Functions

FUNCTIONS

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Functions FUNCTIONS
Functions relate two variables together using the equals sign. They are used in every scientific field since they take in an input, and produce an output or result. It is important to know when a relationship is or is not a function. Answer these questions, before working through the chapter.

I used to think:
If f ^ xh = x2 + 5 , then what is f ^-2h ?

What values are allowed for x in the equation =

x?

What do we mean when we write f -1 ^ xh ?

Answer these questions, after working through the chapter.

But now I think:

If f ^ xh = x2 + 5 , then what is f ^-2h ?

What values are allowed for x in the equation =

x?

What do we mean when we write f -1 ^ xh ?

What do I know now that I didnt know before?

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Definition of Functions

Basics

You have used functions before, you just havent known yet. Here are some examples of functions: y = 2x y = x 2 + 3x + 4 y = 3x

A function assigns each input value to a single output value using a relationship between the variables. Here is an explanation using the above examples: Input Input Input Output Output Output

-5

Function: y = 2x Function: y = x2 + 3x + 4 Function: y = 3 x

-10

14

27

In the above functions, the input value has been inserted into the function as the x-value. The y-value is the output. We say that a function maps input values to output values.

This is the important part: For a relation to be a function, each input value can only map to one output. If any input value maps to more than one output value, then the relationship is NOT a function but is only a relation.

Input values

Output values

Input values

Output values

Input values

Output values

Each input has one output Each output comes from one input This is a function

Each input value has one output value An output can have more than one input This is a function

An input value has more than one output This is NOT a function This is a relation

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Function Notation, f^ xh

Basics

In mathematics there are special methods to write functions. These all mean the same thing: y= This is the notation used up until now They all define a function. For example: y = 2x all define a function that maps x to 2x. The notation f ^ xh is the most commonly used, here is an example: f ^2h g^1 h f ^ xh = 2x f :x 2x f ^ xh = f :x Mapping notation

The most common notation

If f ^ xh = x 2 + 3x and g^ xh = 2x - 1 then calculate the following

a b

Substitute 2 for every x

Substitute 1 for every x

f ^2h = ^2h2 + 3^2h = 10 f ^0h - g^0h

Substitute 0 for every x into

g^1 h = 2^1 h - 1 =1 2f ^1 h + 3g^-1h

Substitute 1 for every x in

f ^ xh and g^ xh

f ^ xh and -1 for every x in g^ xh

= 60 @ - 6-1 @ =1

= 6^0h2 + 3^0h@ - 62^0h - 1 @

= 264 @ + 3 6-3 @ =-1

= 26^1 h2 + 3^1 h@ + 3 62^-1h - 1 @

Sometimes algebraic expressions are substituted into functions. Let f ^ xh = 3x - 2 and g ^ xh = x 2 + 3 . Find the following
a

= 3^ p + 1h - 2 = 3p + 3 - 2 = 3p + 1

f ^ p + 1h

= ^t 2 h + 3
2

g ^t 2 h

= t4 + 3

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Vertical Line Test
The Vertical Line Test is a quick way to test whether or not a graph represents a function.

Basics

A vertical line is moved through the graph. If it cuts the graph more than once then the graph is NOT a function. If a vertical line is passed over the curve of a function, it will never cut the graph more than once. Determine whether these relations are functions: y = x 2 - 2x - 3 and x 2 + y 2 = 9 y = x2 - 2x - 3
y
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 4 3 2 1

x2 + y2 = 9
y

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

No vertical line cuts the curve more than once ` the relation y = x2 - 2x - 3 is a function.

A vertical line can cut the curve more than once ` the relation x2 + y2 = 9 is NOT a function.

