sil Ih3 gmFl**

!.n to(v)thethreeco*ect
t#t1'o"'f"tft'" n"ffiu inrable1.
??d" bggl tiga fungsi organ X ying b-etul,d.alampitak-petak yang d,isediakan
dalam Jadual t.
[3 tnark]
[3 rnarkahl

(b) Erector muscle is a tissue.

State reasons why X is classified as an
--- organ
--o--- and erector muscle is classified as a
tissue.
Otot regang ialah tisu.
Nyatakan sebab nxengapa.X d'iketaskansebagai organ d,an otot regang sebagai tbu.
X:

Erector muscle I Otot regang:

[2 marks]
12 markahf
k) Jlre following information shows
:o-ol" of the organ systems found in the human body.
Maklurnat berikut menuniukkan beberapo orgoi yang terd,apatd.atam badan manusia.
fick (rz) the two systems which contain org€rnX, in the boxes provided below.
Tandn (/) basi d'uasistemyang mengand.uogiorgonX"d.alampeiak-petakyang
d,ised,iakan
di bawah.

| | Blood circulation system/Sjs tem pered,aran d,arah

I Respiratory systenr/Sistem respirasi

tl Integumentary systeml Sistemintegum,en

n Excretory system/Slstemperku,muhan

[2 marksf

(d) Human body temperature is maintained at BZ oC.

Suhu badan manusia dikekatkan pad.a g7 "C.
Explain the roles of the erector muscle, hair follicle and'sweat gland
in maintaining the
body temperature on a hot day.
Tbranghctn peranan otot regang, bulu rorna d,an kelenjar peluh d.alam
: ' -----: mengekalkan suhu
badan pada hari yang pa,nos.

193
Erector muscle I Otot regang:

Hair follicle I Bulu ron'La:

Sweat gland I Kelenjar peluh:

tBmarksl
[3 markahl
Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show two different types of movement of substances across
the plasma membrane.
Rajah 2.I d.an Raiah 2.2 rnenunjukkan dua jenis peigerakan yang berbeza bagi bahan
m,erentasi membran plasnt a.

Substance
lc Bahan -----\
-ttg
"
uo !

Diagram 2.1
Rajoh 2.1

Substance
Bahon ----- o
?".r""1 "tf": I'1"" @'

@o 0a
o Outside the cell
'Luar sel

of
ATi O

DTagrarn 2.2
Rojah 2.2

194
 (a) In Diagram 2.1, label the following structures:
Pada Rajah 2.1, Iabel struktur-struktur berikut:
Phospholipid bilayer, with letter J
Dwilapisan fosfolipid.,dengan huruf J
Carrier protein, with letter K
Protein pernbawa, d,enganhuruf K
[2 rnarks]
12 markahl
(b) state two characteristics of the phospholipid
bilayer.
Nyatakan dua ciri dwilapisan fisfotipid. '
1.

2"

[2 rnarksl
[2 rnarkah]
(c) the process of the movement of substances across the pldsma
I"9. membrane as shown
in Diagram 2.1and Diagram 2.2.
Namakan prosespergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma
yang d,itunjukkan pada
Rajah 2.I dan Rajah 2.2.
Process in Diagra m 2.L I prosespad,a Rajah 2.I

Process in Diagram,2.Z I proses pad,a Rajah 2.2

[2 marksl
12 rnarkahl
(d) (t Glucosemoleculesare transpo"tq airos: the plasma membrane
into the cell through
the proces"_"!oytt in Diagram 2.L. Explain *fry
Molekul-molekul glukosa ilianghut ke iet merentasi membian plasma
ydng ditunjukkan pad,a Rbjoh 2.L. Terangh:a,n melalui proses
tnengapa.

,r'#:#;l
(iil If the substances in Diagr am 2.2 are
calcium ions, describe ho* they are transported
into the cell.
Jiha bohan pada Raiah 2.2 ad'alah ion-ion halsiurn,
huraikan bagaimana ion-ion
kalsium tersebut diangkut ke d,a,Iamsel.

