Chapter 01 Resistors

Introduction: In this chapter we will study various aspects of Resistors. Brief introduction about fundamentals of electricity is also covered in the same chapter at the beginnings. Some problems are also added at appropriate places. Resistors: A resistor is the most basic passive component invariably found almost every electronic circuit. The primary function of resistor is to limit the flow of current. The properly of a resistor is known as Resistance and Measured in Ohms. Uses of Resistors: The resistor is the most can be used as load potential divider and also as a blasting element in different circuits. It also acts as filter and timber in combination with other passive components. It is available in different types. Based on its applications each type can be used in different electronic applications. Property of Resistance: The property of a material to oppose flow of current is known as Resistance. A passive component that offers Resistance is known as a Resistor. The unit of resistance is ohm ( ). It is defined as Resistance between two ends of a conductor. According to ohms law the resistance of a resistor is the ratio of the voltage applied to the Resistor to the current passing through the Resistor.
R = V I

Where, R = Resistance in ohms. V = The voltage in volts. I = The current in Amps. Factors Affecting the Resistors of a Material: The various factors affecting the resistance of a material are: 1. Length of the Material. 2. Area of Cross Section. 3. Type of the Material. The resistance of any material is proportional to the length of the material l and inversely proportional to the area of cross section A.
R l l orR = A A

Where, l = length of the material in meters. A= Area of Cross Section in Sq. meters. = Specific resistance of the material. Classification of Resistors:

The resistors are of two types 1. Fixed Resistors 2. Variable Resistors

Fixed Resistors

Carbon
Carbon Composition

Wire Wound

Metal Film Thin Film Thick Film

Cracked Carbon

Power Type

Precision Type

Types of Resistors Based on Composition: 1. Carbon Resistors 2. Cracked Carbon Resistors 3. Metal Film Resistors 4. Metal oxide Resistors 5. Wire Wound Resistors Specification of Resistors: The Specification of Resistors are: Resistance value Tolerance Power ratting or wattage 1. Resistance value: This is the value of the Resistance Expressed in Ohms. Ex: 10 , 1K , 100 , etc 2. Tolerance: This is the variation in the value of the resistance that is expressed from the Exact Indicated value. Usually tolerance is represented in Percentage. 3. Power ratting or wattage: It determines the maximum current that a resistor can with stand without being destroyed. The power rating of resistor is specified as so many watts at a specific temperature such as 1 or 2 watts 700c. In addition to the above there are some other specifications must be consider while are temperature range operating frequency. Electrical noise operating life stability etc.