 % of Ratio Erros = Vp Where Kn = rated transformation ratio Vs = actual secondary voltage, under conditions of measurements. Vp = Actual primary voltage. If the error is +ve, secondary voltage exceeds nominal value. IF the error is ve, secondary voltage is less than nominal value. Phase angle error = The difference of phase between the primary and reverse secondary voltage vectors. Error is +ve when reverse secondary Voltage (-Vs) vector leads the primary voltage vector vice-versa. It is usually expressed in minute (Phase angle error is of importance, when the transformer is used with wattmeter and similar instruments where indication depends on voltage and phase angle between voltage and line current). Burden The admittance of the secondary circuit expressed in Mho and P.F. (lagging or leading). (The burden is usually expressed as apparent power in VA absorbed at the stated P.F. and at the rated secondary voltage). In case of residual voltage transformer the burden is the valve of the load connected across the appropriate secondary terminals expressed in VA at the rate secondary voltage. Rated Burden A burden in VA assigned by the manufacturer as the burden at which a transformer will comply with the specified limits of accuracy at the rated secondary voltage. Accuracy Class A classification assigned to PT, the errors of which remains within specified limits, under prescribed conditions of use.
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Highest System Voltage The highest r.m.s. Line to line voltage, which can be sustained under normal operations at any time at any point on the system. It excludes temporary voltage variations due to fault conditions and sudden disconnection of large loads. Rated Voltage Factor The M.F. to be applied to the rated primary voltage to determine the elevated voltage which the transformer shall comply with the relevant requirements for a specified time and with relevant accuracy requirements. Rated Voltage Factor for 3 phase P.T. The M.F. assigned to the transformer and to be applied to the rated primary line to neutral voltage (either for all 3 phase windings or in the case of earthed transformers for any 2 out of the 3 windings), at which a transformer shall comply with the relevant thermal requirements for a specified time and with the relevant accuracy requirements. Recommended Voltage Factors Rated Voltage Factor 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.9 1.2 19. Rated Time Continuous 30 sec. Continuous 30 Sec. 30 seconds 8 Hours System Earthing Effective earthed system Non-effectively earthed system (with automatic earth fault tripping) Isolated Neutral or Resonant Earthed System (without automatic earth fault tripping)

Limits of temperature rise of winding Class Of Insulation All classes immersed in oil All classes immersed in oil bituminous compound Classes not immersed in oil or bituminous compound

Temperature rise in 0C 55 45 Y A E B F H 40 55 70 80 105 130

(The reference ambient temp. for the purpose of temp. rise shall be 400C)

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Accuracy Classes (Selection of Measurement P.T.) as per I.S. 3156 (Part II) Measuring P.T. (Limits of error I.S.-3156) Class 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 3.0 1.6 % voltage ratio error +0.1 +0.2 +0.5 +1.0 +3.0 Phase displacement (Minutes) +5 +10 +20 +40 Remarks These values correspond to any voltage between 80% to 120% of rated voltage, with connected burden between 25-100% at p.f. 0.8 lag and rated frequency

Protective P.T. (Limits of Error I.S. 3156 Part III) (Rated out-put 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 500 VA) Residual output for residual P.T. 25, 50. 100VA Ratio Error (%) +3 +5 Phase displacement (Minutes) +120 +300 Remarks 1) Value are for a P.T. without residual voltage winding. 2) Correspond to voltage 5 to 110% of rated voltage.Burden 25 to 100% of rated burden at 0.8 lag p.f.

