.Z'lU-.

tPe$rclde,l
.J

lt6l /ut/-

^\ E\ ''

-'j=l + ..-*.hi
tr

.y

*rtr

,:._p"

Pestig[des - 'ic'urr

gt-Yil"6#'

stc2202
Agricu ltural Chemistry

lntroduction to Pesticides
Dr Joseph Bong

. .

Apest-killing agent. P<rv . "cida" = to cut or kill. One or more matsrials developed and used to destroy a broad range of specific pests.
Defination:
"A pesticide is any substance or mixture of

ru^r'6u''v{

'

Bilik 108 JabatanSainsTanaman

fcu01 & r.tq

substances intended for preventing, $eqtroying, repelling or mitigating.. glry insects, rbilEnts, nematodes, fungi, W6bEs or any other forms of life declared to be pests, and any substance intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or

O"::::,:

Pesticide...

Pest

. "Atty substance or mixture

.

of substances preventing, destroying, intended for repelling, or mitigating any pests". Chemical substances used for controlling
pests,

Any organism, animal or plants that causes loss or discomfort to human,

r lnsect

. Microbes {bacteria, fungi, virus) . Nematodes

.
Weeds Vertebrates

'invertebrates

lmportance of Pests

Control of Pests

. Damage to food crops . Damage to fibre crops

.
DiSeaSe VeCtOr

e - + !Ann".# *,{ !id:il!{ / 1:*';136.'6{ '

. Chemical control- Pesticides . Physical iontrol methods - li{:r F tu' r . Biological control methods . Mechanical control methods

$a cilut.

#*;3;<ag-s'-

pel"6,-,"uA

p*t'

Can*eql+;

'.Bong

-t{vz

treslrctoe,

7/$12nfi

lVhy do we need pesticides?

. More than 900 active ingredients (EPA)

'Herbicides (28Yd .lnsecticides (25%)

re P*rJ
r{c'rr-u f,AsS

. .

. Fungicides & Nematicid es (20%) . Rodenticides (4%) . Biocides

(23%)

G^o
ha

/*ig

. . .

Food production World population is increasing very fast . 5.8 billion in 1997 . 6.7 billion in 2010 . 7,00 billion in 2Ort . 8.04 billion in 2025 Food demand wiil double in the next 50 years Food production is limited by availability of land To increase productivity of land - we have to use

Pesticioes
stca0? &
t,

--y

t !r22oio,r.ht

lO*

*',-g

ean-e

Commodity

Crop Production with and without pesticides % Loss with % Loss Without lncreased
treatment treatment
34.3
26.O

' Pesticides protect crop yields . World wide, about U3 of the food crops are . . .
destroyed by pests during growth, harvesting and storage.
Losses are higher in developing countries.

Yield (%)

Corn (Southwestern
Corn Borer)

9.9

24.4 25.5
47.O

Soybean (Mexican Bean Beetle)

o.4
7.7

ln Latin America, 40% loss of crops due to

pests.

Wheat
(Cutworm) Potato {Colorado Potato Beetle)

54.7 46-6 90.8

ln USA, crop loss due to pests = 30% (US$33 billion)

1.0

4s.6
78.7
10

Cotton (Bollworm)

72.7

. Diseases transmitted
Disease
Malaria
Yellow fever Filariasis Dengue fever

Health - in the control of vectors (insects, ticks, mites)

by vectors:

. .

lnsecticides reduce risk of insect-borne diseases.'lnsecticides kill insect vectors. Malaria:

Vector
Anopheles mosquitoes Mosquitoes Mosquitos
Aedes mosquitoes A rat flea Ticks (/xodes spp)

r lnfected 200 million people in 1955

, Use of insecticides

Bubonic plague
Lyme disease

reduced human death rate from 5 million in 1939 to 2.5 million in 1965, and 1 million in 1991.