[4, marksl
14 rnarkahj
195
Diagram 3.1 shows three stages of mitosis, R Q and R, in an animal cell'
Rajih 3.L menunjukkan tiga peringkat mitosis, E Q dan R, dnlarn sel haiwan.

2^N
t..a-
r' ((,D
>r
Diagran 3.1
Raiah 3.L

(a) Name the stages R Q and R in the spacesprovided in Diagram 3.1.

Namakan peringkat 4 Q dan R datarn rucrngydng disediakan dalam Raiah 3-L.
tB marksl
13 marhahl

(b) Explain what happens at stage Q.

Teranghan apa ycnl,gberlaku pada peringk'at Q.

[3 rnarks]
[3 markah]

(c) State the chromosome behaviour at the followirrg stages:'

Nyatakan perlakuan kromosom pad'a peringkat berikut:
Sta g eP lP eringkatP

Stag eF'lP eringhatR

[2 marks]
12 ma,rkahJ

196
 (d) Explain the importance of mitosis in the process
of cloning orchid plants.
Terangkan kepentingan rnitosis d.aram pr6r", pengklonan
lokok oriia.

[3 rnarhs]
[3 markah]
(e) Di4gram3.2 shows a cell at stage P. In the next stage, it is found that chromosomeM
rs not separated.
Rajah 3'2 rnbnunjukkan suatu sel pad,aperinghat P. Pad,aperinghat seterusnya,
d.id.apati
kromosomM tidak berpisah.

Chromosome M
KromosornM

Diagrarn 3.2
Rajah 3.2

the diagrams for the two daughter cells which will be formed in
-Complete
II the space provided
Delow.
Lenghapkan raiah kedua-d'ua sel anak yang akan terbentuk pad,a
ruang yang d.ised.iaitznndi
bawah.

Daughter cell 1 | Sel anak 1 Daughter cell2 | Sel,anah 2

12marksl
[2 marlnhl

197
Diagram 4.1 shows a nucleotide from a DNA molecule.
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan satu nukleotida daripada satu molekul DNA.

Pentose sugar
GuIa Pentosa

Diagram 4.1
Rajah 4.1

(a) Name the structures P and Q.

Narnakan struktur P dan struktur Q.

Pi

a: 12 marksl
12 markahl

(b) A DNA molecule consists of two nucleotide chains.

Complete Diagram 4.2 to show a DNA molecule.
Part of one of the nucleotide chains has been drawn.
Satu molekut DNA terdiri daripada dua rantai nukleotida.
Lengkapkan Raiah 4.2 untuk rnenuniukkan satu molekul DNA.
Sebahagian daripada satu rantai nukleotid,a itu telah dilukishan.

Diagram 4.2
Rojah 4.2
[3 marks]
13 markahl

1.98
 (c) In Diagram 4'3, A, B, c, d dan
E- represent the
-- genes found on a chromosome. After a
certain treatment, gene A is found missing. '
Pada Raiah 4'3, A, B, c, d d,an E rnewg'kit7gen-gen
yang terd.apat pad.a suatu kromosom.
Selepas suatu rawatan tertentu, gen'A didapati
hilang.

Diagram 4.8
Rajah 4.8
(t {"*" the process that has taken place on the chromosome.
Narnakanprosesyang terahberraiu pada,n o*ito* -
ili.-

IL mark]
IL markahl
(ii) Name one factor that causesthe process
in a(cXi).
Narnakan satrafahtor yang menyebabkoopror"i'd.i
ak)G).

lL markl
lL markahl
(d) Diagram 4.4 shows the karyotype
of an individual.
Rajah 4.4 rnenunjuhhan nalioiii seordng ind.iuid,u.

nffiu illl
llilffiililrf ffi
6 7 8 9 1 0 ri:.:

f t il00
13 14 15
lI16 ilf rr
77 18

It19 rI
20
llr
2L
IT
22
tr
xx
Diagram 4.4
Rajah 4.4

199
(r) Determine the sex of the individual.
Terutukaniantina indiuidu itu.

f7 mark)
IL markah]

(ii) Name the genetic disease suffered by the individual'

State.a reason.
Namakan penyakit genetik yang d,ihidap oleh indiuidu itu.
Nyatakan sebab.