Accuracy Class 3.0 5.0

Limits of Error for Residual P.T. Class 5.0 10.0 Ratio Error +5% +10% Phase Displacement +200 minutes +600 minutes

Where a protective voltage transformer is used for measurement it shall comply with the requirements corresponding to accuracy class 0.5 & 1.0. Protection of Voltage - Transformer a) H.V. Side Protection : On designs upto 60KV, fuses are provided on HV side, either within the tank or separately mounted. For higher voltages a gas-actuated relay is used as the current is very small and there are mechanical limitations to the size of the fuse element. L.V. Protection : As two windings of a transformer are conductors separated by an insulation which constitutes a dielectric, they form a capacitor. It is possible for line to ground voltage to feed through this capacitor and charge the terminals. This voltage will
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b)

be built up between the terminals and may cause arcing to ground, which would damage the equipments. These voltages may exceed 1000 V to ground and would be very harmful to any one touching either the terminals o0r any wires connected to them. If one side of the secondary circuit is connected directly to ground this voltage cannot build up. A very small amount of current flows through the capacitor directly to the ground which does not harm. PTs are usually grounded directly at the transformer or at the marshalling box. The ground lead must never be used. The so-called hot lead should be provided with fuse to protect the transformer from being overloaded if a short circuit develops in the control cable or a relay circuit. The short circuit also causes a temperature rise, which may rapidly reach a dangerous value. Choice of Connections of 3 phase P.T. When metering or protection relays are used on circuits they must be supplied with 3 (usually 110 V between phase to phase). The secondary voltage must be in phase with and proportional to primary voltages. a) V Connection : Two single-phase transformers are connected in V both on the primary and secondary sides (e.g. one across R-Y phases and the other across Y-B phases). As there is no neutral on the primary winding, the zero sequence voltage cannot be obtained. This connection is generally used for 3 phase 3 wire meters, which do not require phaseneutral voltage. (This PT cannot be used where it is required to have zero sequence voltage for protection or indication). Star-Star Connection : Most common connection used in metering and relaying schemes, when e3 phase 3 limb voltage transformers are used the zero sequence voltage will not be transformed. The scheme requires 3 phase P.T. or 3x single phase P.Ts. with both primary and secondary connected in start, with neutrals solidly grounded (Typical limb voltage rating 11 KV/3/110/3 volts). Star Broken Delta Connection: (Residual Connection) The connection is used when zero sequence voltage is required for earth fault relaying scheme. The residual voltage is 3 times the zero sequence voltage i.e. 3 V). So long as there is no residual voltage in the three phase system to which the transformer is connected, there will be no displacement of the system neutral potential from earth and hence the voltage in the open delta will be zero. This connection is therefore used in neutral displacement schemes and for supplying the voltage circuit of directional earth fault relays.

b)

c)

The core of such a transformer must be capable of carrying the residual flux brought about by the imposed residual voltage. This residual flux cannot be contained within a normal 3-limbed core, hence either the phase of each primary winding must be on separate cores or alternatively a 5-limbed core must be used. Such a P.T. is called as Residual Voltage Transformer (RTV).
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Auxiliary P.T. Small auxiliary PTs may be used where the main PT ratio and the instrument do not match. When it is necessary to eliminate a direct metallic connection between two circuits, an isolating transformer is used (e.g. when phase to phase voltage is used for synchronising. Here the voltage source must not be grounded, but one side of the synchroscope must be grounded. The isolating transformer permits operation of synchroscope without connecting the source directly to ground). Phase Shifting Transformer In certain metering equipment (viz. Trivectometer) it is necessary to have one pair of voltage lagging another pair or voltages by 90 for recording reactive power or energy. The 3phase voltage of the main PTs is applied to 2 small auto-transformers (2-4 & 2-6) as shown. Tap No. 1 Tap No. 2 Tap No. 5&7 : is marked to select 86.6% of full wdg. Between 2&6 : is similar to above (between 2&5) : are centres taps of full windings 2-6 & 2-4