Cockroaches

allergens to cause asthnta

fr12o2 & r

!q

i.Bong

;rC2?O2 (Pesticide)

/18/2An

Damages by Pests

Potato Late Elight

lP h y to p h th o r a i n e

st**sj"",

Dr. J.Bong

7.2*2 {Pesiicide)

713e.*SLZ

Rhinoceros beetlel Kumbang Badak Oryctes rhinoceros

Coffee Berry Borer/ Pengorek Buah Kopi

Hypothenemus hompei
Cocoa
Co

Moth/ Cocoa Pod Borer/

nopo mor pha cro m erella

,Bong

;FC?e02 {Pesticide)

7lL8/2417

Sweet Potato Weevil/ Kumbang Ubi Keledik

Cylas lormicarius
sEttoz B
J.

&n!

75

Termite attack on

rubber tree

Dr. J.Bong

:C27A2

{Pesticide}

7/$l2AL2

Pesticide

Naming of a pesticide
=-u

= active jnqredient + iqert ingredients.

"n"*'"", that compound in a pesticide formulation produces the pesticidal effect on the targ6t species. . lnert ingredients = caniers and materials in the formulation to dilute the ai, Eg: Round-up (41% Glyphosate,59% inert
ingredient)

A6#ffi

,.Jfffitriai)

. Common name . Trade name . Chemical name

Example:

'

Trade name: Roundupo

. ommon name: glyphosate . Chemical name: N-{phosphonomethyl)

glycine

Trade name: Benlateo

. .

Common name: benomyl Chemical name:

sE4@Lr,Ea

methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)

. Common name: wafarin . Trade name: Matikus@ . Chemical name: . '

3-(a cetonyl be n zyl)-4-hyd roxycou ma ri n

Pesticide Mode of Action

. Forms qf pesticides:
. Dust or granules
. Powder: wettable powder

&l--o.r..

(W.P.);

Common name: malathion

...

dispersable powder (D.P.); soluble powder (S.P.)

A, 6u \-'<

.. Trade name: malathiono,.cythions

Chemical
d i(ca

'

n.rn",

O,O-dimethyl-S-1,2-

rboethoxy)ethyl phosphorodithioate

Stph.
ri,k
33

\]

Emulsion concentrate - chemicals in liquid form that are mixed with water.

Formulation: the way a chemical is made up.

n io"^r1*

PesticidoTerminology

.l Non-persistent pesticides: last a relatively short

time on crops or in soil (a few days, 2 or 3
a,r.qy,( .l Persistent pEsticides: last ^,. a relatively long time on crops or in soil (a few weeks, a fery months, a

weeks). ( ype.
fewyears).

OContact poisons:' chemicals enter organism throqgh contact with treated surfaces (leaves)..f

,rfe*..^

k^f-t

and Mode of Action...

DStorffiHisffS"*icatsacquiretytne -L
oroanism throuoh feedino (inoestion).
F.-,

Systemic (translocdted) pesticides: chemicals 61 a5sorueo'-and transloibiea io viriout paiiJot the plant in amounts toxic to oroanisms feeding J,t on Gfpi"s*1e,. *Selective pesticide: a chemical that kills a specific target organism; usually does not harm other organisms.

6 f 5ef. 7., CA lq^" !"^.J,! a/e

tr

fi iffi ffis?f"
p

a"ti

e cn e m]"a s ente r
I

organism through the respiratory tr Suffocation:

hys ica I

in"" 14 "1, system. E ,5

{ if:">rr.

"

""ofo

ii.

/)i**4*: &..*y*
c^Sr"[i

obstruction or. cloggi ng of the brealhing mechanism of the target

d**ud<

organism, eg. by oils.

( oP a.^6i ciJe- f <7q.#rra**.-,

A/"q u;.^ ,B

Jz

irc&2 Dr.

E!

'.

J.Bong

5TC'IIUI

K|rnla PETtaNlaN TJPIUJ

tltbltuls

PESTICIDES
Structure and Actions

Pesticides

. ' .