Disease I Penyakit:

Reason I Sebab:

[2 marks]
12 markahl

(e) Diagram 4.5 shows the cross breeding between two mice.
Rajih 4.5 meinuniukkan kacuk silang antara dua eko,r tikus.

Homozygousblack fur Homozygous white fur

Homozigotberbuluhitam Hornozigot berbulu putih

Offspring
Anak

Black fur Blackfur Black fur Black fur

Berbuluhitam Berbuluhitarn Berbuluhitam Berbulu hitam

Diagram 4.5
Raioh 4.5
 Explain why atl of the o{fripring have black fur.
Tbrangkan tnengcrpasenl,uaanak tikus itu berbulu hitam.

[2 marks]
[2 marhah]
5 Diagram 5'1 showsthe human vertebral column. Diagram b.2
showsthe two types of vertebrae,
R and T in the human vertebral column.
Raiah 5'1 menunjukkan turus uertebramaruusia.Raiah 8.2
menunjukkand,uajenis uertebra
R dan T, dalam turus uertebra manusia.

#h
'-da-'a.---..s,\

q. l
\..-;".'/
Diagram 5.1 Diagrarn 5.2
Rojah 5.L Rajah 5.2
(a) Name the vertebrae.
Narnakan uertebra-uertebra itu.

ft) Draw arrows (-*----) to match R_and T to any one correct vertebra in Diagram b.1.
Lukis anak pa-nah (-----) untuk memad,ankanR 6an T n"ora" ioio-ior*
uertebrayang betul pada Raiah 5'L' ,otu

[2 marksf
[2 markahl

201,
 to the mechanism of
(c) Explain one feature of thoracic vertebrae which is related
respiration , ,
mekan['srne resplrasl'
Teiangkan satu ciri uertebra toraks yatug berkaitan dengan

l3 marksl
l3 markah)

of the body occurs'

(d) Explain the role of the vertebrae in Diagram 5.1 when movement
pergerakan badan berlaku'
Tbrangkan peranan uertebra pada Raiai 5.1 semasa

12 marksl
[2 markahl

(e) Diagxam 5.3 shows a cross section of a normal bone tissue.

individual suffering from
Diagram b.4 shows a cross.section of the bone tissue of an
osteoporosis.
yang normal'
Rajah 5.3 menuniukkan satu keratan rentas bagi tisu tulang
yang nxenghidap
menunjukkan satu heratan rentas bagi tulang seoratugindiuidu
' Rajah 8.4
ost'eoporosis.

Diagrnm 5.3 Diag3am 5.4

Rojoh 5.3 Roiah 6.4

bone in
(i) State the condition of the bone in Diagram 5'4 as compared to the
Diagram 5.3.
5'3'
Nyatatan keadaan tulang dalam Rajah 5.4 berbanding tulang pada Rajah

ll markl
IL markah]

202
 (ir) An individual suffering from osteoporosis
is advised to drink plenty of milk. Explain
why.
Indiuidu yang menghidap osteoporosi'sd,inasihatkan
meminum banyak susu. Terangkan
mengapa.

[2 marks]
[2 markah]

Seetion B
Bahagian B

[40 marks]
[40 rnarkah]
_ Answer any two questions from this section.
Jawab nlana-nlano dua soaran d.aripad.a bahagian
ini.
Diagram 6'1 shows tissue P and cell
Q. P is found in a multicellular organism. ..J
Q is found in a unicellular organism.
Raiah 6'l rnenuniukkan tisu P d'an sel
Q. P terd,apat d,alam organisma multisel. e terd.apat
dalam. organisma unisel.

