Session 1819

Introduction to VoIP
Technology Tutorials
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda
What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: What is VoIP?

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

What is VoIP?
Telephony over an IP network

PSTN
Cell Phone

Traditional Phone

Internet
IP Phone

IP Phone

Soft Phone
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Why Use VoIP?

Cost savings (toll-bypass, etc.) Integrated data and voice networks Device interoperability using standards-based protocols Flexibility in deriving new services

Voice Data Network

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Traditional Voice vs. VoIP

A traditional T1 can carry 24 telephone calls simultaneously

T1 = 1544 kbps, DS0 = 64 kbps, 1544 / 64 = 24 DS0 per T1

With VoIP, a T1 could carry 64 calls simultaneously

G.729 8kbps compression, 20 msec frame size = 24 kbps 1544 / 24 = 64 calls per T1
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: VoIP Components

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Basic Components
End-user devices
IP-enabled Phones Soft Phones

Media Gateway Controllers

Call setup and management Can be hardware or software

Media Gateway
Convert signal from digital to analog (and vice versa)

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Advanced Components
Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
A computerized system designed to interact with a caller

Voicemail System
A centralized system for sending, storing and retrieving messages

Emergency Responder
A system in charge of ensuring that 911 calls will go through

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example Network

Coleman Technologies, Inc. 2008 - Used with Permission.

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example Network

Coleman Technologies, Inc. 2008 - Used with Permission.

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example Network

Coleman Technologies, Inc. 2008 - Used with Permission.

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example Network

Coleman Technologies, Inc. 2008 - Used with Permission.

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example Network

Coleman Technologies, Inc. 2008 - Used with Permission.

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example Network

Coleman Technologies, Inc. 2008 - Used with Permission.

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example Network

Coleman Technologies, Inc. 2008 - Used with Permission.

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: VoIP Control Plane Protocols

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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Call Setup (IP-to-IP)

1. Caller dials 555-1234 2. Server performs authentication, call admission control, and address translation 3. Server responds with the IP address of the called party

Server

4. Caller sends a call setup message to the called party

LAN
IP Phone IP Phone
5. Called party accepts the call by picking up the telephone receiver. An accept message is sent back to the caller.

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Call Setup (IP-to-PSTN)

1. Caller dials 555-1234 2. Server performs authentication, call admission control, and address translation 3. Server responds with the IP address of the gateway

server

4. Caller sends a call setup message to the gateway

5. Gateway converts the VoIP signaling message to PSTN signaling message

LAN
IP Phone IP-to-PSTN Gateway

PSTN
Ordinary Telephone 6. Called party accepts the call by picking up the telephone receiver. An accept message is sent back to the gateway.
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7.Gateway converts the PSTN accept message into VoIP accept message and sends it back to the caller

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Control Plane Protocols

SCCP Skinny Client Control Protocol
Cisco proprietary Most commonly used ITU-T & IETF Distributed Very modular, ease of use, fastest growing protocol Distributed IETF RFC 2543 IETF RFC 2705 Centralized

H.323

SIP Session Initialization Protocol

MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol

H.248/Megaco

ITU and IETF, extends MGCP - RFC 2885 Centralized

Others:

Avaya proprietary

IAX Inter-Asterisk eXchange UNIStim(Nortel) XMPP - Jingle Skype

Native to Asterisk PBX Nortel proprietary Jabber, Google Talk

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Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

Fastest growing standard Simpler than H.323 Also used for video conferencing, network gaming, instant messaging Similar to HTTP, textual coding Addressing:
sip:bobsmith@mycompany.com sip:voicemail@mycompany.com?subject=callme sip:+1-919-555-1234@gateway.mycompany.com tel:+1-919-555-1234

DTMFs (Dual-tone multi-frequency) carried in signaling message

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SIP Components
INVITE sip:joe@sip.com From: bob@opnet.com To:joe@sip.com Call-ID:12345@opnet.com

Proxy for sip.com gets location information for called party.