2 main

grouF

{norganic Pesticides Organic Pesticldes

Fm

&!&t ?*All

ru&I&nr@A

Inorganic pesticides
lnoryanics: naturally occurring elements; no
carbon. Many are persistent. Tendency to bioaccu mu late Several are csmulative poisons: arsenh, mercury and thallium.

lnorganic pesticides
Boraclc acid {Boric acid}

Calcium cyanide Sodium chlorate Sodium aluminium Sodium arsnite Sodium fluoride Sodium clanide Sodium fluoro acetate Thallium sulphate
Zinc sulphide
fl

Copper sulphate Cuprous oxide Copper orychloride

Leed

uoride

aEenfie

Minerals used: arsenit, boron, crypr, lead, mercury, sulphur, tin and zinc, Arsenic compounds * non-selective herbicides
ffiftrhr:iDB

Lime sulphur

(Bordeau< mixture)

Mercuric chloride
Mercurie oxide
@q$q2m

'H'Bo'
Hzo

Barium carbonate

. llarBu0r.l0Hro + 2 HCI + trt3B0i + 2 NaO + 5

. lnsectkide to kill cockroach,
ffre ants, ffeas

&* Gil
termitEs, sihrerfish,

. Fodenticide {rat poison} . Stomach poison. . Afect ltla-K purnp resulting in muscle paralysis. . Bari{rm carbonate is inso}uhle in $ratet but the
stomach acid willdissolve it to cause pdsoning

. Stomach poisorl * affects metabolism of insects . Boric acid kills digestive microbes in gut of i*sect
*&&lbaM! ffisr.kffi,

)rJ Bong

Sl-c

zzuz KrmfiI Pert:tnn

UPIUJ

tltblzul3

Copper compound

Arsenic

. Copper * mycostatic . Copper sulphate - used in fungicide . Copper oxychloride - fu ngicide

fiormulation; Bordeaux mixture

. Lead arsenate, sodium arsenate - insecticide . iiloncsodiurn methanearonate {MSMA) . Cakiurn arsefiate - herbicide {restricted . May be carcinogenic
herbkide {eg, weed control in golf oourse}
use)

@rlb*S7@

wtl&&e3

Sodium chlorate

Sodium selenate

. .

NaClO, Herbicide, ptrytotoxk to all green parts plants; an also killthrough root absorption.
and desiccant.

.
d

lnsecticide

. Can be used as defoliant

. A compound of selenium . Cofirol miteg aphids and mealybugs. . Stomach poison

wrr,hMs

warE2,l7&

Sodium fluoride

Thallium sulphate

. lnsecticide, rodenticide, herbicide . ln baits . As fungicide for preservation of

timber

. ksticide . Very poisonous . Absorbed through inhalation,

. Affect moYements
stomach

skin and
K

'

LDso =

52

m#k*

of Na and

ions.

w*!hffi

ffitrn4ffi

DrJ Bong

rL

lzut
rt

Krmla

lftanxln uPlus

tttbltu'Lr

Organic Pesticides

Natural Cornpounds

' . .

Compunds containing

f. ilatural compound: plant extracts; biopesticides

2. Synthetic compound: pyrethrokl,

. .

Bia@id

e6

Metabolites derivd from bialqieal organisms Entomopathogers {fungi. virus, bacteria, nematodes)

cilorinated Mramrbons, mrbrnates,

organophosphorus.

. Botanicak - ruterorle, pyrethrum, nlotine . lnsect pheromones

'
roer&rlwl

Transgenic plam pstirtdes {6MO plants}

#@trq2'ro:

Examples of Biopesticides

Fungi for lnsect cofltrol

hieta rh izium onisoplioe

M ets r h iz iu m a n isop lio e

.Besuverkt bassiano

. Virusfor . .
Fungus

inrect con$ol

r Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

{il}tl}

;Cytoplasmic eot&e*oc* Vtrus {CPt }

iqr nematode control

lslate

.fuecilamyces lifca*us
Eacteria for insect cofitrcl

LRZ
@*,rq2ffi

lsolate TA

Eacitlus thurtngiensis

Rhinoceros beette {adult and larva} killed by

M*orhbiym aniro$iee rar.

rncTirs

ffi*frffi!