If the voltage is applied between 1&2 = 110 V, then voltage between 6&2 will be 127. (If 86.6% windings is 110 V then 100% winding = 127 V0. In the triangle, side 6-7 = 127 x Sin 60 = 110 V and Side 7-2 = 127 x COS 60 = 63.5 V Thus voltage V-4-5 = V1-2 & V4-5 lags by 90 V-6-7 = V3-2 & V6-7 lags by 90 Capacitive Voltage transformer A Capacitor presents a certain opposition to the flow of alternating current. This is called Capacitive reactance. 1 Xc = (Xc is in ohms, C-capacity in farads, f-cycles/second) 2fc If two capacitors are connected in series and an alternating voltage is applied across the two, the voltage will divide according to the capacitive reactance of the two capacitors. If capacitive reactance of C1 is twice the capacitive reactance of C2, the voltage drop across C1 will be twice that of across C2. The electromagnetic voltage transformer is highly efficient and reliable equipment, however the cost rises steeply as the system voltage increases. A more economic means of obtaining an accurate voltage reference is C.V.T., which is fairly common on systems above 132 KV. CVT is a transformer comprising a capacitor divider unit and an electromagnetic unit, so designed and interconnected that secondary voltage of the electromagnetic unit is substantially proportional to and in phase with the primary voltage applied to the capacitor divider unit.
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Capacitor Divider Unit It is a three terminal capacitive device having one terminal at earth potential second at a H.V.(to be measured) and third at intermediate voltage. Electromagnetic Unit It is the component CVT connected between the intermediate terminal and theearth terminal of the capacitor divider supplying the secondary voltage.The reactor coil is connected in series with small electromagnetic P.T. The spark-gap(protective device) protects the built in transformer. A sudden surge causes a break down of the gap. The voltage across the arc is very low, so that the high voltage is never applied to the transformer. In commercial designs the reactor and interposing transformer are combined into one unit and housed in a tank on which is mounted HV capacitor divider. The capacitor divider may either be in the form of a separately mounted capacitor or advantage may be taken of the condenser bushing of the switchgear or Power transformer, by bringing out connection from one of its intermediate foils (usually the earth based) rated output - 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 & 500VA.Standared accuracy class 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 & 10 (class 10 applies to only CVT with residual winding. The same device may be used to inject high a low frequency signal into the power line for communication, telemetering, teleprotection etc. This signal in 100 to 175 Kilo Cycles range is transmitted through the power line and is received by another capacitor device at the other end of the line. The losses on account of secondary burden give rise to ratio and phase angle errors which are some what larger than electromagnetic PT and variable with system frequency and further more the load rating is also very much inferior. Technical Specification The technical specification for 220Kv and 132 PT are reproduced below as an example. No. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) i) ii) iii) 6) i) ii) 7) i) ii) 8) Particulars Nominal System voltage KV Highest system voltage KV Frequency Earthing No. of secondary windings Rating of primary KV Rating of Sec. Winding II Rating of Sec. Winding I Rated burden winding I Not less than Rates burden winding I Not less than Accuracy class winding I Accuracy class winding II Basic insulation level KV
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220 KV PT 220 KV 245 KV 50 C/S Effective 2 -220 / !3 KV 110 / !3 V 110 / !3 V 1000 VA 100 VA 0.5 3 1050 KV