INVITE sip:joe@123.23.44.3 From: bob@opnet.com To:joe@sip.com Call-ID:12345@opnet.com OK 200 From: bob@opnet.com To:joe@sip.com Call-ID:12345@opnet.com

SIP Proxy Server

IP Network
IP Phone bob@opnet.com IP Phone joe@sip.com
OK 200 From: bob@opnet.com To:joe@sip.com Call-ID:12345@opnet.com

Voice packets flow between IP telephones

ACK joe@sip.com

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Interoperability Between Protocols

Gateways can convert between protocols

H.323 Megaco SIP PSTN

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: VoIP Data Plane Protocols

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)

Indicates nature of the content Maintains sequence of packets Time stamping Delivery monitoring
V P X M Payload Timestamp Synchronization Source Identifier (SSRC) Payload Sequence Number

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)

Used for monitoring the quality of a session Transferring that information to all of the participants in the session Provides minimal session control

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Compressed RTP
Technique for reducing the bandwidth requirements for RTP-UDP-IP headers Reduces all three headers from 40 bytes to 2-4 bytes
RTP Header = 12 bytes UDP Header = 8 bytes IP Header = 20 bytes

Utilizes the fact that much the headers contents remain the same from packet to packet Critical for low-speed links However, it adds delay! (~3ms) Versions:
RFC 2508, CRTP for low-speed serial links RFC 3545, Enhanced CRTP for high delay, packet loss, and reordering

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Agenda: CODECs
What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

CODECs
Conversion analog digital Sampling: create blocks of data at fixed intervals Each block contains a fixed number of bytes Customizable to insert more or less samples in one IP packet
Small packets less delay, but more layer 2/3 overhead Large packets more delay, less layer 2/3 overhead

Bandwidth saving techniques

Silence suppression Compression

CODEC

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Typical CODEC Behavior

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: Design Considerations and Architectures

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

IP-PBX: Hosted vs. Premise-Based

Hosted solutions
Switching and intelligence is remote On-site equipment: mainly phones, some switches Advantages Cheap Easy maintenance Disadvantages New services are dependant on the provider System is not flexible/customizable

Premised-Based solutions
Switching and intelligence is local On-site equipment: phones, servers, switches Advantages Flexibility in services deployment Disadvantages High startup cost Maintenance (servers, upgrades, etc) More difficulty growing the system
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Call Centers
Different options:
Hosted / On-demand Premised-based Outsourced

Adding value to a Call Center:

Integration with CRM application to create a seamless experience Speech recognition

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What to Look for in a Gateway

Software vs. hardware? How many simultaneous VoIP calls can it handle? How many foreign exchange offices (FXO) does it provide? Supported VoIP protocols? Supported CODECs? Compatibility with existing VoIP devices?

VS.
SIP H323 MGCP

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Agenda: VoIP Performance

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Sound Quality
Sound quality depends on many factors
Telephone quality Type of CODEC used Higher compression leads to lower quality Network performance Quality of Service Metrics

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

VoIP Performance Metrics

Packet Loss What percentage of the packets are dropped
Should be less than 1%

Delay How much time elapses between when an utterance is spoken and when it is played back at the receiver
Must be less than 150 ms for real-time conversations

Jitter The variability in the delay

Computed as: expected arrival time actual arrival time Must be less than 30 ms De-jitter buffer helps fix the problem, but adds to the overall delay
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Call Quality Scoring

Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
A telephone industry standard for measuring voice quality Based on users perceptions of voice quality

E-model, ITU-T G.107

CODEC characteristics Packet loss Delay Acoustic conditions Assumes fixed dejitter buffer delay

MOS VQMon
Provided by Telchemy, Inc Extension of the E-Model Incorporates the effects of time-varying IP network impairments

PESQ
ITU-T Recommendation P.862
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: QoS Mechanisms for VoIP

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

QoS Mechanisms Queuing

Queuing Mechanisms for giving different treatment to different types of packets First In, First Out (FIFO) Priority queuing (PQ)
Strict ordering of queues

Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)

Each queue gets a percentage of the bandwidth during congestion

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

FIFO Queue Example

Voice Flow FIFO Queue Multiplexer

Data Flows

As the queue length grows, so does the average delay The varying length of the queue adds to the jitter

Packets lost due to tail drop during congestion

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example of WFQ + Priority Queue

Priority Queue

Voice Flow Classifier

WFQ Queues

Scheduler

Data Flows

Best-effort Queue

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Example of WFQ + Priority Queue

Rate Limiter
Priority Queue

Voice Flow Classifier

WFQ Queues

Scheduler

Data Flows

Best-effort Queue

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QoS Mechanisms
Ethernet QoS 802.1p IntServ A mechanism for a reserving resources on devices via RSVP signaling
Fine-grained Not scalable

DiffServ A static mechanism for marking packets at the edge of the network and giving per-class treatment within the network
Coarse Scalable No signaling

MPLS-DiffServ-TE
Using label switched paths to control the paths that packets take through the network as well as the treatment they receive at each hop

Aggregate RSVP
More scalable IntServ.