'J Bong

t3.2GZ K,rni3 P*rtanian lJIrl{J$

tltbltuls

Conidk of fxserohilunr langirostraturn

91&*IFtlgroS

Plant Extracts

r ilicEtine

.
r

Eoteoone

Pyrethrum

fu ngus

Itchgrass {ftott}oer*o &chirrchi6eensis} attacfoed by froerohi&rm tong i rostratu &

wEl&B&tu

MCllqlffi

Plant Extracts: Nicotine

r CloHflI{2

r(aHrror
.
Trade *am*s: Rotackle, Fish?ox, Sinid-.-

.Class ll

.lnsecticide, especially for stores

and greenhouses r Present in the leaves of tobacco {l\ffcoficro

LD50 = 50

rntlkg

. inrstkftle; for irgect control on

oops, mites a$d ticb co*trol on pets, fish endication in somewater bodies.

tskrumj

r Extrasted frorn scm* legumi*ors plants.

plaEt

t6x:rt{,

. tocally in rural Sarawak stract

is taken

from gel'rrs eliptica far

@or&mmj

LO*.359 mefi

{mica}

'toba'fishhs

J Bong

9FC22A2 Kimb Fertanian DPf03

tI

tbl zuls

Pyrethroid (syr*hettc pyrethrum)

(LHap3,
Fronr

Pyrethroid

CoHztps

florer of Chrpn&emum cinemriaefaliwn

. Alhthrin, Resmedtrin, Cypcrymdhrin,

C*rsrl hnsttn*l

$nwp

. llenre poison . ContaG'imectichle . llE rlytaicb insects . Lrymammaliantqicity . Extrernelytfiktof6h

@ttrh@

tlelEmethrin, Fhrwlirgtc

Wry com&: structure; expensive to synthesize

ffi!rt{are

i
Et
4i5.(', {l0o-st6l

.!r* CHFq*qrE
ErstaE
}l
alt.fi16a-{tat,q6iltet-lta}4la(r, Ardrr*r
C. 63-,r';

Synthetic Organic Pesticides

G$D'
i i
I

Eladi

r{*+-s.t*a163 (15.{t{I a!9-9, (loslal?-(r(3-dl &o,rnesgrlic.otr?-::.)

a.6q

415.s7

'

Chlo,ri$ated Carbamate

llydrocarhn

17.6:

il. 3j6 o,

.5!

.Trade names: Basathrin, Cymbustt Ripcor4

Cyperyrladz5EColnsecdcide, control of moth pcts of nrious crops, psts dsres, buildrqs, rehides. Tsicbfish. rOass ll, LD50 = 250 rE/ts (ratsl @Dryffi

r OrExnphoephorus . Herbicilles

'@E,-@

ryn$etk Organic Pesticides

Chbriffited @rccarbus . OrEanodrhrrine ompounds {O{l}

. C+H+O . lnsecticides . Widetyusedfrcm 194tbto 1960sfor

agrisrltunl Fsts cor*rol and malaria mosquib 6ntrol. Very persbteilt in environmert, wiHlib and
human

l{Grv poison,

aftct

the arcnic membraae of

the nerye

t DDT

**6rb.@

,@tr&aEro

DrJ Bong

rcaZOZ Kimia Fertanian DPIU3

ryz6lzlr],;

Dichlorophenyletlrane General Structure

Chlorinatd ttdrocarbon Pesticides

lle*acfdcobenzene GICB)

Eg:

Dl6l,.*fi$qfihhr

Cplodienes

Carbamate

Derinatives of carbamic acid

eg. endcuthn
R

=alcotrc*IOHL

qime{C- t*l}, drenilrir$

'@liit2@

f . H, CH:

ffiD'Eru

Carbaryl

Carbamates

l-naffitndq{Btome
.
cuHt

. llerrrc poison; sirnihr to oryanophosphorus . Mdused-carbaryl

lnsecticides, fungic*les, herbftides; imecticrUes mo6t@mmon.

(),

Trde names: Adbs, Tercyl,

54dn,...

'

Usually

*rort residual activity

o lnsestkide, widespsctrum;6nsct of stomacfi poison; @f*n{ >lfi)spp pestirEectson

cmps,and on animals.

r Ctassll,lDfl)=2$mefl
(retsl
@6lhffi @Dr-a@

,rJ BorE

SFC2202 KimiaPertanian DPT03

t lzbl

tu3,s

Prsfotur
2-isopropooryphcrryl

\n/

.za\r*\
r**ts.z-{@FetbPrpictdd@
mcttry,lc*tarayMm:
C#',t{r(}rg

meffmttam*a
collottoE

i_-_:-_- 4EFi?_ -r o- applied direct to soil; la LD50 . 1 m#kg (rats)

rc& o/t< llrulr

il or

r lnsedicide, non-systernic, introdrred in 1959; can rnix with

other insecticides & fungicides; Contact & stomach poison.