This is true because if a vertical line can cut the graph more than once, it means that there is more than one y-value (output) for a specific x-value (input). Here are some general rules you can use:
y y y y

All oblique lines are functions

All horizontal lines are functions

All parabolas are functions

All vertical lines are NOT functions (the vertical line cuts it infinity times) y

All polynomials are functions

All hyperbolas are functions

All exponentials are functions

All circles are NOT functions (the vertical line cuts it more than once)

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Questions

Basics

1. What is the difference between a function and a relation?

2. Identify if these are functions or not.

a 2 3 -1 5 0 2 b 1 -2 -8 4 3

c 3 9 4 -1 10 6

d 2 -4 3 -1 5 0 2

3. Lets say f ^ xh = 3 - 4x :
a

find f ^4h

find f ^-4h

find f ^ nh

find f ^2t h

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4. Lets say f^ xh = x 2 + 4x and h^ xh = 7x - 3 :
a

Questions

Basics

find 2f ^9h .

find -3h^2h .

find f ^1 h - h^-2h .

find h^-1h + 2f ^5h .

find 3f ^-1h - 4h^2h .

find f ^ mh + h^ m2h .

find the value of x if h^ xh =-31 .

find the value of x if 2f ^ xh =-6 .

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Questions

Basics

5. Use the vertical line test to determine which of these are functions:
a y b y

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Set Notation
Set notation is a special mathematical way for writing a set of numbers.

Knowing More

In set notation, brackets are used and different types of brackets mean different things: ( and ')' are used to write a set where the boundaries are excluded. [ and ] are used to write a set where the boundaries are included. The symbol 3 means infinity and -3 ' means negative infinity. The best way to understand set notation is to use examples: Write these in set notation:
a

-2 1 x # 3
Not including Including

-2 # x 1 3
Including Excluding

x ! ^-2, 3 @

x ! 6-2, 3h

x$0
Including

x20
Excluding

x ! 60, 3h
Including Infinity can never be included

x ! ^0, 3h
Excluding

x 1 4 or
Excluding

x$7
Including

x # -3 or
Including

x20
Excluding

x ! ^-3, 4h , 67, 3h

x ! ^-3, -3 @ , ^0, 3h

-3 1 x # 5 or 6 # x 1 8 x ! ^-3, 5 @ , 66, 8h

-10 # x # -5 or 1 1 x 1 8 x ! 6-10, -5 @ , ^1, 8h

The symbol ! means is in the set. So x ! means x is in the set

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1. Answer these questions:
a

Questions

Knowing More

What is the difference between writing x 1 3 and x # 3 ?

What do the symbols 3 and -3 mean?

What is the difference between writing x ! ^-2, 2h and x ! 6-2, 2 @?

2. Write these inequalities in set notation.

a

11x15

1#x#5

-2 1 x # 8

-2 # x 1 8

x22

x#2

x # -1 or

x23

x 1 1 or

x$3

-5 1 x # -1 or 3 # x # 8

-4 # x 1 3 or

x27

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3. Write these sets as inequalities.
a

Questions

Knowing More

x ! ^1, 6h

x ! 61, 6h

x ! ^1, 6 @

x ! 61, 6 @

x ! ^-5, 10 @

x ! ^-3, 3h

x ! ^-3, 7h

x ! ^-3, 7 @

x ! ^-3, 4 @ , 65, 8h

x ! 62, 6h , ^10, 20 @

x ! ^0, 6 @ , ^7, 3h

x ! ^-3, 4h , 68, 3h

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Domain

Knowing More

All functions have a domain. Sometimes certain input values (x-values) are not allowed in functions. For example: In g^ xh = x , only positive values of x (including 0) are allowed. There is no real square root of a negative number. In f ^ xh = 1 , x can not be 0. f ^0h is undefined. All other x-values are allowed. x The set of x-values which are allowed is called the domain. In g^ xh = x the domain is all numbers greater than or equal to 0. 1 In f ^ xh = , the domain is all real numbers except 0. x There are two ways to write the domain: Using inequalities and using brackets (set notation). Write the domain of these functions using inequalities, and then using set notation
a

g^ x h =

f ^ xh = 1 x x can be any numbe except 0 Using inequalities -3 1 x 1 0 or 0 1 x 1 3

Strictly less than

x can only be positive or 0 Using inequalities x$0

Greater than or equal to

Using Set Notation x ! 60, 3h

Using Set Notation x ! ^-3, 0h , ^0, 3h

To find the domain, always think which values for x are permissible in the function. Here are the graphs of g^ xh and f ^ xh above:
y
4 3 2 1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -1 -2 -3 -4 4 3 2 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