Tissue P Cell Q
Tlsu P SeI Q

Respiration equation Respiration equation

' Persamaan respirasi
Persatnqan respirasi
G l u c ose +Oxyg e n .--+'. Glt:CoSe
Capbondioxide + Water +'Enerry -+
Carbon dioxide + Ethandl + Enerry
Gluhosa + Oksigen.-> Glukosa _->
Karbon dioksida + Air + Tenaga Karbon dioksida + Etanol + Tenaga

Diagram 6.1
Rajah 6.7

203
(a) Based on Diagram 6.1, explain the cellular respiration process that occurs in P and in
a. [4 marks]
Berd,asarkan Rajah 6.1, terangha,n.prosesrespirasi sel yang berlaku di P dan di q-
[4 rytarkah]

(b) Diagram 6.2 shows two individuals, M and N, in two different situations. M is in a
vigorous activity while N is at rest.
nijan G.2 rnenunjukkan d,ua indiuidu, M dan N, dalam dua situasi yang berbeza. M
seilang melakukan satu aktiviti cergas manakala N berada dalarn keadaan rehat.

Individu M Individu N
Indiuidu M Indiuidu N
Diagram 6.2
Rajah 6.2

Based on Diagram6.2, explain the differencein the physiqlogicalprocessthat occurs in

organs R, S and I for individual M and individual N. 16 marhsl
Berd,asarkan Rajah 6.2, terangkan perbezaatu prosesfisiologi yang berlaku pada organ R,
S d,an T basi ind,iuid.u M dan indiuidu N. [6 markah]

(c) A pond contains a lot of aquatic plants. Diagram 6.3 is a graph which shows the changes
in the percentages of dissolved oxygen and dissolved iarbon dioxide in the pond over a
period of 24 hours.
Sebuah kolam mengand,ungi banyah turnbuhan akuatik. Rajg'h 6.3 ialah graf yang
menunjukkan perubahan peratusan kandungan oksigen terlarut .dan karbon dioksida
terlarut d,alam kolam itu bagi tempoh 24 iam.

204
 Percentage
Peratusan

Oxygen
Oksigen
Carbon dioxide
Karbon dinksida

0000 0600 1200 1800 2300 fime/hour

Masa/jatn
Diagram 6.8
Rajah 6.3

Basedon the.gralh il Diagram.6.3, explain the

differencesin the percentagesof dissolved
oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxiie ; ;h;
;;;
rv'rq during DU'aEE
uurruS' ,t"s" i,-rtage
! y and stage Z.
[lO nlarks] ^''

Berdasarkan graf,padtaR3'iahp.-3,tgrangkanperb,ezaan
perubahan peratusan kand,ungdn
oksigen terlarut dan karbin d'ioksid,atelhrui
d.alamkoiam itu (tt'
'wov"o t't"'t'ii pperingkat x" peringkat
Y d'an peringkat z.
[L0 markah]

Diagram 7'1 show-s of growth, X, y and z, at thetip of a plant shoot.

ln:'-"**::
zones L' 2' 3 and 4 show the ctanges that occur *rin the
gfowth.
vrrv wvuD ao*ing the stages of the
trL'rll
"uir"
peringkat-peringhat pertumbuhan, x, y,
?:#:"::".menuniukhan d,an z, pad.a hujung pucuk
t::r"';n^:ro#r|#.enuniukk'an perubahan vans diatami oleh ser-sel semasa
perinskat

Zone LlZon L - - - - '- t- ,,

zoneziZ&.2 ----- -
Zone 3lZon B --"-

Zone 4lZon 4

__+ Y
Diagram Z.l -
Rajah 7.L

(a)
Pased on Diagram 2.1, explain the meaning of growth.
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.!, tiranghan maksud.pertumbuhan. [4 marks)
[4 markah]
(b) (r) Auxin is a plant hormone which helps in plant growth.
Diagram 7.2 shows the growth of a plant shoot towards light.
Auksin ad.alah hormon tumbuhan yang membantu pertumbuhan tumbuhan.
Rajah 7.2 menunjulzkan pertumbuhan pucuk tumbuhan ke arah cahaya.
Light rays
Sinaran cahaya

Diagran 7.2
Rajah 7.2

Explain the role of auxin'iir the growth of the plant shoot as in Diagtam7.2.
[4 marhs]
Terangkan perancrn auksin dalam pertumbuhan pucuk tumbuhan seperti pada
Rajah 7.2. 14 markahl

(ii) State two commercial values of auxin in agriculture. f2 marksl

Nyatakan daa ni.lai komersil auksin dalam pertanian. 12 markahl

(c) (t State three differences between primary growth and secondary growth. l3 m'arksl
Nyatahan tiga perbezaan antanrapertumbuhan primer d.an pertumbuhan sekund'er.
[3 markahf

(ii) Explain the benefits to the plants that undergo secondary growth as compared to
those that do not undergo secondary growth'
How does this affect their economic value? 17 marksl

Terangkan kebaikan tumbuhan yang mengalami pertumbuhan sekunder berbanding

d,engantumbuhan yang tidak rnengalami pertumbuhan sekunder.
Bagaimanakah keadann ini menjejaskan nilai ekonomi tuntbuhan tersebut?
l7 markah)

The following organisms are found in a paddy field community.