.Trade narnes: Temik.,,

.lnrecthide, $n*emic; control of mites, nematodes of

crops .Class

. Control chewing & sucking insect$ cockmaches.

e

Classll; LD5{l =

100**fft*3

Carbofirran cuHl4NO3
r Trade namesr Furadan, Furadan
36, Carbodan
...

Thiram

r lmecticide. systemic, broad spedrurn, cortact or stomach poison; corrtml soil & foliar pests;
nematodes. Highly toxic to birds

Tetnmethylthiuram

Tnde nams: Iulisan, Thiosan, Fernasan

...

Class l,

LD*

= 5-13

rnglkg tmts)

. .

Fungicidg broad spxtrum; fun$l disases; seed protectanL treat human scabies.
Gass

lll, LD50

w&rEffi

>500 m8/kg {rats}. = gxwErlqsre

Organophos$cru hsticlder Orga nophosphorus Pesticides

. .
"

Most commonfu used pesticides lnsecticides, furEicides, herbicides;

insectiides #ro;t mrltmon.

*\o-/'
\*

Most used - insectickles of dimethoxy and diethoxy compounds eg: malathion, diazinon.
Nerve poison; closely related to carbamate in

. .

RO

^/

biological action
Usually short residue activity
@eh!*&a $l:&tr&iM

DrJ Bong

C22AZ Kimia Pertanian DPf03

rltblzuls

l8
l

Malathion

ll
i j
I

\ll

'o-P-So

Temephos

?r#16
lrsw*o{t

atidrdPcilfid(Cdt &t!4,

IolEfEl,.tfr,*S"al

Crflt$cdFsr*i.:Grli:i&P&

MLlt3EO"S

Trads nernss:

Abab,lb*r&m, ''.

Tr*

nemss: Malathion, Cyihi,on".. spettrum; earliest OP {1950)-

" lrxedtitb, nEilgtstemiq farmmquitos, mi8s & bled<By

krvae; u86d in *s5, Pends. un$st$.

. lnsecticlie, non-slsiemic, bro$

Sudtiag rytd cfpx,i'rry

iffis{te ofi Yriera ctops'

. Controlrnooquitoes, *iee, housofioH insccts, animal eeparatelB, head & body li6. . Clss lll; LD*= 1000n1g$q{$tsJ*"

on h{rmen. Non-toxh Can control flm on dog$ & c#: togq may bc toxb !o 3onte fish. Can biwccrmu& in

10

a$ethar*nals.

.
d

Class lll; LD30

s 122er3000 mg&g traB)

3,

Chlorpyrifios

Dimethoate

'^rf
o
i

*r.r

Dimetho#b Ckmical fomrula: CsI{lIN03PS2

-. -...-.-...... -.--,

Sf . Trade rEtlrEs: Lorsbsn, Empite, Dutsban, Scout,,.. --|- - lgYS Bd"'l4"Lct

.
lnsedicide, Class ll, brod spectrum, co*tact poison

i I
'Trade

i., _,

MlY:229.28
"..

nanreE: Rogor40, Rogor,

Clgon 40(I, Rogodan,.'.

. Controlbrfirib, tltsa{rn, firBa{t8, cockmach*, lim.-. . On fieH sopo, irdustrhl crops, *uits, rJtgetabls

'

lnsedici(k, sytiem& & cordaci, Cbsg ll, onirol coflunon, inssd psls and mites dveriotrs ctops'
(rals)

. LD50= f8e$0rgdkg

'LD*=69*g*rtn*, ffi&r&ap?m

9@qrh,@,

Glyphosate isopropylamine

Herbicides

N6

r\-'
ll
8

'rrebrhaffil

rJ Bong

FCZ?0Z Kimia Pertanian DPI03

tf

tol wLs

Glyphosate isopropylamine
OLl,l$OgrrE&ett'l

Anilides
tnoF*r6.Snrmdf,!