Only the positive x-values (and 0) have y-values

Each x-value has a y-value except x = 0

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Questions

Knowing More

4. Identify the value(s) for x (if any) that would make these functions undefined:
a

f ^ xh = 1 x

g^ x h =

1 x-2

Hint: Which values for x make the denominator zero?

a^ xh = 12 x

b^ x h = 5 x

h^ xh =

f ^ xh =

x-4

Hint: Which values for x expression negative?

t ^ xh =

x+3

m^ xh = 2x - 1

r ^ xh =

^ x - 1h^ x + 1h

d ^ xh =

1 x^ x - 3h

q^ xh =

1 x2 - 4

Hint: factorise first

p^ xh = -x

Challenge Questions

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Questions

Knowing More

5. Write the domains for these function using inequalities:

a

u^ x h =

1 x+3

m^ x h =

x-1

s^ x h =

^ x + 2h^ x - 7h

f ^ xh =

1 x2 - x - 20

g^ x h = 1 - x

d ^ xh =

1 x+3

6. Write the domains for these functions using set notation.

a

f ^ xh =

g^ xh = -x

b^ x h = 1 x

m^ x h =

^ x - 5h^ x + 8h

z ^ xh =

1 x2 + 7x + 12

h ^ x h = 3x + 2

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Range

Knowing More

All functions have a range. The range is the set of output values (y-values or function values). Here are some examples: Find the range of these functions from their graphs:
a

f ^ x h = x2 - 4
4 3 2 1

b y

a ^ x h = x2 + 4
8 7 6 5

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1

` the range is: y $ -4

f ^ xh only has y-values greater than or equal to -4

` the range is: y $ 4

a^ xh only has y-values greater than or equal to 4

This can also be written: y ! 6-4, 3h

c

This can also be written: y ! 64, 3h

d

g^ x h =
4 3 2 1 -1

h^ xh = 2x + 1
4 3 2 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -1 -2 -3 -4

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

` the range is: y $ 0

g^ xh only has positive y-values (including 0)

` the range is all real numbers This can also be written: y ! ^-3, 3h

h^ xh has all y-values.

This can also be written: y ! 60, 3h

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Questions

Knowing More

7. Find the domain and range for these functions from their graphs.
a

f ^ x h = 1 - 3x
y
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

g^ xh = x2 - 4x + 3
y
4 3 2 1

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

h^ xh =-x2 - 2
y
1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7

s^ xh = sin ^ xh
y
4

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

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Functions
e

Questions
f y
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

Knowing More
x +2

f ^ xh = 2x - 2

a^ xh =
y

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -1 -2 -3 -4

m^ x h =

x+2
y
7 6 5 4 3 2 1

b^ x h = 4 x
y
7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 -3 -2 -1 -1

0 1 2 3 4 5 -3 -2 -1 -1

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Questions

Knowing More

8. Even though some relations arent functions, they still have domain and range. Answer the questions about this relation:
a

What is the equation of this relation?

4 3

What are the maximum and minimum values for y?

2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3

What is the range of this relation?

What are the maximum and minimum values for x?

-4

What is the domain of this relation?

9. Sometimes a function is only defined on a certain interval.

a

What are the highest and lowest points for this function?
4 3 2 1

Find the domain of this function.

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

Find the range of this function.

-5

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Functions
Shifting Graphs Vertically, f ^ xh ! c

Using Our Knowledge

The graph of a function f ^ xh can be used to draw graphs of f ^ xh + c or f ^ xh - c . The graph of f ^ xh + c is simply the graph of f ^ xh shifted up c units. The graph of f ^ xh - c is simply the graph of f ^ xh shifted down c units. Here is an example using a polynomial. This is the graph of a function f ^ xh
y 6 5 4 3 2 1 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 f ^ xh -4 -5 -6 x

Draw the graph for f ^ xh + 3 .

y up 3 units 6 5 4 3 2 1 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 x f ^ xh + 3

