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Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful.

Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environm ental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water. However, only three percent is fres h water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice ca ps.[1] The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with on ly a small fraction present above ground or in the air.[2] Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of clean, fresh wate r is steadily decreasing.[3][citation needed] Water demand already exceeds suppl y in many parts of the world[where?][citation needed] and as the world populatio n continues to rise, so too does the water demand. Awareness of the global impor tance of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as, d uring the 20th century, more than half the world s wetlands have been lost along w ith their valuable environmental services for Water Education.[citation needed] The framework for allocating water resources to water users (where such a framew ork exists) is known as water rights.Surface water Main article: Surface water Lake Chungar and Parinacota volcano in northern Chile Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface seepage. Although the only natural input to any surface water system is precipitation wit hin its watershed, the total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs, the permeability of the soil benea th these storage bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the watershed , the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these fact ors also affect the proportions of water loss. Human activities can have a large and sometimes devastating impact on these fact ors. Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decre ase it by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocit ies by paving areas and channelizing stream flow. The total quantity of water available at any given time is an important consider ation. Some human water users have an intermittent need for water. For example, many farms require large quantities of water in the spring, and no water at all in the winter. To supply such a farm with water, a surface water system may requ ire a large storage capacity to collect water throughout the year and release it in a short period of time. Other users have a continuous need for water, such a s a power plant that requires water for cooling. To supply such a power plant wi th water, a surface water system only needs enough storage capacity to fill in w hen average stream flow is below the power plant's need. Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of precipitation within a wate rshed is the upper bound for average consumption of natural surface water from t hat watershed. Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another w atershed through a canal or pipeline. It can also be artificially augmented from any of the other sources listed here, however in practice the quantities are ne gligible. Humans can also cause surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable ) through pollution. Brazil is the country estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by Russia and Canada.[4] [edit]Under river flow Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstre am will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a su bstantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underl ie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone. For many rivers in la rge valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and tru

e ground-water receiving water from the ground water when aquifers are fully cha rged and contributing water to ground-water when ground waters are depleted. Thi s is especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground river s are common. [edit]Ground water Main article: Groundwater Sub-Surface water travel time Shipot, a common water source in Ukrainian villages Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore space of s oil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between sub-surface water th at is closely associated with surface water and deep sub-surface water in an aqu ifer (sometimes called "fossil water"). Sub-surface water can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage. The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of tur nover, sub-surface water storage is generally much larger compared to inputs tha n it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use sub-s urface water unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences. Neverthe less, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a sub-surface water s ource is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source. The natural input to sub-surface water is seepage from surface water. The natura l outputs from sub-surface water are springs and seepage to the oceans. If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a sub-su rface water source may become saline. This situation can occur naturally under e ndorheic bodies of water, or artificially under irrigated farmland. In coastal a reas, human use of a sub-surface water source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization. Humans can also cau se sub-surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution. Huma ns can increase the input to a sub-surface water source by building reservoirs o r detention ponds.Water and conflicts Competition for water has widely increased, and it has become more difficult to conciliate the necessities for water supply for human consumption, food producti on, ecosystems and other uses. Water administration is frequently involved in co ntradictory and complex problems.[22] Approximately 10% of the worldwide annual runoff is used for human necessities. Several areas of the world are flooded, wh ile others have such low precipitations that human life is almost impossible. As population and development increase, raising water demand, the possibility of p roblems inside a certain country or region increases, as it happens with others outside the region.[23] Over the past 25 years, politicians, academics and journalists have frequently p redicted that disputes over water would be a source of future wars. Commonly cit ed quotes include: that of former Egyptian Foreign Minister and former Secretary -General of the United Nations Boutrous Ghali, who forecast, The next war in the Middle East will be fought over water, not politics ; his successor at the UN, Kof i Annan, who in 2001 said, Fierce competition for fresh water may well become a s ource of conflict and wars in the future, and the former Vice President of the Wo rld Bank, Ismail Serageldin, who said the wars of the next century will be over water unless significant changes in governance occurred. The water wars hypothes is had its roots in earlier research carried out on a small number of transbound ary rivers such as the Indus, Jordan and Nile. These particular rivers became th e focus because they had experienced water-related disputes. Specific events cit ed as evidence include Israel s bombing of Syria s attempts to divert the Jordan s hea dwaters, and military threats by Egypt against any country building dams in the upstream waters of the Nile. However, while some links made between conflict and water were valid, they did not necessarily represent the norm. The only known example of an actual inter-state conflict over water took place b