Organisma-organisma berikut terdapat. dalam satu komuniti sawah' padi.

Grasshopper, Paddy plant, Caterpillar, Frog, Owl, Snake, Rat

Belalang, Pokok padi, Beluncas, Katak, Buru.ng hantu, Ulan Tlhus

These organisms interact with each other in the community.

Organisina-organisma ini saling berinteraksi antara satu san"Lalain dalam komuniti
tersebut.

206
(a) (i) Based on the above organisms, construct:
Berdasarkan organisnxa-orgonisma d,i atas, bina:
- A food web showing the iriteraction of ail organisms
Satu jaringan maleanan yang menunjukkanl,ileraksi semua organisma
- A pyramid of numbers consisting of four trophic levers
satu piramid nombor yang mengand,ungi empat aras trof

[4 marks)
[4 markah)
(ii) Grasshoppers and caterpillars are pests for paddy plants.
How can the population of grasshopp"", urrd caterpillars be
controlled?
Explain the impact of the control methods on the paddy
field community.
[6 marks]
Belalang d'an beluncas nxerupakan perosak bagi pokok pad.i.
Bagaimanakah populasi belalang d,an beluncis iapat d.ihaw:al?
Terangha^, impak kaedah pengawalan itu ke atas komuniti
sawah pad.i.
[6 markah]
(b) A paddy field area is developed into an industrial
area as shown in Diagram g.
Kawasan sawahpadi dibangunkan menjad,ikawasanperind,ustrian
sepertiyang d.itunjukkan
pada Rajah B.

Diagram 8
Rajah I

Discuss the good and the bad social, economic and environmental
effects of this
development.
Bincangkan kesan baik dan kesan buruk sosial. ekonomi ILO marksl
dan persekitaran akibat
pembangunan ini.
[L0 markah]

207
I (a) Diagram 9.1 shows the process of colonisation and successionin a habitat.
Rajah 9.I menunjuhkan prosespengkolonian dan penyesaran dalam suatu h'abitat.

Diagrarn 9.1
Raiah 9.1

What is meant by "colonisation and succession in a habitat"?

Based on Diagram 9.1, explain how colonisation and successionbring about the formation
of the primary forest in a habitat. ILO rnarksl
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan "pengkolonian dan penyesaran d,alam suatu
habitat'?
Berdasarkan Rajah 9.L, teranghan bagaimana pengkolonian dan penyesaran membawa
hepada pembentukan hutan primer dalam suatu habitat. lL} markahl

(b) Diagram 9.2 shows an ecosystem in Malaysia.

Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan suatu ekosistem di Malaysia.

Diagram 9.2
Rajah 9.2

Based on Diagra m 9.2, discuss why the ecosystem has to be maintained. [10 marks]
Berdasarkan Rajah 9.2, bincangkan kenapa ekosistern ini perlu dikekalkan.
llD markahl
208
r-,d
Paper 2
SectionA
1- (a) (t Skin
Tbansporting oxygen

Regulating body temperature

Eliminating urea

Converting excess glucose to glycogen

As a protective layer

(b) X: Because skin consists of various types of tissues

such as connective tissue; muscle tissue; combined
.
together to perform specific functions.
Erector mriscle: Because erector muscle consists of
specialised long cells called muscle fibres .
(c) I lBlood circulatbry system