Draw the graph for f ^ xh - 2 .

y 6

f ^ xh

5 4 3 2 1 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 down 2 units x

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Shifting Graphs Horizontally, f ^ x ! ch

Using Our Knowledge

The graph of a function f ^ xh can be used to draw graphs of f ^ x + ch or f ^ x - ch . The graph of f ^ x + ch is simply the graph of f ^ xh shifted left c units. The graph of f ^ x - ch is simply the graph of f ^ xh shifted right c units. Here is an example using a polynomial. This is the graph of a function f ^ xh =- x 2 - 4x
y 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 f ^ xh -5 x

Draw the graph for f ^ x - 3h .

` shift f ^ xh 3 units to the right

y 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 f ^ xh -5 f ^ x - 3h right 3 units x

Draw the graph for g^ xh =-^ x + 1h2 - 4^ x + 1h . This is simply f ^ x + 1h . ` shift f ^ xh 1 unit to the left
y 5 f ^ x + 1h 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 left 1 unit -2 -3 -4 -5 f ^ xh x

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Inside and Outside the Brackets

Using Our Knowledge

When shifting graphs, you dont even need to know what the original function is. Just remember that:
Outside the bracket

If the constant is outside the bracket like f ^ xh ! c then the graph shifts vertically.

If the constant is inside the bracket like f ^ x ! ch then the graph shifts horizontally.
Inside the bracket

Here is an example which has both. The graph below represents f ^ xh . Use it to draw the graph of f ^ x - 2h + 3
y 6 5 4 3 2 1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 x

The new graph f^ x - 2h + 3 has -2 inside the bracket and +3 outside the bracket. This means that:
Step 1: Shift the graph 2 units to the right y
6 5 4 3 2 1

f ^ xh is shifted 3 units upwards

Step 2: Shift this graph 3 units upwards y

f ^ xh is shifted 2 units to the right

Final graph: f^ x - 2h + 3 y
6 5 4 3 2 1

2 units

6 5 4 3 2 1

3 units

0 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

0 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

0 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

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Questions

Using Our Knowledge

1. The graph below is of f ^ xh = 2x + 1 . Draw these graphs on the same set of axes:
a

f ^ x + 2h

y 4 3 2 1 f^ xh

f ^ xh + 2 f ^ x - 3h f ^ xh - 3

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1

-2 -3 -4

2. The graph below represents g^ xh . Use it to draw g^ x + 4h on the other set of axes.
y y 5 4 3 2 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 x 5 4 3 2 1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 x

3. Explain the difference between the following graphs, if f ^ xh is any function.

a

f ^ x + 2h and f ^ x - 2h

f ^ x + 4h and f ^ xh + 4

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Functions

Questions

Using Our Knowledge

4. The graph below is of f ^ xh =- x3 - 2x 2 + 5x + 6 . Draw these graphs on the same set of axes:
y 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 x

f ^ x + 4h

f ^ xh - 4

g^ xh =-^ x - 2h3 - 2^ x - 2h2 + 5^ x - 2h + 6

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Questions

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5. The graph below is of f ^ xh . Use it to draw f ^ x + 1h - 3 on the other set of axes:

y 4 3 2 1 f^ xh x 4 3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -1 -2 -3 -4 x y

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -1 -2 -3 -4

6. The graph on the right shows the function f ^ x + 5h + 7 . Draw the original f ^ xh on the left set of axes.
y 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 x f^ x + 5h + 7 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 x y

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Functions
Inverses, f -1 (x)

Thinking More

y = 2x and y = x have the inverse effect on any number. Each one is the inverse of the other. 2 An inverse function reverses the effect of the original function.