etween 2500 and 2350 BC between the Sumerian states of Lagash and Umma.[24] Wate r stress has most often led to conflicts at local and regional levels.[25] Tensi ons arise most often within national borders, in the downstream areas of distres sed river basins. Areas such as the lower regions of China's Yellow River or the Chao Phraya River in Thailand, for example, have already been experiencing wate r stress for several years. Water stress can also exacerbate conflicts and polit ical tensions which are not directly caused by water. Gradual reductions over ti me in the quality and/or quantity of fresh water can add to the instability of a region by depleting the health of a population, obstructing economic developmen t, and exacerbating larger conflicts.[26] This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (J uly 2012) 2012 Fatalities: 124[1] Areas affected: 27 districts of the Assam state The 2012 Brahmaputra floods are an unprecedented flood event along the Brahmaput ra river and its tributaries due to significant monsoon rains in India, Banglade sh and Myanmar. 124[2] people have been killed by the flooding and landslides, a nd about six million people have been displaced. The worst hit area has been Ass am state in India. Flooding has also significantly affected Kaziranga National P ark, 540 animals have died including 13 rhinos. [3] During the monsoon season (June October), floods are a common occurrence in India. Occasionally, massive flooding causes huge losses to crops, life and property. Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation l evels, flash floods, and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat, such as th e Kaziranga National Park in middle Assam.[4][5][6] [edit]Flood From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Flood (disambiguation). Contemporary picture of the flood that struck the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark in October 1634. People seeking refuge from flood in Java. ca. 1865 1876. Flooding of a creek due to heavy monsoonal rain and high tide in Darwin, Norther n Territory, Australia. Jeddah Flood, covering King Abdullah Street in Saudi Arabia. Flooding near Key West, Florida, United States from Hurricane Wilma's storm surg e in October 2005. Flash flooding caused by heavy rain falling in a short amount of time. Dozens of villages were inundated when rain pushed the rivers of northwestern Ba ngladesh over their banks in early October 2005. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA s Terra satellite captured the top image of the flooded Ghaghat and Atrai Rivers on October 12, 2005. The deep blue of the rive rs is spread across the countryside in the flood image. A flood is an overflow of water that submerges or "drowns" land.[1] The European Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water.[2] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also

be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of wa ter within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks l evees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries,[3] o r may be due to accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is unlikely to be considered significant unle ss it floods property or drowns domestic animals. Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the r iver channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often ca use damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of ri vers. While riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving away from rivers a nd other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers b ecause the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy trav el and access to commerce and industry. Some floods develop slowly, while others such as flash floods, can develop in ju st a few minutes and without visible signs of rain. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a neighbourhood or community, or very large, affecting entire r iver basins. Effects [edit]Primary effects The primary effects of flooding include loss of life, damage to buildings and ot her structures, including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals. Infrastructure damage also frequently damages power transmission and sometimes p ower generation, which then has knock-on effects caused by the loss of power. Th is includes loss of drinking water treatment and water supply, which may result in loss of drinking water or severe water contamination. It may also cause the l oss of sewage disposal facilities. Lack of clean water combined with human sewag e in the flood waters raises the risk of waterborne diseases, which can include typhoid, giardia, cryptosporidium, cholera and many other diseases depending upo n the location of the flood. Damage to roads and transport infrastructure may make it difficult to mobilise a id to those affected or to provide emergency health treatment. Flood waters typically inundate farm land, making the land unworkable and preven ting crops from being planted or harvested, which can lead to shortages of food both for humans and farm animals. Entire harvests for a country can be lost in e xtreme flood circumstances. Some tree species may not survive prolonged flooding of their root systems [4] [edit]Secondary and long-term effects Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or fo od shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flood ing. The impact on those affected may cause psychological damage to those affect ed, in particular where deaths, serious injuries and loss of property occur. Control Main article: Flood control In many countries across the world, rivers prone to floods are often carefully m anaged. Defenses such as levees,[7] bunds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to pre vent rivers from bursting their banks. When these defences fail, emergency measu res such as sandbags or portable inflatable tubes are used. Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas with coastal defences, such as sea wa lls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands. [edit]Benefits Floods (in particular the more frequent/smaller floods) can also bring many bene fits, such as recharging ground water, making soil more fertile and increasing n utrients in some soils. Flood waters provide much needed water resources in arid