Call Admission Control (CAC)

Gatekeeper/Proxy function for limiting number of calls in system

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: Security
What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Security
Main types of attacks:
Denial of Service (DoS /DDoS)
Saturation of the targeted server(s)

VoIP Eavesdropping
Tapping into VoIP calls

Vishing
VoIP + phishing = vishing

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Security
Protection at 3-level
Network architecture
Separate VoIP traffic (ex: Hosting VoIP on a VPN) Separate trusted and untrusted zones

Protocols
Encryption Standard protocols could be more exposed than proprietary

Users
Training of employees

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: VoIP Management Lifecycle

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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VoIP Management Lifecycle

Monitoring and Troubleshooting Tracking call quality Evaluating effect on data traffic Troubleshooting performance problems Pre-Deployment Planning & Testing Evaluating deployment Performing readiness assessment Planning deployment Predicting call quality Studying potential QoS deployment

Re-engineering Adding capacity or QoS mechanisms Tuning queues based on measured data Trending traffic and predict future bottlenecks Testing configuration changes
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Agenda: On the Horizon

What is VoIP? VoIP Components VoIP Control Plane Protocols VoIP Data Plane Protocols CODECs Design Considerations and Architectures VoIP Performance QoS Mechanisms for VoIP Security VoIP Management Lifecycle On the Horizon
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Hype Cycle

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Mobile VoIP
Different approaches:
Mobile device uses SIP directly Bridging SIP/RTP into the mobile networks SS7 infrastructure i2Telecom, Tango Networks, Outsmart, NewStep, BridgePort, BroadSoft

Voice-over-Wifi is already here Fixed and Mobile telephony Convergence (FMC): provide seamless roaming from GSM/CDMA to VoIP

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

IMS Convergence

IP based telephony and multimedia services Convergence of voice, data, video and mobile technology Features:
IP-based QoS-enabled Common multimedia services platform Independent of the users location

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Useful VoIP Links General information

http://www.voip-news.com/ http://www.voip-info.org/

SIP information
http://www.sipforum.org/

VoIP Security Alliance

http://www.voipsa.org/

VoIP Bandwidth calculator

http://www.voip-calculator.com/calculator/lipb/

VoIP tester
http://www.testyourvoip.com/

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Documentation References
H.323 ITU Standard for Voice/Video over IP SIP Session Initialization Protocol, IETF RFC 2543 MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol, IETF RFC 2705 H.248, Megaco, IETF RFC 2885 SCCP Skinny Client Control Protocol RTP Real-time Transport Protocol, IETF RFC 1889 RTCP RTP Control Protocol, IETF RFC 1889 CRTP for low-speed serial links, RFC 2508 Enhanced CRTP for high delay, packet loss, and reordering, RFC 2508 ITU-T.37 Procedures for the Transfer of Facsimile Data Via Store-and-forward on the Internet ITU-T.38 Procedures for Real-time Group 3 Facsimile Communication over IP Networks

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Related OPNETWORK Sessions

1346 Pre-Deployment Analysis of VoIP in Enterprise Networks

Tuesday 09:00 to 12:00 Thursday 09:00 to 12:00 Tuesday 14:00 to 17:00 Thursday 09:00 to 12:00 Monday 16:00 to 18:00 Wednesday 16:00 to 18:00 Thursday 16:00 to 18:00 Monday 09:00 to 12:00 Thursday 09:00 to 12:00
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1365 Planning VoIP Migrations for Service Provider Networks

1468 Monitoring and Troubleshooting VoIP with ACE Live

1806 Introduction to QoS Mechanisms

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1819 Introduction to VoIP

Take-Away Points

Providing QoS is critical to VoIP success

Plan

Technology is not complicated but the requirements are stringent

Monitor

The VoIP market is moving, and growing

Stay Informed
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1819 Introduction to VoIP

APPENDIX: EXAMPLE OF PACKET

Using G.711 Block no 1 Block no 2 IP Header
20 bytes

RTP
12 bytes

UDP
8 bytes

Payload 160 bytes

TOTAL 200 bytes

Bandwidth:

64 kbps +

40 bytes 20 msec

= 80 kbps

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