I lRespiratorysystem

I Y llntugomentar5rsystem
I Ylp*"""torysystem
(d) Erector muscle: Erector muscles in the skin relax
causing the hair to }ie flat.
Hair follicle: The hair follicle lies flat to increase
the heat loss through conduction and radiation.
 Sweat gland: The sweat gland is stimulated to (e)
produce sweat onto the surface ofthe skin where it
Nuclear
evaporates and gives a cooling effect to the body.

urrli
membrane

2 (a) Nucleolus

Substance
Bohon ---_ Daughter cell 1 Daughter cell 2
a q
'u ' e\ lOutside the
Luarsel 4 (a) P: Phosphate

ffinMffifr
, I
Q : Nitrogenous base
J
Inside the cell
o)
Dalam sel

(b) 1. The liydrophilic heads of the outer layer ard in

contact with the extr4cellular environment.
2. The hydrophilic tails of the phospholipid
molecules form a selective barrier of the
plasma membrane.
(c) Process in Diagram 2.1: Facilitated difrlsion
Processin Diagram 2.2: Active transport
(d) (il Glucose molecules are lipid-insoluble and
are too large to pass through the pores in the
' plasma membrane. Carrier proteins in the
membrane are able to carry'these molecules (c) (t Chromosomhl mutation- deletion
across the membrane via facilitated diffirsion. (ii) Environmental agents such ad radiation.
(ii) Calcium ions transported into' the cell (d) (r) Female
by active transport tlat move molecules (ii) Disease:Down's syndrome
against concentration gradient. Reason: Has an extra copy of chromosomes
. - One site of the carrier protein binds the number 21.
'
calcium ions and another site binds the (e) Tbe allele for black fur is dominant. One of the
ATPmolecule. parents has homozygous for black fur, therefore all
- The ATP molecule is split into adenosine of the offspring have black fur. (heterozygous)
diphosphate (ADP), phosphate (P) and
releases energy to the carrier protein. 5 (a) R : Cervical vertebrae
- These energ'y changes the shape of the T: Lumbar vertebrae
carrier protein to release.the calcium ions (b)
outside the cell-

3 (a) P : Metaphase
Q: Prophase
R : Anaphase
(b) 1. The chromosomesbecomeshorter and thicker.
2. Each chromosome consiets of two sister
chromatids joined together at the centromers.
3. Spindle fibres begin to form between the
centrioles.
(c) Stage P: The chromosomes are arranged randomly
at the cell e{uator called metaphaseplate.
Stage R: The two sister chromatids of each
chromosomes are pulled apart to the opposite
poles.
(d) The use of tissue culture technique where plant
tissue are cut into small pieces ealled explants.
Explants are transferred into a test tube
containing a culture medium. Ttre explants divide
through mitosis and develop new shoots. The roots
will then develop through mitosis producing young (c) The twelve thoracic vertebrae articulate with the
plants.
twelve pairs of ribs. Movement of the rib cage €rre
brought about by intercostal muscles between the
ribs.