and semi-arid regions where precipitation events can be very unevenly distribut ed throughout the year. Freshwater floods, particularly play an important role i n maintaining ecosystems in river corridors and are a key factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity.[8] Flooding can nutrients to lakes and rivers which can leads to increased bio-mass and to improved fisheries for a few years. For some fish speacies the inundated flood-plain may form a highly suitable location for spawning with little predation and a enhanced levels of nutrients or food.[9] F ish like the weather fish make use of floods to reach new habitats. Birds popula tions may also profit from the boost in production caused by flooding.[10] Periodic flooding was essential to the well-being of ancient communities along t he Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, the Nile River, the Indus River, the Ganges and the Yellow River, among others. The viability of hydrological based renewable sources of energy is higher in flo od prone regions. Drought in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Drought affected area in Karnataka, India, 2012 Drought in India has resulted in tens of millions of deaths over the course of t he 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on th e climate of India: a favorable southwest summer monsoon is critical in securing water for irrigating Indian crops. In some parts of India, the failure of the m onsoons result in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan . Types of Drought There are three types of drought Meteorological Drought describes a situation where there is a reduction in rainf all for a specific period (days, months, season or years) below a specific amoun t (long term average for a specific time). Hydrological Drought involves a reduction in water resources (stream flow, lake level, ground water, underground aquifers) below a specified level for a given p eriod of time Agricultural Drought is the impact of meteorological/hydrological drought on cro p yield. CAUSES: 1-Because drought is defined as a deficit in water supply, it can be caused by a number of factors. The most important one though relates to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere as this is what creates precipitation. More rain, sleet , hail, and snow can occur where there are moist, low pressure air systems. If t here is an above average presence of dry, high pressure air systems instead, les s moisture is available to produce precipitation (because these systems cannot h old as much water vapor). This results in a deficit of water for the areas over which they move. 2- The same can also happen when winds shift air masses and warm, dry, continent al air moves over an area as opposed to cooler, moist, oceanic air masses. El Ni no, which affects the ocean's water temperature, also has an impact on precipita tion levels because in years when the temperature cycle is present, it can shift the air masses above the ocean, often making wet places dry (drought prone) and dry places wet. 3-Finally, deforestation for agriculture and/or building combined with the resul

tant erosion can also cause drought to begin because as soil is moved away from an area it is less able to absorb moisture when it falls. Dam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about structures for water impoundment. For other uses, see Dam (disambiguation). Hoover Dam, a concrete arch-gravity dam in Black Canyon of the Colorado River. L ake Mead in the background is impounded by the dam. Glen Canyon Dam A sideview of the Lake Vyrnwy dam, in Wales, finished in 1888 A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Dams generally se rve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as flood gates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or prevent water flow i nto specific land regions. Hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity are of ten used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be use d to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed betwe en locations. Location The discharge of Takato Dam One of the best places for building a dam is a narrow part of a deep river valle y; the valley sides can then act as natural walls. The primary function of the d am's structure is to fill the gap in the natural reservoir line left by the stre am channel. The sites are usually those where the gap becomes a minimum for the required storage capacity. The most economical arrangement is often a composite structure such as a masonry dam flanked by earth embankments. The current use of the land to be flooded should be dispensable. Significant other engineering and engineering geology considerations when buildi ng a dam include: permeability of the surrounding rock or soil earthquake faults landslides and slope stability water table peak flood flows reservoir silting environmental impacts on river fisheries, forests and wildlife (see also fish la dder) impacts on human habitations compensation for land being flooded as well as population resettlement removal of toxic materials and buildings from the proposed reservoir area [edit]Impact assessment Impact is assessed in several ways: the benefits to human society arising from t he dam (agriculture, water, damage prevention and power), harm or benefit to nat whether the change to water f ure and wildlife, impact on the geology of an area low and levels will increase or decrease stability, and the disruption to human lives (relocation, loss of archeological or cultural matters underwater). [edit]Environmental impact Wood and garbage accumulated because of a dam Main article: Environmental impacts of reservoirs