1st input

f ^ xh

1st output

f ^ xh

2nd intput

Inverse of f ^ xh

2nd output

Same as 1 input

st

For example: 5 1st input 2x 1st output 10 2nd intput x 2 2nd output 5

This means "inverse", not

1 f ^ xh

The inverse of f ^ xh is written as f -1 ^ xh . The easiest way to find an inverse is to switch the pronumerals and then solve for y. Find the inverse of these functions:
a

f ^ xh = 2x ` y = 2x For inverse: x = 2y `y= x 2 ` f -1 ^ x h = x 2

b Replace f ^ xh with y Switch x and y Solve for y

g ^ x h = 3x - 1 ` y = 3x - 1 For inverse: x = 3y - 1 ` y = x+1 3 ` g -1 ^ x h = x + 1 3

f ^ x h = x3 - 1 ` y = x3 - 1 For inverse: x = y3 - 1 ` y =3 x+1 ` f -1 ^ x h = 3 x + 1

p^ x h = 4 x `y= 4 x For inverse: x = 4 y `y= 4 x -1 ` p ^ xh = 4 x

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1. Answer these questions about these functions: (i) f ^ xh = 5x - 10

Questions

Thinking More

(ii) g ^ xh = x + 1 4 2

(iii) h^ xh = 4x - 2 (iv) m^ xh = x + 2 5
a

Find f ^2h .

Find g^-1h .

Substitute this value into h^ xh and m^ xh .

Substitute this value into h^ xh and m^ xh .

Is h^ xh or m^ xh the inverse of f ^ xh .

Is h^ xh or m^ xh the inverse of g^ xh .

2. Match each function to its inverse.

1

f ^ x h = 3x + 2 f ^ xh = 10x - 5 f ^ xh =-6x + 4 f ^ x h = x2 + 3 f ^ x h = x3 - 2 f ^ x h = x2 - 3 f ^ xh = 2x - 1 5 f ^ x h = x3 + 2 f ^ xh = 6x + 4

f -1 ^ xh =- x + 2 6 3 f -1 ^ x h = x-3

b c

f -1 ^ x h = x - 2 3 f -1 ^ x h = x + 1 2 10 f -1 ^ x h = 3 x + 2 f -1 ^ x h = x - 2 6 3 f -1 ^ x h = x+3

e f

f -1 ^ x h = x + 1 10 2 f -1 ^ x h = 3 x - 2

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Functions
3. Find the inverse of each of these functions:
a

Questions

Thinking More

a^ xh = 4x

b^ xh = 2 - 4x

c ^ x h = 3x + 2 7

d ^ xh = 4 x - 3 5 2

e^ xh = 3 x + 1

f ^ xh = 3 x

g^ x h =

3 x+1

h^ xh = mx + c

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Inverse Graphs and Inverse Functions

Thinking More

Here are the graphs of f ^ xh = 2x - 3 and f -1 ^ xh = x + 3 on the same set of axes: 2

y 5 4 3 2 f
-x

^ xh

1 x

0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 y=x -2 -3 -4 -5 f ^ xh

As you can see, the graph of f -1 ^ xh is simply the reflection of f ^ xh around the line y = x . This makes sense since the inverse was found by switching x and y in the equation. This is always the case. To draw any inverse f -1 ^ xh , simply find the reflection of f ^ xh around the line y = x . Here is another example: The graph below is of f ^ xh = x 2 - 4x + 3 . Find the graph of f -1 ^ xh :
y 5 4 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 x 5 4 3 2

around y = x

Flip f ^ xh

1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 x

f -1 ^ xh will always intersect with f ^ xh over the line y = x .

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Thinking More

Using the vertical line test, its easy to see that the inverse of a parabola is not a function, but the inverse of a straight line is a function. This means that an inverse isnt always an inverse function. When do inverse functions exist? Remember a function is a relation which has only one output value for each input value.

Functions can be divided into two main types: Many-to-one functions: Although each input value must only have one output value, the same output value could come from more than one (many) input values.
Input values Output values

One-to-one functions: Each output value comes from a different input value.

Input values

Output values

f -1 ^ xh will only be a function if it is one-to-one. If so, then f -1 ^ xh will also be one-to-one. A simple test to determine whether or not a function is one-to-one or many-to-one is the horizontal line test. If any horizontal line does cut the graph more than once then the graph is a many-to-one function. If no horizontal line can cut the graph more than once then the graph is a one-to-one function. Test whether f ^ xh and g ^ xh below will have an inverse functions.
y
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 5 4 3 2 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

This function is one-to-one since no horizontal line cuts the graph twice ` f -1 ^ xh will be a function.