oo IT 0H-c-clh-nH<&-?-oll
ryl ,*Stro|prffiudl'Q{Hi.
I

. Herbicidal OP compounds . Low mammalian toxicity . Transloeted . lnhibit enzymes invotved in biocrynthesis
branched and arolrrratic arnino acids"

frtFrByffi!.rS

Tlieltr
S#<fdmtupruplonxe

, Eg., Propanil, Tlidopyr

of

Photorynthesis inhibitor
l@&tkmre
t1

Bipyridilium Compounds

Bipyridilium Compounds
PIRAOT'IT

*[

1"
l.!'*nds'4,{ttsFl$rnim Paraquat
Paraquat dichloride
@*4@ E

m-

. hro Fyridirle groups . acutefu toxic to mammal . Eg,, parquat . Causes cell and dtloroplast membrane to rapture{d$iccatk*d.hxgs)

(dciloil*)

Triazines

Sulfonyl Ureas

.
.

lnhibit photosynthesis etransport - block synthesis at photo system ll siteA Soil application preemergeEce

ftnr:fEfitxt!
xAx

.
tu

Urea functional having a sulforryl

group

o*$x*flil{.d,

. contaminate grourd water . eg. Atmzine, sirnazine,

propazine, cyanazine

",*,\}*C
2dbro.r{ffirD}e
{i.opr#rthD)-rtl8E

. .

substituent
Meristematic inhibitor lnhibit brandied chain amino acids biocrynthesis

{inhibitcelldivision} ?ffi . Ccntrd broadleaf better ffi

'
ffi*i&e29rc

than grasses Eg., AIly

lr&ir&!ffi

)rJ Bong

SF CZAOZ

Kimia Pertanian

t5l8t20L3

Pesticide Form u lations

o Defi ne Peticide Formulation sDefine the different pesticide formulations oDiscuss the pros and cons of each formulation

sF@2

m3rffst3 &lk

stu02 lm3l5Ml3 DJBE

What is a pestr-cide formulation? oThe composition of the pesticide oMade up of two things: a). Active ingredient - actualchemical that controls the pest b). Inert ingredienb - filler material to spread out the active ingredient

Terminology
a). Phytotoxicity : plant damage
b).

Adjuvant: productadded to spray

tank to assist pesticide in its application (eg: suffactants, spreaders, stickers wetting agents)

ffi202 DH0ltffiB

DrkE

lMtry is formulation needed?

solubility characteristics and thus may be difficult to be diluted and delivered effectivelyto the target pest. oNeed to alter the a.i.in order to change its solubility characteristics oDone by combining the a.i.with other appropriate inert materials sThe differentways of combining the a.i. with inert materials give rise to the different formulations. SI@2 U{03150S0I3 DJkE

T\rpes of Formulations

Microencapsulated (MD

Pesticides DrJ Bong

SFCZZaZKimia Pertanian DPT03

L5/8r2A13

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)

oLiquid furmulation o Active ingnedient dissolved in petrcleum based solvent oEmulsifier added so that oil can disperse in water oWhite when added to HrO

Mmntage of

EC

oEasy to handle, hansport, and store oliHe agitaUon needed oC-an use with a wide range of applicators o Non-abrasive to equipment oDoes not plug

srca2 lllm tw30t3 Dl Bq

M@

MBIffiI3

hJ

Disdvantage of EC

Solutions (S)
oActive ingredient dissolved in liquid solvent oMay need to be diluted oSame pros and cons as EC's oULV - Ultra Low Volume . 80-100o/o Active Ingredient 'Less frequent refills
slt202 Dre l5@r3

oRapidly absorbed through skin oRisk of phytotoxicity when 1D are high oCan pit or discolour treated surfre oMay deteriorate rubber or plastic o Fire hazard (pekoleum)

$@2

mJIIAIB

DJBry

-rtA -\w'

6ffi

Soluble Powders (SP)