Reservoirs held behind dams affect many ecological aspects of a river. Rivers to pography and dynamics depend on a wide range of flows whilst rivers below dams o ften experience long periods of very stable flow conditions or saw tooth flow pa tterns caused by releases followed by no releases. Water releases from a reservo ir including that exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sedim ent, and this in turn can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks; for example, the daily cyclic flow variation caused by the Glen Canyon Dam was a contributor to sand bar erosion. Older dams often lack a fish ladder, which keeps many fish from moving up stream to their natural breeding grounds, causing failure of breeding cycles or blocki ng of migration paths. Even the presence of a fish ladder does not always preven t a reduction in fish reaching the spawning grounds upstream. In some areas, you ng fish ("smolt") are transported downstream by barge during parts of the year. Turbine and power-plant designs that have a lower impact upon aquatic life are a n active area of research. A large dam can cause the loss of entire ecospheres, including endangered and un discovered species in the area, and the replacement of the original environment by a new inland lake. Large reservoirs formed behind dams have been indicated in the contribution of s eismic activity, due to changes in water load and/or the height of the water tab le. Dams are also found to have a role in the increase of global warming. The changi ng water levels in dams and in reservoirs are one of the main sources for green house gas like methane.[45] While dams and the water behind them cover only a sm all portion of earth's surface, they harbour biological activity that can produc e large amounts of greenhouse gases.[46] [edit]Human social impact The impact on human society is also significant. Nick Cullather argues in Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle Against Poverty in Asia that dam construction requires the state to displace individual people in the name of the common good, and that it often leads to abuses of the masses by planners. He cites Morarji D esai, Interior Minister of India, in 1960 speaking to villagers upset about the Pong Dam, who threatened to "release the waters" and drown the villagers if they did not cooperate.[47] For example, the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China is more than fiv e times the size of the Hoover Dam (U.S.), and will create a reservoir 600 km lo ng to be used for hydro-power generation. Its construction required the loss of over a million people's homes and their mass relocation, the loss of many valuab le archaeological and cultural sites, as well as significant ecological change.[ 48] It is estimated that to date, 40 80 million people worldwide have been physica lly displaced from their homes as a result of dam construction.[49] Water conflict From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Water war" redirects here. For the type of mock combat, see Water fight. Water conflict is a term describing a conflict between countries, states, or gro ups over an access to water resources.[1][2][3] The United Nations recognizes th at water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or priva te.[4] A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though rarely are tra ditional wars waged over water alone.[5] Instead, water has historically been a source of tension and a factor in conflicts that start for other reasons. Howeve r, water conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic advantage.[6] These conflicts occur over both freshwater and saltwater, and between internatio nal boundaries. However, conflicts occur mostly over freshwater; because freshwa ter resources are necessary, yet limited, they are the center of water disputes arising out of need for potable water.[7] As freshwater is a vital, yet unevenly distributed natural resource, its availability often impacts the living and eco nomic conditions of a country or region. The lack of cost-effective water desali

nation techniques in areas like the Middle East,[8] among other elements of wate r crises can put severe pressures on all water users, whether corporate, governm ent, or individual, leading to tension, and possibly aggression.[9] Recent human itarian catastrophes, such as the Rwandan Genocide or the war in Sudanese Darfur , have been linked back to water conflicts.[1] Kaveri River water dispute From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikip edia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (June 20 12) This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear becau se it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009) The Kaveri flows in southern Karnataka and then to Tamil Nadu. The sharing of waters of the Kaveri has been the source of a serious conflict be tween the Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The genesis of this conflic t, rests in two controversial agreements one signed in 1892 and another in 1924 betw een the erstwhile Madras Presidency and Princely State of Mysore. The 802 kilome tres (498 mi) Kaveri river [1] has 32,000 sq km basin area in Karnataka and 44,0 00 sq km basin area in Tamil Nadu. The state of Karnataka contends that it does not receive its due share of water from the river as does Tamil Nadu. Karnataka claims that these agreements were s kewed heavily in favour of the Madras Presidency, and has demanded a renegotiate d settlement based on "equitable sharing of the waters". Tamil Nadu, on the othe r hand, pleads that it has already developed almost 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land and as a result has come to depend very heavily on the existing pattern of usage. Any change in this pattern, it says, will adversely affect the liveli hood of millions of farmers in the state. Decades of negotiations between the parties bore no fruit. The Government of Ind ia then constituted a tribunal in 1990 to look into the matter. After hearing ar guments of all the parties involved for the next 16 years, the tribunal delivere d its final verdict on 5 February 2007. In its verdict, the tribunal allocated 4 19 billion ft (12 km) of water annually to Tamil Nadu and 270 billion ft (7.6 km) to Karnataka; 30 billion ft (0.8 km) of Kaveri river water to Kerala and 7 billion f t (0.2 km) to Puducherry. The dispute however, appears not to have concluded, as a ll four states deciding to file review petitions seeking clarifications and poss ible renegotiation of the order. Karnataka Tamil Nadu Kerala Puducherry Total Basin Area (in km)[2] 34,273 (42%) 44,016 (54%) 2,866 (3.5%) 148(-) 81,155 Drought area in the basin (in km) [3] 21,870 (63.8%) 12,790 (29.2%) --34,660 Contribution of state (in billion ft according to Ktaka)[4] 425 (53.7%) 252 (31.8%) 113 (14.3%) 790 Contribution of state (in billion ft according to TN)[4][5] 392 (52.9%) 222 (30%) 126 (17%) 740 Quantity demanded by each state[citation needed] 465 (41%) 566 (50% ) 100 (9%) 9.3 (1%) 1140.3 Share for each state as per TN's demand[citation needed] 177 (24%) 566 (76%) 5 (1%) 748 Share for each state as per tribunal verdict of 2007 [6] 270 (37%) 419 (58%) 30 (4%) 7 (1%) 726