This function is many-to-one since there is a horizontal that cuts the graph more than once. ` g-1 ^ xh will not be a function.

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As usual, to find the inverses of f ^ xh and g^ xh on the previous page, just reflect the graph around the line y = x :
y 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 x 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 x y

The vertical line test can be used on the graphs of f -1 ^ xh and g-1 ^ xh to test whether or not these are functions. Here are some important points to remember about functions: 1. A relation is an expression involving two variables ( x and y ) and the equals (=) sign. 2. Functions are relations that have only one output for every input. 3. In functions, it is possible for many inputs to have the same output. It is impossible to have many outputs for a single input. 4. Functions can be given names like f ^ xh or g^ xh . This is called function notation. 5. The vertical line test is used (on a graph) to test whether or not a relation is a function. 6. The domain of a function is the set of allowed x-values (input values). 7. The range of a function is the set of y-values (output values). 8. The graph of f ^ xh ! c is just the graph of f ^ xh shifted up (+) or down (-). 9. The graph of f ^ x ! ch is just the graph of f ^ xh shifted left (+) or right (-). 10. The inverse of a function f ^ xh is written as f -1 ^ xh 11. f -1 ^ xh will only be a function if f ^ xh is a one-to-one function.
1

12. ^ f -1h- ^ xh = f ^ xh . The inverse, of an inverse is the original function.

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Questions

Thinking More

4. Identify if these graphs represent a one-to-one or many-to-one function and state whether or not its inverse is a function.
a y b y

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5. Sketch the inverse of these graphs on the same axes. State whether or not the inverse is a function.
a 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 x y b 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 x y

c 4 3 2 1

d 4 3 2 1 x

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

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e 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 x y

Questions
f 4 3 2 1

Thinking More
y

0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4

6. Use the graph of f ^ xh = 3 below to draw f -1 ^ xh . What do you notice? x

y 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 x

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Basics:
1. A function assigns a single output value to a single input value, whereas a relationship can have multiple out put values for a single input value. 2. a Yes
c

Answers
Knowing More:
2. a
c e b d

x ! ^-2, 8 @ x ! ^2, 3h x ! ^-3, -1 @ , ^3, 3h x ! ^-3, -1h , 63, 3h x ! ^-5, -1 @ , 63, 8 @ x ! 6-4, 3h , ^7, 3h

x ! ^1, 5h

b d f

x ! 6-2, 8h

x ! 61, 5 @

x ! ^-3, 2 @

Yes Yes

g h i

No

3. a -13
c

b d

19
j

3 - 4n

3 - 8t
c f

3. a 1 1 x 1 6 4. a 234
d g b e h

b d f h

1#x16 1#x#6 x 2 -3 x#7

-33 -53

22
c

11x#6 -5 1 x # 10 x17

80 -4

8m2 + 4m - 3
e g

x =-3 or x =-1 Function Not a function Function

5. a Function
c e

b d f

i j k l

-3 1 x # 4 or 5 # x 1 8 2 # x 1 6 or 10 1 x # 20 0 1 x # 6 or x 1 4 or x17

Function Not a function

Knowing More:
1. a x 1 3 means that x is less than 3. 3 is excluded. x # 3 means that x is less than OR equal to 3. 3 is included.
b

x$8

4. a x can be any number except 0

b c d e f

x can be any number except 2 x can be any number except 0 x can be any number x can only be positive or 0 x can only be greater than or equal to 4. x $ 4. x can only be greater than or equal to -3. x $ -3 . x can only be greater than or equal to 1 . 2

3 means 'infinity' and - 3 means 'negative infinity'. x ! ^-2, 2h means that x is between -2 and 2 but is neither -2 nor 2. -2 and 2 are excluded. x ! 6-2, 2 @ means that x is between -2 and 2 and can be -2 or 2. -2 and 2 are included.