Wettable Powders (WP)

oFinely ground, dry formulation o 25-80o/o Active ing redient oForms a suspension when mixed with water .Suspension does not dissolve; requires constant agitation

oDissolves in water to form true solution oNo extra mixing required oSimilar Pros and C-ons to WP's, except they are not abrasive

src24? DPfBlffilot3 &J

ks

ffi2

Dlrc3l5Ml3 hJBq

Pesticides DrJBong

SF CZAOZ

Kimia Pertanian DPT03

Lst8t20t3

WP

Advanbge of WP
oEasy to store, banspofi and handle oSlow skin absorption oLow risk of phytotoxicity

Disadmntage of WP
sC.onstant agitation

olnhalation of dust
oAbrasive oClog's screens and nozzles eDifficult to mix in hard or alkaline

water oleaves residue

sI:@

Dm3lmtrS

DJ Bq

Flowables (FL)

Dry Flowables (DF) & Water Dispersable Granules (WDG)

= -

oPowder in suspension of a liquid carner o5009/L of active ingredient oSame disadvantages as WPt (except dust) oMust shake containers oEasy to handle

oLike WP's, except in granular form oGranules break apart when mix with HrO oLess dust than WP's oMore easily measured and mixed than
WP'S

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Microencapsulated (ME)
oActive ingredient encased in a capsule oMixed in suspension oSlow release of active ingredient after being applied

Advantage of

ME

oSafe and easy to handle oCapsule prevents dermal absorption by the applicator

Disadvantage
oBees may carry capsules back to hive in pollen basket which can destroy the hive oMay clog nozzle screens oAgitation required to keep suspended
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SFCzzWKimia Perfanian DPT03

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Dusts (D)
s 1-10o/o Adive Ingredient

oMixed with ftnely ground zubstance oNo mixing, @sy application oDrift is a problem oRemoved quickly by wind and rain olnitating to user oExpensive for the amount of a.i.

oa.i. mixed with edible subshnce o No special application equipment. oMay be attractive to non-target pests oDead pests may stink oCost high if repeated baiting needed

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Granules (G) A Pellets (P)

a5-Z0o/a a.i., applied

Aerosols (A)
oa.i. in solution in a pressurized
container
oEasy to use and store

to porous, solid

material

oUsed to control pests in soil oa.i. - absorbed by plant roots oVery little dust or drift hazard oNeed incorporaUon oMay h eaten by non target animals oMay get trapped in some plants

oHigh cost olnhalaUon injury possible sDrift - a problem oFlammable!

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Fumigants (F)
oChemicals active as gases oUsed in soil and closed

Calibration

structures oKills anything oPenetrates cracks o0ne keatment enough oMost hazardous oMust enclose area
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Sprayer Calibration
(, wlf[r a gogq JrncrssrE crg, or Pesusrcrcr (IrrrsEsr(l] chemistry, mechardsm of aetion, application timing, rate, seleetivity, ard activity), rne still often failed to control the pest. Whyf? o Mainreasoru pesticides are NOT applied

properly ' fnacsurate ealibration

.

oMain reason: pesticides are NOT applied propedy . Inaccurate callbration .No c'alibration

No qalibration

o Galibration is critical and most important Sep.

o

Majorpesticide: herbicide; inaccurate or no salibration ) poorweed control; wastage; loss of yield.

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Sprayer Calibration...

oCalibration is c*itical and most important step. oMajor pesticide: herbicide; inaccrrrate or no calibration resulted in poor weed confol; wastage; Ioss of yield.

oHow much pesticide to be added to tank? oHd,v much water needed per ha? oHovv many ha could a tank of spray solution cove{? oAnswer: Calibrate the sprayer o Sprayer should be calibrated before every maJor spraying operation.

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Sprayer Calibration..,

Galibration procedure

ier_
needed
.

Spraying an area of a known size and

-rrrlasurin$ s Measure the plot to be sprayed (eg:

Sprayer (spray equipment)

.Nozzle 'Pesticide product .Active Ingredient

10m) o Measure spray widih (swathe) (eg: 1.2m) o Area of spray (10m x 1.2m = 12m1 o Fill tank with water
o Check nozzle o Spray - time the spraying of the plot o Spray into measuring cylinder for exaet duration of time, measure volume ml/sec; ml/m2

.Water

.Timer .Measuringtape 'Plot of lartd .Measuring cylinder

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o Calculate for spray rate, spray volume/ha, spray

time/ha...
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