132 KV PT 132 KV 145 KV 50 C/S Effective 2 132 / !3 KV 132 / !3 V 110 / !3 V 500 VA 100 VA 0.5 3 650 KV

Current Transformer A.C.T. is an instrument transformer in which the secondary current in normal conditions of use, is substantially proportional to the primary current and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero, for an appropriate direction of the connections. The primary winding is connected in series with the load and carries the load current to be measured. The secondary winding is connected to the measuring instrument or relay, which together with the winding impedance of the transformer and the load resistance constitutes the burden of the transformer. Primary current Contains 2 Components i) The secondary current which is transformed in the inverse ratio of the turns ratio. ii) Exciting current, which supplies the eddy and hysterics losses and magnetizes the core. This current is not transformed and therefor is a cause of error. (Kn. Is Ip) Current Error = Ip Kn = Rated transformer Ratio Is = Actual secondary current when Ip is flowing Ip = Actual primary current Phase Displacement The difference in phase between the primary and secondary current vectors, the direction of vectors being so chosen that the angle is zero for perfect transformer. The phase displacement is said to be positive when secondary current leads the primary current vector and vise versa. The amount of exciting current drawn by current transformer depends material and the amount of flux which must be deveploed in the core to satisfy the burden requirements of the C.T. This is obtained from the excitation characteristics of the C.T. as secondary emf and therefor flux developed is proportional to the product of secondary current and burden impedance. The requirements of a protective CT differ radically from those for a measuring CT. A measuring unit has to be accurate within the specified working range of rated current. Accuracy is not required at high over currents. A Protective CT on the other hand, is not usually required to be accurate below rated current, but it has to be accurate within the approximate limit at all higher values of current up to the rated accuracy limit of primary current. The question of using a single CT for the dual purpose of protection and measurement an be decided by considering all relevant factors, such as design, cost, space and capability of the instrument of withstanding high currents. High permeability core material with a low saturation level (e.g. nickel-iron alloys) is most suitable for measuring CT. Principle requirement of protective CT is high saturation level (Grain oriented steel are used because they offer the advantage of very much higher knee point flux density). Knee Point On the excitation characteristic is defined as the point at which a 10% increase in secondary Emf; produces 50% increase in exciting current.
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Knee point voltage is defined as (I.S. 4201-1967) that sinusoidal voltage of rated frequency applied to the secondary terminals of the transformer all other winding being open circuited which when increase by 10% causes the exciting current to increase by 50%. (This is a practical limit beyond which a specific ratio may not be maintained). Beyond knee point the CT is said to enter saturation. In this region almost all the primary current is unlisted to maintain the core flux and since the shunt admittance is non liner both the exciting and secondary current depart from a sine wave. Guide Lines for construction : i) Core : Rectangular form built up of L shape punching. Windings are placed on one of the shorter limbs with primary usually wound over secondary the advantage being there is ample space for insulation space for insulation so that this form is suitable for HV work. (a) Shell form : It gives considerable protection to winding as windings are placed on center limb. But this form is difficult to built than other forms. (b) Ring form : It is very commonly used when primary current is large. The secondary winding is uniformly distributed round the ring and primary is a single bar. This is a very robust construction and has a further advantage of a joint-less core(Giving low reluctance) and of very small leakage reactance. ii) Windings : Windings should be closed together in order to produce the secondary leakage reactance, as this increase the ratio error. The windings must be designed with a view to withstanding without damage, the very large forces which are developed when hort circuit occurs in the system.(Primary ring core construction is most satisfactory from this point of view). Insulation : The windings are separately wound and are insulated by tape and varnish for lower line voltage. For 7KV and above CTs oil immersed or compound filled. The compound introduces difficulty cooling is poor. Turn compensation : It is used in most CTs in order to obtain transformation ratio more nearly equal to the nominal ratio. Usually the best number of secondary turns is on or two less than that number, which would be making equal the nominal ratio of CT (e.g.1000/ 5A bar primary, number of secondary turns would be 199 or 198 instead of 200) Phase angle error is very little effected due to this.

iii)

iv)

Protective CTs and Measuring CTs (Common Terms) a) Rated Primary Current: Ranges from 0.5 to 10,000 A (Unless otherwise specified, the rated continues thermal current) b) Thermal Rating : A rated short time thermal current (1th) for a rated time. The time values will be 0.5,1.,2 and 3 seconds. Dynamic Rating: The peak value of dynamic current (Idyn)shall not be less than 2.5 times the rated short time thermal current 1th
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c)

d)

Rated Secondary Current: The value of the rated secondary current shall be 5A. The secondary current rating of 2A & 1A may also be used in some cases when No. of secondary term is so low that the ratio can not be adjusted within the requisite limits by addition or removal of one turn OR If the length of secondary connecting lead is such that the burden due to them at the higher secondary current would be excessive. Relay burden = 10 VA Lead Resistance = 0.1 ohm CT Secondary current = 5A Total VA burden = 10+12R = 10+(5)2 x 0.1 = 12.5 If CT secondary is 1A, then Total VA burden = 10+(1)2 x 0.1 = 10.1 (Auxiliary CTs are some times used to reduce the current in high resistance leads but aux. CT itself imposes an additional burden of several VA on main CT and may some times defeat the vary purpose).

