Zeashan Zaidi

Lecturer Biostatistics Deptt of Comm Med. ELMC & H Lucknow

Algebraic Identities and Algebraic Expressions Identities are the expressions which are valid for all real numbers. Let a and b be real numbers, then 2 2 2 (1) (a + b) = a + 2ab + b 2 2 2 (2) (a - b) = a -2ab + b 2 2 (3) (a + b)(a - b) = a - b

Linear equation in one (real) unknown x

is an equation that can be written in the form

ax + b = 0;
where a and b are constants with a 0. For example following is a linear equation

5x + 4 = 0; that gives the solution x = - 4/5

An equation in one unknown x

is an equation that can be written in the form

F(x) = 0
Where F(x) is any type of mathematical expression containing the variable x.

Equations - Examples

x 2 - 16 = 0
x3 + 1 =1 2 x 2 + 3x - 5

x 3 - 5x 2 + 2 = 0

Solving linear Equation : Example

Solve the following equation :

3x + 8 = 2( x + 5)
Solution : Using the properties of real numbers we solve the equation in the following way 3x + 8 = 2( x + 5)

3x + 8 = 2 x + 10 3x - 2 x = 10 - 8 x=2
So the solution is x = 2

Example : Solve the following equation :

a x + b = 3 x + c,
Solution :
a x + b = 3x + c ax + ab = 3x + c ax - 3x = c - ab x a - 3 = c - ab x= c - ab a-3

b g

a3

b g b g

So the solution is

x=

c - ab a-3

Solving Quadratic Equations A quadratic equation is an equation of the form

ax2 + bx + c = 0
where a; b; and c are constants and a 0. To solve this equation we can use the Factorization Method or the Quadratic Formula.

Factorization Method : We factorize the expression and make two linear equations. Example : Solve x2-7x+12 = 0 Solution : x2-7x+12 = 0 x2-(4+3)x+12 = 0 x2-4x-3x+12 = 0 x(x-4) -3(x-4) = 0 (x-4)(x -3) = 0 x =4 or x = 3 are the solutions.

Note : A quadratic equation always has two solutions. They can be either equal or unequal.

Quadratic Formula : A quadratic equation of the type ax2 + bx + c = 0 have a formula for solutions which is given by

x=

-b b 2 - 4ac 2a

Example : Solve the equation x -7x+12 = 0 using quadratic formula Solution : In this equation we have a = 1, b = -7 and c = 12 now substituting all these values in the formula
x= - -7

b g b-7g - 4 112
2

2 1

- -7 49 - 48 2 7 1 x= 2 x= x = 4, 3

b g

Example : Solve the equation 2x -7x-9 = 0 using quadratic formula Solution : In this equation we have a = 2, b = -7 and c = -9 now substituting all these values in the formula
x= - -7

b g b -7 g - 4 2 b -9 g
2

22

- -7 49 + 72 16 7 121 x= 16 57 x = 8,8 x=

b g

Logarithms and exponential equations : many equations have the terms of exponents and logarithms and their solution finding is much difficult. Some simple examples are shown here :

Example : Solve

3y =

1 81

We can solve the equation in the following way

1 1 1 3y = 4 81 3 1 1 3 y = 3-4 = -4 y 1 y=4 1

3y =

Example : Solve

log 4 x = log 7 x - 2

We can solve the equation in the following way

log 4 x = log 7 x - 2 x log 4 = x - 2 log 7 x log 4 = x log 7 - 2 log 7 x log 4 - x log 7 = -2 log 7 x log 7 - log 4 = 2 log 7 2 log 7 x= log 7 - log 4

b g

Example : Solve log 4 x = log 2 x + 3 We can solve the equation in the following way

log 4 x = log 2 x + 3 log 2 2 x = log 2 x + 3 2 x log 2 = x + 3 log 2 2x = x + 3 x=3

b g

Real Functions A real function is a rule which assigend an exactly one real number corresponding to any real number belonging to some set which is called domain. Alternatively, a function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs with the property that each input is related to exactly one output.

Example 2 function f(x) = x , which relates an input x to its square The output of the function f corresponding to an input x is denoted by f(x) If the input is -3, then the output is 9 and we write f(-3) = 9.
Input x

Function

Output f(x)

Example Let X be the set consisting of four apples, say two red ones, a yellow, and a green one, and let Y be the set consisting of four colors : red, green, blue, and yellow. Assigning to each apple its color is a function from X to Y:

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 Apple

Red Green Blue Yellow

Color

The input and output of a function are expressed as an ordered pair, ordered so that the first element is the input, the second the output. Consider the example f(x) = x2, we have the ordered pair (-3, 9) or (2, 4).

This ordered pair can be viewed as the Cartesian coordinates of a point on the graph of the function.
30 25 20
-4, 16 5, 25

15 10 5
-1, 1

4, 16

-3, 9 -2, 4

3, 9 2, 4 0, 0 1, 1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

A variable that represents the input numbers for a function is called an independent variable. A variable that represents the output numbers is called a dependent variable because its value depends on the value of the independent variable.

Example : Consider the function f, given by

f(x) = x + 3:
2 We may also write y = x + 3 to represent this function. For each input x, the function gives exactly one output x2 + 3, which is y. If x = 2, then y = 7; if x = 4, then y = 19 etc.

Finding the value of a function : If a function f(x) is defined, and we want to find the value of the function at some given value a of x, then this value can be evaluated by just putting x = a in the right side of f(x).

Example : Let f(x) = x2 + 3x 7. Find the following: (1) f(5) (2) f(a + 2) (3) f(x2) Solution : We can find the values in the following way Given that f(x) = x2 + 3x 7 (1) Therefore f(5) = 52 + 35 - 7 = 25 + 15 - 7 = 33

(2) f(a + 2) = (a + 2)2 + 3(a + 2) 7 = a2 + 4a + 4 + 3a + 6 7 = a2 + 7a + 3

2 2 2 2 (3) f(x ) = (x ) + 3(x ) 7 4 2 = x + 3x 7

Example : Let f x = 10 x Find the following: (1) f(3) (2) f log x (3)

bg

b g f b3g f b -3g

Solution : We can find the values in the following way

bg bg f b3g = 1000 (2) f b x g = 10 f blog x g = 10 f blog x g = 1

(1) f x = 10 x
f 3 = 103
x

(3) f x = 10 x

log x

bg bg b g f b3g f b -3g = 10 10 f b3g f b -3g = 10 f b3g f b -3g = 10 f b3g f b -3g = 1

3 3- 3 0

f 3 = 103 , f -3 = 10-3
-3

Example : Let f(x) = x2 + 3x 7. Find the value of

Df x , h =

b g f b x + hhg - f b xg

and hence evaluate Df 5, h

b g

Solution : We can find the value in the following way

Df x, h =

b g f b x + hhg - f b xg b x + hg + 3b x + hg - 7 - x =
2

+ 3x - 7

So,

Df 5, h = 2 5 + 3 + h = 13 + h

b g

2hx + 3h + h2 h = 2x + 3 + h =

Example : Let f(x) = x2 + 3x, and g(x) = ex + x10. Find the value of f[g(x)] and g[f(x)] Solution :
f g x = f e x + x 10 = e x + x 10
2x 20 2

bg

+ 3 e x + x 10

= e + x + 2 x 10e x + 3e x + 3x 10 = e 2 x + x 20 + 3x 10 + e x 2 x 10 + 3

and
g f x = g x 2 + 3x = ex
2

bg

+3x

+ x 2 + 3x

10