Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ALUMINUM SAMPLE
Anonymous, PA, 2008
1.1 Introduction
In 1973, samples from a mass of aluminum were sent by John F. Schluesser to several metallurgical labs
for analysis. From the photographs it appears to be an irregular chip-like mass approximately 3 cm x 2
cm by 1 cm. In the published documents, it is claimed to have been received from Bill Case of Dallas,
TX on June 19, 1973. Mr. Case reportedly found it beneath 4 inches of soil in a field in Aurora TX,
lodged against a limestone rock face.
Figure 1. Photographs of aluminum sample obtained from B. Case, 1973. Numbers on top scale correspond to
0.1 inch.
As this was an amateur investigation, there is no documentation of proof that the sample came from this
location. Furthermore, as its provenance is associated with Mr. Schuessler and Mr. Case, both associated
with studies of paranormal phenomena and hoaxes, it is highly questionable that this sample was found in
the location stated. There is no information regarding the age of the sample. Nonetheless, the sample did
exist in 1973, and was subjected to seemingly valid metallurgical analysis. It is on these results that we
comment.
2. DISCUSSION
Aluminum alloys containing significant concentrations of Fe have been prepared and stuided in the
laboratory at least since 1916[1]. Precipitates of the AlFe3 intermetallic compound were identified in
these alloys as early as 1919[2]. By the mid 1970’s there were several hundred papers in the literature
concerning Al-Fe as an alloy, owing to its interest as in intermetallic forming system[3], high temperature
structural applications, and a creep-resistant high temperature conductor[5]. Such alloys consist of an
aluminum matrix into which are dispersed iron aluminide particulates, that form a creep resistant
microstructure enabling it to maintain structural integrity at elevated temperature[5]. The class of
structural intermetallics compounds that includes iron aluminides (Fe3Al, FeAl), along with related
systems nickel aluminides (Ni3Al, NiAl) and titanium aluminides (Ti3Al, TiAl) posess many attractive
properties for high temperature structural applications. The aluminum rich composition favors formation
of protective Al2O3 in oxidizing environments, low density, high melting points, and high temperature
strength[6], and it is predicted they are the most likely to replace superalloys in future applications. A key
challenge is overcoming the brittleness of pure single phase intermetallics at low temperatures and
developing improved fabrication techniques.
Given the low solubility of Fe in Al and their widely different melting temperatures, producing a bulk
alloy of these materials is difficult. An overall composition of Al0.95Fe0.05 can be prepared via
solidification from a high purity melt above 700C containing Al and Fe in these quantities, or via powder
metallurgy whereby Fe and Al particles are milled together in a mechanical attrition process, then sintered
to form a bulk compact. In the metallurgical analysis of 1973, it is mentioned that the sample has large
grains with needle-like iron-rich strucutures. This is suggestive of a solidification process where Fe-rich
liquid segregates ahead of dendritic or cellular/columnar solidification and forms extended iron-rich
strucutres and precipitates in the interdendritic/intercellular spaces. Powder metallurgical microstructures
typically would consist of a more equiaxed microstructure with small Al grains interspersed with compact
AlFe or Al3Fe intermetallic particulates.
Figure 3. Fe-Al Phase diagram. Sample composition is on the aluminum-rich end at Al0.95Fe0.05.
3. CONCLUSIONS
Technical
From the available metallurgical analysis documentation of 1973, it appears
• The sample is an alumunum matrix composite with overall composition Al0.95Fe0.05, with extended or
needle-like Fe-rich structures, likely an iron-aluminide intermetallic phase.
• Given the composition and microstructure this sample must have been produced in a well-controlled
metallurgical process, such as in a laboratory.
• The capability to produce this material has existed since 1920, but this composition would not have
been widely available until sometime after World War II. By 1973 it would have certainly been
available to someone with R&D connections in the aluminum or aerospace industries.
4. REFERENCES