e)

Rated Output : The values of rated output shall be 2.5,5,7.5,10,15 and 30 VA. Since the performance of the C.T. depends to some extent on the connected burden, it should not be less than 25% of the rated VA as otherwise, accuracy will be effected. It is desirable that the rated output should be as near to in value, but not less than the actual output at which the transformer is to operate A.C.T. with a rated output considerably in excess of the required output may result in increased error under operating conditions. The burden comprises of individual connected load, for measuring C.T. (Ammeters 3VA;current coils of watt meters, p.f. meter 5VA). As against this the determination of the rating of a protective CT depends on its application, rated burden, Rated accuracy limit factor and accuracy class.

f)

Rated Burden : The burden on the protective CT is comprised of the individual burdens of the associated trip coils and relays, the connecting leads. When the individual burden are expressed in ohmic values, the total burden may be computed by addition. This total ohmic burden should then be converted to a VA burden at the rated secondary current. If the individual burdens are expressed in VA, it is essential to refer the VA burdens to a common base (i.e. rated secondary current of a C.T.) before total burden may be computed by addition. Normally the standard VA rating nearest to the burden computed should be used, but special attention should be given to a device having impedance characteristics varying i) Constant impedance regardless of current setting (untapped relay coils). ii) Impedance change with the current setting (Relays with tapped coils)
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iii) Impedance decreases when current passing through the coil exceeds the current setting iv) Impedance changes with the change position of the armature of the relay or trip coil. For (1) & (ii) above Effective VA burden=(Ohmic burden of device )x(Rated Sec. Current of CT)2 The burden is always expressed per core of the CT depending upon requirements, CT selected may have 2,3 or even 5 cores for EHV. Typical Core Allocation for a 5 Core C.T. No. of core Core1 2 3 4 5 g) Purpose Metering Backup Protection Main Protection Bus Differential Bus differential (check) Zone Class of Accuracy 0.5 5P PS PS PS

Rated Accuracy Limit Factor It is the ratio of highest primary current at which the CT will comply with the appropriate limits of composite error under specified condition to the rated primary current. The capabilities of a protective CT are determined by primary Amp. Turns, the core dimensions and material and they are roughly proportional to the product of the rated burden and the rated accuracy limit factor (with present day materials and normal dimensions this product has a maximum value of 150). Effect of Internal Burden In determining the rated accuracy of the limit factor, the effect of internal burden, which is mainly resistive should not be overlooked, particularly when the connected burden is low, say less than 3 VA. Co-relation of burden and accuracy limit factor A.L.F. higher than 10 and rated burden higher than 15 VA are not recommended for general purpose use. When product of these two exceeds 150, the resulting C.T. may be uneconomical or of unduly large dimension of both. It is important to not that for a given protective C.T. the accuracy limit factor and the burden as interrelated, that is the decrease in the burden will automatically increase its accuracy limit factor and viseversa. e.g. 15 VA, class 5P 10 CT means, Error will be within prescribed limits, up to 10 times primary rated current when secondary burden is 15 VA. If accuracy is required for 20 times primary current VA burden should be 7.5 VA only.
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h)

i)

j)

Accuracy Class The accuracy class required for a protective transformer is depends upon particular application. The accuracy class shall be designated by the highest permissible % composite error at the rate accuracy limit primary current, prescribed for the accuracy class concerned followed by letter P (means protection) (I.S. 2705 Part III-1964) e.g. 5P,10P,15P.