Judgement The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal announced its final verdict on 5 February 20 07. According to its verdict,[13] Tamil Nadu gets 419 billion ft (12 km) of Kaveri water while Karnataka gets 270 billion ft (7.6 km). The actual release of water b y Karnataka to Tamil Nadu is to be 192 billion ft (5.4 km) annually. Further, Kera la will get 30 billion ft and Puducherry 7 billion ft. Tamil Nadu appears to have been accepting the verdict,[citation needed] while the government of Karnataka, unhappy with the decision, filed a revision petition before the tribunal seeking a review.[citation needed] [edit]2012 On 19 Sep 2012, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , who is also the Chairman of the Cauvery River Authority, directed Karnataka to release 9,000 cusecs of Kaveri wa ter to Tamil Nadu at Biligundlu (the border) daily from September 21 t-19}}</ref > But Karnataka felt that this was impractical due to the drought conditions pre vailing because of the failed monsoon. Karnataka then walked out of the high lev el meeting as a sign of protest. On 21 September, Karnataka filed a petition bef ore the Cauvery River Authority seeking review of its 19 September ruling. On 24 September, Tamil Nadu's Chief minister directed the officials to immediate ly file a petition in the Supreme Court seeking a direction to Karnataka to rele ase Tamil Nadu its due share of water.[14] On 28 Sep 2012, the Supreme Court slammed the Karnataka government for failing t o comply with the directive of the Cauvery River Authority.[15] Left with no oth er option, Karnataka started releasing water. This led to wide protests and viol ence in Karnataka. [16] On 4 October 2012, the Karnataka government filed a review petition before the S upreme Court seeking a stay on its September 28 order directing it to release 9, 000 cusecs of Cauvery water everyday to Tamil Nadu, until October 15. [17] On 6 October 2012, Several Kannada organisations, under the banner of Kannada Okk oota , called a Karnataka bandh (close down) on October 6 in protest against the K averi water release.[18] On 8 October, the Supreme Court of India announced the release of 9,000 cusecs has to be continued and it is up to the Cauvery River Au thority's head, the Prime Minister, a the responsible person, to ensure this hap pened. The Prime Minister ruled out a review of the Cauvery River Authority s deci sion until 20 October, rejecting the plea by both the Congress and Bharatiya Jan ata Party leaders from Karnataka. Within a few hours, Karnataka stopped release of Kaveri water to Tamil Nadu. [19] On 9 October 2012, Tamil Nadu's chief minister directed authorities to immediate ly file a contempt petition against the Karnataka government for flouting the ve rdict of the Supreme Court by unilaterally stopping the release of water to Tami l Nadu.[20] Tamil Nadu made a fresh plea in the Supreme Court on 17 October, rei terating its demand for appropriate directions to be issued to Karnataka to make good the shortfall of 48 tmcft of water as per the distress sharing formula.[21 ] On 15 November 2012, The Cauvery Monitoring Committee directed the Karnataka gov ernment to release 4.81 tmcft to Tamil Nadu between 16 and 30 November.[22] On 6 December, the supreme court directed Karnataka to release 10,000 cusecs of water to Tamil Nadu. The court asked the union government to indicate the time f rame within which the final decision of the Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal, whic h was given in February 2007, was to be notified. This decision was given in the view of saving the standing crops of both the states.[clarification needed][23] 4 Impacts of Over Utilization of Underground and Surface Water Impact (i) Loss of integrity of freshwater ecosystems: Human activities for infrastructure development like creation of dams, land conv ersion, etc. are responsible for this loss of integrity of freshwater ecosystems

. Water quality and quantity, fisheries, habitats, etc. are at risk due to this loss of integrity. (ii) Risk to ecosystem functions: Population and consumption growth increases water abstraction and acquisition of cultivated land. Virtually all ecosystem functions including habitat, productio n and regulation functions are at risk. (iii) Depletion of living resources and biodiversity: Overharvesting and exploitation causes groundwater depletion, collapse of fisher ies. Production of food, quality and quantity of water and supply of water gets badly affected by these depletions of living resources and biodiversity. (iv) Pollution of water bodies: Release of pollutants to land, air or water alters chemistry and ecology of wate r bodies. Greenhouse gas emissions produce significant changes in runoff and rai nfall patterns. Because of water pollution, water supply, habitat, water quality , food production, climate change, etc. are at risk.

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