230
 (d) Between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs temperature is low. Hence, the percentage of
which permit various movements of the vertebral dissolved oxygen is low, while the percentage
column and absorb vertical shock. ofcarbon dioxide is high.
(e) (t The bone is thinner, more brittle and more
porous. 7 (a) Growth is an ineversible process which
(it Milk contain calcium, phosphorus and involves a permanent increase in the number
vitamin D which are needed for the formation of cells, size and volume of cells and cells
ofbones. becomespecialised.
Zones 1 and 2 show the number of cells is
Section B increasing.
6 (a) Aerobic respiration occurs in P because oxygen 7,ote 3 shows the size of volume of cells is
is present in this respiration and produce carbon increasing.
dioxide, water and energy. Zone 4 shows the cells become specialised.
(b) (t Auxins show positive phototropism in
Anaerobic respiration occurs in Q because oxygen plant shoots.
is absent in this respiration and produce carbon When a plant is exposedto light from one
dioxide, ethanol and energY. direction, auxins build up on the side in
(b) f,heshade.
This causes the cells on the shade region
IndividualM IndividualN
elongate or lengthen more and faster
R The muscles require The breathing rate at than the cells on the brighter side.
more oxygen and glucose rest is normally 18 to 20 As a result, the shoot bending towards
to release energy, thus breaths per minute, the the light.
the breathing rate lungs enlarge and expand (ii) Stimulate the growth of adventitious
increases and the lungs during inhalation and roots from the stem.
enlarge and expand with return to its original dome Parthenocarpy - induce the development
more oxygen with each shape during exhalation of fruit without fertilisation to produce
breath. regularly. seedlessfruits.
(c) (t Primary growth is the growth of herbaceous
S The heart beats fastet The heartbeat rate is plants that occuresafter germination.
so that oxygen can be normal, between 60 to 70 Secondary growth is the growth of woody
brought to the muscles beats per minute. perennial plants like forest trees that occurs
at a frster rate. In onden after primary growth is completed.
to beat faeter, the heart
muscle also requires During primary growth, a plant undergoes
more oxygen, hence tlrere cell .division, cell elongation and cell
is an increase in the differentiation.
amount of blood flow to During secondary growth, a plant undergoes
it. growth in the diameters of the stems, roots
and trunks.
T Blood flow to the kidney Blood flow to the kidney is
is reduced becausemore higher becausemore water Primary growth begins when meristematic
water is lost through is lost through urine. cells .at the apical meristems undergo rapid
sweat. Therefore, less Therefore, mbre water is cell division.
water is brought to the brought to the kidneys by Secondary growth begir-rs when lateral
kidneys by the blood for the blood for excretion. meristems. of both the stem and the root
excretion. undergo rapid cell division.
(ii) - The plants that undergo secondary
The green aquatic plants use carbon dioxide growth have long lifespans compared
to undergo photosynthesis, while oxygen . to those that do not undergo secondary
gasesare released. growth.'
At stage X, morning, the rate ofphotosynthesis Secondary growth produces seconda4i
is low because the light intensity and the xylem called wood. This woody parts
temperature is low. Hence, the percentage of that are stiong and hard makes the
dissolved oxygen is low, while the percentage plants suitable as beams for buildings
of carbon dioxide is high. At one point, the and various wodden fixtures such as
rate of photosynthesis is equal to respiration' furniture.
At stageX midday, the rate ofphotosynthesis Secondary' Crowth Produces more
is high because the light intensity and the secondary phloem and secondary rylem
temperature is high. Hence, the percentage of which form the metlullary rays which is
dissolved oxygen is high, while the percentage . an attractive feature in furniture like
ofcarbon dioxide is low. dining tables and decorative items.
At stage Z, in t};re evening, the rate of Some plants that undergo secondary
photosynthesis is lower than respiration gowth such.as merawan has a tough
because the light intensity and the bark, produce useful resin and oils.

23L
(a) (r) Caterpillar--_ Bad economic effects:
Demand for food and shelter increase, therefore
\ prices of food increase.
Paddy Grasshopper-->Fiog ----> Owl.
plant

Rat -----+
r/ Bad environmental effects:
1. Sulphur dioxide from this factories combines
sf,^u./ with rainwater to form acid rain.
2. Oxides of nitrogen released by the factories
Afood web dissolved in rainwater to form acid rain.
Oxides ofnitrogen can causebronchitis.
Snake 3. Carbon monoxide released by the factories
combines with hemoglobin and affects the
Frog transportation of orygen to body cells. This
Grasshopper, causesfatigue and headaches.
caterpillar, rat 4. Increase of domestic waste as well as sewage
discharge from houses cause water pollution.
Paddy plant