Limits of Errors (Protective CT) Accuracy Class 5P 10P 15P Current Error at rated primary current +1% +3% +5% Phase displacement at rated primary current +60 Min Composite error at rated accuracy limit 5% 10% 15%

Marking : Protective CTs are designated by accuracy class followed by accuracy limit factor 30/5 P 10 Meters 30 VA. Class 5P, A.L.F. 10. Measuring CT (Limits of Error) : The current error and the phase displacement at rated frequency shall not exceed the values given below, when secondary burden is any value from 25% to 100% of rated burden. Class 0.1 10 + 0.25 0.2 0.5 1.0 + 0.50 + 1.00 + 2.00 % Current error at % of rated current 20 + 0.20 + 0.35 + 0.75 + 1.50 100% 120 + 0.10 + 0.20 + 0.50 + 1.00 Phase displacement in min at % of rated current 10 + 10 + 20 + 60 + 120 20 +8 + 15 + 45 + 90 100% 120 +5 + 10 + 30 + 60

For class 3&5 for secondary burden from 50% to 100% of rated burden. Class 3 5 Percentage current error at % of rated current 50 +3 +5 120 +3 +5

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Measuring CT-application 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Precision (Laboratory CT) Substandard for testing of industrial CT Precision industrial metering Commercial & Industrial metering Indicating & graphic watt meters & ammeters Purpose where ratio is of less importance (in ammeters where approx. values are required)

Class 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 or 1 1 or 3 3 or 5

Factors affecting Choice of protective C.T. 1) CT saturation may cause harmonics, which may increase the time of operation of IDMTL relays. So where fault current is adequate, A.L.F. may be chosen 20. Alternatively a relay with low VA burden or a CT with higher ratio may be chosen. 2) If CTs with higher A.L.F. & VA output than required is selected, under fault condition CTs may be able to produce higher secondary current, resulting in heating of relay coil. This factor is important, when current operated relays with time delay are used, as the relay coil may burn before the fault is cleared. 3) For distance protection if CTs are not of adequate knee point voltage, it may result in producing higher operating time. To allow for transient saturation, a transient saturation factor (X/R) of primary system should be considered. While calculating knee point voltage. 4) For balanced protective system (e.g. differential and restricted E.F protection), it should be confirmed that under external faults, CT saturation and mismatch does not produce imbalance in the relay operating circuit. At the same time under internal faults, CTs should produce adequate output to ensure that operating time of the relay is not exceeded. 5) CTs should not consume excessive magnetising current. If this is high, it may result in higher primary fault settings in case of current operated relays and may cause under reaching in case of distance relays. However, a very low value of magnetising current should not be specified which may result in larger and costly C.T. Over Current Rating of a C.T. The mechanical stresses produced in a CT under o/c conditions depend upon maximum peak value of the o/c, the number of turns in the primary winding and configuration of the coil structure. For minimum stress, other things being equal the primary winding of the transformer should have the minimum number of turns and minimum mean perimeter. The lower the product of rated A.I.F. and rated burden, the stronger can the transformer be made mechanically and higher may be its O.C.F. (over current factor). In general, CT may have an O.C.F. of 50 to 100 based on the rated time of 0.5 second. CTs may be designed of OCF 200 to 400 (bar primary is a must). The value of the over current should preferably be determined by short circuit study of a system, in which the CT is to be installed. Alternatively the O/C rating of CT should be determined from a consideration of the breaking capacity of the ci4cuit breaker with which it is associated. Failure to observe these precautions may lead to destruction of CT under short circuit conditions.
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e.g. CTR-50/5, 11 KV, Circuit Breaking cap. Of C.B. 150,000 KVA 150,000 RMS Value of short current = = 7900 A 11 x 3 7900 O.C.B. = = 158 50 The transformer should be also capable of with standing peak value of current equal to 2.5 x ay also correspond to Duration of short circuit 0.5 sec. 1.0 2.0 5.0 Permissible O/C r.m.s. in amps. 7900 A 5600 4000 2500

CTs 3 phase circuits : Secondary may be connected in star of delta. The secondary may be connected in star or delta. In case of star connection, there is no neutral current under balanced load condition. The neutral current appears only in the event of an earth fault. Delta connected C.T.s are primarily used in case of differential protection for shunting zero sequence currents on grounded star windings of transformers. Auxiliary CTs: The use of auxiliary CTs may be made in watt meters and relay circuits. It is recorded that auxiliary CTs be used to step up currents from main CTs (Burden on the main CTs in table may be excessive).

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