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Knowing More:
4.
i j k l

Answers
Knowing More:
7. e x ! ^-3, 3h y ! 60, 3h
g f

x can be any number except -1 or 1 x can be any number except 0 or 3. x can be any number except -2 or 2 x can only be negative or 0.

x ! 60, 3h y ! 62, 3h

x ! 6-2, 3h y ! 60, 3h

x ! ^-3, 3h y ! ^0, 3h

5. a -3 1 x 1 -3 or -3 1 x 1 3 8. a
b c

x2 + y2 = 9 Maximum value of y is 3 Minimum value of y is -3 -3 # y # 3 Maximum value of x is 3 Minimum value of x is -3 -3 # x # 3

x$1
b

-3 1 x 1 -2 or -2 1 x 1 7 or 71x13
d c

-3 1 x 1 -4 or -4 1 x 1 5 or 51x13
e

e f

x#1 x 2 -3 x ! 60, 3h

9. a Highest point is at ^1, 4h Lowest points are at ^-2, -5h and ^4, -5h
b

-2 # x # 4 -5 # y # 4

6. a
b c d e f

x ! ^-3, 0 @ x ! ^-3, -8h , ^-8, 5h , ^5, 3h x ! ^0, 3h 1.

Using Our Knowledge:

a b d c

x ! ^-3, -4h , ^-4, -3h , ^-3, 3h x ! 8- 2 , 3j 3 x ! ^-3, 3h y ! ^-3, 3h

7. a

x ! ^-3, 3h y ! 6-1, 3h

x ! ^-3, 3h

y ! ^-3, -2 @

x ! ^-3, 3h y ! 6-1, 1 @

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Using Our Knowledge:
2. 5.

Answers
Using Our Knowledge:

f^ x + 1h - 3

3. a

f ^ x + 2h is f ^ xh shifted two units to the left, whereas f ^ x - 2h is f ^ xh shifted two units to the right. f ^ x + 4h is f ^ xh shifted 4 units to the left, whereas f ^ xh + 4 is f ^ xh shifted 4 units upwards.

6.

4.
a b
f^ xh

Thinking More:
1. a
b

h^0h =-2 m^0h = 2 m^ xh is the inverse of f ^ xh

f ^2h = 0

a b c

f ^ xh is shifted 4 units to the left

The graph of g^ xh is the graph of f ^ xh shifted 2 units to the right

f ^ xh is shifted 4 units downwards

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Thinking More:
1. d
e

Answers
Thinking More:
5. a m ` 1 j = 41 4 20

g^-1h = 1 4 h` 1 j =-1 4

h^ xh is the inverse of g^ xh f ^ x h = 3x + 2
c h a b e g d i f

2. 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

f ^ xh = 10x - 5 f ^ x h = x2 + 3

f ^ xh =-6x + 4 f ^ x h = x3 - 2

f -1 ^ x h = x - 2 3 x -1 f ^ xh = +1 10 2 f -1 ^ xh =- x + 2 6 3 f -1 ^ x h = x-3
b

The inverse is a function

f ^ x h = x2 - 3

f -1 ^ x h = 3 x + 2 f
-1

f ^ xh = 2x - 1 5 f ^ xh = 6x + 4 a-1 ^ xh = x 4 c-1 ^ xh = 7x - 2 3 e-1 ^ xh = ^ x - 1h3 g-1 ^ xh = 3 - 1 x f ^ x h = x3 + 2

f -1 ^ x h = x + 1 2 10 f -1 ^ x h = x - 2 6 3 b-1 ^ xh = x - 2 -4

^ xh =

x+3

f -1 ^ x h = 3 x - 2

3. a
c

b d

d-1 ^ xh = 5x + 15 4 8 f
-1

^ xh = 3 x

The inverse is a function

c

h-1 ^ xh = x - c m

4. a Its inverse will be a function.

b c d e f

Its inverse will be a function. Its inverse will be a function. Its inverse will not be a function. Its inverse will not be a function. Its inverse will not be a function. The inverse is not a function
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Thinking More:
5. d 6.

Answers
Thinking More:

The inverse is a function

e

The graph of the inverse is the same as the graph of the function.

The inverse is not a function

f

The inverse is a function

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Functions

Notes

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