Apyramid of numbers (a) Colonisation is a process where spores and seeds

(ii) The population of grasshopper and
caterpillars can be controlled by
biological control method through
prey-predator interaction.
Grasshopper and caterpillars are the
prey, while frogs are the predator.
When there are sufficient paddy plant in
nature, predators and preys control each
other's population. When the number of
predators increases,the numbdr ofpreys
will decreasessince they are eaten by the
predators.
Hence, the population of snake is
increases.
Followed by the increasing of owl
population.
On the other hand, the rat population
decreases as a result of increasing
predation/snake population.
A paddy field area is developed into an
industrial area which known as urbanisation.
The drive for development has led to social
activities, economic activities and various
environmental problems,
Good social effects:
1. The population in this development area
increases rapidly because of migration.
This is because the factories increase job
opportunity.
2. The factories can produce more food
supplies to fulfill the need of human
population.
Bad social effect:
Extreme migration causes living space
decreases,
Good economic effects:
. for land plants like small herbaceous weeds such
1. More basic facilities such as hospital
and school are built for the better live of
humau in this area.
2. A lot of transportation system network
are built for the better live of human in
this area.
3. New housing project are built to support
the increment of human population
rapidly.
of certain plants start to germinate and grow
in newly formed areas where no life has existed
previously.
Succession in a gradual process in which one
community changes the environment so that it is
replaced by another community.
Succession in a disused pond begins with the
growth of pioneer species such as phytoplankton,
algae and submerged plants like Hydrilla. T'lne
fibrous roots of these plants penetrate deep into
the soil to absorb nutrients and bind sand particles
together.
When the pioneer species die and decompose,more
organic nutrients are released into the pond. The
humus and soil which erode from the sides of the
pond are deposited on the base of the pond, making
the pond shallower. As a result, this condition
becomes more suitable for floating plants such as
duckweeds.
These floating plants float freely on the surface
of the water and receive sunlight directly. The
floating plants can be reproduce. rapidly by
vegetative propagation causing the submerged
plants to die due to lack ofsunlight
The submerged plants remaining decomposed
increase more organic matter on the base of the
pond. At the same time, more erosion occurs at
the edge which results in more sediments being
deposited on the base of the pond. The pond
becomes shallower which makes it suitable for
emergent plants such as sedges.
When these emergent plants die, their remaining
decomposedadd to ths ssdimsnts on the base of
the pond which makes the pond shallower. The
condition of the pond now beeomesmore favourable
as Euphorbia hirta.
As time passes, the land becomes drier. Land
plants such as shrubs, bushes and woody plants
becomenumerous,
A primary forest emerges and eventually turns
inta tropical rainforest.

232
(b) Diagram 9.2 showsan ecosystemofrainforest.
_ An ecosystem is a community of living
organisms such as plant, monkey, deer, snail,
butterfly interacting with one another ancl
with the non-living environment such as
water and temperature.
In this ecosystem, the green plants act as
producers which directly produee food for deer
and the fruits for monkey as well.
This ecosystem provides the plants and the
animals with the basic resources of life such
as shelter, Iiving space,nesting and breeding
sites. For example, a single tree can be a
habitat for birds and monkeys.
Rainforest provide biodensity.
Green plants undergo photosynthesis which
water, light and carbon dioxide gases are
needed. During respiration process, animal
releases carbon dioxide gases which is used
for photosynthesisprocessby plants.
Plants in tropical rainforest provide raw
materials for mediciine such as treatment of
cancerandAIDS.
At the same time, photosynthesis process
produces oxygen gases which is used by
animal during respiration process.
This ecosystem has to be maintained to
ensure the snail has space/habitat to live.
Otherwise the snail will loss their habitat
causing extinction of snail population.
This ecosystem provide habitat for butterfly
to ensure the population of butterfly
maintained.
Timber, rubber and organic oils play
important role in the country's economies.
Nitrogen cycle, pollination and regulation of
atmosphere temperature are provided due to
the diversity in plants and animals.
 s?o Clalogg rrd fi2, €*-rjT...{
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[60 marks]
16Omarkahl
Answer all questions in this section.
'
Jawab sernua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

Diagram 1 shows a cross section of organ X in the human body.

Rajah L merutnjukkan satu keratan rentas bagi organ X dalam badan manusia.

Sweat gland
Kelenjar peluh

Diagram 1
Rajah L
(a) (r) Name organ X.
Namakan organ X.

[l marh]
fl markah]
(ii) Table 1 shows the function of several organs in the human body.
Jadual L menunjukkan fungsi beberapa organ dalam badan rnanusia.

Thansporting oxygen
Mengangkut oksigen
Regulating body temperature
Mengawal suhu badan
Eliminating urea
Menyinghirkan urea
Converting excess glucose to glycogen
Menukar glukosa berlebihan kepada glikogen
As a protective layer
Sebagai lapisan pelindung
Table 1
Jad.uol I :
192

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